1
|
Sánchez-López MT, Llamas-Díaz D, Megías-Robles A, Gómez-Leal R, Gutiérrez-Cobo MJ, Fernández-Berrocal P, Cabello R. Differential Impact of Emotional and Contextual Factors Associated with COVID-19 on Adolescent Mental Health. Psychol Res Behav Manag 2024; 17:147-156. [PMID: 38223310 PMCID: PMC10788053 DOI: 10.2147/prbm.s434365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Background During the confinement, there was an increase in the incidence of mental disorders such as depression and anxiety. In this regard, affectivity is of particular interest, as emotions play a fundamental role in overall mental health. The literature on COVID-19 in this population has often focused on the analysis of risk factors for mental health, while less attention has been paid to protective factors. In this paper, we propose an inclusive model of risk and protective factors for adolescent mental health through the indirect effect of negative and positive affect. Methods This was a cross-sectional study with a Spanish community sample of 477 adolescents (Mage = 16.23, range:14 to 20 years old; 43.4% were boys; response rate: 100%). We measured the perceived hardness of confinement, worrying about contagion, quality of relationships at home, pleasant activities, affect (positive and negative), and mental health. Results The results revealed a positive relationship between the perceived hardness of confinement and worrying about contagion with mental health, through the indirect effect of negative affect, and a positive relationship between home relationships and pleasant activities with mental health through an indirect effect of positive affect. Conclusion Our results suggest that different types of emotions generated by the various contextual variables associated with COVID-19 may have a differential impact on mental health. These findings support the inclusive model of risk and protective factors for adolescent mental health. Practical implications, future studies, and limitations are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - María José Gutiérrez-Cobo
- Department of Developmental and Educational Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | | | - Rosario Cabello
- Department of Developmental and Educational Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Barakat GM, Assi G, El Khoury NB. Mental Health: Pandemics, Epidemics and Tau Protein. Clin Pract Epidemiol Ment Health 2023; 19:e174501792305020. [PMID: 37916210 PMCID: PMC10351338 DOI: 10.2174/17450179-v19-e230510-2022-51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
Background It is well established that a wide range of psychological disorders are influenced by the way people live, with lifestyle-related factors playing a substantial role. During the past decade, the effects of major disasters on mental health have drawn a lot of attention. Aim In this review, we compare clinical studies reporting a link between COVID-19 and other pandemics and mental health. Importantly, we also shed light on Tau protein and neurotransmitters as neurobiological factors that might explain this link. Methods A thorough PubMed search was done to gather and summarize published data on the COVID-19 pandemic's effect on mental health. Additionally, these studies were compared to previous research published on PubMed, triggering other pandemic and epidemic impacts on mental health. Results The COVID-19 epidemic has had the biggest impact on raising awareness about mental health. Moreover, the past century has seen an increase in the frequency of disease outbreaks like MERS-CoV, Ebola, and Influenza, which all had an impact on mental health. However, the exact role of these epidemics on mental health and brain functions is poorly understood. Conclusion Future research on the underlying pathways may yield essential information for the treatment and prevention of prospective mental diseases in light of the ongoing decline in mental health during the past 10 years.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ghinwa M. Barakat
- Department of Biological and Chemical Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences, Lebanese International University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Ghaith Assi
- Department of Neuroscience, Gilbert and Rose-Marie Chagoury School of Medicine, Lebanese American University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Noura B. El Khoury
- Department of Biological and Chemical Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences, Lebanese International University, Beirut, Lebanon
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Aaltonen KI, Saarni S, Holi M, Paananen M. The effects of mandatory home quarantine on mental health in a community sample during the COVID-19 pandemic. Nord J Psychiatry 2023; 77:65-72. [PMID: 35412416 DOI: 10.1080/08039488.2022.2061047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Major public and scientific interest exists on, whether quarantine as a containment measure, could have adverse effects on individual's mental health. We investigated psychic well-being and distress, symptoms of depression and anxiety among individuals imposed to home quarantine. METHODS By total population sampling in a Finnish suburban city, a total of 57 quarantined cases (participation rate 97%) were identified and followed up for two weeks until expiration of the quarantine. A randomized control group (n = 53) was formed of people seeking laboratory testing for suspected Sars-CoV-2 infection. Primary outcome was the psychic well-being and distress experienced during quarantine measured by the Clinical Outcomes in Routine Evaluation - Outcome Measure (CORE-OM). The cases were followed up by the Clinical Outcomes in Routine Evaluation-10 (CORE-10), Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), and by the Overall Anxiety Severity and Impairment Scale (OASIS). RESULTS The median CORE-OM score for the cases was 3.53 (95% CI: 2.23-4.66), and for the controls 3.24 (1.76-3.82), being mostly in the nonclinical to mild range. The difference between the groups was statistically nonsignificant (p = .19). Higher levels of psychic distress were explained by previous psychiatric disorders and living alone, but not having been quarantined. In comparison to controls, the quarantined participants experienced significantly, but slightly lower level of life functioning. At the follow-up, the quarantined participants rated further low on the CORE-10 (median 2.00; 95% CI: 1.00-3.00), the PHQ-9 (1.50; 0.00-3.00), and the OASIS (0.00; 0.00-0.00). CONCLUSIONS The distress associated with short-term home quarantine may not be to the degree of a mental disorder.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kari I Aaltonen
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Suoma Saarni
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Matti Holi
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zegarra-López AC, Luna-Victoria G, Romero-Montenegro D, Florentino-Santisteban B, Prieto-Molinari DE, Montoya-Cuadrao M. Prevalence and Predictors of Somatization in Peruvian Undergraduate Students during the COVID-19 Pandemic. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:15576. [PMID: 36497651 PMCID: PMC9739199 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192315576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic had a strong impact on mental health. Multiple studies report the alarming prevalence of depression, anxiety, and stress-related conditions due to the lockdown measures. Nevertheless, somatization has been an overlooked topic in current literature despite its strong relationship with most mental health conditions. The aim of this study was to describe the prevalence of somatic symptoms and their associated factors in a sample of 3218 undergraduate students from Lima, Peru. A cross-sectional design was carried out. The prevalence of somatic symptoms was measured with the PHQ-15. As predictors of somatic symptom severity, we included psychopathological (depression, anxiety, and stress), psychological (perceived social support, resilience, satisfaction with life, and academic self-efficacy), and sociodemographic (e.g., age, sex, employment status, relationship status, daily hours of sleep) variables. A generalized linear model from a binomial family and a logit link function were applied based on a Factor Score Regression approach, with half of the sample presenting moderate-to-severe somatic symptoms. Anxiety was the strongest predictor of somatic symptom severity, followed by academic self-efficacy. Significant differences were found regarding sex, relationship status, daily hours of sleep and COVID-19 risk-related variables. In conclusion, interventions on reducing anxiety and promoting academic self-efficacy may have a stronger impact on somatic symptom severity and should focus on more vulnerable specific demographic groups such as females.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Angel Christopher Zegarra-López
- Faculty of Psychology, Universidad de Lima, Lima 15023, Peru
- Grupo de Investigación en Psicología, Bienestar y Sociedad, Instituto de Investigación Científica, Universidad de Lima, Lima 15023, Peru
| | | | | | | | - Diego Eduardo Prieto-Molinari
- Faculty of Psychology, Universidad de Lima, Lima 15023, Peru
- Grupo de Investigación en Psicología, Bienestar y Sociedad, Instituto de Investigación Científica, Universidad de Lima, Lima 15023, Peru
| | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Xiang H, Luo J, Zhou J, Zhou Z. Older adults' prevention and communication to beat anxiety: the diminishing utility of proactive coping actions. UNIVERSAL ACCESS IN THE INFORMATION SOCIETY 2022; 22:1-20. [PMID: 36160368 PMCID: PMC9483311 DOI: 10.1007/s10209-022-00915-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
This study aims to investigate older adults' psychological reactions when facing changes in daily life caused by the COVID-19 pandemic and anti-epidemic measures. Specifically, this study investigated the impacts of communication types (i.e., electronic and face-to-face communication) and frequency during the pandemic and the kinds of proactive coping actions taken by older adults on their anxiety. A total of 43,019 respondents were included in this study by merging two longitudinal databases. One is the seventh wave of the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) conducted in 2017, and the other is the COVID-19 Survey of SHARE, which was conducted between June and August 2020. This study found that one third of older adults reported anxiety symptoms during the COVID-19 pandemic and one fifth reported increased anxiety than before the pandemic. Anxiety symptoms seem somewhat prevalent among older adults during the COVID-19 pandemic. During the pandemic, the more kinds of proactive coping actions taken by older adults, the more likely they felt anxious. As the pandemic continues and develops, taking proactive coping actions might no longer alleviate anxiety in older adults, showing a diminishing utility. In addition, face to face communication was found to decrease the likelihood of anxiety symptoms in older adults, whereas the opposite impact of electronic communication was found. For older adults, contacting others by electronic means may increase their anxiety feeling during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Honglian Xiang
- School of Management Science and Real Estate, Chongqing University, No. 174 Shazheng Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 400044 People’s Republic of China
| | - Jintao Luo
- Department of Industrial Engineering, Chongqing University, No. 174 Shazheng Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 400044 People’s Republic of China
| | - Jia Zhou
- School of Management Science and Real Estate, Chongqing University, No. 174 Shazheng Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 400044 People’s Republic of China
| | - Ziyao Zhou
- Department of Industrial Engineering, Chongqing University, No. 174 Shazheng Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 400044 People’s Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Tannous-Haddad L, Hadar-Shoval D, Alon-Tirosh M, Asraf K, Tzischinsky O. Difference between Minorities and Majorities in the Association between COVID-19-Related Stress and Psychological Distress: A Socio-Ecological Perspective and the Moderating Role of Parenthood. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:8283. [PMID: 35886135 PMCID: PMC9317738 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19148283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This study introduces a socio-ecological perspective of differences in psychological distress between the Palestinian minority and Jewish majority citizens of Israel during lockdown due to COVID-19. The study examines the association between COVID-19-related stress and psychological distress, and the moderating effect of parenthood. Online questionnaires, completed by 1934 participants (1391 Jews, 552 Palestinians; 1306 parents, 637 without children; 54.86% female, 45.13% male; M age = 40.38, SD = 13.77) assessed COVID-19-related stressors and depression, anxiety, and stress. The Palestinian minority showed a higher level of COVID-19-related stress and psychological distress than the Jewish majority. Parenthood showed a moderating effect on the association between COVID-19-related stress and distress for the Jewish majority but not the Palestinian minority. The results emphasize the significance of considering social status when seeking to understand the differences between minorities and majorities in terms of distress and resilience during pandemic events, and the need for cultural sensitivity and awareness when issuing instructions in such circumstances. Additionally, the results highlight the potential role of parenthood as a resilience factor, depending upon social status.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lubna Tannous-Haddad
- Behavioral Sciences Department, The Max Stern Yezreel Valley College, Yezreel Valley 1930600, Israel; (L.T.-H.); (M.A.-T.)
| | - Dorit Hadar-Shoval
- Psychology Department, The Max Stern Yezreel Valley College, Yezreel Valley 1930600, Israel;
| | - Michal Alon-Tirosh
- Behavioral Sciences Department, The Max Stern Yezreel Valley College, Yezreel Valley 1930600, Israel; (L.T.-H.); (M.A.-T.)
| | - Kfir Asraf
- Psychology Department, The Max Stern Yezreel Valley College, Yezreel Valley 1930600, Israel;
| | - Orna Tzischinsky
- Educational Counseling Department, The Max Stern Yezreel Valley College, Yezreel Valley 1930600, Israel;
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Leung CMC, Ho MK, Bharwani AA, Cogo-Moreira H, Wang Y, Chow MSC, Fan X, Galea S, Leung GM, Ni MY. Mental disorders following COVID-19 and other epidemics: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Transl Psychiatry 2022; 12:205. [PMID: 35581186 PMCID: PMC9110635 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-022-01946-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 has imposed a very substantial direct threat to the physical health of those infected, although the corollary impact on mental health may be even more burdensome. Here we focus on assessing the mental health impact of COVID-19 and of other epidemics in the community. We searched five electronic databases until December 9, 2020, for all peer-reviewed original studies reporting any prevalence or correlates of mental disorders in the general population following novel epidemics in English, Chinese or Portuguese. We synthesised prevalence estimates from probability samples during COVID-19 and past epidemics. The meta-analytical effect size was the prevalence of relevant outcomes, estimated via random-effects model. I2 statistics, Doi plots and the LFK index were used to examine heterogeneity and publication bias. This study is pre-registered with PROSPERO, CRD42020179105. We identified 255 eligible studies from 50 countries on: COVID-19 (n = 247 studies), severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS; n = 5), Ebola virus disease (n = 2), and 1918 influenza (n = 1). During COVID-19, we estimated the point prevalence for probable anxiety (20.7%, 95% CI 12.9-29.7), probable depression (18.1%, 13.0-23.9), and psychological distress (13.0%, 0-34.1). Correlates for poorer mental health include female sex, lower income, pre-existing medical conditions, perceived risk of infection, exhibiting COVID-19-like symptoms, social media use, financial stress, and loneliness. Public trust in authorities, availability of accurate information, adoption of preventive measures and social support were associated with less morbidity. The mental health consequences of COVID-19 and other epidemics could be comparable to major disasters and armed conflicts. The considerable heterogeneity in our analysis indicates that more random samples are needed. Health-care professionals should be vigilant of the psychological toll of epidemics, including among those who have not been infected.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Candi M. C. Leung
- grid.194645.b0000000121742757School of Public Health, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Special Administrative Region China
| | - Margaret K. Ho
- grid.194645.b0000000121742757School of Public Health, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Special Administrative Region China
| | - Alina A. Bharwani
- grid.194645.b0000000121742757School of Public Health, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Special Administrative Region China
| | - Hugo Cogo-Moreira
- grid.194645.b0000000121742757School of Public Health, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Special Administrative Region China ,grid.411249.b0000 0001 0514 7202Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Yishan Wang
- grid.194645.b0000000121742757School of Public Health, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Special Administrative Region China
| | - Mathew S. C. Chow
- grid.194645.b0000000121742757School of Public Health, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Special Administrative Region China
| | - Xiaoyan Fan
- grid.194645.b0000000121742757School of Public Health, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Special Administrative Region China
| | - Sandro Galea
- grid.189504.10000 0004 1936 7558School of Public Health, Boston University, Boston, MA USA
| | - Gabriel M. Leung
- grid.194645.b0000000121742757School of Public Health, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Special Administrative Region China ,grid.194645.b0000000121742757World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Special Administrative Region China
| | - Michael Y. Ni
- grid.194645.b0000000121742757School of Public Health, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Special Administrative Region China ,grid.194645.b0000000121742757The State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Special Administrative Region China ,grid.194645.b0000000121742757Healthy High Density Cities Lab, HKUrbanLab, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Special Administrative Region China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Kim TH, Kang JW, Jeon SR, Ang L, Lee HW, Lee MS. Use of Traditional, Complementary and Integrative Medicine During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:884573. [PMID: 35615091 PMCID: PMC9125211 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.884573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Traditional, Complementary and Integrative Medicine (TCIM) has been reported to use for symptom management of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The objective of this review was to identify the overall usage prevalence of TCIM interventions for COVID-19. Methods Surveys on the general population and observational studies on the COVID-19 patient chart review were located in the search of PubMed, EMBASE and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials databases in September 2021. Observational studies, such as cross-sectional studies, surveys, cohort studies and hospital-based patient case reviews, published in any language, reporting the usage of TCIM in the patients with COVID-19 or the general population during the COVID-19 pandemic were included in this review. Data screening and extraction were performed independently by two reviewers. The reporting quality of the included studies was assessed with the STrengthening the Reporting of OBservational studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) statement. To conduct a meta-analysis of the usage prevalence of various TCIM interventions, the effect size of the proportion for each intervention was calculated with the inverse variance method. The main outcome was usage prevalence of TCIM interventions among patients with COVID-19 or the general population during the COVID-19 pandemic. Results A total of 62 studies were included in this review. The overall TCIM usage prevalence was estimated to be 0.64 (95% CI 0.54-0.73). The overall prevalence did not differ between the population-based survey (0.65, 95% CI 0.48-0.81) and the hospital-based patient case review (0.63, 95% CI 0.52-0.73). Statistical heterogeneity and comparatively low quality in reporting were observed, which should be cautiously considered when interpreting the results. Conclusion Various TCIM interventions were reported to be used with comparatively high frequency. Future international collaborative research might overcome the main limitation of this study, i.e., the heterogeneity of the included data. Systematic Review Registration https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?RecordID=278452, identifier: CRD42021278452.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tae-Hun Kim
- Korean Medicine Clinical Trial Center, Korean Medicine Hospital, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Clinical Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jung Won Kang
- Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sae-Rom Jeon
- Department of Clinical Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Lin Ang
- KM Science Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea
- Korean Convergence Medicine, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Hye Won Lee
- KM Convergence Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Myeong Soo Lee
- KM Science Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea
- Korean Convergence Medicine, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Dragioti E, Li H, Tsitsas G, Lee KH, Choi J, Kim J, Choi YJ, Tsamakis K, Estradé A, Agorastos A, Vancampfort D, Tsiptsios D, Thompson T, Mosina A, Vakadaris G, Fusar-Poli P, Carvalho AF, Correll CU, Han YJ, Park S, Il Shin J, Solmi M. A large scale meta-analytic atlas of mental health problems prevalence during the COVID-19 early pandemic. J Med Virol 2021; 94:1935-1949. [PMID: 34958144 PMCID: PMC9015528 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.27549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 12/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The COVID‐19 pandemic and related restrictions can impact mental health. To quantify the mental health burden of COVID‐19 pandemic, we conducted a systematic review and meta‐analysis, searching World Health Organization COVID‐19/PsycInfo/PubMed databases (09/29/2020), including observational studies reporting on mental health outcomes in any population affected by COVID‐19. Primary outcomes were the prevalence of anxiety, depression, stress, sleep problems, posttraumatic symptoms. Sensitivity analyses were conducted on severe mental health problems, in high‐quality studies, and in representative samples. Subgroup analyses were conducted stratified by age, sex, country income level, and COVID‐19 infection status. One‐hundred‐seventy‐three studies from February to July 2020 were included (n = 502,261, median sample = 948, age = 34.4 years, females = 63%). Ninety‐one percent were cross‐sectional studies, and 18.5%/57.2% were of high/moderate quality. The highest prevalence emerged for posttraumatic symptoms in COVID‐19 infected people (94%), followed by behavioral problems in those with prior mental disorders (77%), fear in healthcare workers (71%), anxiety in caregivers/family members of people with COVID‐19 (42%), general health/social contact/passive coping style in the general population (38%), depression in those with prior somatic disorders (37%), and fear in other‐than‐healthcare workers (29%). Females and people with COVID‐19 infection had higher rates of almost all outcomes; college students/young adults of anxiety, depression, sleep problems, suicidal ideation; adults of fear and posttraumatic symptoms. Anxiety, depression, and posttraumatic symptoms were more prevalent in low‐/middle‐income countries, sleep problems in high‐income countries. The COVID‐19 pandemic adversely impacts mental health in a unique manner across population subgroups. Our results inform tailored preventive strategies and interventions to mitigate current, future, and transgenerational adverse mental health of the COVID‐19 pandemic. A systematic review and meta‐analysis to quantify the impact of mental health burden of COVID‐19 pandemic and related restrictions.
The highest prevalence emerged for posttraumatic symptoms in COVID‐19 infected people (94%).
Females and people with COVID‐19 infection had higher rates of almost all outcomes.
In low‐/middle‐income nations, the prevalence of anxiety, depression, and posttraumatic symptoms is high.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Dragioti
- Pain and Rehabilitation Centre, and Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Han Li
- University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - George Tsitsas
- Head of Counseling Centre, Harokopio University, Athens, Greece
| | - Keum Hwa Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiwoo Choi
- Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiwon Kim
- Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Jo Choi
- Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Konstantinos Tsamakis
- King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, London, UK
| | - Andrés Estradé
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, Universidad Católica, Montevideo, Uruguay.,Clienia AG, Wetzikon Psychiatric Centre, Switzerland
| | - Agorastos Agorastos
- II. Department of Psychiatry, Division of Neurosciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Davy Vancampfort
- KU Leuven Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Dimitrios Tsiptsios
- Neurophysiology Department, South Tyneside & Sunderland NHS Foundation Trust, Sunderland, UK
| | - Trevor Thompson
- School of Human Sciences, University of Greenwich, Greenwich, UK
| | - Anna Mosina
- Clienia AG, Wetzikon Psychiatric Centre, Switzerland
| | - Georgios Vakadaris
- Faculty of medicine, School of health sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Paolo Fusar-Poli
- Early Psychosis: Interventions and Clinical-detection (EPIC) lab, Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.,UK OASIS Service, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.,Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Andre F Carvalho
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH) and Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Christoph U Correll
- Department of Psychiatry, Zucker Hillside Hospital, Northwell Health, Glen Oaks, NY, USA.,Department of Psychiatry and Molecular Medicine, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY, USA.,Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Young Joo Han
- Hospital medicine center, Haeundae Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Seoyeon Park
- Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Il Shin
- Department of Pediatrics, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Marco Solmi
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Department of Mental Health, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Janiri D, Moccia L, Dattoli L, Pepe M, Molinaro M, De Martin V, Chieffo D, Di Nicola M, Fiorillo A, Janiri L, Sani G. Emotional dysregulation mediates the impact of childhood trauma on psychological distress: First Italian data during the early phase of COVID-19 outbreak. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 2021; 55:1071-1078. [PMID: 33715469 DOI: 10.1177/0004867421998802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic represents an unprecedented traumatic stressor to mental health. Psychological distress is considered a reliable proxy for psychopathology and can be negatively influenced by childhood trauma through sensitization effects. Emotion dysregulation has been proposed as a potential mediator of this mechanism. We aimed to test this hypothesis in a national Italian sample assessed in the early phase of the coronavirus disease 2019 outbreak. METHODS We investigated the relationship between psychological distress and childhood trauma in 500 healthy participants assessed through a survey-based study, after the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic lockdown in Italy. Levels of psychological distress and history of childhood trauma were obtained using the Kessler-10 (K10) and the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire, respectively. We used bootstrapped mediation analysis to test the mediator role of emotional dysregulation, measured through the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale, on the effect of childhood trauma on psychological distress. RESULTS In total, 190 (38%) reported psychological distress related to the coronavirus disease 2019 outbreak. Individuals with psychological distress experienced more childhood trauma, specifically emotional abuse (F = 23.51, df = 1, p < 0.001) and neglect (F = 10.98, df = 1, p = 0.001). After modelling the effect of emotional dysregulation, the impact of childhood trauma on coronavirus disease 2019-related psychological distress resulted in indirect effects and mediated by deficits in emotion regulation mechanisms (bootstrapped lower level of confidence interval = 0.345, upper level of confidence interval = 0.598). CONCLUSION Childhood trauma is associated with increased vulnerability to the stressful effect of the coronavirus disease 2019 outbreak. Our data suggest that emotional dysregulation may represent a dimension mediating the impact of childhood trauma on coronavirus disease 2019-related psychological distress and may be considered as specific target for interventions aiming at empowering resilience.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Delfina Janiri
- Department of Psychiatry, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy.,Department of Psychiatry and Neurology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Moccia
- Department of Psychiatry, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy.,Department of Neuroscience, Section of Psychiatry, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Luigi Dattoli
- Department of Neuroscience, Section of Psychiatry, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Pepe
- Department of Neuroscience, Section of Psychiatry, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Marzia Molinaro
- Department of Neuroscience, Section of Psychiatry, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Valentina De Martin
- Department of Neuroscience, Section of Psychiatry, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Daniela Chieffo
- Department of Neuroscience, Section of Psychiatry, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Di Nicola
- Department of Psychiatry, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy.,Department of Neuroscience, Section of Psychiatry, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Fiorillo
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Campania 'L. Vanvitelli', Naples, Italy
| | - Luigi Janiri
- Department of Psychiatry, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy.,Department of Neuroscience, Section of Psychiatry, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Gabriele Sani
- Department of Psychiatry, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy.,Department of Neuroscience, Section of Psychiatry, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Shi G, Zhong X, He W, Liu H, Liu X, Ma M. Factors influencing protective behavior in the post-COVID-19 period in China: a cross-sectional study. Environ Health Prev Med 2021; 26:95. [PMID: 34556043 PMCID: PMC8459581 DOI: 10.1186/s12199-021-01015-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The study aimed to explore the factors influencing protective behavior and its association with factors during the post-COVID-19 period in China based on the risk perception emotion model and the protective action decision model (PADM). METHODS A total of 2830 valid questionnaires were collected as data for empirical analysis via network sampling in China. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was performed to explore the relationships between the latent variables. RESULTS SEM indicated that social emotion significantly positively affected protective behavior and intention. Protective behavioral intention had significant direct effects on protective behavior, and the direct effects were also the largest. Government trust did not have a significant effect on protective behavior but did have a significant indirect effect. Moreover, it was found that government trust had the greatest direct effect on social emotion. In addition, we found that excessive risk perception level may directly reduce people's intention and frequency of engaging in protective behavior, which was not conducive to positive, protective behavior. CONCLUSION In the post-COVID-19 period, theoretical framework constructed in this study can be used to evaluate people's protective behavior. The government should strengthen its information-sharing and interaction with the public, enhance people's trust in the government, create a positive social mood, appropriately regulate people's risk perception, and, finally, maintain a positive attitude and intent of protection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guiqian Shi
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health and Management, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Research Center for Medicine and Social Development, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Innovation Center for Social Risk Governance in Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaoni Zhong
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health and Management, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China. .,Research Center for Medicine and Social Development, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China. .,Innovation Center for Social Risk Governance in Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
| | - Wei He
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health and Management, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Research Center for Medicine and Social Development, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Innovation Center for Social Risk Governance in Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hui Liu
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health and Management, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Research Center for Medicine and Social Development, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Innovation Center for Social Risk Governance in Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaoyan Liu
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health and Management, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Research Center for Medicine and Social Development, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Innovation Center for Social Risk Governance in Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Mingzhu Ma
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health and Management, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Research Center for Medicine and Social Development, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Innovation Center for Social Risk Governance in Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Ben-Ezra M, Hamama-Raz Y, Goodwin R, Leshem E, Levin Y. Association between mental health trajectories and somatic symptoms following a second lockdown in Israel: a longitudinal study. BMJ Open 2021; 11:e050480. [PMID: 34475179 PMCID: PMC8413470 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-050480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To identify mental health prospective trajectories before and after a second lockdown during the COVID-19 pandemic and their associations with somatic symptoms. DESIGN Prospective Study. SETTING Population-based study drawn from a probability-based internet panel of over 100 000 Israelis. PARTICIPANTS Adults aged 18 years or more, representative of the adult Israeli population. The participants were measured at two time points (time 1 (T1) pre-second lockdown N=1029; response rate=76.17%; time 2 (T2) post-second lockdown N=764; response rate=74.24%). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Trajectories of anxiety and adjustment disorder based on clinical cut-off score for probable diagnoses across T1-T2, somatic symptoms at T2. The four trajectories: stable-low, (no probable diagnosis), stable-high (stable probable diagnosis), exacerbation (no probable diagnosis at T1, probable diagnosis at T2), recovery (probable diagnosis at T1, no probable diagnosis at T2). RESULTS Three anxiety trajectories predicted probable somatic symptoms (stable-high OR=6.451; exacerbation OR=5.379; recovery OR=2.025) compared with the stable-low trajectory. The three adjustment disorder trajectories also predicted somatic symptoms (stable-high OR=4.726; exacerbation OR=6.419; recovery OR=4.666) compared with the stable-low trajectory. CONCLUSIONS Our data show elevated somatic symptoms among those whose mental health trajectories were poor, exacerbated and those who recovered following the second lockdown. The presentation of somatic symptoms may mask psychological vulnerabilities, even among those who appear to have recovered from the stressor. This indicates that lockdown may be a double-edged sword and should be carefully administered given these populations vulnerabilities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Robin Goodwin
- Department of Psychology, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Elazar Leshem
- School of Social Work, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel
| | - Yafit Levin
- School of Education, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Wu S, Zhang K, Parks-Stamm EJ, Hu Z, Ji Y, Cui X. Increases in Anxiety and Depression During COVID-19: A Large Longitudinal Study From China. Front Psychol 2021; 12:706601. [PMID: 34295294 PMCID: PMC8290070 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.706601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Although accumulating evidence suggests the COVID-19 pandemic is associated with costs in mental health, the development of students' mental health, including the change from their previous levels of depression and anxiety and the factors associated with this change, has not been well-studied. The present study investigates changes in students' anxiety and depression from before the pandemic to during the lockdown and identifies factors that are associated with these changes. 14,769 university students participated in a longitudinal study with two time points with a 6-month interval. Students completed the Anxiety and Depression subscales of the Symptom Checklist 90 (SCL-90) before the COVID-19 outbreak (October 2020, Time 1), and the Self-rating Anxiety Scale (SAS) and Self-rating Depression Scale (SDS) during the pandemic (April 2020, Time 2). The prevalence of anxiety and depression symptoms were 1.44 and 1.46% at Time 1, and 4.06 and 22.09% at Time 2, respectively, showing a 181.94% increase in anxiety and a 1413.01% increase in depression. Furthermore, the increases in anxiety and depression from pre-pandemic levels were associated with students' gender and the severity of the pandemic in the province where they resided. This study contributes to the gap in knowledge regarding changes in students' mental health in response to the pandemic and the role of local factors in these changes. Implications for gender and the Typhoon Eye effect are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shizhen Wu
- Student Counselling and Mental Health Center, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Keshun Zhang
- Department of Psychology, Normal College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | | | - Zhonghui Hu
- Department of Psychology, Normal College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yaqi Ji
- Department of Psychology, School of Social Science, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Xinxin Cui
- Department of Psychology, Normal College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Psychiatric symptoms and behavioral adjustment during the COVID-19 pandemic: evidence from two population-representative cohorts. Transl Psychiatry 2021; 11:174. [PMID: 33731687 PMCID: PMC7967107 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-021-01279-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
This study examined prevalences of anxiety and depression and their correlations with daily routines among Hong Kong Chinese during the COVID-19 pandemic. Random digit dialing recruited two population-representative samples of 6029 residents during a period of low infection and limited intervention (survey 1: n = 4021) and high incidence and intensive measures (survey 2: n = 2008). Prevalence of anxiety for survey 1 and survey 2 were 14.9% and 14% and depression were 19.6% and 15.3%, respectively. Increased odds of anxiety and depression were associated with disrupted routines and lower socioeconomic status in both surveys, whereas depression was inversely related to the novel preventive routine of avoiding going to crowded places in survey 1. The prevalences of anxiety and depression were higher than preceding public health/social crises. A heavier burden of psychiatric conditions was evidenced amongst people experiencing disrupted daily routines across different phases of the pandemic and without novel preventive routines in the early phase.
Collapse
|
15
|
Goodwin R, Ben-Ezra M. Authors' reply. Br J Psychiatry 2021; 218:172-173. [PMID: 33622452 DOI: 10.1192/bjp.2020.263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
16
|
Hou WK, Tong H, Liang L, Li TW, Liu H, Ben-Ezra M, Goodwin R, Lee TMC. Probable anxiety and components of psychological resilience amid COVID-19: A population-based study. J Affect Disord 2021; 282:594-601. [PMID: 33445081 PMCID: PMC8529263 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2020.12.127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study examined the associations between components of psychological resilience and mental health at different levels of exposure to COVID-19 stressors. METHODS A population-representative sample of 4,021 respondents were recruited and assessed between February 25th and March 19th, 2020. Respondents reported current anxiety symptoms (7-item Generalized Anxiety Disorder scale [GAD-7]), cognitive components (perceived ability to adapt to change, tendency to bounce back after adversities) and behavioral components (regularity of primary and secondary daily routines) of resilience, worry about COVID-19 infection, and sociodemographics. RESULTS Logistic regression revealed that cognitive and behavioral components of resilience were not correlated with probable anxiety (GAD-7≥10) among those reporting no worry. Among respondents who were worried, all resilient components were inversely associated with probable anxiety. Specifically, propensity to bounce back and regular primary routines were more strongly related to lower odds of probable anxiety among those reporting lower levels of worry. LIMITATIONS The cross-sectional design limits causal inference. Second, other resilient components and some key daily routines that could be related to better mental health were not assessed. Third, generalizability of the findings to other similar major cities is uncertain because cases and deaths due to COVID-19 in Hong Kong have been comparatively lower. CONCLUSIONS To foster mental health, cultivation of confidence in one's ability to adapt to change and a propensity to bounce back from hardship should be coupled with sustainment of regular daily routines. Such assessment and intervention protocols could be more relevant to those who suffer heightened levels of exposure to COVID-19 stressors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wai Kai Hou
- Department of Psychology, The Education University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; Centre for Psychosocial Health, The Education University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
| | - Horace Tong
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China,Laboratory of Neuropsychology & Human Neuroscience, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Li Liang
- Centre for Psychosocial Health, The Education University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China,Laboratory of Neuropsychology & Human Neuroscience, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Tsz Wai Li
- Centre for Psychosocial Health, The Education University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Huinan Liu
- Department of Psychology, The Education University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China,Centre for Psychosocial Health, The Education University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | | | - Robin Goodwin
- Department of Psychology, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Tatia Mei-chun Lee
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China,Laboratory of Neuropsychology & Human Neuroscience, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China,Corresponding authors
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Mukaetova-Ladinska EB, Kronenberg G. Psychological and neuropsychiatric implications of COVID-19. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2021; 271:235-248. [PMID: 33221936 PMCID: PMC7680256 DOI: 10.1007/s00406-020-01210-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
COVID-19 infections have spread quickly, resulting in massive healthcare burden to societies worldwide. The most urgent interventions needed in the present climate include epidemiological measures to reduce the spread of infection, efficient treatment of patients with severe illness to reduce mortality rates, as well as development of diagnostic tests. Alongside this, the acute, medium, and long-term mental-health consequences of the COVID-19 outbreak for patients, their family members, medical professionals, and the public at large should not be underestimated. Here, we draw on evidence from previous coronavirus outbreaks (i.e., SARS, MERS) and emerging evidence from China, Europe, Asia and the US to synthesize the current knowledge regarding the psychological and neuropsychiatric implications of the COVID-19 pandemic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E B Mukaetova-Ladinska
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology and Behaviour, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE1 7RH, UK.
- The Evington Centre, Leicestershire Partnership NHS Trust, Gwendolen Road, Leicester, LE5 4QF, Leicestershire, UK.
| | - G Kronenberg
- College of Life Sciences, University of Leicester, Glenfield, Groby Road, Leicester, LE3 9QP, UK
- Leicestershire Partnership NHS Trust, Farm Lodge, Farm Drive, Leicester, LE3 9Q4, UK
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Post-traumatic stress, anxiety, and depressive symptoms in caregivers of children tested for COVID-19 in the acute phase of the Italian outbreak. J Psychiatr Res 2021; 135:256-263. [PMID: 33508545 PMCID: PMC7825987 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2021.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The recent COVID-19 pandemic pointed out new burdens for researchers on mental health and that evidence-based (EB) studies on vulnerable populations are timely needed. The present paper aims at analysing the impact of suspicious of SARS-COV-2 infection in a cohort of parents presented at 3 major hospitals (spread between north and center of Italy) during the Italian COVID-19 pandemic phase 1. METHODS Participants of the present cross-sectional, multicenter study were parental couples of children suspected to have COVID-19 who underwent testing with nasopharyngeal swabbing. All subjects were assessed by means of the: Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R), Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-Item (GAD-7) and Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) in order to evaluate Post-traumatic stress (PTSS), anxiety, and depressive symptoms, respectively. OUTCOMES Results evidenced that parents whose children tested positive for COVID-19 were more prone to developing PTSS, anxiety and depressive symptoms. The same results emerged for parents who had quarantined as opposed to those who had not. Moreover, patients who suffered economic damage showed a higher prevalence of anxiety and depressive symptoms, whereas PTSS was more common among unemployed subjects and among mothers. INTERPRETATION This study identified a mental health strain represented by parenting a child who tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 infection. Further EB research is needed to develop evidence-driven strategies to reduce adverse psychological impacts and related psychiatric symptoms in caregivers of COVID-19 infected children during the next phases of the pandemic.
Collapse
|
19
|
Psychological distress among Greater Jakarta area residents during the COVID-19 pandemic and community containment. Heliyon 2021; 7:e06289. [PMID: 33615018 PMCID: PMC7879033 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e06289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an emerging pandemic affecting the global population. Community-based quarantine can slow down the pandemic growth while adversely affecting population-wide psychological well-being. Affected psychological well-being could potentially influence population compliance in following stipulated community quarantine procedures. Aim The aim was to quantify psychological distress among Greater Jakarta area residents during the community containment period. Objectives The objective was to measure depression, anxiety, and stress levels using the Indonesian version of the DASS-21. Demographic data on sex, education strata, and working/productive-age group were also collected. Methods This cross-sectional observational analytic study employed an online questionnaire involving participants acquired through snowball sampling. The questionnaire comprises two parts: demographic data and psychological distress indicators. Linear regression evaluated psychological distress as a response variable. Results Among 1,205 women and 824 men, our findings suggested male sex, age in the range of 15-24 years, and having a bachelor's degree or professional qualification have a strong association with psychological distress. Conclusion By addressing the population at risk, policymakers can identify better countermeasures for preventing psychological distress.
Collapse
|
20
|
Zheng R, Zhou Y, Qiu M, Yan Y, Yue J, Yu L, Lei X, Tu D, Hu Y. Prevalence and associated factors of depression, anxiety, and stress among Hubei pediatric nurses during COVID-19 pandemic. Compr Psychiatry 2021; 104:152217. [PMID: 33217635 PMCID: PMC7654390 DOI: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2020.152217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The COVID-19 pandemic is putting healthcare workers across the world in an unprecedented situation. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the levels of depression, anxiety, and stress among Hubei pediatric nurses during the COVID-19 pandemic and to analyze the potential factors associated with them. MATERIALS AND METHODS A self-designed online questionnaire survey, which consisted of the demographic and selected features, the occupational protection knowledge, attitudes, and practices of COVID-19, and the Chinese version of Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale, were used to assess the levels of depression, anxiety, and stress among Hubei pediatric nurses during COVID-19 pandemic. The logistic regression analyses were performed to analyze the potential factors associated with depression, anxiety, and stress. RESULTS A total of 617 pediatric nurses were included in the survey. A considerable proportion of pediatric nurses reported symptoms of depression (95 [15.4%]), anxiety (201 [32.6%]), and stress (111 [18.0%]). Results of multivariable logistic regression analyses indicated that the good occupational protection practices (for depression: OR = 0.455, 95%CI: 0.281 to 0.739; for anxiety: OR = 0.597, 95%CI: 0.419 to 0.851; for stress: OR = 0.269, 95%CI: 0.166 to 0.438) and the personal protective equipment (PPE) meeting work requirements (for depression: OR = 0.438, 95%CI: 0.246 to 0.778; for anxiety: OR = 0.581, 95%CI: 0.352 to 0.959; for stress: OR = 0.504, 95%CI: 0.283 to 0.898) were independent protective factors against depression, anxiety, and stress, respectively. Yet, working in an isolation ward or fever clinic was an independent risk factor associated with depression, anxiety, and stress, respectively (for depression: OR = 1.809, 95%CI: 1.103 to 2.966; for anxiety: OR = 1.864, 95%CI: 1.221 to 2.846; for stress: OR = 2.974, 95%CI: 1.866 to 4.741). Having suspected or confirmed COVID-19 patients in the departments (OR = 1.554, 95%CI: 1.053 to 2.294) and coming in contact with the patient's bodily fluids or blood (OR = 1.469, 95%CI: 1.031 to 2.095) were independent risk factors for anxiety, while >3 times of training for COVID-19 related information was an independent protective factor for depression (OR = 0.592, 95%CI: 0.360 to 0.974). Moreover, >10 years of working was an independent risk factor for stress (OR = 1.678, 95%CI: 1.075 to 2.618). CONCLUSION During the COVID-19 outbreak, a considerable proportion of Hubei pediatric nurses had psychological problems. The pediatric nurses endorsing the higher number of risk factors should be given special attention and necessary psychological intervention. Improving the levels of PPE so as to meet the work requirements and intensifying occupational protection practices might help safeguard pediatric nurses from depression, anxiety, and stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ronghao Zheng
- Department of Pediatric, Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Hubei Province, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuren Zhou
- Wuhan University School Of Health Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei province, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming Qiu
- Department of Pediatric, Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Hubei Province, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yiwen Yan
- Wuhan University School Of Health Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Yue
- Emergency Department, Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Hubei Province, Wuhan, Hubei province, People's Republic of China
| | - Liping Yu
- Wuhan University School Of Health Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei province, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinyun Lei
- Department of Nursing, Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Hubei Province, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei province, People's Republic of China
| | - Danna Tu
- Department of Pediatric, Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Hubei Province, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongqun Hu
- Department of Pediatric, Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Hubei Province, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei province, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Ben-Ezra M, Hou WK, Goodwin R. Investigating the relationship between COVID-19-related and distress and ICD-11 adjustment disorder: two cross-sectional studies. BJPsych Open 2021; 7:e21. [PMID: 34192043 PMCID: PMC7844155 DOI: 10.1192/bjo.2020.158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 11/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To assess the prevalence of elevated risk of serious mental illness and probable ICD-11 adjustment disorder in the UK population at two time points during COVID-19, and their association with COVID-19-related stressful events. AIMS To check the dose-response model for stress between the number of COVID-19-related stressful events and mental health indices. METHOD We conducted two cross-sectional studies, using internet survey samples across the UK (N = 1293 for study 1; N = 1073 for study 2). Samples used internet panel surveys during March-April 2020 and 3 months later (June 2020), and used random stratified samples. Studies assessed prevalence of serious risk of mental illness and probable ICD-11 adjustment disorder. RESULTS Elevated risk of serious mental illness was found among those with COVID-19-related social life or occupationally stressful events (study 1). Elevated risk of serious mental illness and probable ICD-11 adjustment disorder was evident among those reporting COVID-19-related stressful events (personal health problems and caregiving; study 2). Cumulative COVID-19-related stressful events were associated with elevated risk of serious mental illness in study 1 (odds ratio 1.65; 95% CI 1.03-2.64; P = 0.037), and with both elevated risk of serious mental illness (odds ratio 2.19; 95% CI 1.15-4.15; P = 0.017) and probable ICD-11 adjustment disorder (odds ratio 2.45; 95% CI 1.27-4.72; P = 0.007) in study 2. CONCLUSIONS Psychiatrists should be aware that COVID-19-related stressful events can lead to serious psychological problems. Mental health professionals need to pay particular attention to patients who report cumulative COVID-19-related stressful events, and consider them for mental health assessment and treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Wai Kai Hou
- Department of Psychology, Centre for Psychosocial Health, The Education University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Wang Y, Kala MP, Jafar TH. Factors associated with psychological distress during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic on the predominantly general population: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0244630. [PMID: 33370404 PMCID: PMC7769562 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0244630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak has escalated the burden of psychological distress. We aimed to evaluate factors associated with psychological distress among the predominantly general population during the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS We searched PubMed, EMBASE, Scopus, Cochrane Library, PsycINFO, and World Health Organization COVID-19 databases (Dec 2019-15 July 2020). We included cross-sectional studies that reported factors associated with psychological distress during the COVID-19 pandemic. Primary outcomes were self-reported symptoms of anxiety and depression. Random-effects models were used to pool odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). The protocol was registered in PROSPERO (#CRD42020186735). FINDINGS We included 68 studies comprising 288,830 participants from 19 countries. The prevalence of anxiety and depression was 33% (95% CI: 28%-39%) and 30% (26%-36%). Women versus men (OR: 1.48 [95% CI: 1.29-1.71; I2 = 90.8%]), younger versus older (< versus ≥35 years) adults (1.20 [1.13-1.26]; I2 = 91.7%), living in rural versus urban areas (1.13 [1.00-1.29]; I2 = 82.9%), lower versus higher socioeconomic status (e.g. lower versus higher income: 1.45 [1.24-1.69; I2 = 82.3%]) were associated with higher anxiety odds. These factors (except for residential area) were also associated with higher depression odds. Furthermore, higher COVID-19 infection risk (suspected/confirmed cases, living in hard-hit areas, having pre-existing physical or mental conditions) and longer media exposure were associated with higher odds of anxiety and depression. INTERPRETATION One in three adults in the predominantly general population have COVID-19 related psychological distress. Concerted efforts are urgently needed for interventions in high-risk populations to reduce urban-rural, socioeconomic and gender disparities in COVID-19 related psychological distress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yeli Wang
- Program in Health Services and Systems Research, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Tazeen H. Jafar
- Program in Health Services and Systems Research, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Renal Medicine, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
- Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Fernández RS, Crivelli L, Guimet NM, Allegri RF, Pedreira ME. Psychological distress associated with COVID-19 quarantine: Latent profile analysis, outcome prediction and mediation analysis. J Affect Disord 2020; 277:75-84. [PMID: 32799107 PMCID: PMC7413121 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2020.07.133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 07/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mental health of the population during COVID-19 quarantine could be at risk. Previous studies in short quarantines, found mood-related and anxiety symptomatology. Here we aimed to characterize the subtypes of psychological distress associated with quarantine, assess its prevalence, explore risk/protective factors, and possible mechanisms. METHODS Online cross-sectional data (n = 4408) was collected during the Argentine quarantine, between 1st-17th April 2020 along a small replication study (n = 644). Psychological distress clusters were determined using latent profile analysis on a wide-range of symptoms using the complete Brief-Symptom Inventory-53. Multinomial and Elastic-net regression were performed to identify risk/protective factors among trait-measures (Personality and Resilience) and state-measures (COVID-19 related fear and coping-skills). RESULTS Three latent-classes defined by symptom severity level were identified. The majority of individuals were classified in the mild (40.9%) and severe classes (41.0%). Participants reported elevated symptoms of Phobic-Anxiety (41.3%), Anxiety (31.8%), Depression (27.5%), General-Distress (27.1%), Obsession-Compulsion (25.1%) and Hostility (13.7%). Logistic-regressions analyses mainly revealed that women, young individuals, having a previous psychiatric diagnosis or trauma, having high levels of trait-neuroticism and COVID-related fear, were those at greater risk of psychological distress. In contrast, adults, being married, exercising, having upper-class income, having high levels of trait-resilience and coping-skills, were the most protected. Mediation analysis, showed that state-measures mediated the association between trait-measures and class-membership. CONCLUSIONS Quarantine was associated intense psychological distress. Attention should be given to COVID-19-related fear and coping-skills as they act as potential mediators in emotional suffering during quarantine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo S. Fernández
- Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias (IFIBYNE- CONICET), Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina,Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina,Corresponding author
| | - Lucia Crivelli
- Department of Cognitive Neurology, Neuropsychiatry and Neuropsychology, Fleni, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Nahuel Magrath Guimet
- Department of Cognitive Neurology, Neuropsychiatry and Neuropsychology, Fleni, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ricardo F. Allegri
- Department of Cognitive Neurology, Neuropsychiatry and Neuropsychology, Fleni, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Maria E. Pedreira
- Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias (IFIBYNE- CONICET), Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina,Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|