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Yu T, Hu J, Zhao J. Childhood emotional abuse and depression symptoms among Chinese adolescents: The sequential masking effect of ruminative thinking and deliberate rumination. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2024; 154:106854. [PMID: 38823333 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2024.106854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study delves into the relationship between childhood trauma and adolescent depression symptoms, specifically examining the distinct roles of ruminative thinking and deliberate rumination in mediating this connection. The focus is on exploring whether these cognitive processes, namely ruminative thinking and deliberate rumination, operate differently and sequentially in mediating the impact of childhood emotional abuse (CEA) on the development of depression symptoms among Chinese adolescents. METHODS The study involved gathering data from 489 adolescents, with a relatively balanced gender distribution (44.79 % males and 55.21 % females). The average age of the participants was 16.92 years, with a standard deviation of 0.67. Data collection took place in two Chinese high schools, and participants were tasked with completing assessments related to CEA, ruminative thinking, deliberate rumination, and depression symptoms. The interplay among these variables was then examined using a serial mediation model. RESULTS The findings of the study indicate that CEA not only exhibited a direct association with adolescent depression symptoms but also exerted indirect effects through distinct mediating mechanisms involving ruminative thinking and deliberate rumination. Specifically, ruminative thinking was identified as a mediator, whereas deliberate rumination emerged as a buffer in the relationship between CEA and depression. Additionally, ruminative thinking and deliberate rumination partially masked the effect of CEA on adolescent depression symptoms in a sequential pattern. CONCLUSIONS Regarding the link from CEA to adolescent depression symptoms, ruminative thinking is an adverse mediator while deliberate rumination appears to play a benign role. Consequently, the promotion of a shift from ruminative thinking to deliberate rumination is proposed as a promising strategy for alleviating the detrimental effects of CEA on adolescent depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tengxu Yu
- Department of Psychology, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian City 116029, China.
| | - Jinsheng Hu
- Department of Psychology, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian City 116029, China.
| | - Jiayin Zhao
- Department of Psychology, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian City 116029, China.
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Kim BN, Kang HS, Park J. Meaning-making while staying connected matters in psychological adaptation during pandemic: a longitudinal moderated mediation study. Front Psychol 2024; 15:1364903. [PMID: 38487658 PMCID: PMC10937733 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1364903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Adversity may bring about both negative and positive changes in psychological adaptation. Although there is mounting evidence regarding the psychological distress during the pandemic, the other side of posttraumatic change, posttraumatic growth (PTG) and its predictors are relatively underexamined. Moreover, there is a paucity of longitudinal investigations that examined intra- and interpersonal predictors responsible for both sides of psychological adaptation. Therefore, this study comprehensively examined the longitudinal relationship among cognitive processing, social support, and adaptation during the pandemic using a moderated mediation model. Specifically, it was tested whether two types of event-related rumination mediated the link between perceived stress and ambilateral adaptational outcomes, and whether social support moderated the mediating pathways of ruminations on adaptation. After informed consent, a representative sample of adults was followed up for over a year, and answered a package of online questionnaires. The results showed that intrusive rumination prospectively predicted greater psychological distress and less PTG in response to stress, whereas deliberate rumination led to less psychological distress and more PTG over time. As predicted, the indirect protective effect of deliberate rumination was stronger when perceived social support was higher. This longitudinal study highlighted the core factors responsible for continued suffering and personal growth during the pandemic. These results have both practical and clinical implications for mental healthcare in the post-COVID era, when the heterogeneity of psychological adaptation increases and preparation for the next pandemic is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin-Na Kim
- Department of Psychology, Gachon University, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo Shin Kang
- Department of Psychology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Jungkyu Park
- Department of Psychology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
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Sun Q, Mei Y, Liu Q, Ge S, Wang W, Zhang Z. Trajectories of intrusive and deliberate rumination in young and middle-aged stroke survivors: A growth mixture modeling approach. Nurs Health Sci 2023. [PMID: 38115674 DOI: 10.1111/nhs.13073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to explore the relationship between intrusive and deliberate rumination, to identify distinct trajectories of intrusive and deliberate rumination, and to examine their predictors in young and middle-aged stroke survivors. This study employed a longitudinal design in which 200 young and middle-aged stroke survivors were investigated at 1-week pre-discharge (T0), 1 month (T1), 3 months (T2), and 6 months (T3) post-discharge. The Event-Related Rumination Inventory, Simplified Coping Style Questionnaire, and Perceived Social Support Scale were used for data collection. The results showed that intrusive rumination was positively correlated with deliberate rumination at T0 and T1, and negatively correlated with deliberate rumination at T3. Growth mixture modeling identified three classes of intrusive rumination: Stable-low, Declined, and Elevated group, and two classes of deliberate rumination: High-level and Low-level group. Furthermore, number of children or dysfunctions, type of stroke, family history of stroke, negative coping, and social support were found to predict intrusive rumination. These findings can help healthcare providers timely intervene on survivors in the Elevated and Stable-low intrusive rumination groups, and the Low-level deliberate rumination group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Sun
- School of Nursing and Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yongxia Mei
- School of Nursing and Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Qingxuan Liu
- School of Nursing and Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Song Ge
- Department of Natural Sciences, University of Houston-Downtown, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Wenna Wang
- Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zhenxiang Zhang
- School of Nursing and Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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Fletcher S, Mitchell S, Curran D, Armour C, Hanna D. Empirically Derived Patterns of Posttraumatic Stress and Growth: A Systematic Review. TRAUMA, VIOLENCE & ABUSE 2023; 24:3132-3150. [PMID: 36367208 PMCID: PMC10594833 DOI: 10.1177/15248380221129580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The relationship between posttraumatic stress (PTS) and posttraumatic growth (PTG) has been extensively studied; however, the nature of the relationship remains unclear. Inconsistencies in the literature could be, in part, due to the use of variable level approaches. Person centered methods may further our understanding of this relationship, as they enable the identification of clinically meaningful subgroups based on PTS/PTG scores. This review aimed to identify commonly found subgroups of PTS and PTG, clinically relevant factors that distinguish the subgroups and to critically appraise the utility of categorizing individuals into subgroups based on PTS/PTG scores. Five databases (Embase, Medline, Web of Science, PILOTS, and PsycINFO) were searched. Seven studies (with a total of eight study samples; n = 6,776) met the eligibility criteria. A narrative synthesis of the findings revealed that the majority of the analyses (n = 6) found three patterns of PTS/PTG. These were categorized as: (1) low PTS/PTG (representing 26.89% of the entire sample), (2) high PTS/PTG (weighted mean percentage = 20.05%), and (3) low PTS/high PTG (weighted mean percentage = 43.1%). The role of social support was examined in five studies and higher social support was consistently found to predict membership in the low PTS/high PTG class. All five studies that examined the role of trauma characteristics found that it was a significant predictor of class membership. These findings could inform the developments of tailored interventions. The utility of person-centered approaches was discussed and recommendations to improve the application and reporting of such methods were made.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - David Curran
- School of Psychology, Queen’s University Belfast, UK
| | - Cherie Armour
- School of Psychology, Queen’s University Belfast, UK
| | - Donncha Hanna
- School of Psychology, Queen’s University Belfast, UK
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Wang Z, Xu Y, Zeng H. Trait rumination in post-stress growth among Chinese college students: the chain mediating effect of distress disclosure and perceived social support. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1265405. [PMID: 38074763 PMCID: PMC10701402 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1265405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Rumination has emerged as a significant factor contributing to personal growth following periods of stress or trauma. The present study aimed to investigate the relationship between trait rumination and post-stress growth (PSG) within the context of Chinese college students who encounter mild stressors in their daily lives. Moreover, we aim to evaluate the potential mediating roles played by both distress disclosure and perceived social support in this dynamic relationship. Method All participants completed assessments using the Adolescent Self-Rating Life Events Checklist, Rumination Response Scale, Post-Stress Growth Inventory, Distress Disclosure Index, and Perceived Social Support Scale. Correlation and mediation analyses were conducted using SPSS PROCESS 4 MACRO. Results All students reported experiencing mild psychological impacts as a result of negative life events in the past year and displayed moderate levels of PSG. There was no significant correlation observed between the effects of negative life events and PSG. Significant negative correlations were found between trait rumination and distress disclosure, perceived social support, and PSG. Distress disclosure and perceived social support jointly operated as sequential mediators in the relationship between trait rumination and PSG among all the participants. Qualitative analyses revealed different correlation patterns of high- versus low-ruminator. Conclusion Trait rumination affects PSG both directly and indirectly, through its influence on distress disclosure and perceived social support. Our results emphasize the significance of actively participating in distress disclosure and nurturing a robust sense of social support to counteract the detrimental effects of rumination on post-stress growth among Chinese college students.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zengjian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Brain, Cognition and Education Sciences (South China Normal University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China
- School of Psychology, Center for Studies of Psychological Application, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yining Xu
- Key Laboratory of Brain, Cognition and Education Sciences (South China Normal University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China
- School of Psychology, Center for Studies of Psychological Application, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huifang Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Brain, Cognition and Education Sciences (South China Normal University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China
- School of Psychology, Center for Studies of Psychological Application, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
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Gür GC, Öztürk FÖ. Rumination, Basic Beliefs, and Posttraumatic Growth in Cancer Patients: A Moderated Mediation Model. Cancer Nurs 2023:00002820-990000000-00188. [PMID: 37962544 DOI: 10.1097/ncc.0000000000001298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cancer is a highly distressing and traumatic experience that can significantly impact individuals' psychological well-being. Whereas many cancer patients may experience negative psychological outcomes, such as posttraumatic stress symptoms, a subset of individuals also reports positive psychological changes known as posttraumatic growth. OBJECTIVE To contribute to theory-driven development of these treatments by exploring the role of deliberate rumination in posttraumatic growth, along with the basic beliefs that might shape it. METHODS A sample of cancer patients (n = 139) completed self-report measures assessing rumination, basic beliefs, and posttraumatic growth. Multiple linear regression analyses and moderated mediation models were conducted to analyze the data. RESULTS Findings support the hypothesis that intrusive rumination, deliberate ruminating, and disruption in basic beliefs strongly predict posttraumatic growth in cancer survivors. The results of this simple mediation indicate that deliberate rumination has a full mediating role. The results show that at all levels of basic beliefs, there is a positive and statistically significant indirect effect of intrusive rumination on posttraumatic growth. CONCLUSIONS These findings highlight the importance of addressing rumination and core beliefs in interventions aimed at promoting posttraumatic growth among cancer patients. Further research is needed to explore additional factors that may influence the relationship between rumination, basic beliefs, and posttraumatic growth. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE Oncology nurses can assist individuals in recognizing and managing intrusive rumination, as well as advocating deliberate rumination as a constructive cognitive process for making sense of a traumatic event and fostering growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganime C Gür
- Authors' Affiliation: Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Nursing, Pamukkale University, Denizli, Turkey
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Raccanello D, Vicentini G, Rocca E, Hall R, Burro R. Preparing children to cope with earthquakes: Building emotional competence. Br J Psychol 2023; 114:871-907. [PMID: 37171875 DOI: 10.1111/bjop.12661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Natural disasters, including earthquakes, can have a traumatic impact on children's psychological wellbeing and development. The efficacy of interventions aimed at enhancing children's socio-emotional learning has been documented in the literature. At the same time, these techniques are the key for training children for possible future disasters by enhancing their knowledge about behavioural preparedness and emotional competence. However, research on evidence-based training programs on earthquakes combining digital and traditional activities is scarce. We tested the efficacy of a 10-unit training program for primary school children, developed within the Emotional Prevention and Earthquakes in Primary School (PrEmT) project. The program aimed at increasing knowledge of and metacognition about earthquakes, safety behaviours, emotions, and coping strategies, through digital (using the web-application HEMOT® , Helmet for EMOTions, developed ad-hoc) and traditional activities (completing paper-and-pencil tasks). The participants were 548 second and fourth-graders from Italian schools. They were divided into an experimental group (participating in the training program) and a control group. Both groups participated in pretests and posttests to evaluate changes in their knowledge of training-related contents. For ethical reasons, we also measured children's wellbeing. Generalized linear mixed models indicated an improvement in the experimental group's knowledge and metacognition about earthquakes, safety behaviours, emotions, and coping strategies after the training program, compared to the control group. Children's general wellbeing did not deteriorate during participation in the project. The results documented the efficacy of the evidence-based training program developed within the PrEmT project. The program provides a preventive method for enhancing earthquake-related resilience that could be generalized to other kinds of disasters.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Giada Vicentini
- Department of Human Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Emmanuela Rocca
- Department of Human Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Rob Hall
- Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Environmetrics, Killara, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Roberto Burro
- Department of Human Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
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Li T, Chen B, Li Q, Wu X, Li Y, Zhen R. Association between bullying victimization and post-traumatic stress disorders among Chinese adolescents: a multiple mediation model. BMC Psychiatry 2023; 23:758. [PMID: 37848816 PMCID: PMC10580599 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-023-05212-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Research that focused on the mechanisms underlying the relation between school bullying victimization and PTSD ignored the simultaneous effect of emotional and cognitive factors, which may limit our comprehensive understanding of their roles. Besides, most researchers included non-bullying victims in data analysis, and this may mask the true effect among bullying victims. The present study aimed to explore the relation between bullying victimization and PTSD, and the mediating roles of social anxiety, loneliness, and rumination, after filtering out non-bullying victims. MATERIALS AND METHODS In April 2019, we used convenience sampling to recruit 5013 students from Grade 10 and 11 in two high schools in Anhui Province, China. The mean age of these students was 16.77 (SD = 0.92) years. They completed five self-report questionnaires including the Delaware Bullying Victimization Scale-Student Chinese Revision (DBVS-S), the modified PTSD Checklist, the Social Anxiety Scale, the Adolescent Loneliness Scale, and the Rumination Scale. Further, a total of 443 bullying victims were screened out for this study according to the critical score of the DBVS-S. RESULTS The results showed that bullying victimization had a direct and positive association with PTSD among adolescents (β = 0.16, 95%CI: 0.046-0.252). Bullying victimization was positively associated with PTSD through increasing adolescents' social anxiety (β = 0.06, 95%CI: 0.017-0.105), as well as through increasing their loneliness (β = 0.16, 95%CI: 0.109-0.215). In addition, bullying victimization was positively associated with PTSD through social anxiety via loneliness (β = 0.04, 95%CI: 0.013-0.067), as well as through loneliness via rumination (β = 0.02, 95%CI: 0.003-0.033). Bullying victimization was also positively associated with PTSD through a three-step path from social anxiety to rumination via loneliness (β = 0.004, 95%CI: 0.001-0.009). CONCLUSIONS Social anxiety, loneliness, and rumination have important mediating effects in the relation between bullying victimization and adolescents' PTSD, in which emotional factors (e.g., social anxiety, loneliness) are more crucial than cognitive factors (e.g., rumination). Intervention should pay more attention to timely alleviate victims' emotional problems to reduce the risk of developing PTSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianchang Li
- Jing Hengyi School of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, No. 2318 Yuhangtang Street, Hangzhou, 311121, China
| | - Bo Chen
- Jing Hengyi School of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, No. 2318 Yuhangtang Street, Hangzhou, 311121, China
| | - Qian Li
- Jing Hengyi School of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, No. 2318 Yuhangtang Street, Hangzhou, 311121, China
| | - Xinyue Wu
- Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Yifan Li
- Department of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310030, China
| | - Rui Zhen
- Jing Hengyi School of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, No. 2318 Yuhangtang Street, Hangzhou, 311121, China.
- Zhejiang Philosophy and Social Science Laboratory for Research in Early Development and Childcare, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, China.
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Zeng Z, Wang H, Zhou Y, Lu Z, Ci R, Lin Y, Zeng X, Huang L. The prevalence and factors associated with posttraumatic growth after 3-years outbreak of COVID-19 among resident physicians in China: a cross-sectional study. Front Psychiatry 2023; 14:1228259. [PMID: 37753265 PMCID: PMC10518389 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1228259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is a global traumatic event that has profoundly struck individuals' mental health. However, this might potentially promote positive transformation such as posttraumatic growth (PTG). Studies have indicated that the COVID-19 pandemic negatively affected the well-being of resident physicians, but little is known about PTG among this vulnerable population in China. Therefore, this study investigated the prevalence and associated factors of PTG among Chinese resident physicians after 3-years outbreak of COVID-19. Methods An online survey was conducted from 9 March to 20 March in 2023. PTG was assessed using the 10-item Posttraumatic Growth Inventory-Short Form (PTGI-SF). Scores ≥30 implied moderate-to-high PTG. We also collected possible associated factors for PTG, including socio-demographic and psychological variables. Data was analyzed by applying descriptive statistics, univariable and multivariable logistic regression models. Results In total, 2267 Chinese resident physicians provided validated data. 38.7% of them reported moderate-to-high PTG. In the multivariable logistic regression models, age (odds ratio, OR = 1.039; 95% confidence interval, 95%CI = 1.008-1.070), female (OR = 1.383, 95%CI = 1.151-1.662), satisfied or neutral with annual income (OR = 2.078, 95%CI = 1.524-2.832; OR = 1.416, 95%CI = 1.157-1.732), sufficient support at work (OR = 1.432, 95%CI = 1.171-1.751) and resilience (OR = 1.171, 95%CI = 1.096-1.252) were significantly positively associated with moderate-to-high PTG. On the contrary, burnout (OR = 0.653, 95%CI = 0.525-0.812), depression symptoms (OR = 0.700, 95%CI = 0.552-0.889), and stress (OR = 0.757, 95%CI = 0.604-0.949) were significantly negatively associated with moderate-to-high PTG. Discussion Overall, resident physicians in China experienced relatively high prevalence of PTG that could be associated with several psychosocial factors. Findings may provide evidence to develop interventions for resident physicians to systematically and constructively process traumatic events related to the pandemic and foster their PTG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zixuan Zeng
- Department of Psychiatry, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Huan Wang
- Clinical Research Center, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yaxing Zhou
- Department of Medical Education, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhanghong Lu
- Teaching Office, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Renyangcuo Ci
- Department of Medical Education, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yezhe Lin
- Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Chinese-German Institute of Mental Health, Shanghai Pudong New Area Mental Health Center, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoping Zeng
- Department of Medical Education, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Huang
- Department of Psychiatry, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Medical Education, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
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Liu L, Wang W, Lian Y, Wu X, Li C, Qiao Z. Longitudinal Impact of Perfectionism on Suicidal Ideation among Chinese College Students with Perceived Academic Failure: The Roles of Rumination and Depression. Arch Suicide Res 2023:1-14. [PMID: 37470419 DOI: 10.1080/13811118.2023.2237088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Suicide has become a nonnegligible cause of death among emerging adults, and academic performance is one of the most significant factors in Chinese college students' suicidal ideation. Based on this, we examined the risk and protective sides of perfectionism on suicidal ideation among college students with perceived academic failure experiences. METHOD In the current study, a total of 674 Chinese college students (63.6% females, Mage = 19.96, SD = 1.31) with perceived academic failure in the past six months participated in a survey and completed self-report measures assessing perfectionism, rumination, depression, and suicidal ideation twice with a six-month interval. RESULTS Negative perfectionism was a risk factor for suicidal ideation, while positive perfectionism had an opposite effect. In addition, intrusive rumination, deliberate rumination, and depression serially mediated the association between positive/negative perfectionism and suicidal ideation. CONCLUSION The results indicated perfectionism has both positive and negative sides to suicidal ideation. Clinicians might be aware of the risk and protective components of perfectionism when intervening with suicidal ideation among college students with perceived academic failure experiences.
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Raccanello D, Rocca E, Barnaba V, Vicentini G, Hall R, Brondino M. Coping Strategies and Psychological Maladjustment/Adjustment: A Meta-Analytic Approach with Children and Adolescents Exposed to Natural Disasters. CHILD & YOUTH CARE FORUM 2023; 52:25-63. [PMID: 35221639 PMCID: PMC8858219 DOI: 10.1007/s10566-022-09677-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Background Following disasters, children and adolescents can use coping strategies to feel better. A growing body of studies investigated the relation between them and maladjustment/adjustment, i.e., negative symptomatology/positive indicators of development. Yet, these constructs are studied separately. Objective We conducted two meta-analyses to examine the mean correlation between disaster-related coping strategies and indicators of maladjustment/adjustment following natural disasters in children and adolescents, considering the role of some moderators. Methods We used PsycINFO, PubMed, Eric, and Scopus databases to identify articles on natural disasters (filters: participants ≤ 18 years at the disaster, peer-review, English language). Inclusion required investigating the relation between at least one coping strategy and at least one indicator of maladjustment (e.g., post-traumatic stress disorder, depression) and/or adjustment (e.g., self-efficacy, emotion understanding), for a total of 26 studies (k = 64, n = 9692, for maladjustment; k = 37, n = 3504, for adjustment). Results There were global positive significant correlations between coping strategies and negative symptomatology (r pooled = .23) for maladjustment, and positive indicators (r pooled = .17) for adjustment. Negative symptomatology positively correlated with escape (r = .19), social isolation (r = .15), submission (r = .64), and opposition (r = .16); positive indicators positively correlated with problem solving (r = .31), social support (r = .22), and submission (r = .30). We found a moderating role of age, disaster type, and continent for maladjustment. Conclusions The study presented an analysis of the coping strategies that can be effective for children and adolescents dealing with natural disasters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Raccanello
- grid.5611.30000 0004 1763 1124Department of Human Sciences, University of Verona, Lungadige Porta Vittoria 17, 37129 Verona, Italy
| | - Emmanuela Rocca
- grid.5611.30000 0004 1763 1124Department of Human Sciences, University of Verona, Lungadige Porta Vittoria 17, 37129 Verona, Italy
| | - Veronica Barnaba
- grid.5611.30000 0004 1763 1124Department of Human Sciences, University of Verona, Lungadige Porta Vittoria 17, 37129 Verona, Italy
| | - Giada Vicentini
- grid.5611.30000 0004 1763 1124Department of Human Sciences, University of Verona, Lungadige Porta Vittoria 17, 37129 Verona, Italy
| | - Rob Hall
- grid.1004.50000 0001 2158 5405Macquarie University and Environmetrics, Sydney, Australia
| | - Margherita Brondino
- grid.5611.30000 0004 1763 1124Department of Human Sciences, University of Verona, Lungadige Porta Vittoria 17, 37129 Verona, Italy
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12
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Wang X, Tu Q, Huang D, Jin P, Cai X, Zhao H, Lu Z, Dong C. A latent profile analysis of emotional expression among patients with unintentional injuries. BMC Psychiatry 2022; 22:729. [PMID: 36424565 PMCID: PMC9694566 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-022-04390-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Emotional expression has been suggested to affect the well-being of individuals with unintentional injuries. However, few studies have investigated it as a heterogeneous phenomenon. The purpose of this study was to characterize the patterns of emotional expression among patients with unintentional injuries using latent profile analysis, and to examine the relationship among these latent profiles and cognitive processing, posttraumatic growth, and posttraumatic stress disorder. METHODS A cross-sectional study was carried out at two general hospitals in Wenzhou, China. In total, 352 patients with unintentional injuries completed the socio-demographic questionnaire, Berkeley Expressivity Questionnaire, Ambivalence Over Emotional Expression Questionnaire, Event-Related Rumination Inventory, the Posttraumatic Growth Inventory, and PTSD Checklist-Civilian Version. RESULTS: Three unique profiles were identified: high emotional expressivity (n = 238, 67.6%), moderate emotional expressivity (n = 45, 12.8%), and low emotional expressivity (n = 69, 19.6%). The ANOVA and chi-square tests demonstrated significant differences among the three groups concerning deliberate rumination and posttraumatic growth. Multinomial logistic regression analysis indicated that monthly income and time since injury significantly predicted profile membership. CONCLUSIONS Most patients showed high emotional expressivity after an unintentional injury. Emotional expression profiles were associated with deliberate rumination and posttraumatic growth. Emotional expression interventions tailored for different profiles are warranted after an unintentional injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinlu Wang
- grid.268099.c0000 0001 0348 3990School of Nursing, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang China
| | - Qiongyao Tu
- grid.268099.c0000 0001 0348 3990School of Nursing, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang China
| | - Dongdong Huang
- grid.268099.c0000 0001 0348 3990School of Nursing, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang China
| | - Pinpin Jin
- grid.268099.c0000 0001 0348 3990School of Nursing, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang China
| | - Xue Cai
- grid.268099.c0000 0001 0348 3990School of Nursing, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang China
| | - Haifeng Zhao
- grid.268099.c0000 0001 0348 3990School of Nursing, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang China ,grid.416271.70000 0004 0639 0580Ningbo City First Hospital, Ningbo, China
| | - Zhongqiu Lu
- Emergency Intensive Care Unit, Emergency Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Chaoqun Dong
- School of Nursing, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.
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13
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Eze JE, Ifeagwazi CM, Chukwuorji JC. Locating event centrality in associations of emotion regulation with posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms and posttraumatic growth in emerging adults. J Migr Health 2022; 6:100139. [PMID: 36304445 PMCID: PMC9593814 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmh.2022.100139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous research suggests that cognitive reappraisal (CR) and expressive suppression (ES) strategies of emotion regulation (ER) are associated with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and posttraumatic growth (PTG). How the patterns of these associations may vary in the context of event centrality (EC) however requires investigation to help delineate groups for whom the impact of event centrality may be more salient. We examined whether EC would moderate the associations of CR and ES with PTSD symptoms clusters and PTG domains among 388 emerging adults (18-30 year-olds) of Tiv ethnic group who were survivors of armed attack by Fulani herdsmen and were temporarily sheltered in two internally displaced persons' (IDPs') camps in North-central Nigeria. They completed self-report measures of the variables. Results indicated that EC strengthened the negative associations of CR and the positive associations of ES with avoidance, hyper-arousal and total PTSD symptoms, but not intrusion symptoms. For the PTG domains, EC only strengthened the positive association between CR and personal strength and weakened the association of ES with greater appreciation of life. These findings suggest that primary intervention programs that incorporate training of armed attack survivors in cognitive reappraisal strategy centered on the traumatic event could be effective in controlling PTSD but be less critical in engendering PTG. They also show that the psychological processes that underlie PTSD and PTG are related but involve nuances even within PTSD, and do not seamlessly set into the Janoff-Bulman's "strength through suffering" model of PTG. More research is required to test the model.
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Affiliation(s)
- John E. Eze
- Department of Psychology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu 41000, Nigeria
| | | | - JohnBosco Chika Chukwuorji
- Department of Psychology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu 41000, Nigeria,Center for Translation and Implementation Research (CTAIR), College of Medicine, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria,Corresponding author at: Department of Psychology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu 41000, Nigeria.
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14
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Szcześniak M, Madej D, Bielecka G. Relationship between World Assumptions and Post-Traumatic Growth among Polish Cancer Patients: Moderating Effect of Rumination. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:12444. [PMID: 36231744 PMCID: PMC9564848 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191912444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although post-traumatic growth is believed to be the result of complex interplays between various factors, cognitive variables appear to play a special role in these interactions. Yet, research on this topic is scant. Therefore, the first purpose of this study was to verify whether there is a direct relationship between world assumptions and post-traumatic growth among Polish cancer patients. As the effect of psychological change in post-traumatic growth may be affected by basic beliefs about the world and oneself, the second goal was to assess whether this association is moderated by rumination. METHODS The study included 215 Polish cancer patients. The Post-traumatic Growth and Depreciation Inventory-Expanded version-(intrusive and deliberate rumination), the World Assumption Scale, and the Event-related Rumination Inventory were applied. RESULTS Positive, albeit weak, correlations were found between the dimensions of world assumptions and post-traumatic growth. Post-traumatic growth correlated negatively with intrusive rumination and positively with deliberate rumination. The outcomes show that the level of post-traumatic growth resulting from world assumptions is significantly different at various levels of intrusive and deliberate rumination. CONCLUSION Lower/medium intrusive rumination seems to strengthen the relationship between benevolence of the world/worthiness of the self and post-traumatic growth, and higher deliberate rumination tends to reinforce the relationship between meaningfulness and post-traumatic growth.
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15
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Henson C, Truchot D, Canevello A. PTSD and PTG in French and American Firefighters: A Comparative Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:11973. [PMID: 36231272 PMCID: PMC9614603 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191911973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Studies show that experiencing traumatic events can lead to positive psychological change, or posttraumatic growth (PTG). In the hope of promoting PTG, authors have been focusing on identifying the factors that may foster PTG. Despite these attempts, the literature shows inconsistencies, making it difficult to know which variables may be involved in the process of growth. Indeed, authors seem to disagree on the nature of the relationship between PTSD and PTG, time since the event, social support, intrusive rumination, and sociodemographics. Thus, this study aims to clarify these discrepancies, and verify whether the processes involved are the same across two different cultural groups, both of which are confronted with traumatic events regularly: 409 American firefighters, and 407 French firefighters. Results indicate that, in both samples, PTG is positively related to PTSD, subjective perceptions of the event, stress during the event, disruption of core-beliefs, and deliberate rumination; and unrelated to social support, core-self evaluations, and socio-demographic variables (age, gender, relationship status, etc.). However, time since the event and the number of years on the job only predicted PTG in the American sample, while colleague and emotional support only predicted PTG in the French sample. Additionally, American firefighters reported more growth, more social support, more positive self-perceptions, more intrusive rumination, and more neuroticism than French firefighters. These results suggest that the process of growth, as defined by Tedeschi and Calhoun, is relatively stable among firefighters, but that some differences do exist between cultural groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Henson
- Laboratory of Psychology, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté à Besançon, 25000 Besançon, France
- Department of Psychology, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC 28223, USA
| | - Didier Truchot
- Laboratory of Psychology, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté à Besançon, 25000 Besançon, France
| | - Amy Canevello
- Department of Psychology, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC 28223, USA
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16
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Squires SD, Hu M, Milev RV, Poppenk J. The impact of non-infection pandemic stress on depression and anxiety severity: Investigating mediation by intrusive and deliberate rumination. J Affect Disord 2022; 310:291-295. [PMID: 35561882 PMCID: PMC9088212 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2022.05.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 03/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Social restrictions to curb COVID-19's spread have had adverse effects on population mental health. Rumination is one mechanism through which pandemic stress (PS) might translate into psychopathology. In particular, intrusive rumination (IR) is believed to be problematic. In this study, we investigated whether IR and deliberate rumination (DR) mediated the associations between PS and both depression and anxiety severity. METHODS 1090 participants recruited online and from an undergraduate psychology participation pool completed an assessment of COVID-19 PS, as well as the Event-Related Rumination Inventory, the Beck Depression Inventory-II, and the Beck Anxiety Inventory. Total scores for PS, IR, DR, depression, and anxiety severity were tested in a parallel mediation model. RESULTS PS positively predicted IR, DR, depression, and anxiety severity. IR positively predicted 1depression and anxiety severity, whereas DR did not. Indirect effects of PS on depression and anxiety severity were significant for IR, but not DR. Direct effects of PS on anxiety and depression severity were significant. Taken together, IR partially mediated the association between PS and both measures of psychopathology, and DR did not. LIMITATIONS This study was limited by its cross-sectional design and the lack of assessment of when PS exposure occurred. CONCLUSIONS Regarding PS that is unrelated to infection by COVID-19, IR is one mechanism through which psychopathology may emerge, whereas DR appears to be benign. Promoting a shift from IR to DR may therefore be one strategy for mitigating the negative effects of PS and other stressors on mental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott D. Squires
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada,Corresponding author
| | - Mianzhi Hu
- Department of Psychology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Roumen V. Milev
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada,Department of Psychology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada,Department of Psychiatry, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jordan Poppenk
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada,Department of Psychology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada,School of Computing, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
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17
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Wang W, Li N, Yuan Y, Wu X, Lan X. Longitudinal relationships between guilt and suicide risk among adolescents in a postdisaster context: Mediating roles of rumination and posttraumatic stress disorder. Suicide Life Threat Behav 2022; 52:773-781. [PMID: 35355309 DOI: 10.1111/sltb.12861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To analyze the pathways and mechanisms underlying the impact of guilt on suicide risk using a well-controlled longitudinal study, we examined the mediating roles of intrusive rumination, deliberate rumination, and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in this association. METHOD Four hundred and eight adolescent survivors (Mage = 14.05 years) were assessed using self-report questionnaires three and a half years and four and a half years after the Ya'an earthquake. The self-report questionnaires included the Trauma Exposures Questionnaire, the Interpersonal Guilt Questionnaire, the Event-Related Rumination Inventory, the PTSD Checklist for the DSM-5, and the Child Behavior Problems Questionnaire. RESULTS The results indicated that guilt had a direct and positive effect on suicide risk. Intrusive rumination and PTSD mediated the relationship between guilt and suicide risk. Guilt could increase deliberate rumination, but deliberate rumination did not significantly predict PTSD and suicide risk. CONCLUSION Negative postdisaster emotions, such as guilt, can enhance the combined effects of cognition and psychological disorders on suicide risk. Guilt affects suicide risk indirectly through intrusive rumination and PTSD but not through deliberate rumination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenchao Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Applied Experimental Psychology, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Psychology Education, Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Nan Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Applied Experimental Psychology, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Psychology Education, Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Yue Yuan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Applied Experimental Psychology, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Psychology Education, Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Xinchun Wu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Applied Experimental Psychology, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Psychology Education, Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoyu Lan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Applied Experimental Psychology, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Psychology Education, Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
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18
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Turan N, Yılmaz DY, Ertekin K. The relationship between posttraumatic stress disorder, posttraumatic growth, and rumination in adolescents after earthquake: A systematic review. JOURNAL OF CHILD AND ADOLESCENT PSYCHIATRIC NURSING 2022; 35:267-276. [PMID: 35267222 DOI: 10.1111/jcap.12374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This systematic review aims to examine, from an interdisciplinary perspective, the relationship between posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), posttraumatic growth (PTG), and rumination in adolescents after an earthquake. The aim of the review is to provide high-quality, evidence-based recommendations that contribute to the roles of psychiatric nurses and the development of psychosocial support systems. DESIGN AND METHODS This study has been conducted in line with the Centres for Reviews and Dissemination (CRD) guideline which guides preparation for transparent reporting of meta-analysis and systematic reviews. FINDINGS Despite the limited evidence, it was concluded that it is important to identify the psychological processes that lead to PTG and reduce the incidence of PTSD in earthquake-affected adolescents. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS This evidence shows how important it is to raise the awareness of healthcare providers in different disciplines, including psychiatric nurses, around the need for psychosocial support interventions following a natural disaster.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazan Turan
- Department of Psychiatric Nursing, Ufuk University School of Nursing, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Didem Yüksel Yılmaz
- Department of Child Health Nursing, Ufuk University School of Nursing, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Kutluhan Ertekin
- Department of Physiology, Ufuk University School of Nursing, Ankara, Turkey
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19
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Luu TT. Family support and posttraumatic growth among tourism workers during the COVID-19 shutdown: The role of positive stress mindset. TOURISM MANAGEMENT 2022; 88:104399. [PMID: 34629609 PMCID: PMC8490007 DOI: 10.1016/j.tourman.2021.104399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has taken a severe hit on the health of workers in the tourism industry. It is crucial to understand how to help the workforce in this service industry become resilient and adaptive through this crisis. The primary objective of this research is to examine how family support nurtures tourism workers' posttraumatic growth (PTG), an adaptation form in the resilience process. The valid data were collected from 384 tourism workers who were on unpaid leave or layoff during the COVID-19 crisis. The results demonstrated the positive relationship between family support and tourism workers' PTG, for which positive stress mindset was identified as a mediation mechanism. Deliberate and intrusive ruminative thinking styles moderated the effect of family support on positive stress mindset. Theoretical and practical implications of the mechanisms through which family support promotes tourism workers' PTG are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuan Trong Luu
- Swinburne Business School, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Australia
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20
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Bhushan B, Basu S, Ganai UJ. Post-traumatic Stress and Growth Among the Children and Adolescents in the Aftermath of COVID-19. Front Psychol 2022. [DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.791263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has enkindled many mental health problems across the globe. Prominent among them is the prevalence of post-traumatic stress (PTS) with hosts of its precipitating factors being present in the surrounding. With India witnessing severe impact of the second wave of COVID-19, marked by a large number of hospitalizations, deaths, unemployment, imposition of lockdowns, etc., its repercussions on children and adolescents demand particular attention. This study aims to examine the direct and the indirect exposure of COVID-19-related experiences on children and adolescents and its subsequent relationship with PTS and post-traumatic growth (PTG). The direct exposure was operationalized in terms of death or hospitalization in the family, while the indirect exposure was gauged in terms of exposure to media reports of the COVID situation. Data from 412 children and adolescents aged 9–20 years, collected online, revealed 68.9% of them with PTS. Interestingly, 39.8% of those reporting PTS were also experiencing PTG. Arousal appeared to be the most frequently reported characteristics of trauma. The multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) endorses significant difference between those with direct and indirect exposures to hospitalization. Those with direct exposure to hospitalization reported higher PTS. The indirect exposure of COVID-19-related news through electronic media was also significantly associated with higher PTS. Exposure through print media did not lead to significant difference in PTS, but those reading only magazines reported significantly higher PTG than not reading magazines. The findings are analyzed in the light of unfolding of events during the second wave of COVID-19 in India.
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21
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Bhushan B, Basu S, Ganai UJ. Post-traumatic Stress and Growth Among the Children and Adolescents in the Aftermath of COVID-19. Front Psychol 2022; 12:791263. [PMID: 35153913 PMCID: PMC8828654 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.791263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has enkindled many mental health problems across the globe. Prominent among them is the prevalence of post-traumatic stress (PTS) with hosts of its precipitating factors being present in the surrounding. With India witnessing severe impact of the second wave of COVID-19, marked by a large number of hospitalizations, deaths, unemployment, imposition of lockdowns, etc., its repercussions on children and adolescents demand particular attention. This study aims to examine the direct and the indirect exposure of COVID-19-related experiences on children and adolescents and its subsequent relationship with PTS and post-traumatic growth (PTG). The direct exposure was operationalized in terms of death or hospitalization in the family, while the indirect exposure was gauged in terms of exposure to media reports of the COVID situation. Data from 412 children and adolescents aged 9–20 years, collected online, revealed 68.9% of them with PTS. Interestingly, 39.8% of those reporting PTS were also experiencing PTG. Arousal appeared to be the most frequently reported characteristics of trauma. The multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) endorses significant difference between those with direct and indirect exposures to hospitalization. Those with direct exposure to hospitalization reported higher PTS. The indirect exposure of COVID-19-related news through electronic media was also significantly associated with higher PTS. Exposure through print media did not lead to significant difference in PTS, but those reading only magazines reported significantly higher PTG than not reading magazines. The findings are analyzed in the light of unfolding of events during the second wave of COVID-19 in India.
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22
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Jian Y, Hu T, Zong Y, Tang W. Relationship between post-traumatic disorder and posttraumatic growth in COVID-19 home-confined adolescents: The moderating role of self-efficacy. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2022; 42:1-10. [PMID: 35018083 PMCID: PMC8736319 DOI: 10.1007/s12144-021-02515-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Although the COVID-19 pandemic has been traumatogenic for some people, posttraumatic growth (PTG) outcomes have also been observed. This study examined the PTG in adolescents and the moderating effect of self-efficacy on post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms and PTG. An online questionnaire was conducted on 2090 adolescent Chinese students to measure COVID-19 related exposure, self-efficacy, PTSD, and PTG. PTG prevalence was found in 20.6% of the sample, with the relationship between PTSD and PTG being found to be a reverse U-shaped curve. Objective exposure factors were found to be closely associated with PTSD symptoms but not with PTG. Similarly, subjective feelings of extreme fear were significantly associated with PTSD symptoms but not with PTG. Self-efficacy was found to be positively correlated with PTG (r = 0.551) and to moderate the relationship between PTSD and PTG. For those with low self-efficacy, the higher the PTSD, the higher the PTG, and for those with high self-efficacy, the higher the PTSD, the lower the PTG. As an improved sense of self-efficacy in adolescents could promote positive psychological transformations, these results could assist in identifying self-efficacy levels and providing guidance for targeted psychological interventions to promote positive growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunchao Jian
- Department of Psychology, Chengdu Normal University, Chengdu, China
| | - Tao Hu
- Department of Psychology, Chengdu Normal University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yu Zong
- Department of Psychology, Chengdu Normal University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wanjie Tang
- Institute of Emergency Management and Post-disaster Reconstruction, No. 24, South Section 1, Yihuan Road, Wuhou District, Chengdu, 610065 China
- Department of Psychiatry, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Mental Health Center, Sichuan University, No. 24, South Section 1, Yihuan Road, Wuhou District, Chengdu, 610065 China
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23
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Xu W, Feng C, Tang W, Yang Y. Rumination, Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms, and Posttraumatic Growth Among Wenchuan Earthquake Adult Survivors: A Developmental Perspective. Front Public Health 2022; 9:764127. [PMID: 35059376 PMCID: PMC8764254 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2021.764127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This study examined the long-term effects of the Wenchuan earthquake among adult survivors. Specifically, it explored the role of perceived social support (PSS) in the relationship between rumination and posttraumatic growth (PTG) and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms. Data were collected from March to July 2020 using a youth survivor sample (n = 476) of the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake. Participants were divided into three groups depending on their age when the quake occurred: 6-11 years (n = 227), 12-15 years (n = 83), 16-19 years (n = 166). The results indicated that long-term PTG and PTSD symptom levels varied by age group. Both intrusive and deliberate ruminations had a significant effect on PTG as well as PTSD symptoms. PSS played a mediating role between rumination and PTG, and the mediation mechanisms varied by age group (developmental stages). Moderated analyses revealed that PSS from significant others significantly buffered the indirect effect of rumination on PTSD symptoms. Our findings demonstrated the universal nature of traumatic events encountered during childhood and adolescence development and underscore the importance of examining the developmental context of PTG in investigations on traumatic experiences and their consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjian Xu
- Department of Sociology and Psychology, School of Public Administration, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Institute of Psychology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | | | - Wanjie Tang
- Center for Educational and Health Psychology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yifan Yang
- School of Public Administration, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China
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24
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Haddad JM, Macenski C, Mosier-Mills A, Hibara A, Kester K, Schneider M, Conrad RC, Liu CH. The Impact of Social Media on College Mental Health During the COVID-19 Pandemic: a Multinational Review of the Existing Literature. Curr Psychiatry Rep 2021; 23:70. [PMID: 34613542 PMCID: PMC8493361 DOI: 10.1007/s11920-021-01288-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW During the COVID-19 pandemic, both social media use and rates of anxiety and depression among college students have increased significantly. This begs the question, what is the relationship between social media use and college student mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic? RECENT FINDINGS Prior studies have found mixed results regarding the relationship between social media use and college student mental health. This relationship has become increasingly complex during the COVID-19 pandemic. We found that excessive or problematic social media use during the COVID-19 pandemic was correlated with worse mental health outcomes that could be mitigated by dialectical thinking, optimism, mindfulness, and cognitive reappraisal. The COVID-19 pandemic acts as a moderator by strengthening the relationship between social media use and mental health. Future studies should consider the impact of social media on college student mental health and concentrate on intervention initiatives to ensure the psychological well-being of college students during a global pandemic outbreak.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica M Haddad
- Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 75 Francis St., 221 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
- Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck St, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
| | - Christina Macenski
- Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 75 Francis St., 221 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck St, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | | | - Alice Hibara
- Harvard College, 86 Brattle Street, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | | | - Marguerite Schneider
- Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck St, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Rachel C Conrad
- Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 75 Francis St., 221 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck St, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Cindy H Liu
- Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 75 Francis St., 221 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck St, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Department of Newborn Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 75 Francis St., 221 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
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25
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An evolutionary approach to grief-related rumination: Construction and validation of the Bereavement Analytical Rumination Questionnaire. EVOL HUM BEHAV 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2021.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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26
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Zeng W, Wu X, Xu Y, Wu J, Zeng Y, Shao J, Huang D, Zhu Z. The Impact of General Self-Efficacy on Psychological Resilience During the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Mediating Role of Posttraumatic Growth and the Moderating Role of Deliberate Rumination. Front Psychol 2021; 12:684354. [PMID: 34248788 PMCID: PMC8261126 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.684354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose: This study used a moderated mediation model to explore the relationship between general self-efficacy (GSE) and psychological resilience (PR) and the associated mechanisms, the mediating role of posttraumatic growth (PTG), and the moderating role of deliberate rumination (DR) during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Knowledge of the relationship between these four variables examined further understanding of the PR improvement mechanism of college students and even the general public. Methods: The college students who participated in this study came from an independent college in Guangdong Province, China. A total of 918 college students completed the survey, and the final data sample size was 881. SPSS 23.0 and PROCESS (version 3.3) were used to conduct Pearson's correlation analysis and hierarchical regression linear analysis on the data. Results: (1) The correlation analysis showed that GSE and PR were positively correlated and that PTG was positively correlated with GSE and PR. DR was positively correlated with GSE, PTG, and PR. (2) The results of mediation analysis showed that GSE had a direct predictive effect on DR, and PTG partially mediated the relationship between the two. (3) The results of moderating effect analysis showed that DR hindered the effect of GSE on PTG but enhanced the positive impact of PTG on PR. Conclusions: General self-efficacy can improve PR under the mediating influence of PTG. DR played a positive moderating role in the relationship between GSE and PTG, and played a negative moderating role in the relationship between PTG and PR. These results advance the understanding of the mechanism between GSE and PR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zeng
- School of Geography, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xingrou Wu
- School of Geography, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanhua Xu
- College of Resource Environment and Tourism, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiamin Wu
- School of Geography, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuqing Zeng
- School of Geography, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jinlian Shao
- School of Geography, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dongtao Huang
- School of Geography, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ziqi Zhu
- Office of International Cooperation and Exchange, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan, China
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Roles of Reexamination of Core Beliefs and Rumination in Posttraumatic Growth Among Parents of Children With Cancer: Comparisons With Parents of Children With Chronic Disease. Cancer Nurs 2021; 44:20-28. [PMID: 31261183 DOI: 10.1097/ncc.0000000000000731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies have indicated that the impact of a traumatic experience can be negative and can provide the opportunity to experience psychological growth, known as posttraumatic growth (PTG). OBJECTIVE To evaluate the role of cognitive processing in PTG among parents of childhood cancer survivors (CCSs) based on the PTG theoretical model. We compared the model between parents of SCC and parents of children with chronic disease (CCDs) to determine how the role of cognitive processing in PTG is different depending on the children's illness. METHODS Final sample consisted of 78 parents of CCSs and 44 parents of CCDs. The survey included standardized measurements assessing reexamination of core beliefs, intrusive and deliberate rumination, posttraumatic stress symptoms, and PTG. The hypothetical relationships among the variables were tested by covariance structure analysis. RESULTS Posttraumatic growth among parents of CCSs had significantly strong association with reexamination of core beliefs, but not with deliberate rumination. Reexamination of core beliefs was significantly more likely to foster PTG among parents of CCSs, whereas deliberate rumination was significantly more likely to be associated with PTG among parents of CCDs. CONCLUSIONS For parents of CCSs, reexamination of core beliefs had a greater impact on PTG than deliberate rumination. Our results suggest that support should focus on the process of reexamining core beliefs in facilitating PTG among parents of CCSs. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE Nurses should provide parents of CCSs with reassurance regarding their experiences of the reexamination of core beliefs, which will likely lead to PTG.
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Farahani AS, Heidarzadeh M, Tajalli S, Ashrafizade H, Akbarpour M, Khaki S, Khademi F, Beikmirza R, Masoumpoor A, Rassouli M. Psychometric Properties of the Farsi Version of Posttraumatic Growth Inventory for Children-Revised in Iranian Children with Cancer. Asia Pac J Oncol Nurs 2021; 8:295-303. [PMID: 33850963 PMCID: PMC8030598 DOI: 10.4103/apjon.apjon-2093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Coping with childhood cancer, as a stressful incident, can lead to a growth in various aspects of the child's life. Therefore, this study aims to validate Posttraumatic Growth Inventory for Children-Revised (PTGI-C-R) in children with cancer. Methods: This methodological research was carried out in referral children hospitals in Tehran. PTGI-C-R was translated and back-translated. Content and face validity were assessed. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was performed on 200 children with inclusion criteria, using LISREL V8.5. Due to the rejection of the model, an exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was done, using SPSS V21. The correlation of posttraumatic growth (PTG) with the variables, i.e., age and gender, was investigated. Results: Some writing changes were made in phrases in the sections concerning face and content validity. CFA rejected the five-factor model due to the undesirable fit indices. Therefore, an EFA was used and the three-factor model was not approved, either despite the statistical appropriateness or due to the lack of similarity between the items loaded on factors. The results also indicated a significant relationship between PTG and age (r = 0.13, P = 0.05). There is no significant relationship between PTG and gender (z = −1.35, P = 0.83). Conclusions: PTGI-C-R does not have desirable psychometric properties in Iranian children with cancer and may not be able to reflect all the aspects of PTG experienced by them. Therefore, it cannot be used as an appropriate scale, and it is necessary to develop and validate a specific tool through a qualitative study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azam Shirinabadi Farahani
- Department of Pediatric and Neonatal Intensive Care Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Heidarzadeh
- Department of Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Saleheh Tajalli
- Department of Pediatric and Neonatal Intensive Care Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hadis Ashrafizade
- Department of Medical-Surgical Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Student Research Committee, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Marjan Akbarpour
- Department of Medical Surgical Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Soore Khaki
- Department of Medical Surgical Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Khademi
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
| | - Razieh Beikmirza
- Nursing and Midwifery Care Research Center, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Anahita Masoumpoor
- Department of Pediatric and Neonatal Intensive Care Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Rassouli
- Department of Pediatric and Neonatal Intensive Care Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Peters J, Bellet BW, Jones PJ, Wu GWY, Wang L, McNally RJ. Posttraumatic stress or posttraumatic growth? Using network analysis to explore the relationships between coping styles and trauma outcomes. J Anxiety Disord 2021; 78:102359. [PMID: 33524701 DOI: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2021.102359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Trauma can produce posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), but may also foster positive outcomes, such as posttraumatic growth. Individual differences in coping styles may contribute to both positive and negative sequelae of trauma. Using network analytic methods, we investigated the structure of PTSD symptoms, elements of growth, and coping styles in bereaved survivors of a major earthquake in China. Hypervigilance and difficulty concentrating were identified as the most central symptoms in the PTSD network, whereas establishing a new path in life, feeling closer to others, and doing better things with life ranked highest on centrality in the posttraumatic growth network. Direct connections between PTSD symptoms and elements of growth were low in magnitude in our sample. Our final network, which included PTSD symptoms, growth elements, and coping styles, suggests that adaptive and active coping styles, such as positive reframing, are positively related to elements of growth, but not appreciably negatively related to PTSD symptoms. Conversely, maladaptive coping styles are positively related to PTSD symptoms, but are not negatively associated with growth. Future longitudinal studies could shed light on the direction of causality in these relationships and their clinical utility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Peters
- Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA; Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
| | | | - Payton J Jones
- Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Gwyneth W Y Wu
- Weill Institute for Neurosciences and Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Francisco (UCSF) School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Li Wang
- Laboratory for Traumatic Stress Studies, CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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Peng X, Zhao HZ, Yang Y, Rao ZL, Hu DY, He Q. Post-traumatic Growth Level and Its Influencing Factors Among Frontline Nurses During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:632360. [PMID: 34177641 PMCID: PMC8219941 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.632360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: To assess post-traumatic growth (PTG) level and explore its influence factors among frontline nurses during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: From April 11th to 12th, 2020, a cross sectional study was conducted on 116 frontline nurses who had participated in fight against the COVID-19 in Wuhan city, China. General information and psychological discomfort were collected. Chinese version post-traumatic growth inventory with 20 items was applied to assess PTG level. Univariable analyses and multiple linear regression were performed to explore potential influencing factors of PTGI score. Results: The average score of PTGI in frontline nurses was 65.65 ± 11.50. In univariable analyses, gender, age, education level, marital status, living with parents, professional title, working years and professional psychological support was not statistically associated with the PTGI score. In both univariable and multivariable analyses, having support from family members and friends, being psychological comfort and having children and increased the PTGI score significantly. The three factors only explained 3.8% variance. Conclusion: Moderate PGT was observed in the frontline nurses who had battled against COVID-19. Social support and professional psychological intervention should be applied to further improve PTG level. Further studies with large sample size are required to explore more potential influencing factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Peng
- Cancer Center, Tongji Medical College, Union Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hui-Zi Zhao
- Pediatric Department, Tongji Medical College, Union Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yi Yang
- Cancer Center, Tongji Medical College, Union Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhen-Li Rao
- Cancer Center, Tongji Medical College, Union Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - De-Ying Hu
- Department of Nursing, Tongji Medical College, Union Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qin He
- Public Health Department, Tongji Medical College, Union Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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Moore A, van Loenhout JAF, de Almeida MM, Smith P, Guha-Sapir D. Measuring mental health burden in humanitarian settings: a critical review of assessment tools. Glob Health Action 2020; 13:1783957. [PMID: 32657249 PMCID: PMC7480646 DOI: 10.1080/16549716.2020.1783957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The effects of disasters and conflicts are widespread and heavily studied. While attention to disasters’ impacts on mental health is growing, mental health effects are not well understood due to inconsistencies in measurement. Objective The purpose of this study is to review mental health assessment tools and their use in populations affected by disasters and conflicts. Method Tools that assess posttraumatic stress disorder, depression, substance use disorder, and general mental health were examined. This review began with a search for assessment tools in PubMed, PsycINFO, and Google Scholar. Next, validation studies for the tools were obtained through snowball sampling. A final search was conducted for scientific studies using the selected tools in humanitarian settings to collect the data for analysis. The benefits and limitations described for each tool were compiled into a complete table. Results Twelve assessment tools were included, with 88 studies using them. The primary findings indicate that half of the studies used the Impact of Events Scale-Revised. The most common limitation discussed is that self-report tools inaccurately estimate the prevalence of mental health problems. This inaccuracy is further exacerbated by a lack of cultural appropriateness of the tools, as many are developed for Western contexts. Conclusion It is recommended that researchers and humanitarian workers reflect on the effectiveness of the mental health assessment tool they use to accurately represent the populations under study in emergency settings. In addition, mental health assessment should be coupled with action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley Moore
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Yale University School of Public Health , New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Joris Adriaan Frank van Loenhout
- Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters (CRED), Institute of Health and Society, Université Catholique de Louvain , Brussels, Belgium
| | - Maria Moitinho de Almeida
- Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters (CRED), Institute of Health and Society, Université Catholique de Louvain , Brussels, Belgium
| | - Pierre Smith
- Institute of Health and Society IRSS, Université Catholique de Louvain , Brussels, Belgium
| | - Debarati Guha-Sapir
- Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters (CRED), Institute of Health and Society, Université Catholique de Louvain , Brussels, Belgium
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Evaluating the Prevalence of PTSD among Children and Adolescents after Earthquakes and Floods: a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Psychiatr Q 2020; 91:1265-1290. [PMID: 32901423 DOI: 10.1007/s11126-020-09840-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Our study systematically reviews articles about the prevalence of Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) among children and adolescents, aiming to evaluate its prevalence after earthquakes and floods.Three databases (PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science) were searched for articles published from 1981 to 2019 containing information on PTSD prevalence among survivors of earthquakes and floods. Articles with insufficient data on the prevalence of PTSD or without any available full-text were excluded. Major study variables consist of the prevalence of PTSD of the included studies, gender, and the elapsed time after the disaster. The overall PTSD prevalence was determined using a fixed-effect model for eligible studies. Of 4107 studies listed using our search strategy, 439 underwent full-text review, 59 records included in the systematic review, and 39 records met the criteria for meta-analysis. The pooled prevalence of PTSD among children and adolescent survivors after earthquakes and floods was 19.2% (95%CI = 18.6-19.7%), 30.0% (95%CI = 29.5-30.6%), 24.4% (95%CI = 23.4-25.4%) and 20.4% (95%CI = 19.1-21.7%), in the first, second, third and fourth six-month intervals after the disaster, respectively. Our analysis also revealed that PTSD was more prevalent among girls (p < 0.001). The absence of psychological support for affected areas considerably increases the risk of PTSD among survivors. Our results indicated that children and adolescents, especially girls, are more vulnerable and should be in top priority. The governments should refine their policies on post-disaster services and run early screening, immediate intervention, and ongoing monitoring for PTSD, as well as mental and emotional supports.
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Shah SAA, Yezhuang T, Shah AM, Mamirkulova G. The Effectiveness of Emotional Intelligence in the Face of Terrorism Fear and Employees’ Mental Health Strain. Int J Ment Health Addict 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11469-020-00440-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Hong W, Liu RD, Ding Y, Fu X, Zhen R, Sheng X. Social Media Exposure and College Students' Mental Health During the Outbreak of COVID-19: The Mediating Role of Rumination and the Moderating Role of Mindfulness. CYBERPSYCHOLOGY BEHAVIOR AND SOCIAL NETWORKING 2020; 24:282-287. [PMID: 33050721 DOI: 10.1089/cyber.2020.0387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
In response to reports of people experiencing varying levels of anxiety and depression during the outbreak of COVID-19, researchers have argued that exposure to related information on social media is a salient contributing factor. Based on the integrated model of ruminative response style and the diathesis-stress model, it has been suggested that incorporating rumination and mindfulness may elucidate the potential mechanism underlying the aforementioned association. This study aimed to examine the mediating role of rumination and the moderating role of mindfulness in the association between social media exposure (SME) to COVID-19 information and psychological distress. The results from online questionnaire responses of 439 college students from two universities in Wuhan, Hubei Province, showed that rumination mediated the association between SME and psychological distress. Furthermore, mindfulness was revealed as a protective factor that buffered the adverse effect of SME on psychological distress through rumination. These findings advance a better understanding of the formation process of psychological symptoms during the COVID-19 pandemic and provide insights regarding effective interventions for adverse mental health consequences in college students.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Hong
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Applied Experimental Psychology, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Psychology Education (Beijing Normal University), Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Ru-De Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Applied Experimental Psychology, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Psychology Education (Beijing Normal University), Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Yi Ding
- Graduate School of Education, Fordham University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Xinchen Fu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Applied Experimental Psychology, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Psychology Education (Beijing Normal University), Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Rui Zhen
- Institute of Psychological Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Xiaotian Sheng
- Department of Experimental and Applied Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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35
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Zhang N, Wu K, Zhang Y, Liu Z, Zhou X. Psychological predictors of posttraumatic growth among adult survivors of Wenchuan earthquake in China. Asian J Psychiatr 2020; 53:102309. [PMID: 33264838 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The current research investigates the applicability of the posttraumatic growth inventory and psychological predictors of posttraumatic growth among adult survivors of the Wenchuan earthquake in China. The results indicated that although the survivors reported a high degree of posttraumatic stress symptoms, they also experienced a moderate to high level of posttraumatic growth two years after the earthquake. The simplified Chinese version of the Posttraumatic Growth Inventory had good reliability in the current study. Confirmatory factor analysis of the simplified Chinese version of the Posttraumatic Growth Inventory verified that the original five-factor model fit the data better than the four-factor model documented by Ho et al. (2004, 2011) among Chinese cancer patients. The current study also demonstrates that positive changes in outlook, positive affect, and perceived social support are significant predictors of posttraumatic growth among adult survivors of the Wenchuan earthquake. Directions for future research on posttraumatic growth among survivors of natural disasters and implications for developing psychological interventions to help people recover from traumatic events are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Zhang
- School of Public Health and the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Kankan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Yuqing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
| | - Zhengkui Liu
- Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Xiao Zhou
- Department of Psychological and Behavioral Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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Moulds ML, Bisby MA, Wild J, Bryant RA. Rumination in posttraumatic stress disorder: A systematic review. Clin Psychol Rev 2020; 82:101910. [PMID: 32971312 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2020.101910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Initial models and empirical investigations of rumination in the clinical literature were predominantly in the domain of depression. However, rumination is now well-established as a transdiagnostic cognitive process, including in the context of posttraumatic stress. To clarify the current understanding of rumination in posttraumatic stress, we conducted a systematic review of the empirical literature on rumination in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Six sub-groups of studies on this topic were identified; these addressed: (i) the frequency and nature of rumination, (ii) cross-sectional relationships between rumination and PTSD symptoms, (iii) the capacity of rumination to predict PTSD longitudinally, (iv) other processes associated with rumination, (v) neurobiological correlates of rumination, and (vi) whether treating PTSD reduces rumination. This review synthesizes these domains of research and identifies key methodological limitations which limit causal inferences, and points to important areas of future research to advance knowledge on rumination in PTSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle L Moulds
- School of Psychology, The University of New South Wales, UNSW, Sydney, Australia.
| | - Madelyne A Bisby
- School of Psychology, The University of New South Wales, UNSW, Sydney, Australia
| | - Jennifer Wild
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Richard A Bryant
- School of Psychology, The University of New South Wales, UNSW, Sydney, Australia
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Huh HJ, Kim KH, Lee HK, Chae JH. Attachment Style, Complicated Grief and Post-Traumatic Growth in Traumatic Loss: The Role of Intrusive and Deliberate Rumination. Psychiatry Investig 2020; 17:636-644. [PMID: 32631035 PMCID: PMC7385220 DOI: 10.30773/pi.2019.0291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The present study examines the effects of attachment styles on the grief response and the indirect effect of rumination in parents who lost a child in the Sewol Ferry accident. METHODS Bereaved parents (n=81) completed self-report questionnaires evaluating their attachment style (Experience in Close Relationship-Short form), traumatic loss related rumination (Event-Related Rumination Inventory), degree of complicated grief (Inventory of Complicated Grief), and post-traumatic growth (Post-Traumatic Growth Inventory). Data were analyzed using correlation analysis, structural equation modeling, and bootstrapping. RESULTS The indirect effect of event-related intrusive rumination was significant in the relationship between attachment avoidance and complicated grief. The path from attachment avoidance to post-traumatic growth via deliberate rumination was not significant. With respect toattachment anxiety and post-traumatic growth, the indirect effect of deliberate rumination was significant. But the indirect effect of intrusive rumination was not significant in the relationships among attachment anxiety, complicated grief, and post-traumatic growth. CONCLUSION Individuals with attachment anxiety could obtain post-traumatic growth via deliberate rumination. By contrast, attachment avoidance was associated with the risk of maladaptive grief. Grief interventions should account for individual differences in attachment styles through interventions that manage intrusive rumination and strengthen deliberate rumination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyu Jung Huh
- Department of Psychiatry, Incheon St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Hee Kim
- Department of Psychology, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Kyung Lee
- Department of Psychology, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Ho Chae
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Alamdar S, Lv Y, Guo J, Lu J, Zhang Y. Attentional bias effect on post-traumatic outcomes in children after earthquake: Mediation role of rumination. Psych J 2020; 9:738-748. [PMID: 32337846 DOI: 10.1002/pchj.360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2019] [Revised: 08/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
After traumatic events, children with different types of attentional biases produce different psychological reactions with the help of the rumination process. A sample of 909 middle school students was taken from the Yunnan Ludian earthquake-affected area. Measurement scales of the Chinese version of the Attention to Positive and Negative Information Scale (APNI), the Chinese version of the Children's Revised Impact of Event Scale (CRIES), and the Revised Post-traumatic Growth Inventory for Children (PTG-C) were used to assess the attentional bias, risk of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and post-traumatic growth (PTG), respectively. The effect of self-reported attention bias was explored by using a structural equation model and bias-corrected bootstrap test on children's psychological reaction after trauma. The results show that there is a positive relationship between self-reported negative attentional bias and PTSD symptoms partially mediated by intrusive rumination and the negative relationship between self-reported positive attentional bias and PTSD symptoms. On the other hand, the relationship between self-reported positive attentional bias and PTG was positive and partially mediated by deliberate rumination. Furthermore, intrusive rumination did not affect PTG indirectly but mediated the relation of deliberate rumination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadaf Alamdar
- Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, China
| | - Yaodi Lv
- Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, China
| | - Jiang Guo
- Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, China
| | - Jiangfeng Lu
- Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, China
| | - Yuqing Zhang
- Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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Tang W, Wang Y, Lu L, Lu Y, Xu J. Post-traumatic growth among 5195 adolescents at 8.5 years after exposure to the Wenchuan earthquake: Roles of post-traumatic stress disorder and self-esteem. J Health Psychol 2020; 26:2450-2459. [PMID: 32306761 DOI: 10.1177/1359105320913947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We evaluated the level of post-traumatic growth in a large sample of Chinese adolescent earthquake survivors (n = 5195) and relationships among self-esteem, post-traumatic stress disorder, and post-traumatic growth. This cross-sectional study indicated that the prevalence of post-traumatic growth among adolescent survivors was 14.8 percent. Post-traumatic growth was independently associated with self-esteem, severity of exposures, and avoidance facets of post-traumatic stress disorder. Post-traumatic stress disorder was found to be partially mediated by self-esteem on post-traumatic growth; and post-traumatic stress disorder was also a mediator between earthquake exposure and post-traumatic growth. This study suggests that future longitudinal research and clinical practice should test whether promoting self-esteem can enhance post-traumatic stress disorder treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Li Lu
- Sichuan University, China
| | - Yi Lu
- Sichuan University, China
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Black J, Belicki K, Emberley-Ralph J, McCann A. Internalized versus externalized continuing bonds: Relations to grief, trauma, attachment, openness to experience, and posttraumatic growth. DEATH STUDIES 2020; 46:399-414. [PMID: 32175829 DOI: 10.1080/07481187.2020.1737274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This research investigated the predictors of internalized versus externalized continuing bonds to examine whether internalized bonds are more associated with adaptive adjustment to bereavement than externalized. Four studies were conducted: two of romantic partner loss (n = 268 & 218), one of dog or cat loss (n = 199), and one of prenatal loss (n = 226). Participants completed questionnaires online. As predicted, the use of internalized continuing bonds was related to indicators of positive adaptation to grief (e.g. more secure attachment to deceased) while externalized was more strongly associated with indicators of clinical distress (e.g. greater trauma symptomatology).
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Black
- Department of Psychology, Brock University, St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kathryn Belicki
- Department of Psychology, Brock University, St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Aubrey McCann
- Department of Psychology, Brock University, St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada
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Seo H, Lee O. Mediating role of post-traumatic stress disorder in post-traumatic growth in adults who experienced the 2017 Pohang earthquake. J Affect Disord 2020; 263:246-251. [PMID: 31818784 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2019.11.162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/30/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The largest earthquake recorded in Korea occurred in Pohang in 2017. This study aimed to investigate the mediating role of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) on the relationship between earthquake exposure level and post-traumatic growth (PTG) in adults who experienced the earthquake. METHODS We used a cross-sectional survey via convenience sampling to collect data from 200 respondents 18 months after the earthquake. RESULTS PTSD was severe in individuals who were married, had no religious affiliation, lower income, and higher earthquake exposure. PTG was higher in older, married, and more religious respondents. PTSD and PTG had a positive relationship, with PTSD fully mediating the relationship between earthquake exposure level and PTG. LIMITATIONS The Pohang earthquake, with limited damage to life and property, may have had different effects on exposed individuals than more destructive earthquakes. Additionally, this study used the Korean version of the Posttraumatic Growth Inventory; most of the participants reporting a religious affiliation were Christians, which may have affected the results. CONCLUSIONS Exposure to the Pohang earthquake was strongly associated with PTSD, which indirectly affected PTG. Future research should focus on developing an adequate PTG tool for natural disaster victims, more extensively investigating PTSD and PTG, and analyzing PTSD and PTG in terms of the disaster type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heeju Seo
- Asan Medical Center, 88, Olympic-Ro 43-Gil, Songpa-Gu, 05505 Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ogcheol Lee
- Red Cross College of Nursing, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-Ro, Dongjak-Gu, 06974 Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Ma Z, Lin Z. The impact of exposure to memorial reports on the 5.12 Wenchuan earthquake on sleep quality among adult survivors ten years after the disaster: Evidence for nonlinear associations. Compr Psychiatry 2020; 97:152150. [PMID: 31864220 DOI: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2019.152150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Very few studies have explored the effect of exposure to disaster memorial reports in the media on long-term sleep quality during the recovery period and post-disaster era. This study investigated the relationship between exposure to memorial reports and adult survivors' long-term sleep quality 10 years after the 5.12 Wenchuan earthquake in 2008, and determined whether exposure to memorial reports are associated with poor sleep quality. METHOD Using a cross-sectional methodology, we surveyed participants (N = 1000) recruited from six disaster-affected counties. We measured sleep quality using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index questionnaire (PSQI). RESULTS After controlling for the effects of demographic factors, socioeconomic status, and earthquake exposure factors, exposure to memorial reports and the PSQI global score had a strong inverted U-shaped relationship. Relationships among three sub-scores of PSQI (subjective sleep quality, sleep latency, daytime dysfunction) were also found to have similar relationships with memorial report exposure. That is, survivors who were exposed to low or high degrees of memorial reports had better sleep quality than those who were exposed to intermediate memorial reports. DISCUSSION The curvilinear relationship between media exposure and sleep quality in the post-disaster era reveals that media exposure could be used to identify victims at risk of poor sleep quality. Clinicians and practitioners may consider adopting psychological intervention programs to enhance victims' psychological controllability to overcome mental disorders caused by media exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihao Ma
- Computational Communication Collaboratory, School of Journalism and Communication, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, PR China
| | - Zhongxuan Lin
- School of Journalism and Communication, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China.
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Qi J, Yang X, Tan R, Wu X, Zhou X. Prevalence and predictors of posttraumatic stress disorder and depression among adolescents over 1 year after the Jiuzhaigou earthquake. J Affect Disord 2020; 261:1-8. [PMID: 31590064 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2019.09.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Revised: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND On August 8, 2017, a 7-magtitude earthquake struck Jiuzhaigou County in Sichuan, China. This was the third devastating earthquake in that province. The prevalence and predictors of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, and comorbid PTSD/depression among adolescents were unclear after the Jiuzhaigou earthquake. METHODS Participants were 1241 adolescent survivors in Jiuzhaigou. Data were collected using the PTSD Checklist for the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, and the Chinese version of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale for Children. RESULTS In total, 46.3% of participants reported PTSD, 64.5% reported depression, and 39.2% reported comorbid PTSD/depression symptoms. Risk factors for symptoms of these disorders were being female, having been injured or trapped, and intrusive rumination. High school students were less likely to report PTSD and comorbid PTSD/depression than middle school students. Participants with family members/friends that were injured or trapped reported more PTSD and comorbid symptoms than those without this experience. Loss of property also predicted PTSD. However, deliberate rumination was a protective factor for depression. LIMITATIONS This study did not cover all adolescents in Jiuzhaigou and all potential predictors. As we used a cross-sectional design, this study could not assess the trajectory of PTSD, depression, and comorbid symptoms after the earthquake. CONCLUSION The findings are meaningful for mental health care among adolescents after natural disasters such as an earthquake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjun Qi
- Department of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310028, China
| | - Xima Yang
- Department of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310028, China
| | - Ruyue Tan
- Department of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310028, China
| | - Xinchun Wu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Applied Experimental Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Xiao Zhou
- Department of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310028, China.
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Wang W, Wu X, Lan X. Rumination mediates the relationships of fear and guilt to posttraumatic stress disorder and posttraumatic growth among adolescents after the Ya'an earthquake. Eur J Psychotraumatol 2020; 11:1704993. [PMID: 32002139 PMCID: PMC6968513 DOI: 10.1080/20008198.2019.1704993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Although previous research has demonstrated that fear and guilt have an effect on posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), it is still unclear how these two emotions affect posttraumatic growth (PTG). Moreover, few studies have examined the mechanisms by which fear and guilt affect PTSD and PTG. Guided by Lee et al.'s theory of PTSD generation mechanisms and Calhoun and Tedeschi's PTG theory, the current study proposes that intrusive rumination (IR) and deliberate rumination (DR) may play a mediating role in the effects of guilt and fear on PTSD and PTG. Objective: This study aimed to simultaneously examine the mediating roles of IR and DR in the relationship between fear, guilt, PTSD, and PTG. Method: This study employed a two-wave longitudinal design. A total of 408 adolescent survivors were assessed using self-report questionnaires after the Ya'an earthquake in China. Measures were obtained for trauma exposure, subjective fear, survivor guilt, IR, and DR at three and a half years after the Ya'an earthquake (Time 1), while PTSD and PTG were assessed at time point four and a half years after the Ya'an earthquake (Time 2). Results: The results showed that both fear and guilt had a direct and positive effect on PTSD and PTG. Fear and guilt were positive predictors of PTSD and negative predictors of PTG through the mediating variable of IR. DR mediated the relationship between guilt and PTG but not PTSD, and also mediated the relationship between IR and PTG. Conclusions: Study findings indicate that fear, guilt, and intrusive rumination may contribute to PTSD symptoms in adolescent trauma survivors. Results also suggest that adolescent survivors can grow emotionally and psychologically following traumatic events, and that directed rumination may contribute to such growth. Interventions that reduce fear, guilt, and intrusive rumination while increasing directed rumination may assist adolescent trauma survivors in recovery and growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenchao Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Applied Experimental Psychology, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Psychology Education (Beijing Normal University), Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Xinchun Wu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Applied Experimental Psychology, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Psychology Education (Beijing Normal University), Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoyu Lan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Applied Experimental Psychology, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Psychology Education (Beijing Normal University), Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
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Davis EB, Van Tongeren DR, McElroy-Heltzel SE, Davis DE, Rice KG, Hook JN, Aten JD, Park CL, Shannonhouse L, Lemke AW. Perceived and actual posttraumatic growth in religiousness and spirituality following disasters. J Pers 2019; 89:68-83. [PMID: 31863719 DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Revised: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Religious/spiritual (R/S) growth is a core domain of posttraumatic growth (PTG). However, research on R/S growth following disasters has over-relied on retrospective self-reports of growth. We therefore examined longitudinal change in religiousness/spirituality following two disasters. METHOD Religious survivors of Hurricanes Harvey (Study 1) and Irma (Study 2) completed measures of perceived R/S PTG, general religiousness/spirituality ("current standing"-R/S PTG), and subfacets of religiousness/spirituality (spiritual fortitude, religious motivations, and benevolent theodicies). In Study 1, 451 participants responded at 1-month and 2-month postdisaster. In Study 2, participants responded within 5-days predisaster and at 1-month (N = 1,144) and 6-months postdisaster (N = 684). RESULTS In both studies, perceived R/S PTG was weakly related to longitudinal increases in general religiousness/spirituality and in most of its subfacets, but reliable growth in any R/S outcome was rare. Additionally, Study 2 revealed evidence that actual change in psychological well-being is associated with actual (but not perceived) R/S PTG, but disaster survivors tend to exhibit declines in their religiousness/spirituality, spiritual fortitude, and religious motivations. CONCLUSIONS Results suggest disaster survivors are only modestly accurate in perceiving how much positive R/S change they experience following a disaster. We discuss implications for clinical practice, scientific research, and empirical and conceptual work on PTG more broadly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward B Davis
- School of Psychology, Counseling, and Family Therapy, Wheaton College, Wheaton, Illinois
| | | | | | - Don E Davis
- Department of Counseling and Psychological Services, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Kenneth G Rice
- Department of Counseling and Psychological Services, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Joshua N Hook
- Psychology Department, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas
| | - Jamie D Aten
- Humanitarian Disaster Institute, Wheaton College, Wheaton, Illinois
| | - Crystal L Park
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut
| | - Laura Shannonhouse
- Department of Counseling and Psychological Services, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Austin W Lemke
- School of Psychology, Counseling, and Family Therapy, Wheaton College, Wheaton, Illinois
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Kim E, Bae S. Gratitude Moderates the Mediating Effect of Deliberate Rumination on the Relationship Between Intrusive Rumination and Post-traumatic Growth. Front Psychol 2019; 10:2665. [PMID: 31849774 PMCID: PMC6901784 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE This study examines the moderating effect of gratitude on the mediating effect of deliberate rumination on the relationship between intrusive rumination and post-traumatic growth (PTG). METHODS We used self-report questionnaires to collect data from 450 18-68-year-old participants (Mage = 39.73, SD = 13.73) residing in major cities and regions across South Korea. Data that were collected from 411 participants were subjected to analysis. Version 25 of SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Science) and PROCESS macro were used to analyze mediation, moderation, and moderated mediation effects. RESULTS Deliberate rumination mediated the relationship between intrusive rumination and PTG. Gratitude moderated the effect of deliberate rumination on PTG. Finally, gratitude moderated the mediating effect of deliberate rumination on the relationship between intrusive rumination and PTG. CONCLUSION Deliberate rumination and gratitude facilitate PTG for traumatized adults. In particular, gratitude reinforces the effect of deliberate rumination on PTG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunseung Kim
- Department of Psychology, Dankook University, Cheonan, South Korea
| | - Sungman Bae
- Department of Psychology and Psychotherapy, College of Health Sciences, Dankook University, Cheonan, South Korea
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Derivois D, Cénat JM, Karray A, Charpillat-Richard E. Determinants of Resilience in Haitian Street Children Four Years After the January 2010 Earthquake. JOURNAL OF LOSS & TRAUMA 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/15325024.2019.1648017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Derivois
- Clinical Psychology and Psychopathology, Laboratory Psy-Drepi EA7458, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Jude Mary Cénat
- School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Amira Karray
- Clinical Psychology and Psychopathology, Laboratory of Clinical Psychology, Psychopathology and Psychoanalysis LPCPP EA3278, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - Emilie Charpillat-Richard
- Clinical Psychology and Psychopathology, Laboratory Psy-Drepi EA7458, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
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Trajectories of PTSD symptoms among children who survived the Lushan earthquake: A four-year longitudinal study. J Affect Disord 2019; 252:421-427. [PMID: 31003111 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2019.04.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2019] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed to explore the trajectories of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms among child survivors of the Lushan earthquake by using latent category growth analysis. METHODS In total, 304 students from a school located in Lushan County were assessed by UCLA PTSD-RI at 1.5, 6, 12, 24 and 48 months after the earthquake. The children ages ranged from 9 to 17 years old at the time of the first assessment, and the sample included 140 males and 164 females. RESULTS Four trajectories of PTSD symptoms were found, namely, resilience (53.8%), low symptoms (32.6%), recovery (7.0%), and chronic dysfunction (6.6%). Then, a logistic regression analysis that controlled for gender and grade showed that compared with the resilience group, children with an injury or probable acute stress disorder (ASD) were likely to be in the recovery group, children with probable ASD were more likely to be in the low-symptoms group, and children with a bad relationship with their father were more likely to be in the chronic group. LIMITATIONS The participants were selected by convenience principle. All children received an intervention after the earthquake. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that increasing children's social support may relieve children's PTSD symptoms. We should consider both perceived threat and object exposure in future studies. The posttraumatic stress response was very high and was unstable during the first month after the earthquake, which suggests that psychological first aid is necessary in posttraumatic events.
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Ma Z, Xia Y, Lin Z. Curvilinear relationship between disaster exposure and psychological growth:10 years after the Wenchuan earthquake. Psychiatry Res 2019; 274:280-286. [PMID: 30826575 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2019.02.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2018] [Revised: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The extent of disaster exposure is a crucial predictor of both negative and constructive changes influenced by natural disasters. Posttraumatic growth (PTG) is the typical psychological growth that is defined by significant changes for the better in self-view, relationships, and life philosophy as a result of exposure to a traumatic incident. However, findings of previous studies examining the effects of disaster exposure on PTG are inconsistent. The primary aim of this study was to re-examine the nature of the association between the extent of disaster exposure and PTG in a sample of 1,000 adult survivors of the 5.12 Wenchuan earthquake (occurred in 2008) over 10 years ago in China. The results indicated that, after controlling for the effects of demographic factors (i.e., gender, age, residential area site, and marital status) and socioeconomic status (i.e., educational background and annual household income), disaster exposure showed weak linear but strong inverted U-shaped relationships with different PTG domains. In other words, participants who had been exposed to low or high levels of disaster showed low levels of PTG, while those exposed to moderate levels of disaster exhibited high levels of PTG. The result of the study not only enhanced current understanding of the consequences of disaster exposure but also outlined a long-term support system for post-disaster construction activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihao Ma
- Computational Communication Collaboratory, School of Journalism and Communication, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, PR China
| | - Yiwei Xia
- Department of Sociology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa 999078, PR China
| | - Zhongxuan Lin
- School of Communication and Design, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China; Guangdong Key Laboratory for Big Data Analysis and Simulation of Public Opinion, Guangzhou 510006, PR China.
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Choi S, In H. Paths from core belief disruption to post‐traumatic stress symptoms and post‐traumatic growth among Korean undergraduates: The mediating role of rumination. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2019; 55:215-223. [DOI: 10.1002/ijop.12578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sumi Choi
- Department of EducationKonkuk University Seoul South Korea
| | - Hyoyeon In
- Department of EducationKongju National University Gongju South Korea
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