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Yockey RA. Psychosocial Factors Associated With Past Month Gambling Among Adolescents: Results From the 2016-2020 PRIDE Survey. Health Promot Pract 2024; 25:213-219. [PMID: 36367292 DOI: 10.1177/15248399221135101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
The present study sought to identify psychosocial factors associated with recent gambling (gambling within the past 30 days). The 2016, 2018, and 2020 Parents' Institute for Drug Education (PRIDE) data sets were pooled and analyzed, consisting of 108,690 adolescents in 13 local public schools. A sizable percentage (13.1%) of adolescents reported gambling in the past 30 days. Multiple logistic regression analyses found differences based on demographic factors, previous substance use, and psychosocial factors. Adolescents at highest risk were male, non-White, in high school; sold drugs; and participated in violent activities in the past 30 days. The study also found worrying rates of substance use. Findings from the present study can inform harm reduction efforts, prevention messaging, and clinical interventions related to adolescent gambling.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Andrew Yockey
- The University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA
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2
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Koumantakis E, Comoretto RI, Dalmasso P, Bersia M, Lemma P, Lazzeri G, Nardone P, Vieno A, Galeotti T, Berchialla P, Charrier L. Risk Behaviors among Migrant Adolescents in Italy. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 10:1816. [PMID: 38002907 PMCID: PMC10670227 DOI: 10.3390/children10111816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023]
Abstract
Adolescence is a critical period for engaging in health risk behaviors. Migrant adolescents may face unique challenges due to acculturation stress. This study aims to monitor substance use and problem gambling among migrant adolescents living in Italy. Data from the 2017/18 Health Behavior in School-Aged Children survey in Italy were analyzed. The 18,794 participants included 15-year-olds, categorized as native or migrants, with ethnic backgrounds from Western, Eastern European, or non-Western/non-European countries. Girls had higher smoking rates, while boys exhibited higher prevalence of alcohol-related risk behaviors, cannabis use, and gambling. Boys from Eastern European countries displayed a greater risk of drunkenness (OR: 1.58, 95% CI: 1.06-2.37), particularly in the first generation, while those from Western countries showed a higher risk of multiple substance use (OR: 1.44, 95% CI: 1.05-1.96). Girls from Eastern European and non-Western/non-European countries had a lower risk of alcohol consumption (OR: 0.50, 95% CI: 0.29-0.85; OR: 0.55, 95% CI: 0.33-0.91, respectively). Finally, boys, especially those from Eastern European and non-Western/non-European countries, had a significantly higher risk of problem gambling (OR: 1.83, 95% CI: 1.04-3.22; OR: 2.10, 95% CI: 1.29-3.42, respectively). This disparity was more pronounced in the first generation, possibly due to acculturation challenges and socio-economic factors. Risk behaviors in adolescents are influenced by complex interplays of gender, cultural factors, and migration generation. Preventive strategies should consider these factors to effectively address substance use and gambling in this heterogeneous population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuele Koumantakis
- Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy
- Post Graduate School of Medical Statistics, University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy
| | | | - Paola Dalmasso
- Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy
| | - Michela Bersia
- Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy
- Post Graduate School of Medical Statistics, University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy
| | - Patrizia Lemma
- Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy
| | - Giacomo Lazzeri
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Paola Nardone
- National Centre for Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Istituto Superiore di Sanità (National Institute of Health), 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Alessio Vieno
- Department of Developmental Psychology and Socialisation, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Tommaso Galeotti
- Department of Developmental Psychology and Socialisation, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Paola Berchialla
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, 10043 Orbassano, Italy
| | - Lorena Charrier
- Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy
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Rizzo A, La Rosa VL, Commodari E, Alparone D, Crescenzo P, Yıldırım M, Chirico F. Wanna Bet? Investigating the Factors Related to Adolescent and Young Adult Gambling. Eur J Investig Health Psychol Educ 2023; 13:2202-2213. [PMID: 37887156 PMCID: PMC10606462 DOI: 10.3390/ejihpe13100155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
For many adolescents and young adults, gambling can represent an attractive and exciting form of entertainment, a way to take risks and explore new experiences. However, gambling also poses a significant risk for this age group. Research suggests that adolescents and young adults are particularly vulnerable to the negative consequences of gambling, including addiction, financial difficulties, and mental health issues. This paper aims to critically examine data on adolescent and young adult gambling, focusing on the risk factors associated with gambling behavior. A total of 326 subjects (Mage = 19.01; SD =2.72), of whom 65.5% were female, completed a protocol containing a demographic sheet, the Lie/Bet Questionnaire, the Seven Domains Addiction Scale (7DAS), a subscale of the Addictive Behavior Questionnaire and the Coping Inventory for Stressful Situations (CISS). Specifically, we explored the impact of sociodemographic, environmental, psychological, and cognitive factors on adolescent and young adult gambling behavior. Clinical implications and future directions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amelia Rizzo
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, 98122 Messina, Italy
| | | | - Elena Commodari
- Department of Educational Sciences, University of Catania, 95124 Catania, Italy; (V.L.L.R.)
| | - Dario Alparone
- Department of Psychology, University of Rennes 2, 35700 Rennes, France
| | - Pietro Crescenzo
- Department of Education Sciences, Psychology and Communication Sciences, University of Bari, 70121 Bari, Italy;
| | - Murat Yıldırım
- Department of Psychology, Agri Ibrahim Cecen University, 04100 Agri, Turkey
- Graduate Studies and Research, Lebanese American University, Beirut 1102-2801, Lebanon
| | - Francesco Chirico
- Post-Graduate School of Occupational Health, Sacred Heart Catholic University, 75732 Rome, Italy
- Health Service Department, Italian State Police, Ministry of the Interior, 20123 Milan, Italy
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Anyanwu MU, Demetrovics Z, Griffiths MD, Horváth Z, Czakó A, Bajunirwe F, Tamwesigire I. Problem Gambling Among Adolescents in Uganda: A Cross-sectional Survey Study. J Gambl Stud 2023; 39:971-985. [PMID: 37029857 PMCID: PMC10175322 DOI: 10.1007/s10899-023-10205-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/26/2023] [Indexed: 04/09/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, gambling has evolved and grown substantially with new gambling activities and facilities being introduced, making gambling products and opportunities more available than ever before in Uganda. While the growth of gambling industry is considered to have a beneficial impact on the economy, it is increasingly becoming a social and public health issue especially among a minority of young people who experience problem gambling, which can damage personal, family, vocational, and academic pursuits. The present study estimated the prevalence of problem gambling and identified the socio-demographic, school, environmental and health risks of problem gambling among secondary school students in Mbarara Municipality, Uganda. A cross-sectional study was conducted among secondary school students in Mbarara Municipality. A total of 921 students from 12 schools were recruited using cluster sampling. An ordinal logistic regression model was used to explore the relationship between problem gambling and the socio-demographic, academic, environmental and health variables. Of 905 participants, 362 reported having ever gambled (40%), and 160 were classified as problem gamblers (17.7%; 44.2% among those who had ever gambled). Problem gambling was significantly associated with being male, being non-religious, other religion (African traditional religion), having employment (outside of school), distance to nearest gambling venue, parental gambling, peer gambling, substance use, risky sexual behavior, and psychological distress. The present study found a very high prevalence of problem gambling among Ugandan secondary school students. Therefore, there is need to institute public health measures towards raising awareness, prevention and treatment of problem gambling among Ugandan adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael U Anyanwu
- Department of Community Health, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, P.O Box 1410, Mbarara, Uganda
| | - Zsolt Demetrovics
- Centre of Excellence in Responsible Gaming, University of Gibraltar, Gibraltar, Gibraltar
- Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Mark D Griffiths
- International Gaming Research Unit Psychology Department, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK.
| | - Zsolt Horváth
- Centre of Excellence in Responsible Gaming, University of Gibraltar, Gibraltar, Gibraltar
- Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Andrea Czakó
- Centre of Excellence in Responsible Gaming, University of Gibraltar, Gibraltar, Gibraltar
- Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Francis Bajunirwe
- Department of Community Health, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, P.O Box 1410, Mbarara, Uganda
| | - Imelda Tamwesigire
- Department of Community Health, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, P.O Box 1410, Mbarara, Uganda
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Awo LO, Amazue LO, Eze VC, Ekwe CN. Mediating Role of Impulsivity in the Contributory Roles of Upward Versus Downward Counterfactual Thinking in Youth Gambling Intention. J Gambl Stud 2023; 39:33-48. [PMID: 35246753 DOI: 10.1007/s10899-022-10112-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The proliferation of gambling shops, and the growing gambling prevalence in Nigeria, youths have constantly engaged in gambling activities even during school period. This has raised concerns among therapists and parents as the trend could degenerate to problem gambling and its associated psychosocial problems if left unchecked. Our study examined the role of impulsivity as a mediator in the association between two types of counterfactual thinking (CFT) and gambling intention in a non-clinical sample. A self-report measure containing South Oaks Gambling Screen: Reversed for Adolescents (SOGS: RA), CFT, and impulsivity scales was completed by 371 Nigerian adolescents who had gambled for money (mean age = 17.37 years; SD = 4.13). After controlling for age, increase in downward CFT was associated with decreased gambling intention, whereas increase in upward CFT and impulsivity were associated with increased gambling intention. Upward CFT contributed more to gambling intention than downward CFT. Mediation result showed that Impulsivity significantly mediated only the association between upward CFT and gambling intention. We concluded that gambling therapies should include treatment packages that enhance impulse control abilities and gambling-related downward CFT and at the same time, attenuate gambling-related upward CFT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larry O Awo
- School of General Studies, Federal Polytechnic of Oil and Gas, Bonny, Nigeria.
| | | | - Val C Eze
- Department of Psychology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
| | - Catherine N Ekwe
- Department of Educational Foundations and Counselling, Imo State University, Owerri, Nigeria
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Latvala T, Lintonen T, Raisamo S. Gambling Among Underage Alcohol Users Between 2008 and 2019: A National Cross-Sectional Study Among Finnish Adolescents. J Adolesc Health 2023; 72:796-802. [PMID: 36658010 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2022.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study is to examine trends in the relationship between gambling, alcohol use, and drunkenness between genders in Finland from 2008 through 2019. METHODS Data were based on six waves (2008-2009, 2010-2011, 2013, 2015, 2017, 2019) of a national cross-sectional School Health Promotion Study. The survey was conducted during a school day among eighth graders (14-15 years old) and ninth graders (15-16 years old) in Finland. The changes in gambling frequency among boys and girls were studied (regular gambling: at least once a week; occasional gambling: 2-3 times a month to less than once a month; no gambling during the previous year), alcohol use (at least once a month), and drunkenness (at least once a month). RESULTS The prevalence of adolescent gambling was more than halved between 2008 and 2019. However, the difference between the adolescents with the most favorable outcome (those who were not gambling and used alcohol or were getting drunk less often than once a month) and the adolescents with the least favorable outcome (boys who gambled, used alcohol, or were getting drunk; girls who were gambling regularly and getting drunk or gambling occasionally, using alcohol, and getting drunk) was larger in 2019 than in 2008. DISCUSSION These larger differences between adolescents indicate that there has been a polarization of problems between adolescents, and for some individuals, problems are clustering. There is a strong case to be made for protecting adolescents from these risk behaviors and their adverse consequences on multiple levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiina Latvala
- Health and Wellbeing Promotion Unit, Department of Public Health Solutions, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Tomi Lintonen
- The Finnish Foundation for Alcohol Studies, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Susanna Raisamo
- Health and Wellbeing Promotion Unit, Department of Public Health Solutions, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
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Parrado-González A, Newall PWS. Childhood use of coin pusher and crane grab machines, and adult gambling: A conceptual replication of Newall et al. (2021). J Behav Addict 2023; 12:194-200. [PMID: 36602763 DOI: 10.1556/2006.2022.00090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Youth gambling research mainly focuses on the illegal use of age-restricted machines, but coin pusher and crane grab machines are gambling machines that can be used by people of any age in the UK, and are also in use internationally. Previous cross-sectional evidence has associated recollected childhood usage of these machines with adult gambling participation and levels of problem gambling amongst adult gamblers. We attempted to conceptually replicate the findings of one of these studies (Newall et al., 2021), while addressing some limitations of that study. METHODS A cross-sectional survey of 2,000 UK-based and -born participants aged 19-24 years. The measures were participants' recollected usage of coin pusher and crane grab machines as a child, whether they had gambled in the past 12-months or not, and the PGSI for past 12-month gamblers. RESULTS Overall, 5 of 7 tested associations were significant and in the hypothesized direction. Logistic regression models showed that adult gamblers were more likely to recollect using, and used at higher levels of frequency, coin pusher and crane grab machines, than non-gamblers. Then, negative binomial regression analysis showed that adults who recollected using crane grab machines at higher levels of frequency showed more gambling-related problems. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that childhood usage of coin pusher and crane grab machines may act as an underappreciated risk factor for the development of gambling-related harm across the lifespan. This information may be considered for further youth gambling research and policy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Philip W S Newall
- 2School of Psychological Science, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom.,3Experimental Gambling Research Laboratory, School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, CQUniversity, Sydney, Australia
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Richard J, Temcheff C, Fletcher É, Lemieux A, Derevensky J, Déry M. Externalizing and internalizing trajectories to adolescent gambling: a longitudinal study. INTERNATIONAL GAMBLING STUDIES 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/14459795.2022.2154378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jérémie Richard
- International Centre for Youth Gambling Problems and High-Risk Behaviors, Department of Educational and Counselling Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
- Department of Educational and Counselling Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Caroline Temcheff
- International Centre for Youth Gambling Problems and High-Risk Behaviors, Department of Educational and Counselling Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
- Department of Educational and Counselling Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Émilie Fletcher
- International Centre for Youth Gambling Problems and High-Risk Behaviors, Department of Educational and Counselling Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
- Department of Educational and Counselling Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Annie Lemieux
- Department of Educational and Counselling Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Jeffrey Derevensky
- International Centre for Youth Gambling Problems and High-Risk Behaviors, Department of Educational and Counselling Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
- Department of Educational and Counselling Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Michèle Déry
- Groupe de recherche et d’intervention sur les adaptations sociales de l’enfance, Département de Psychoéducation, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Canada
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A Longitudinal Examination of Young People's Gambling Behaviours and Participation in Team Sports. J Gambl Stud 2022; 39:541-557. [PMID: 36527539 PMCID: PMC9758668 DOI: 10.1007/s10899-022-10175-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
This paper develops and expands upon social identity theory as an explanation for gambling among youth engaged in team sport. Analysing longitudinal data for over 4500 20-year-olds from the Growing Up in Ireland study, reveals that online gambling increased from 2.6 to 9.3% between 17 and 20 years in the cohort, with the increase driven by males. A statistically significant positive association is uncovered between playing team sports and regularly gambling, as well as online gambling behaviour, independent of socio-demographic and other risk factors for males but not for females. The findings provide support for a dose-response like effect for males, where a longer period of participation in team sports is associated with a higher likelihood of engaging in gambling behaviour compared to shorter periods. Implications of the findings for policy and practice are discussed.
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Buja A, Sperotto M, Genetti B, Vian P, Vittadello F, Simeoni E, Zampieri C, Baldo V. Adolescent gambling behavior: a gender oriented prevention strategy is required? Ital J Pediatr 2022; 48:113. [PMID: 35841061 PMCID: PMC9287984 DOI: 10.1186/s13052-022-01309-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies published on gender-related differences in the gambling behavior of adolescents have focused mainly on psychological and social factors. The aim of this study was to develop separate risk factor models for male and female adolescents, considering the environmental, psychological, behavioral and socio-economic factors related to their gambling. METHODS A survey was conducted through a questionnaire developed on a dedicated web site in 2014 on a representative sample of the Italian 15-19-years-old population, including 34,922 students attending 438 secondary schools. The SOGS-RA questionnaire was used to measure gambling behavior. To verify the risk factors associated with gambling a logistic regression stratified by gender was performed. RESULTS In our representative sample of Italian adolescents nationwide, the prevalence of each level of gambling was higher in males than in females. The logistic regression stratified by gender found that for both genders, gambling was positively associated with internet surfing, playing sports, getting into a fight, having unprotected sex, pulling stunts, drinking alcohol at least once in the previous month, having not a satisfactory relationship with teachers, receiving pocket money from parents, spending each week much money and having someone in the family (father, sister/brother, other relatives) who gambles. On the other hand, having poor or average school marks, going to ED in the previous year, smoking at least once in the previous month, having dissatisfied with relationships with father and having a lower family income than their friends was only associated with gambling in boys. Having an accident or injury in the previous year and having a mother who gambled was associated only in girls with higher odd of at risk or problem gambling behavior. A low psychological distress is protective only in girls for risk of gambling. CONCLUSIONS Understanding the gender-related differences, and how they emerge in younger people at the start of their gambling careers, can suggest how best to educate individuals, families and the community on the topic of gambling. Programs to prevent substance use and abuse should be multifaceted, and include efforts to prevent gambling with a gender perspective approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Buja
- Department of Cardiological, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Milena Sperotto
- Department of Cardiological, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Bruno Genetti
- Explora Center of Research and Statistical Analysis, Vigodarzere, PD, Italy
| | - Paolo Vian
- Explora Center of Research and Statistical Analysis, Vigodarzere, PD, Italy
| | - Fabio Vittadello
- Explora Center of Research and Statistical Analysis, Vigodarzere, PD, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Simeoni
- Technical Scientific and General Affairs Section, Department for Anti-Drug Policies, Prime Minister's Office, Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara Zampieri
- Department of Cardiological, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padua, Padua, Italy.
| | - Vincenzo Baldo
- Department of Cardiological, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
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Thepthien BO, Celyn. Risky sexual behavior and associated factors among sexually-experienced adolescents in Bangkok, Thailand: findings from a school web-based survey. Reprod Health 2022; 19:127. [PMID: 35643503 PMCID: PMC9148491 DOI: 10.1186/s12978-022-01429-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The risk of sexually transmitted infections (STI) arises when there is unsafe sexual activity. Unsafe sex often begins in the teenage years, and it will persist as long as there is the opportunity for risky sexual activity. The purpose of this study was to assess the sexual risk behaviors and related factors of sexually-active adolescents in educational institutions in Thailand. Methods This was cross-sectional survey using an Internet-based application in schools in Bangkok from November 2020 to February 2021 with a total of 6,167 high school and vocational students. The schools were selected by simple random sampling among institutions, and the students were systematically randomly selected, with an equal number of males and females. We used multivariable logistic regression to analyze associations and control confounding variables. Indicators of risky sex include: (1) Not using a condom; (2) Having more than one sex partner; (3) Having sex in exchange for cash or in-kind compensation; and (4) Having sex without consent. Results Of a total of 872 sexually-active participants, the mean age was 15.6 years, 66.9% were vocational students, 42.1% were male, 57.9% were female, and 69.5% had sex risk behavior. The multivariate logistic regression analysis identified the following statistically-significant factors related to risky sex: smokes cigarettes (AOR = 1.79; 95% CI 1.12–2.88); uses cannabis (AOR = 2.84; 95% CI 1.23–6.56); gambles (AOR = 1.81; 95% CI 1.28–2.55); has sex without contraception (AOR = 2.74; 95% CI 2.91–3.93); has a history of childhood sex abuse (AOR = 1.60; 95% CI 1.03–2.56). Conclusions Our findings suggest that, in designing and implementing sexual risk prevention programs for adolescents in educational settings, there is a need to highlight the role of substance abuse in relation to sexual risk behaviors. Programs should target both male and female students. Teenagers who use marijuana are more likely to be sexually active than those who have never used marijuana. These potential risks should be taken into account with respect to legalization of marijuana and recreational use of this drug. Risky sexual behavior (RSB) is engaging in sexual practices that may increase vulnerability to a reproductive health problem. This study was conducted to assess the sexual risk behaviors of students living in Bangkok, which has the highest rates of STIs among regions in Thailand. Previous studies of RSB have focused on the general population age 18 years or older. By contrast, there is a dearth of studies on sex behavior among Thais under age 18 years. In addition, the present study aimed to explore the association of substance abuse and adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) with adolescent RSB. In this study, 14.1% of all students in the participating schools had ever had sex before. Using the study criteria, two out of three students in the sample had experienced RSB. The findings from this study may help inform programs and interventions aimed at reducing the negative health impacts associated with RSB, specifically STIs. The findings of the study should be relevant for health program managers, socio-behavioral researchers, and other stakeholders who design reproductive health intervention strategies for in-school adolescents.
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The Prevalence and Correlates of Gambling in Australian Secondary School Students. J Gambl Stud 2022; 38:1173-1194. [PMID: 35059933 PMCID: PMC9653348 DOI: 10.1007/s10899-021-10098-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Youth gambling is associated with a range of harms. This study aimed to examine, among Australian adolescents, the prevalence of gambling (ever, in the last month, at-risk and problem), the most frequent gambling types and modalities, and to explore the student characteristics associated with gambling in the last month and with at-risk or problem gambling. Students aged 12–17 years from Victoria and Queensland answered gambling questions as part of the Australian Secondary School Alcohol and Drug (ASSAD) Survey in 2017. The ASSAD also included a series of questions about smoking, alcohol and other drug use, and mental health. A total of 6377 students from 93 schools were included in analysis. The prevalence of ever gambling and gambling in the last month was 31% and 6% respectively. Of students who had gambled in the last month, 34% were classified as at-risk and 15% were classified as problem gamblers. The most frequent types of gambling in the last month were horse or dog race and sports betting. Students who gambled in the last month did so most frequently via a parent or guardian purchasing or playing for them, at home or at a friends’ house, and online or using an app. Regression analysis indicated that male gender, having money available to spend on self, alcohol consumption in the last seven days, the number of types of advertisements seen in the last month, and the number of peer or family members who gambled in the last month, were significantly associated with the likelihood of students gambling in the last month. Male gender, some age categories, and exposure to more types of gambling advertising were also significant predictors of being classified as an at-risk or problem gambler. This large study of youth gambling provides data on gambling behaviours and related variables from a large sample of Australian secondary school students. Student characteristics, including male gender and exposure to more types of gambling advertising, were associated with an increased likelihood of gambling in the last month and of being classified as an at-risk or problem gambler. Further implications of the study findings are discussed.
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Latvala T, Lintonen T, Luopa P, Raisamo S. Gambling Among Finnish 14-16-Year-Old Adolescents Before (2008-2009), During (2010-2011), and After (2013-2017) Setting the Legal Age Limit of 18 for Gambling and the Role of Socio-Economic Status. J Gambl Stud 2021; 38:1243-1256. [PMID: 34874502 DOI: 10.1007/s10899-021-10091-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Legislation prohibiting minors from engaging in gambling is a gambling policy measure set to protect adolescents from the harmful effects of gambling. The Finnish gambling system is based on a state monopoly, regulated by the Lotteries Act. After an amendment to the Lotteries Act, the new minimum legal gambling age was raised to 18 years old between 2010 and 2011. The main purpose of this study was to discover how the amendment to the act altered adolescents' gambling (14-16-year-olds) and to examine whether the amendment decreased socio-economic differences. Adolescents gambling was studied before (2008-2009), during (2010-2011), and after (2013-2017) the age limit of gambling was raised in Finland. The study based on five waves (2008-2009, 2010-2011, 2013, 2015, 2017) of the national repeated cross-sectional School Health Promotion Study. Cross-tabulations where gambling was studied by study year and socio-economic status (SES) were formulated, and the statistical differences were studied by using χ2-tests. Percentage change in gambling frequency was also examined by study year and SES. Study years were analyzed separately to model the weekly gambling via logistic regression models. Adolescent gambling significantly decreased over time. It appears that raising the legal gambling age had a permanent effect on under-aged gambling. However, differences in gambling by adolescents' family's SES increased during the study period, indicating widening inequalities in gambling among adolescents. Diminishing inequalities in adolescent gambling is likely to require both societal action and consensus on adolescent gambling being a significant social and public health concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiina Latvala
- Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Tomi Lintonen
- The Finnish Foundation for Alcohol Studies, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Pauliina Luopa
- Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
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14
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Hing N, Russell AMT, Bryden GM, Newall P, King DL, Rockloff M, Browne M, Greer N. Skin gambling predicts problematic gambling amongst adolescents when controlling for monetary gambling. J Behav Addict 2021; 10:920-931. [PMID: 34783680 PMCID: PMC8987422 DOI: 10.1556/2006.2021.00078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 09/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Skin gambling uses in-game items (skins) acquired in video games, to gamble on esports, games of chance, other competitive events and privately with friends. This study examined characteristics of adolescent skin gamblers, their engagement in monetary gambling, and relationships between skin gambling and at risk/problem gambling. METHODS Two samples of Australian adolescents aged 12-17 years were recruited to an online survey through advertisements (n = 843) and an online panel provider (n = 826). RESULTS In both samples, past-month skin gamblers (n = 466 advertisements sample; n = 185 online panel sample) were more likely to have lower wellbeing, score as having an internet gaming disorder on the IGD, engage in more types of monetary gambling, and meet criteria for problem gambling on the DSM-IV-MR-J. Past-month skin gambling uniquely predicted problem gambling when controlling for past-month gambling on 11 monetary forms and the total number of monetary gambling forms. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS Underage participation in skin gambling is a growing concern. The strong convergence between engagement in skin gambling and monetary gambling suggests common risk factors may increase the propensity of some adolescents to gamble on these multiple forms. Nonetheless, past-month skin gambling predicted problem gambling even when controlling for past-month monetary gambling, indicating its unique contribution to gambling problems and harm. While the study was based on non-probability samples, its results strengthen the case for regulatory reforms, age restrictions and public health education to prevent underage skin gambling and its potentially harmful consequences for children and young people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nerilee Hing
- Experimental Gambling Research Laboratory, School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, CQUniversity, Australia
| | - Alex M. T. Russell
- Experimental Gambling Research Laboratory, School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, CQUniversity, Australia
| | - Gabrielle M. Bryden
- Experimental Gambling Research Laboratory, School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, CQUniversity, Australia
| | - Philip Newall
- Experimental Gambling Research Laboratory, School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, CQUniversity, Australia
| | - Daniel L. King
- College of Education, Psychology, and Social Work, Flinders University, Australia
| | - Matthew Rockloff
- Experimental Gambling Research Laboratory, School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, CQUniversity, Australia
| | - Matthew Browne
- Experimental Gambling Research Laboratory, School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, CQUniversity, Australia
| | - Nancy Greer
- Experimental Gambling Research Laboratory, School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, CQUniversity, Australia
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15
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Espadafor M, Martínez S. The negative consequences of sports betting opportunities on human capital formation: Evidence from Spain. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0258857. [PMID: 34705850 PMCID: PMC8550418 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0258857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The proliferation of on-site betting shops has received enormous public attention, becoming one of the most alarming health policy issues in contemporary cities. However, there is little evidence on whether its growing presence nearby vulnerable populations produce social harm beyond its known adverse individual effects. This study provides new evidence on the negative societal effects of betting houses. Our research design takes advantage of a new wave of openings in Madrid (Spain), which created a sudden increase in the supply of on-site gambling. Using a differences-in-differences design, we find that new betting houses decline nearby high schools' educational performance, especially in public schools in less advantaged areas. This effect is neither trivial nor diminishing with time. This evidence suggests that betting houses increase inequality of educational opportunities. The ubiquity of betting houses around vulnerable populations in multiple regions drives us to think that these findings have relevant policy implications for many countries currently designing policies tackling the increase of problem gambling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mar Espadafor
- Department of Social and Political Sciences, European University Institute, Fiesole, Italy
| | - Sergi Martínez
- Department of Social and Political Sciences, European University Institute, Fiesole, Italy
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16
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Koivula A, Oksanen A, Sirola A, Savolainen I, Kaakinen M, Zych I, Paek HJ. Life Satisfaction and Online-Gambling Communities: A Cross-National Study of Gambling Activities Among Young Finnish, American, South Korean and Spanish People. J Gambl Stud 2021; 38:1195-1214. [PMID: 34661803 PMCID: PMC9653350 DOI: 10.1007/s10899-021-10081-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Gambling is a potential hazard to life satisfaction, yet peer relationships online might buffer this risk. This study analyzed the ways problem gambling is associated with life satisfaction as well as the extent to which the use of online-gambling community participation and, alternatively, offline belonging affect this association. A web-based survey was conducted among people aged 15–25 in Finland (n = 1,200), the United States (n = 1,212), South Korea (n = 1,192), and Spain (n = 1,212). The main variables included life satisfaction, problem gambling measured by the South Oaks Gambling Screen, online-gambling community participation, and offline belonging. Controls included compulsive internet use, hazardous drinking, psychological distress, income, age, and gender. Linear regression models were employed with country interactions. Results showed problem gambling had a negative relationship with life satisfaction, but the association was explained by control variables. Online-gambling community participation had a positive relationship with life satisfaction, especially among pathological gamblers who had poor offline relationships. Country comparisons revealed that the direct effect of excessive gambling and the compensating effect of online-gambling communities were most prominent in Finland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aki Koivula
- Department of Social Research, University of Turku, Assistentinkatu 7, 20014, Turku, Finland.
| | - Atte Oksanen
- Faculty of Social Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Anu Sirola
- Faculty of Social Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Iina Savolainen
- Faculty of Social Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Markus Kaakinen
- Institute of Criminology and Legal Policy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Izabela Zych
- Department of Psychology, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Hye-Jin Paek
- Department of Advertising & Public Relations, Hanyang University, Ansan, Republic of Korea
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17
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Dodig Hundric D, Mandic S, Ricijas N. Short-Term Effectiveness of the Youth Gambling Prevention Program "Who Really Wins?"-Results from the First National Implementation. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:10100. [PMID: 34639404 PMCID: PMC8507822 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph181910100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
As a response to significant adolescent gambling involvement, a Croatian team of researchers and practitioners developed a universal, comprehensive, evidence-based youth gambling prevention program called "Who Really Wins?". This study presents the results on its short-term effectiveness following the first national implementation in 18 Croatian cities, with a total of 629 high school students (66.5% male) who completed the program. A design with two measurement sessions (pre-test and post-test) was used to explore the short-term effects of the program on gambling-related knowledge and cognition, frequency of gambling, and various socio-emotional skills. The results showed significant effects when it comes to knowledge, cognitive distortions, and the frequency of sports betting and playing lottery games. Furthermore, the program had no harmful effects on any of the measured variables. The results are interpreted in terms of methodological challenges in measuring effects, possible improvements of the program, and implications for future evaluation research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dora Dodig Hundric
- Department of Behavioral Disorders, Faculty of Education and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Zagreb, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia; (S.M.); (N.R.)
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18
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The role of online group norms and social identity in youth problem gambling. COMPUTERS IN HUMAN BEHAVIOR 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chb.2021.106828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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19
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Bellringer ME, Pearson J, Iusitini L. Pre-Teen Gang Involvement Is Associated With Teenage Gambling Behavior: Exploratory Findings From a Longitudinal Cohort Study of Pacific Youth in New Zealand. Asia Pac J Public Health 2021; 34:72-78. [PMID: 34416835 DOI: 10.1177/10105395211041183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Pacific youth in New Zealand have a disproportionately high risk for gambling and gang involvement compared with New Zealand European youth. Limited evidence indicates that youth gang involvement is associated with problem gambling; no research shows if it is associated with gambling. We conducted exploratory secondary analyses of data from 1063 Pacific youth and their mothers using data from 2 time points (age 9 and 14 years) from a longitudinal cohort study. Gang involvement at age 9 years was significantly associated with gambling at age 14 years, with adjusted odds of 2.25 (95% CI = 1.16-4.37). Of confounders, having a mother with a partner and Cook Islands ethnicity appeared protective against gambling at age 14 years. Despite some study limitations, as youth gambling can lead to subsequent adult problem gambling, our findings highlight the importance of understanding why Pacific youth join gangs, to inform public health policies to reduce the potential for future development of harmful behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Janet Pearson
- Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Leon Iusitini
- Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
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20
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Marinaci T, Venuleo C, Ferrante L, Della Bona S. What game we are playing: the psychosocial context of problem gambling, problem gaming and poor well-being among Italian high school students. Heliyon 2021; 7:e07872. [PMID: 34485746 PMCID: PMC8403540 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e07872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Gambling and gaming are not infrequent among adolescents and preventing low-risk youth from becoming at-risk appears to be a priority of public health strategies. Greater scrutiny of the risk and protective factors in the relationships and community of young people appears crucial in steering prevention initiatives adequately. This study aimed to explore the role of the qualities of relational networks (i.e. family functioning, perceived social and class support), family and peer approval and view of the social environment in predicting problem gambling, problem gaming and overall well-being among adolescents. High-school students aged 14-18 years (N: 595; female: 68,7%) completed a survey including the target variables. A multivariate multiple regression analysis was performed to examine the role of socio-demographic characteristics and psychosocial predictors on gaming, gambling, and well-being. Multivariate multiple regressions identify a common core underpinning problem gambling, gaming and poor well-being but also the distinct roles of psychosocial variables: being male, with low parental monitoring, and an anomic view of the social environment all predict problem gambling and gaming, which were also found to be associated. Low social support predicts problem gambling but not problem gaming; poor family functioning predicts problem gaming but not problem gambling. All the target psychosocial variables, except approval of gambling, predict poor well-being. On the whole the findings suggest the need to look more closely at the way adolescents, their system of activity and their culture participate in constructing the meaning of gambling and gaming activities and their impact on adolescents' well-being, so that future studies and strategies can more effectively examine the relational dynamics in which problem gambling and gaming develop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiziana Marinaci
- Laboratory of Applied Psychology and Intervention, Department of History, Society and Human Studies, University of Salento, Laboratory of Applied Psychology and Intervention, Department of History, Society and Human Studies, Italy
| | - Claudia Venuleo
- Laboratory of Applied Psychology and Intervention, Department of History, Society and Human Studies, University of Salento, Laboratory of Applied Psychology and Intervention, Department of History, Society and Human Studies, Italy
| | - Lucrezia Ferrante
- Laboratory of Applied Psychology and Intervention, Department of History, Society and Human Studies, University of Salento, Laboratory of Applied Psychology and Intervention, Department of History, Society and Human Studies, Italy
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21
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Moderating Influence of Predictive Control on the Near-Miss Effect-Gambling Intention Association in Nigerian Polytechnic Students. Int J Ment Health Addict 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11469-021-00548-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
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22
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Mentalizing Failures, Emotional Dysregulation, and Cognitive Distortions Among Adolescent Problem Gamblers. J Gambl Stud 2021; 37:283-298. [PMID: 32720217 PMCID: PMC7882581 DOI: 10.1007/s10899-020-09967-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Over the past decade, several studies have investigated the relationship between cognitive distortions and emotion regulation among adolescent gamblers, demonstrating the exacerbating role of alcohol consumption when co-occurring with gambling problems. An important construct, that to date has been largely neglected, is mentalizing (i.e. the ability to reflect on one's own and others' mental states). The aim of the present study was (for the first time) to investigate the relative contribution of mentalization, emotional dysregulation, cognitive distortions, and alcohol consumption among adolescent gamblers. A total of 396 students (69.2% females) aged 14–19 years were recruited from secondary schools in Southern Italy. Assessment measures included the South Oaks Gambling Screen Revised for Adolescents (SOGS-RA), the Reflective Functioning Questionnaire (RFQ-8), the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS), the Gambling Related Cognitions Scale (GRCS), and the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT). Regression analysis showed that, along with male gender, the best predictors of adolescent gambling were scores on two GRCS subscales (i.e., ‘inability to stop gambling’ and ‘interpretative bias’), the RFQ-8’s ‘uncertainty about mental states’ dimension, and the DERS ‘impulse control difficulties’ factor, with the overall model explaining more than one-third of the total variance. The results clearly indicated that, along with gambling-related cognitive distortions, uncertainty about mental states, and difficulties remaining in control of one’s behavior when experiencing negative emotions contributed significantly to problematic gambling among adolescents.
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23
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Gomes MA, Narciso FV, de Mello MT, Esteves AM. Identifying electronic-sport athletes' sleep-wake cycle characteristics. Chronobiol Int 2021; 38:1002-1009. [PMID: 33843377 DOI: 10.1080/07420528.2021.1903480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Organized electronic-sport competitions (e-Sport) is related to several health problems, including sleep disorders. The objective of this study was to evaluate the characteristics of the sleep-wake cycle of League of Legends (LoL) athletes during their pre-training, training, pre-competition, and competition routines. Twenty male elite LoL players completed the questionnaires related to sleep pattern (Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index), sleepiness (Epworth Sleepiness Scale), and chronotype (Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire), and they wore an actigraph for 7 days. Pre-training and pre-competition assessments were carried out by questionnaires (n = 20) and training and competition assessments by actigraph (n = 16). The chronotype that most Eathletes presented was a moderately evening type. They presented a poor sleep quality and were borderline for excessive daytime sleepiness. Sleep onset and offset times were significantly prolonged during the competition condition (t = 2.11, p < .05; t = 2.51, p < .05). Correlations showed a relationship between PSQI and Sleepiness in the pre-training and pre-competition conditions (r = 0.50, p = .02) and chronotype with sleep onset (r = 0.61, p = .01), total sleep time (r = 0.55, p = .02), and time awake (r = 0.49, p = .04) in the competition condition. Linear regression analysis indicated associations between the PSQI and sleepiness (25%; p = .02) during pre-training and pre-competition. During the competition there were associations between chronotype and sleep onset (37%; p = .01), chronotype and time awake (24%; p = .04), and chronotype and TST (30%; p = .02). In general, the findings support the conclusion that LoL athletes presented an altered sleep pattern during their training routines.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fernanda Veruska Narciso
- Departamento de Esportes, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Escola de Educação Física, Fisioterapia e Terapia Ocupacional, Belo Horizonte, Brasil
| | - Marco Tulio de Mello
- Departamento de Esportes, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Escola de Educação Física, Fisioterapia e Terapia Ocupacional, Belo Horizonte, Brasil
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24
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Jun HJ, Sacco P, Cunningham-Williams RM. Gambling in Emerging Adulthood: the Role of Adolescent Depressive Symptoms, Antisocial Behaviors, and Alcohol Use. Int J Ment Health Addict 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11469-019-00087-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
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25
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Adult Gambling Problems and Histories of Mental Health and Substance Use: Findings from a Prospective Multi-Wave Australian Cohort Study. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10071406. [PMID: 33915774 PMCID: PMC8037618 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10071406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Little is known about the cumulative effect of adolescent and young adult mental health difficulties and substance use problems on gambling behaviour in adulthood. We use data from one of Australia's longest running studies of social and emotional development to examine the extent to which: (1) mental health symptoms (depressive and anxiety symptoms) and substance use (weekly binge drinking, tobacco, and cannabis use) from adolescence (13-18 years) into young adulthood (19-28 years) predict gambling problems in adulthood (31-32 years); and (2) risk relationships differ by sex. Analyses were based on responses from 1365 adolescent and young adult participants, spanning seven waves of data collection (1998-2014). Persistent adolescent to young adult binge drinking, tobacco use and cannabis use predicted gambling at age 31-32 years (OR = 2.30-3.42). Binge drinking and tobacco use in young adulthood also predicted gambling at age 31-32 years (OR = 2.04-2.54). Prior mental health symptoms were not associated with gambling and no risk relationships differed by sex. Findings suggest that gambling problems in adulthood may be related to the earlier development of other addictive behaviours, and that interventions targeting substance use from adolescence to young adulthood may confer additional gains in preventing later gambling behaviours.
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26
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Terrone G, Gori A, Topino E, Musetti A, Scarinci A, Guccione C, Caretti V. The Link between Attachment and Gambling in Adolescence: A Multiple Mediation Analysis with Developmental Perspective, Theory of Mind (Friend) and Adaptive Response. J Pers Med 2021; 11:228. [PMID: 33810022 PMCID: PMC8005040 DOI: 10.3390/jpm11030228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Several studies have supported the evidence that attachment styles are a central factor in adolescent gambling problems. On this theoretical basis, the aim of the present study is to analyze a hypothesized mediation model exploring both the direct and indirect effects of insecure attachment on gambling disorder by investigating the role of the developmental perspective, theory of mind (friend) and adaptive response in that relationship. Method: The sample consists of 178 adolescents who underwent the Measures: South Oaks Gambling Screen-Revised for Adolescents and Friends and Family Interview. Result: The mediation analysis was conducted following Hayes' (2018) procedure, using Model 6. The results showed a significant association between insecure attachment and gambling disorder (β = 0.669; p < 0.001). The findings also highlighted a significant chained mediation model in which insecure attachment negatively influenced the developmental perspective (β = -0.742; p < 0.001), which affected the theory of mind toward one's own best friend (β = 0.352; p < 0.001). Conclusions: The results highlighted a significant role of insecure attachment in predicting the symptomatic expression of gambling among adolescents, specifically impacting the development perspective, theory of mind toward one's best friend and adaptive response to stress, which were linked to each other by a sequential influence. Therefore, our results showed that a poor developmental self-vision predicted a dysfunctional theory of mind toward the best friend. This could hinder the formation of positive peer relationships, which are crucial for the development of one's identity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grazia Terrone
- Department of History, Cultural Heritage, Education and Society, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Alessio Gori
- Department of Human Sciences, University of Florence, 50100 Florence, Italy;
| | - Eleonora Topino
- Department of Human Sciences, Lumsa University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (E.T.); (C.G.); (V.C.)
| | - Alessandro Musetti
- Department of Humanities, Social Sciences and Cultural Industries, University of Parma, 43121 Parma, Italy;
| | - Alessia Scarinci
- Department of Education Sciences, Psychology, Communication, University of Bari, 70121 Bari, Italy;
| | - Camilla Guccione
- Department of Human Sciences, Lumsa University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (E.T.); (C.G.); (V.C.)
| | - Vincenzo Caretti
- Department of Human Sciences, Lumsa University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (E.T.); (C.G.); (V.C.)
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Social Ecological Model of Problem Gambling: A Cross-National Survey Study of Young People in the United States, South Korea, Spain, and Finland. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18063220. [PMID: 33804663 PMCID: PMC8003601 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18063220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Problem gambling among young people is an emerging trend globally. The online environment in particular offers various possibilities for gambling engagement. This is the first cross-national survey study using the social ecological model to analyze problem gambling, especially in the online context. The study aimed to analyze how different social ecological spheres explain problem gambling. Participants were young people aged 15–25 in the United States (n = 1212), South Korea (n = 1192), Spain (n = 1212), and Finland (n = 1200). The South Oaks Gambling Screen (SOGS) instrument measured problem gambling. The regression models analyzed problem gambling with measures of intrapersonal, interpersonal, organizational, and societal spheres. Spanish participants had the highest SOGS score for problem gambling. In all countries, the variations in problem gambling were best explained by the organizational sphere measures (26%) when compared to the intrapersonal (11%), interpersonal (5%), and societal (3%) spheres. In the full model, the organizational sphere measures had strong associations with problem gambling. These included consumer debt, online gambling community participation, online casino participation, and exposure to online pop-up advertisements. Problem gambling was also associated with conformity to group norms in the interpersonal sphere, and male gender and impulsivity in the intrapersonal sphere. Cross-national results were similar in different countries. Within the final model, gambling community participation had the strongest association with problem gambling (β = 0.23, p < 0.001). The online context plays a major role in problem gambling behavior. The social ecological model is a useful tool for tackling problem gambling and developing preventative measures.
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UYGUR AB. KUMAR OYNAMA BOZUKLUĞUNUN DAVRANIŞSAL İNHİBİSYON-AKTİVASYON SİSTEMLERİ ve SOSYODEMOGRAFiK ETKENLER ile İLİŞKİSİ. KAHRAMANMARAŞ SÜTÇÜ İMAM ÜNIVERSITESI TIP FAKÜLTESI DERGISI 2021. [DOI: 10.17517/ksutfd.862992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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29
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Riley BJ, Oster C, Rahamathulla M, Lawn S. Attitudes, Risk Factors, and Behaviours of Gambling among Adolescents and Young People: A Literature Review and Gap Analysis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:984. [PMID: 33499418 PMCID: PMC7908209 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18030984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Gambling is occurring in a rapidly changing landscape, with new trends and technologies affecting gambling behaviour and problem gambling across a range of populations. Gambling activity among adolescents and young people has received considerable research attention due to a high prevalence of gambling reported among these groups in recent years. Despite legislation worldwide to constrain gambling among adolescents and young people, modern technology, such as online gaming apps and online gambling venues, has significantly increased their exposure to the risks of problem gambling. It is important, therefore, to have up to date information about what is currently known about gambling and to explore gaps in our knowledge. This gap analysis presents the results of a systematic approach to reviewing the current literature on gambling behaviour, attitudes, and associated risk factors for gambling and problem gambling among adolescents and young adults (aged 10-25 years). The review included studies published between January 2015 and August 2020 and included 85 studies for final synthesis. Findings reveal further research is needed on the implications for young people of emerging technologies and new trends in gambling in the digital age. The current gap analysis reveals that this should include more research on the development and impact of both treatment and intervention strategies, and policy and regulatory frameworks from a public health perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben J. Riley
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA 5042, Australia; (B.J.R.); (C.O.)
| | - Candice Oster
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA 5042, Australia; (B.J.R.); (C.O.)
| | - Mubarak Rahamathulla
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Social Work, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6000, Australia;
| | - Sharon Lawn
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA 5042, Australia; (B.J.R.); (C.O.)
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Amazue LO, Awo LO, Agbo AA, Ekwe CN, Ojiaku MC. Association of Near-Miss with Two Erroneous Gambling Cognitions and Betting Intention: Evidence from Nigerian Adolescents. J Gambl Stud 2021; 37:837-852. [PMID: 33386515 DOI: 10.1007/s10899-020-09994-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Evidences show increase of positive attitudes of Nigerian adolescents towards gambling in the past decade. Nigerian adolescents have been shown to spend significant part of their academic time and resources on Soccer bets. This behaviour could act as a predisposing factor for poor academic performances and problem gambling at adulthood. The present study drew from the cognitive distortion model to examine the mediational role of near-miss in the erroneous cognition-betting intention association through a survey study design. Male adolescents (N = 237; Mean age = 17.37 years; SD = 4.13) of public schools in Nigeria who engage in Soccer betting took part in the study. They completed self-report measures of erroneous cognition, near-miss and betting intention. Results revealed that interpretative bias was not associated with near-miss while it was positively associated with betting intention. Illusion of control was positively associated with near-miss and betting intention. Near-miss was positively associated with betting intention and mediated the associations between interpretative bias and betting intention (negative mediation) and illusion of control, and betting intention (positive mediation). The theoretical and practical implications of the findings are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Larry O Awo
- Social Sciences and Humanities Unit, Federal Polytechnic of Oil and Gas, Bonny Island, Nigeria.
| | - Aaron A Agbo
- Department of Psychology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
| | - Catherine N Ekwe
- Department of Educational Foundations and Counselling, Imo State University, Owerri, Nigeria
| | - Mildred C Ojiaku
- Department of Psychology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
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Tani F, Ponti L, Ghinassi S. Sensation Seeking and Gambling Behavior in Adolescence: Can Externalizing Problems Moderate This Relationship? INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17238986. [PMID: 33276645 PMCID: PMC7731405 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17238986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Gambling is a widespread phenomenon during adolescence. Among different risk factors involved in the onset of adolescent gambling behaviors, one factor that is studied is the sensation seeking personality trait. However, the literature is heterogeneous and a direct relationship between sensation seeking and gaming behaviors has not always been highlighted. This suggests that the relationship can be influenced by other factors. In particular, we explored the moderating role of externalizing problems in this relationship. A total of 363 adolescents (232 males and 131 females) aged 14 to 20 (M = 16.35, SD = 1.36) completed a battery of questionnaires aimed to assess their gambling behaviors, as well as the levels of externalizing problems and sensation seeking. The results showed that sensation seeking was associated with gambling severity, but this relationship was significant when externalizing problems were high and medium. On the contrary, when externalizing problems were low, the relationship between sensation seeking and gambling severity was not significant. Overall, sensation seeking in adolescence can favor the implementation of risk behaviors, such as gambling, but only in association with the presence of externalizing problems. Limitations, strengths, and social and clinical implications of the present study are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franca Tani
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy;
| | - Lucia Ponti
- Department of Education, Languages, Intercultures, Literatures and Psychology, University of Florence, 50121 Florence, Italy;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-055-2755000
| | - Simon Ghinassi
- Department of Education, Languages, Intercultures, Literatures and Psychology, University of Florence, 50121 Florence, Italy;
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Cosenza M, Matarazzo O, Ciccarelli M, Nigro G. Chasing the desire: An investigation on the role of craving, time perspective, and alcohol use in adolescent gambling. Addict Behav 2020; 111:106566. [PMID: 32745945 PMCID: PMC7373023 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2020.106566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Chasing, or continuing to gamble to recoup losses, is a behavioral marker and a diagnostic criterion for gambling disorder. Research on chasing has focused mainly on adults, whereas the analysis of chasing behavior among adolescents has not received empirical attention in the gambling literature. The aim of the present study was to first investigate the interplay between chasing behavior, craving, temporal perspective, alcohol use, and gambling severity among Italian adolescents. Three hundred and sixty-four adolescents took part in the study. Participants completed the South Oaks Gambling Screen Revised for Adolescents (SOGS-RA), the Gambling Craving Scale (GACS), the 14-item Consideration of Future Consequences scale (CFC-14), the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT), and performed a computerized task assessing chasing behavior. Participants were randomly assigned to the control and the loss condition of the computerized task. Results indicated that the choice to continue playing, as well as chasing frequency did not vary as a function of experimental condition. Hierarchical logistic and linear regression analyses revealed that the decision to chase depended mostly on craving, whereas chasing propensity was affected by craving and alcohol misuse. Notably, gambling severity did not predict either the decision to chase, or the chasing persistence. The present study contributes important findings to the gambling literature, highlighting the role of craving alcohol use in facilitating the inability to stop within-sessions gambling among adolescents. These findings may provide evidence that nonchasers and chasers represent two different types of gamblers, and that the difference may be useful for targeting more effective therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Cosenza
- Department of Psychology, Università degli studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Viale Ellittico, 31, 81100 Caserta, Italy.
| | - Olimpia Matarazzo
- Department of Psychology, Università degli studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Viale Ellittico, 31, 81100 Caserta, Italy.
| | - Maria Ciccarelli
- Department of Psychology, Università degli studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Viale Ellittico, 31, 81100 Caserta, Italy.
| | - Giovanna Nigro
- Department of Psychology, Università degli studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Viale Ellittico, 31, 81100 Caserta, Italy.
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Odame SK, Quarshie ENB, Oti-Boadi M, Andoh-Arthur J, Asante KO. Adolescent Problem Gambling in Rural Ghana: Prevalence and Gender Differentiation. J Gambl Stud 2020; 37:83-105. [PMID: 33179195 PMCID: PMC7882566 DOI: 10.1007/s10899-020-09987-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Problem gambling among young people is now a public health challenge in sub-Saharan Africa. However, the behaviour remains understudied, particularly, among rural-dwelling young people in countries within the subregion. We aimed to estimate the 12 months prevalence of problem gambling and to describe the overall and gender differences and commonalities in personal factors and social adversities associated with problem gambling among adolescents in rural Ghana. We conducted a cross-sectional survey involving a random sample of 1101 in-school adolescents aged 10–19 years in a rural district in Eastern Ghana; we used the DSM-IV-Multiple Response-Juvenile (DSM-IV-MR-J) questionnaire to assess problem gambling during the previous 12 months. Personal lifestyle and psychosocial variables were assessed using adopted items from the 2012 WHO–Global School-based Student Health Survey. Overall, three in 10 adolescents (3 in 10 females; 4 in 10 males) in rural Ghana reported problem gambling in the previous 12 months. Female adolescents who experienced problem gambling were more likely to report family-related social adversities, while adolescent male problem gambling was associated with school-related factors and interpersonal factors outside the family context. Regardless of gender, sexual abuse victimisation was associated with three times increase in the odds of experiencing problem gambling. Relative to the prevalence of gambling among adolescents in urban contexts in other countries within sub-Saharan Africa, the estimates of problem gambling among in-school rural adolescents in Ghana are higher. Although further studies are needed to understand the nuances of the behaviour, the evidence of this study underscores the need for general and targeted health promotion, intervention and prevention efforts to mitigate the family, school, and interpersonal social adversities associated with adolescent problem gambling in rural Ghana.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Emmanuel Nii-Boye Quarshie
- School of Psychology, University of Leeds, Lifton Place, Leeds, LS2 9JT, West Yorkshire, UK. .,Department of Psychology, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana.
| | - Mabel Oti-Boadi
- Department of Psychology, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
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Online Relationships and Social Media Interaction in Youth Problem Gambling: A Four-Country Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17218133. [PMID: 33153222 PMCID: PMC7663674 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17218133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to examine if belonging to online communities and social media identity bubbles predict youth problem gambling. An online survey was administered to 15–25-year-old participants in the United States (N = 1212), South Korea (N = 1192), Spain (N = 1212), and Finland (N = 1200). The survey measured two dimensions of online behavior: perceived sense of belonging to an online community and involvement in social media identity bubbles. Belonging to an online community was examined with a single item and involvement in social media identity bubbles was measured with the six-item Identity Bubble Reinforcement Scale. The South Oaks Gambling Screen was used to assess problem gambling. Statistical analyses utilized linear regression modeling. According to the analyses, strong sense of belonging to an online community was associated with higher problem gambling, but the association was observed mainly among those young individuals who were also involved in social media identity bubbles. For those youths who did not indicate identity bubble involvement, online relationships appeared to function as those offline. Some differences across the four countries were observed but overall, the results indicate that social media identity bubbles could partly explain the harmful influence that some online relations have on youth behavior.
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35
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Raisamo S, Kinnunen JM, Pere L, Lindfors P, Rimpelä A. Adolescent Gambling, Gambling Expenditure and Gambling-Related Harms in Finland, 2011-2017. J Gambl Stud 2020; 36:597-610. [PMID: 31520272 PMCID: PMC7214496 DOI: 10.1007/s10899-019-09892-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Existing literature on recent trends in adolescent gambling is scarce. The rapidly changing landscape of gambling, together with the generally applied legal age limits, calls for the continuous monitoring of gambling also among the adolescent population. In Finland, the legal gambling age is 18. We examined changes in adolescents’ gambling, gambling expenditure and gambling–related harms from 2011 to 2017. Comparable cross-sectional biennial survey data were collected in 2011, 2013, 2015 and 2017 among 12–18-year-olds (N = 18,857). The main measures were self-reported six-month gambling, average weekly gambling expenditure (€) and harms due to gambling. Data were analyzed using cross-tabulations, χ2-tests and linear regression analysis. A significant decline in gambling among minors (aged 12–16-year-olds) was found (β = − 0.253), while no significant changes were observed among 18-year-olds (who are not targeted by the law). The mean gambling expenditure also declined from 2011 to 2017. Adolescent gamblers experienced significantly less (p = .003) gambling–related harms in 2017 (7.4%) compared to 2011 (13.5%). Adolescent gambling and its related negative consequences have become less prevalent in Finland between 2011 and 2017. Further monitoring is necessary to ascertain whether the positive direction will continue. Also, empirical analyses providing evidence of reasons for the observed trend are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanna Raisamo
- Department of Public Health Solutions, Alcohol, Drugs and Addictions Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, P.O. Box 30, 00271 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jaana M. Kinnunen
- Faculty of Social Sciences, Health Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Lasse Pere
- Faculty of Social Sciences, Health Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Pirjo Lindfors
- Faculty of Social Sciences, Health Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
- PERLA – Tampere Centre for Childhood, Youth and Family Research, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Arja Rimpelä
- Faculty of Social Sciences, Health Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
- PERLA – Tampere Centre for Childhood, Youth and Family Research, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
- Department of Adolescent Psychiatry, Pitkäniemi Hospital, Nokia, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
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León-Jariego JC, Parrado-González A, Ojea-Rodríguez FJ. Behavioral Intention to Gamble Among Adolescents: Differences Between Gamblers and Non-gamblers-Prevention Recommendations. J Gambl Stud 2020; 36:555-572. [PMID: 31673929 DOI: 10.1007/s10899-019-09904-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Gambling is a rapidly growing phenomenon among adolescents associated with negative psychosocial effects. To prevent this public health problem, it is necessary to identify the factors that cause and maintain adolescent gambling. Based on the theory of planned behavior (TPB), structural equation models were used in a sample of 1174 adolescents (aged 12-20 years) to study the effect of attitudes, subjective norms and self-efficacy on gambling intention in adolescent gamblers (n = 432) and non-gamblers (n = 742). Measurement invariance was assessed and then structural model was tested separately in gamblers and non-gamblers. The influence of past gambling experience on the TPB model was also studied through multigroup analysis. All models showed adequate fit to the data. The relationships between attitudes and self-efficacy with gambling intention were significantly stronger in gamblers subsample. These results confirmed that gambling experience increases the predictive ability of the TPB model in gamblers. TPB independent variables explained 16.2% of variance of gambling intention in non-gamblers and 32.4% in gamblers. Subsequently, the TPB model for gamblers explained 19% of variance of gambling frequency. In this last model, gambling intention partially mediates the influence of self-efficacy on gambling behavior. The subjective norm was the variable with the greatest effect on gambling intention in non-gamblers, while self-efficacy to control gambling was the exogenous variable with greatest effect on gambling frequency. The findings suggest the possibility of specific gambling prevention in adolescent gamblers and non-gamblers.
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Affiliation(s)
- José C León-Jariego
- Department of Social, Developmental and Educational Psychology, Faculty of Education, Psychology and Sports Science, University of Huelva, Avda. de las Fuerzas Armadas, s/n, 21071, Huelva, Spain.
| | - Alberto Parrado-González
- Department of Social, Developmental and Educational Psychology, Faculty of Education, Psychology and Sports Science, University of Huelva, Avda. de las Fuerzas Armadas, s/n, 21071, Huelva, Spain
| | - Francisco J Ojea-Rodríguez
- Department of Social, Developmental and Educational Psychology, Faculty of Education, Psychology and Sports Science, University of Huelva, Avda. de las Fuerzas Armadas, s/n, 21071, Huelva, Spain
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37
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Tani F, Ponti L, Ghinassi S. Gambling Behaviors in Adolescent Male and Female Regular and Non-Regular Gamblers: A Study of Central Italian Adolescents. J Gambl Stud 2020; 37:747-763. [PMID: 33047208 DOI: 10.1007/s10899-020-09979-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Gambling is a widespread and popular phenomenon among adolescents. However, little is known specifically about adolescent gambling behaviors in Italy. The aim of the present study was to explore the prevalence and frequency of gambling behaviors, the types of bets most frequently chosen, the amount of money spent on gambling, and the more frequent problem gambling behaviors, taking into account the type of gambler (regular and non-regular), gender, and age. For this propose, 1255 adolescents (59.1% males) aged 13 to 19 years (M = 16.06; SD = 1.47), were recruited for the study. Results of a series of chi-squared tests show that 70.8% of adolescents had gambled at least once in the previous year, with more than 68% of minors declaring that they had gambled. Among those who claimed to have gambled, 24% were regular gamblers who spent more money, had more gambling-related problems, and chose games more at risk for developing gambling addiction, compared to non-regular gamblers. Regarding gender, results show that males gambled more, more frequently, spent more, and presented more gambling-related problems than females. About age, adolescents of age gambled more on some games that involved going to places to bet than minors but no differences between minors and of-age adolescents emerged on the amount of money spent and in being a regular gambler or not. However, gender and age differences emerged only in the non-regular group, whereas in the regular-gambling group, males and females and minor and of-age adolescents did not differ on any aspect analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franca Tani
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Via San Salvi, 12, Pad. 26, 50135, Florence, Italy
| | - Lucia Ponti
- Department of Education, Languages, Intercultures, Literatures and Psychology, University of Florence, Via San Salvi, 12, Pad. 26, 50135, Florence, Italy.
| | - Simon Ghinassi
- Department of Education, Languages, Intercultures, Literatures and Psychology, University of Florence, Via San Salvi, 12, Pad. 26, 50135, Florence, Italy
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Danioni F, Ranieri S, Villani D. The Role of Personal Values in Gambling: A Preliminary Study with Italian Adolescents. The Journal of Genetic Psychology 2020; 181:413-426. [PMID: 32643594 DOI: 10.1080/00221325.2020.1790491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Values have been defined as trans-situational goals that serve as guiding principles in people's life to select modes, means, and actions. Despite values being relevant predictors of behaviors, their role in shaping adolescents' gambling ones has been under investigated. Specifically, the present study aimed at exploring whether and which values may be protective or risk factors for gambling behaviors, this also considering gender differences. Respondents were 237 adolescents (aged from 14 to 19; 58.2% female), recruited from three Italian high schools, who were asked to fill in a self-report and anonymous online questionnaire investigating their values and gambling behaviors. Specifically, the Portrait Values Questionnaire and the South Oaks Gambling Screen: Revised for Adolescents were used. Results showed that males were keener to adopt more frequently gambling behaviors, this also being more problematic, compared to their female counterparts. Despite conservation and openness to change values seem not to influence gambling behaviors, self-transcendence and self-enhancement values respectively negatively and positively predict gambling problems. More interestingly, self-transcendence values seem to work better as protective factors toward the severity of this risk behavior especially for the male subsample. Implications for preventive and promotional interventions with adolescents are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Danioni
- Family Studies and Research University Centre, Catholic University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Sonia Ranieri
- Family Studies and Research University Centre, Catholic University of Milan, Milan, Italy.,Department of Psychology, Catholic University of Piacenza and Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Daniela Villani
- Department of Psychology, Catholic University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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Frisone F, Settineri S, Sicari PF, Merlo EM. Gambling in adolescence: a narrative review of the last 20 years. J Addict Dis 2020; 38:438-457. [PMID: 32634072 DOI: 10.1080/10550887.2020.1782557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gambling has increasingly become a problem in adolescence over the last 20 years. Previous research has failed to identify exactly the level of involvement of adolescents in gambling, yet a relevant presence of addictive behaviors was noticed. OBJECTIVE This narrative review highlights the implications of adolescent gambling, taking into consideration the main risk and protection factors aimed at limiting gambling activity, as well as the main links with the impulse-control disorder, addiction, and behavioral addiction. METHODS The review process was conducted through Medline, Scopus, Web of Science and Google Scholar search engines. The considered keywords were "Gambling" AND "Adolescence," "Behavioral addiction," AND "Adolescence." The articles related to gambling and adolescence in the last 20 years were included in compliance with inclusion and exclusion criteria, to perform a consistent analysis of the phenomenon and the related maintenance factors. RESULTS Starting from 1067 articles, 107 were selected to denote the main thematic areas involved in the gambling problem. The online search was completed on December 13, 2019. CONCLUSIONS The narrative review of literature can facilitate the analysis of gambling problems in adolescence, as the main studies in the last 20 years showed the complexity of the problem, the links between addiction, and the most effective methods of prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Frisone
- Department of Cognitive Sciences, Psychology, Educational and Cultural Studies (COSPECS), University of Messina, Messina, Italy.,International Research Center for Theoretical and Applied Cognitive Sciences (CRISCAT), University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Salvatore Settineri
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Professor Federica Sicari
- Department of Cognitive Sciences, Psychology, Educational and Cultural Studies (COSPECS), University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Emanuele Maria Merlo
- Department of Cognitive Sciences, Psychology, Educational and Cultural Studies (COSPECS), University of Messina, Messina, Italy.,International Research Center for Theoretical and Applied Cognitive Sciences (CRISCAT), University of Messina, Messina, Italy
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40
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Spångberg J, Svensson J. Gambling among 16-year-olds and associated covariates: A Nordic comparison. Scand J Public Health 2020; 50:257-268. [PMID: 32522086 PMCID: PMC8873972 DOI: 10.1177/1403494820923814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Aims: This study aimed to compare the prevalence in different gambling types as well as problem gambling in the Nordic countries, examining gambling, leisure activities, school truancy, parental relations and consumption of alcohol and other substances as covariates for problem gambling. Methods: Cross-country data were provided by the European Survey Project on Alcohol and Other Drugs (ESPAD) 2015. Prevalence of gambling and potential covariates were analysed for Denmark, Finland, Iceland Norway and Sweden (N=13,172 respondents aged 16 years), while analyses regarding problem gambling only included countries that participated in the optional questions on gambling problems (Denmark, Finland and Sweden; N=8108). We tested variables for problem gambling by bivariate logistic regression and multivariate logistic regression. Results: Cross-country differences were found in gambling and problem gambling, as well as differences in covariates for problem gambling. Sweden had the lowest rate of problem gambling. No significant difference was found between Denmark and Finland. Reports of too much gaming, inhalants, slots, betting and online gambling were positively associated with problem gambling, while parental monitoring and parental caring had a negative association. The relevance of the covariates varied across countries. Conclusions: Results indicate that although gambling regulation and its implementation have an important impact on gambling behaviour, we need more research on social, economic and cultural factors and how youth understand and interact with them. Contexts and regulations in other related fields should inform gambling research, policies and interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Johan Svensson
- Department of Public Health Science, Stockholm University, Sweden.,The Swedish Council for Information on Alcohol and Other Drugs, Stockholm, Sweden
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41
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Calado F, Alexandre J, Griffiths MD. Gambling Among Adolescents and Emerging Adults: A Cross-Cultural Study Between Portuguese and English Youth. Int J Ment Health Addict 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11469-018-9980-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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42
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Melendez-Torres GJ, Anthony RE, Hewitt G, Murphy S, Moore GF. Prevalence of gambling behaviours and their associations with socioemotional harm among 11-16 year olds in Wales: findings from the School Health Research Network survey. Eur J Public Health 2020; 30:432-438. [PMID: 31580438 PMCID: PMC7292341 DOI: 10.1093/eurpub/ckz176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gambling opportunities are increasingly available and acceptable to many adolescents. Adolescent problem gambling has been associated with poor outcomes, such as lower reported physical and mental health. While much research has focussed on 'problem' gambling, analysing the distribution and determinants of experimentation with gambling is important in order to understand its normalization and population level consequences. This study describes the distribution of inequalities and socioemotional harms associated with adolescent gambling. METHODS Data were drawn from a subsample of students (N = 37 363) who completed gambling questions as part of the 2017 School Health Research Network Student Health and Wellbeing Survey, representing 193 secondary schools in Wales. Using imputations, we estimated a series of single-predictor and multi-predictor regressions for count of gambling behaviours, any gambling in the past 12 months and socioemotional harms of gambling. RESULTS Approximately two-fifths (41.0%) of respondents reported gambling in the past 12 months, of whom 16.2% reported feeling bad as a result of their own gambling. We found significant sex differences in gambling, with boys gambling more frequently than girls. Adolescents from more affluent families reported a higher count of gambling behaviours and socioemotional harms, although paradoxically, increasing affluence was also associated with lower prevalence of gambling in the last year. Non-White British ethnicities and students who felt less connected to school were more likely to engage in gambling and experience socioemotional harms. CONCLUSIONS Our findings provide important new insights regarding risk factors in adolescence associated with gambling behaviours and socioemotional harms.
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Affiliation(s)
- G J Melendez-Torres
- Centre for the Development and Evaluation of Complex Interventions for Public Health Improvement, School of Social Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Rebecca E Anthony
- Centre for the Development and Evaluation of Complex Interventions for Public Health Improvement, School of Social Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Gillian Hewitt
- Centre for the Development and Evaluation of Complex Interventions for Public Health Improvement, School of Social Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Simon Murphy
- Centre for the Development and Evaluation of Complex Interventions for Public Health Improvement, School of Social Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Graham F Moore
- Centre for the Development and Evaluation of Complex Interventions for Public Health Improvement, School of Social Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
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King DL, Russell A, Hing N. Adolescent Land-Based and Internet Gambling: Australian and International Prevalence Rates and Measurement Issues. CURRENT ADDICTION REPORTS 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s40429-020-00311-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Factors associated with youth gambling: longitudinal study among high school students. Public Health 2020; 184:33-40. [PMID: 32620298 DOI: 10.1016/j.puhe.2020.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Revised: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Non-substance addictive behaviours such as problem gambling among the youth have been a growing public health concern. However, the knowledge on risk and protective factors associated with this relatively new problem is still limited. It inhibits the development of informed preventive programs and interventions. The study was aimed at identifying psychosocial and behavioural factors associated with gambling involvement among 16- to 18-year-old adolescents. STUDY DESIGN Longitudinal study. METHODS The sample includes 511 adolescents (57.5% of men), who participated in a longitudinal study. Classrooms were randomly selected from public/non-public general, technical high schools and basic vocational schools from Warsaw. The self-administered anonymous questionnaire was completed during school lessons. Data reported in this study were from wave 1 (10th grade) and wave 2 (12th grade) with a response rate of about 65%. Gambling involvement was measured by combining a measure of six types of gambling behaviours and gambling-related problems in the last year. Gambling-related problems were measured by the Polish adaptation of the South Oaks Gambling Screen Revised for Adolescents. Both protective and risk factors measured in the study were selected from four broad domains representing (1) individual characteristic, (2) peer, (3) parental/familial and (4) school influences. RESULTS About 50% of students were involved in some form of gambling at least once in their lifetime. The most prevalent forms of gambling among study participants included lottery games, scratch cards, card games and participation in sports betting. Approximately 3-4% of adolescents have had symptoms of increased gambling involvement. Generalised linear model analysis showed that male gender, wave 1 gambling, sensation seeking, delinquency and cyberbullying were the risk factors. Positive relationships with parents and meaningful activities were found as protective factors against gambling involvement. CONCLUSION The results of our study indicate that prevention programs/interventions based on positive parent-child relation building and meaningful activities allowing satisfaction of the need to take risks in a socially acceptable manner can be effective in counteracting increased gambling involvement among youth.
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Abstract
There is increasing attention on the introduction of gambling-like practices within video games. Termed convergence, this has been explored from the viewpoint of the product, examining similarities in game/gambling mechanics. Understanding convergence of practice is essential to map the epidemiology of these behaviours, especially among children. This paper focuses on the betting of skins within video games to explore co-occurrence with other forms of gambling among British children aged 11–16. Analysing the British Youth Gambling Survey showed that 39% of children who bet on skins in the past month had also gambled on other activities. Betting on skins and other forms of gambling increased with age and concordance of skin gambling/betting was greatest for those who also gambled online. Among gamblers, those who bet skins had higher rates of at-risk and problem gambling than those who did not (23% vs. 8%), though they had a greater breath of gambling involvement. Skin gambling alone was not significantly associated with at-risk gambling when other forms of gambling activity were taken into account. Skin betting and gambling on other activities cluster together, especially where the medium underpinning the behaviours is the same. Children who engage in both skin gambling/betting and other forms of gambling should be considered at-risk for the experience of harms because of their heightened engagement in gambling and gambling-like activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather Wardle
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, 15-17 Tavistock Place, London, WC1H9SH, UK.
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Jun HJ, Sacco P, Bright C, Cunningham-Williams RM. Gender Differences in the Relationship Between Depression, Antisocial Behavior, Alcohol Use, and Gambling during Emerging Adulthood. Int J Ment Health Addict 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11469-018-0048-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Werner KB, Cunningham-Williams RM, Ahuja M, Bucholz KK. Patterns of gambling and substance use initiation in African American and White adolescents and young adults. PSYCHOLOGY OF ADDICTIVE BEHAVIORS 2019; 34:382-391. [PMID: 31750700 DOI: 10.1037/adb0000531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The focus of the current investigation is to examine the temporal relationship of gambling onset and alcohol, tobacco, and cannabis initiation in adolescents and young adults (M age = 20.3 years) by examining the prevalence and pattern of onset for each substance and gambling pairing and the associated risk between gambling and each substance use. Data were drawn from the multiwave Missouri Family Study (n = 1,349) of African American (AA; n = 450) and White families (n = 317) enriched for risk for alcohol use disorder and includes those who were assessed for gambling behaviors and problems: AA (360 males, 390 females) and White (287 males, 312 females). Findings indicated racial differences in the overall prevalence of gambling behaviors and substance use as well as patterns of initiation-particularly within gambling/alcohol and gambling/tobacco for males. Survival models revealed some similarities as well as differences across race and gender groups in associations of gambling with initiation of substances, as well as substances with initiation of gambling. Alcohol use (AA males only) and cannabis use (AA males and White females) elevated the hazards of initiating gambling. In contrast, gambling significantly elevated the hazards of initiation alcohol across 3 of 4 groups and of cannabis use in AA males only. The results highlight some overlapping as well as distinct risk factors for both gambling and substance use initiation in this cohort enriched for vulnerability to alcohol use disorder (AUD). These findings have implications for integrating gambling prevention into existing substance use prevention and intervention efforts-particularly but not exclusively for young AA males. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Manik Ahuja
- Department of Health Services Management and Policy
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Yokomitsu K, Sakai T, Irie T, Tayama J, Furukawa H, Himachi M, Kanazawa J, Koda M, Kunisato Y, Matsuoka H, Takada T, Takahashi F, Takahashi T, Osawa K. Gambling symptoms, behaviors, and cognitive distortions in Japanese university students. SUBSTANCE ABUSE TREATMENT PREVENTION AND POLICY 2019; 14:51. [PMID: 31722743 PMCID: PMC6854769 DOI: 10.1186/s13011-019-0230-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study was conducted to investigate the relationship between symptoms of gambling problems, gambling behaviours, and cognitive distortions among a university student population in Japan ages 20 to 29 years. We aimed to address the gap in knowledge of gambling disorders and treatment for this population. METHODS Data were obtained from 1471 Japanese undergraduate students from 19 universities in Japan. Descriptive statistics and hierarchical multivariate regression analysis were used to investigate whether the factors of gambling cognitive distortions would have predictive effects on gambling disorder symptoms. RESULTS Results indicated that 5.1% of the participants are classifiable as probable disordered gamblers. The bias of the gambling type to pachinko and pachislot was unique to gamblers in Japan. Of the students sampled, 342 self-reported gambling symptoms via the South Oaks Gambling Screen. Hierarchical multivariate regression analysis indicated that one domain of gambling cognitive distortions was associated significantly with gambling symptoms among the 342 symptomatic participants: gambling expectancy (β = 0.19, p < .05). The multivariate model explained 47% of the variance in the gambling symptoms. CONCLUSION This study successfully contributed to the sparse research on university student gambling in Japan. Specifically, our results indicated a statistically significant relationship between gambling cognitive distortions and gambling disorder symptoms. These results can inform the development of preventive education and treatment for university students with gambling disorder in Japan. The report also describes needs for future research of university students with gambling disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kengo Yokomitsu
- Ritsumeikan University, 2-150 Iwakura-cho, Ibaraki, Osaka, 567-8570, Japan.
| | - Takanobu Sakai
- Konan Women's University, 6-2-23 Morikita-machi, Higashinada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 658-0001, Japan
| | - Tomonari Irie
- Hokusho University, 23 Bunkyodai, Ebetsu, Hokkaido, 069-8511, Japan
| | - Jun Tayama
- Waseda University, 2-579-15 Mikajima, Tokorozawa, Saitama, 359-1164, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Furukawa
- Naruto University of Education, 748 Nakashima, Takashima, Naruto-cho, Naruto, Tokushima, 772-8502, Japan
| | - Mika Himachi
- Tokai Gakuen University, 2-901 Nakahira, Tenpaku-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 468-8514, Japan
| | - Junichiro Kanazawa
- Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, 1757 Kanazawa, Tobetsu-cho, Ishikari-gun, Hokkaido, 061-0293, Japan
| | - Munenaga Koda
- Tokushima University, 1-1 Minamijosanjimacho, Tokushima, 770-8502, Japan
| | - Yoshihiko Kunisato
- Senshu Univiersity, 2-1-1 Higashimita, Tama-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 214-8580, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Matsuoka
- Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, 1757 Kanazawa, Tobetsu-cho, Ishikari-gun, Hokkaido, 061-0293, Japan
| | - Takuhiro Takada
- Tokai Gakuen University, 2-901 Nakahira, Tenpaku-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 468-8514, Japan
| | | | - Takahito Takahashi
- University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuenkibanadai-nishi, Miyazaki, 889-2192, Japan
| | - Kaori Osawa
- Konan University, 8-9-1 Okamoto, Higashinada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 658-8501, Japan
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Buja A, Mortali C, Mastrobattista L, Minutillo A, Pichini S, Genetti B, Vian P, Andreotti A, Grotto G, Baldo V, Pacifici R. Pathways connecting socioeconomic variables, substance abuse and gambling behaviour: a cross-sectional study on a sample of Italian high-school students. BMJ Open 2019; 9:e031737. [PMID: 31719086 PMCID: PMC6858210 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2019-031737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to elucidate the pathway of associations linking gambling, alcohol intake, smoking habit, cannabis consumption between each other and with demographic and socioeconomic variables. SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS A survey was conducted in 2017 on a representative sample of 15 602 Italian 14-year-olds to 17-year-olds attending 201 secondary schools. OUTCOME MEASURES Structural Equation Models analysis was used to assess the pathway between gambling, alcohol intake, smoking, cannabis consumption, demographics and socioeconomic factors. RESULTS Irrespective of socioeconomic or demographic variables, gambling is positively associated with alcohol and cannabis consumption, while cannabis consumption is predicted by smoking and by alcohol intake, smoking is predicted by alcohol intake. Adolescents with a higher weekly income are more at risk of gambling, drinking alcohol and smoking, while the degree of economic dissatisfaction was positively associated with alcohol intake, cannabis consumption and smoking. Maternal employment appeared to be positively associated with adolescents' smoking, alcohol intake and cannabis consumption. CONCLUSIONS This is one of the first studies to shed light on the pathways of associations connecting various health-risk behaviours among adolescents with demographic and socioeconomic factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Buja
- Department of Cardiological, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padua, Padova, Italy
| | - Claudia Mortali
- Centro Nazionale Dipendenze e Doping, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Roma, Italy
| | | | - Adele Minutillo
- Centro Nazionale Dipendenze e Doping, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Roma, Italy
| | - Simona Pichini
- Centro Nazionale Dipendenze e Doping, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Roma, Italy
| | - Bruno Genetti
- Explora Center for Research and Statistical Analysis, Vigodarzere, Italy
| | - Paolo Vian
- Explora Center for Research and Statistical Analysis, Vigodarzere, Italy
| | | | - Giulia Grotto
- Department of Cardiological, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padua, Padova, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Baldo
- Department of Cardiological, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padua, Padova, Italy
| | - Roberta Pacifici
- Centro Nazionale Dipendenze e Doping, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Roma, Italy
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Andrie EK, Tzavara CK, Tzavela E, Richardson C, Greydanus D, Tsolia M, Tsitsika AK. Gambling involvement and problem gambling correlates among European adolescents: results from the European Network for Addictive Behavior study. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2019; 54:1429-1441. [PMID: 31062040 DOI: 10.1007/s00127-019-01706-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Worldwide, concern has grown over the expansion of gambling among adolescents, who have an increased likelihood of developing risk-taking behaviors. This study aimed to increase knowledge of problem gambling among adolescents in seven European countries and to assess the effect of demographic and lifestyle factors recorded in the European Network for Addictive Behavior survey (https://www.eunetadb.eu). METHODS A cross-sectional school-based study (n = 13,284) was conducted in Germany, Greece, Iceland, The Netherlands, Poland, Romania and Spain. Anonymous self-completed questionnaires included socio-demographic data, internet usage characteristics, school achievement, parental control, the Internet Addiction Test, the South Oaks Gambling Screen-Revised for Adolescents Test and Achenbach's Youth Self-Report. RESULTS 12.5% of the participants reported last year gambling activities either online or offline. 3.6% of the study participants and 28.1% of gamblers (either online or offline) were at risk or had a gambling problem. The study results showed that a higher proportion of adolescents was either at risk or had a gambling problem among males, in the older age group, when the parental educational level was lower/middle, and in the absence of siblings. Furthermore, being at risk or having a gambling problem was associated with lower age at first use of the internet, lower school grades, using the internet 6-7 days per week, and problematic internet use. At risk or problem gamblers had higher scores on all scales of problem behavior and lower scores (lower competence) on activities and academic performance. CONCLUSIONS Our findings underline the need for better gambling legislation and suggest the importance of developing social responsibility tools that may help diminish adolescent gambling involvement, with special attention to males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth K Andrie
- Adolescent Health Unit, Second Department of Pediatrics, P. and A. Kyriakou Children's Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Leoforos Mesogeion 24, 11527, Athens, Greece
| | - Chara K Tzavara
- Adolescent Health Unit, Second Department of Pediatrics, P. and A. Kyriakou Children's Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Leoforos Mesogeion 24, 11527, Athens, Greece
| | - Eleni Tzavela
- Adolescent Health Unit, Second Department of Pediatrics, P. and A. Kyriakou Children's Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Leoforos Mesogeion 24, 11527, Athens, Greece
| | - Clive Richardson
- Panteion University of Social and Political Sciences, 136, Sygrou Avenue, 17671, Athens, Greece
| | - Donald Greydanus
- Department of Pediatrics School of Medicine, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI, USA
| | - Maria Tsolia
- Second Department of Pediatrics, P. and A. Kyriakou Children's Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Thivon and Livadeias, 11527, Athens, Greece
| | - Artemis K Tsitsika
- Adolescent Health Unit, Second Department of Pediatrics, P. and A. Kyriakou Children's Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Leoforos Mesogeion 24, 11527, Athens, Greece.
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