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Zhou J, Wang CP, Li J, Zhang HL, He CX. Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis associated with immune checkpoint inhibitors: a systematic review. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1414136. [PMID: 39072330 PMCID: PMC11272453 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1414136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS) and toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) are rare yet life-threatening adverse events associated with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). This systematic review synthesizes the current literature to elucidate the clinical characteristics and outcomes of patients with ICI-related SJS/TEN. Methods We conducted a thorough search across databases including Embase, Web of Science, Cochrane, MEDLINE, Scopus, and PubMed. Selection criteria focused on reports of SJS/TEN among cancer patients treated with ICIs, analyzing clinical manifestations, therapeutic interventions, and outcomes. Results Our analysis included 47 articles involving 50 patients with ICI-related SJS/TEN. The cohort had a mean age of 63 years, with a slight male predominance (54%). Most patients had melanoma or non-small cell lung cancer. SJS/TEN typically occurred early, with a median onset of 23 days post-ICI initiation. Treatment primarily involved systemic corticosteroids and intravenous immunoglobulins. The overall mortality rate was 20%, higher for TEN at 32%, with infections and tumor progression as leading causes. Median time from onset to death was 28 days. Survivors experienced a median re-epithelization time of 30 days, positively correlated with the extent of epidermal detachment (rs = 0.639, p = 0.009). Deceased patients exhibited a significantly higher proportion of TEN (90% vs. 48%, p = 0.029) and a larger epidermal detachment area (90% vs. 30% of the body surface area [BSA], p = 0.005) compared to survivors. The combination therapy group showed a higher proportion of TEN compared to corticosteroid monotherapy or non-corticosteroid therapy groups (72% vs. 29% and 50%, p = 0.01), with no significant differences in mortality or re-epithelization time. Dual ICI therapy resulted in a higher TEN rate than single therapy (100% vs. 50%, p = 0.028). Among single ICI therapies, the sintilimab-treated group trended towards a higher TEN rate (75% vs. 40-50%, p = 0.417), a larger detachment area (90% vs. 30-48% of BSA, p = 0.172), and a longer re-epithelization time (44 vs. 14-28 days, p = 0.036) compared to other ICI groups, while mortality rates remained similar. Conclusion ICI-related SJS/TEN substantially impacts patient outcomes. Prospective clinical trials are critically needed to further clarify the pathogenesis and optimize therapeutic regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Zhou
- Department of Dermatology, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, National Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic and Immunologic Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Chuan-Peng Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Dermatology, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, National Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic and Immunologic Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Han-Lin Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, National Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic and Immunologic Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Chun-Xia He
- Department of Dermatology, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, National Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic and Immunologic Diseases, Beijing, China
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van Nispen C, Long B, Koyfman A. High risk and low prevalence diseases: Stevens Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis. Am J Emerg Med 2024; 81:16-22. [PMID: 38631147 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajem.2024.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Stevens Johnson syndrome (SJS) and toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) are serious conditions that carry a high rate of morbidity and mortality. OBJECTIVE This review highlights the pearls and pitfalls of SJS/TEN, including presentation, diagnosis, and management in the emergency department (ED) based on current evidence. DISCUSSION SJS/TEN is a rare, delayed hypersensitivity reaction resulting in de-epithelialization of the skin and mucous membranes. The majority of cases are associated with medication or infection. Clinicians should consider SJS/TEN in any patient presenting with a blistering mucocutaneous eruption. Evaluation of the skin, mucosal, pulmonary, renal, genital, and ocular systems are essential in the diagnosis of SJS/TEN, as well as in the identification of complications (e.g., sepsis). Laboratory and radiological testing cannot confirm the diagnosis in the ED setting, but they may assist in the identification of complications. ED management includes stabilization of airway and breathing, fluid resuscitation, and treatment of any superimposed infections with broad-spectrum antibiotic therapy. All patients with suspected SJS/TEN should be transferred and admitted to a center with burn surgery, critical care, dermatology, and broad specialist availability. CONCLUSIONS An understanding of SJS/TEN can assist emergency clinicians in diagnosing and managing this potentially deadly disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiaan van Nispen
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Brooke Army Medical Center, Fort Sam Houston, TX, United States of America.
| | - Brit Long
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Brooke Army Medical Center, Fort Sam Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Alex Koyfman
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States of America
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Stewart TJ, Farrell J, Frew JW. A systematic review of case-control studies of cytokines in blister fluid and skin tissue of patients with Stevens Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis. Australas J Dermatol 2024. [PMID: 38831709 DOI: 10.1111/ajd.14329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Revised: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
Stevens Johnson syndrome (SJS) and toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) are severe cutaneous adverse reactions characterised by keratinocyte apoptosis, necroptosis and epidermal detachment. Several cytokines and cytotoxic proteins have been shown to be elevated in the blood and skin of SJS/TEN sufferers and biologics such as intravenous immune globulin and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha inhibitors have demonstrated good therapeutic potential. The exact pathogenic model of SJS/TEN however remains elusive. This systematic review aimed to evaluate the case-control studies of cytokines and cytotoxic proteins in the blister fluid and skin of adults with Stevens Johnson syndrome and/or toxic epidermal necrolysis. This review was registered with INPLASY and conducted in accordance with the PRISMA reporting guidelines. Potential bias was assessed using the NIH criteria. Eleven articles describing results from 96 cases and 170 controls were included. Fas, Fas ligand, Interleukin (IL)-8 and B-cell lymphoma (Bcl)-2 were elevated in SJS/TEN blister fluid and skin tissue, compared with healthy controls. IL-2, IL-6, TNF-alpha, tumour necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL), interferon-gamma and matrix metalloproteinase-2 were elevated in SJS/TEN blister fluid compared with fluid sampled from lesional controls. Granulysin, IL-33, TGF-beta-1 and IL-13 were elevated in SJS/TEN skin tissue compared with lesional lichen planus tissue, as was IL-13, IFN-gamma, IL-2 and IL-5, when compared with erythema multiforme tissue. A wide array of cytokines and cytotoxic proteins are present at higher concentrations in the blister fluid and skin tissue of SJS/TEN patients compared with healthy and lesional controls. Our findings suggest that these proteins may be pathogenic, as well as possibly markers for diagnosis, disease severity and course. They may also prove to be useful therapeutic targets. More research is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Jonathan Stewart
- Department of Dermatology, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Joshua Farrell
- Department of Dermatology, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, New South Wales, Australia
| | - John Walter Frew
- School of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Department of Dermatology, Liverpool Hospital, Liverpool, New South Wales, Australia
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Hung SI, Mockenhaupt M, Blumenthal KG, Abe R, Ueta M, Ingen-Housz-Oro S, Phillips EJ, Chung WH. Severe cutaneous adverse reactions. Nat Rev Dis Primers 2024; 10:30. [PMID: 38664435 DOI: 10.1038/s41572-024-00514-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
Severe cutaneous adverse reactions (SCARs), which include Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis, drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (also known as drug-induced hypersensitivity syndrome), acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis, and generalized bullous fixed drug eruption, are life-threatening conditions. The pathogenesis of SCARs involves T cell receptors recognizing drug antigens presented by human leukocyte antigens, triggering the activation of distinct T cell subsets. These cells interact with keratinocytes and various immune cells, orchestrating cutaneous lesions and systemic manifestations. Genetic predisposition, impaired drug metabolism, viral reactivation or infections, and heterologous immunity influence SCAR development and clinical presentation. Specific genetic associations with distinct SCAR phenotypes have been identified, leading to the implementation of genetic screening before prescription in various countries to prevent SCARs. Whilst systemic corticosteroids and conventional immunomodulators have been the primary therapeutic agents, evolving strategies, including biologics and small molecules targeting tumour necrosis factor, different cytokines, or Janus kinase signalling pathways, signify a shift towards a precision management paradigm that considers individual clinical presentations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuen-Iu Hung
- Cancer Vaccine and Immune Cell Therapy Core Laboratory, Department of Medical Research, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Branch, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Department and Institute of Pharmacology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Maja Mockenhaupt
- Dokumentationszentrum schwerer Hautreaktionen (dZh), Department of Dermatology, Medical Center and Medical Faculty, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Kimberly G Blumenthal
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Riichiro Abe
- Division of Dermatology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Mayumi Ueta
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Saskia Ingen-Housz-Oro
- Dermatology Department, AP-HP, Henri Mondor Hospital, Reference Centre for Toxic Bullous Diseases and Severe Drug Reactions TOXIBUL, Université Paris Est Créteil EpiDermE, Créteil, France
| | - Elizabeth J Phillips
- Center for Drug Safety and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Wen-Hung Chung
- Department of Dermatology, Drug Hypersensitivity Clinical and Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taipei/Linkou branches, and Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
- Department of Dermatology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Xiamen branch, Xiamen, China.
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Lin M, Gong T, Ruan S, Lv X, Chen R, Su X, Cheng B, Ji C. Emerging Insights into Stevens-Johnson Syndrome and Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis Induced by Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor and Tumor-Targeted Therapy. J Inflamm Res 2024; 17:2337-2351. [PMID: 38645875 PMCID: PMC11032673 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s454673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective Anticancer drugs have revolutionized tumor therapy, with cutaneous toxicities such as Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS) and toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) being common immune-related adverse events. The debate over the efficacy of systemic corticosteroids in treating these conditions persists, while tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha inhibitors show promise. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of combination therapy involving the TNF-α inhibitor adalimumab for SJS/TEN induced by anticancer drugs. Methods A literature review of SJS/TEN cases induced by anticancer drugs from 1992 to 2023 was conducted, alongside an analysis of patients admitted to the First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University during the same period. Clinical characteristics, skin healing time, mortality, and adverse events were evaluated in two treatment groups: SJS/TEN patients treated with targeted anticancer therapies and immunotherapies. Results Among the 27 patients studied (18 with SJS or SJS-TEN overlapping and 9 with TEN), combination therapy with adalimumab significantly reduced mucocutaneous reepithelization time and healing duration compared to corticosteroid monotherapy. Patients receiving adalimumab combined with corticosteroids had lower actual mortality rates than those on corticosteroid monotherapy. The combination therapy also showed a trend towards reducing standardized mortality rates based on the Score of Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis (SCORTEN). Conclusion The findings suggest that adalimumab in combination with corticosteroids provides significant clinical benefits and is safer than corticosteroids alone for treating SJS/TEN induced by targeted anticancer therapies and immunotherapies. This study contributes valuable insights into potential treatment strategies for severe cutaneous adverse reactions to anticancer drugs, highlighting the importance of exploring alternative therapies such as TNF-α inhibitors in managing these conditions effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Lin
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ting Gong
- Department of Central Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shifan Ruan
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaoqing Lv
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Rongying Chen
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xinhong Su
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bo Cheng
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chao Ji
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350000, People’s Republic of China
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Zhu X, Luo G, Zheng L. Update on HLA-B*15:02 allele associated with adverse drug reactions. Pharmacogenomics 2024; 25:97-111. [PMID: 38305022 DOI: 10.2217/pgs-2023-0173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
HLA alleles, part of the major histocompatibility complex, are strongly associated with adverse drug reactions (ADRs). This review focuses on HLA-B*15:02 and explores its association with ADRs in various ethnic populations and with different drugs, aiming to provide insights into the safe clinical use of drugs and minimize the occurrence of ADRs. Furthermore, the review explores the potential mechanisms by which HLA-B*15:02 may be associated with ADRs, aiming to gain new insights into drug modification and identification of haptens. In addition, it analyzes the frequency of the HLA-B*15:02, genotyping methods, cost-effectiveness and treatment measures for adverse reactions, thereby providing a theoretical basis for formulating clinical treatment plans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueting Zhu
- Clinical Medical Research Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, China
| | - Guanghua Luo
- Clinical Medical Research Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, China
| | - Lu Zheng
- Clinical Medical Research Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, China
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Martinez JD, Cardenas JA, Soria M, Saenz LM, Estrada K, Delgado SM, Ionescu MA, Busila C, Tatu AL. Role of Silver Nitrate Spray for Skin Wound Care in Patients with Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis: Our Experience in 4 Patients. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:2341. [PMID: 38137943 PMCID: PMC10744695 DOI: 10.3390/life13122341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS) and toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) are examples of severe cutaneous adverse reactions to drugs (SCARs) with several international recommendations for global medical management, ranging from pharmacological systemic therapy to skin wound care. There is no defined best management of the skin wounds in SJS/TEN. The care of wounds is essential to initiate re-epithelialization. Our objective is to improve the cicatrization process, avoiding scarring due to deepening of the wounds, as well as prevent infections, achieve pain control, and avoid loss of serum proteins, fluids, and electrolytes. In this retrospective case series, we highlight the value of systemic therapy and the use of silver nitrate for wound management in four patients with TEN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Dario Martinez
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital José Eleuterio González, University Autonomous of Nuevo León, Monterrey 66455, Mexico
| | - Jesus Alberto Cardenas
- Department of Rheumatology, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital José Eleuterio González, University Autonomous of Nuevo León, Monterrey 66455, Mexico;
| | - Manuel Soria
- Dermatology Department, Hospital Civil, Guadalajara 44630, Mexico;
| | - Luis Manuel Saenz
- Medical Students, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital José Eleuterio González, University Autonomous of Nuevo León, Monterrey 64460, Mexico; (L.M.S.); (K.E.); (S.M.D.)
| | - Kattya Estrada
- Medical Students, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital José Eleuterio González, University Autonomous of Nuevo León, Monterrey 64460, Mexico; (L.M.S.); (K.E.); (S.M.D.)
| | - Sergio Maximo Delgado
- Medical Students, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital José Eleuterio González, University Autonomous of Nuevo León, Monterrey 64460, Mexico; (L.M.S.); (K.E.); (S.M.D.)
| | - Marius-Anton Ionescu
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Saint Louis, 75010 Paris, France;
| | - Camelia Busila
- “Sf. Ioan” Emergency Clinical Paediatric Hospital, 800179 Galati, Romania
- Clinical Medical Department, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, “Dunarea de Jos” University, 800008 Galati, Romania;
| | - Alin Laurentiu Tatu
- Clinical Medical Department, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, “Dunarea de Jos” University, 800008 Galati, Romania;
- Dermatology Department, “SfantaCuvioasaParascheva” Hospital of Infectious Diseases, 800179 Galati, Romania
- Multidisciplinary Integrated Center of Dermatological Interface Research MIC-DIR (Centrul Integrat Multidisciplinar de Cercetare de InterfataDermatologica—CIM-CID), “Dunărea de Jos” University, 800201 Galati, Romania
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Pineider J, Oza VS, Cipriano SD. Evolving trends in inpatient paediatric dermatology. Curr Opin Pediatr 2023; 35:460-466. [PMID: 37097288 DOI: 10.1097/mop.0000000000001258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review provides updates in the evaluation and management of key dermatologic diseases encountered in the hospitalized child. RECENT FINDINGS Our understanding of dermatologic disorders in children continues to evolve. Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome (SSSS) is a potentially severe blistering disorder typically seen in children under the age of 4 with an incidence that is increasing in the United States. Recent research has highlighted that the majority of cases are due to methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) and most patients can be adequately managed with beta-lactams. Toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) is one of the most feared dermatologic disorders. Currently, there is a lack of consensus on the most efficacious first-line systemic therapy. Etanercept is increasingly being used based on studies showing a shorter time to re-epithelization and decreased mortality. Lastly, the COVID-19 pandemic introduced the novel inflammatory condition multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) in which approximately three out of four children present with a mucocutaneous eruption. Early recognition of the dermatologic features of MIS-C is important in potentially establishing a diagnosis and differentiating it from the many other causes of childhood fever and rash. SUMMARY There are no clear universal treatment guidelines for these rare diagnoses, and therefore, clinicians must remain informed of the latest findings in diagnosis and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Pineider
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Vikash S Oza
- The Ronald O. Perelman Department of Dermatology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Sarah D Cipriano
- Department of Dermatology, University of Utah Health, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
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Nikitina EA, Fomina DS, Markina UA, Andreev SS, Streltsov YV, Kruglova TS, Lebedkina MS, Karaulov AV, Lysenko MA. Positive experience with TNF-α inhibitor in toxic epidermal necrolysis resistant to high-dose systemic corticosteroids. Front Med (Lausanne) 2023; 10:1210026. [PMID: 37554504 PMCID: PMC10404849 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1210026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS) and toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) are rare, potentially life-threatening syndromes characterized by the development of necrotic epidermal and mucosal lesions. The most common etiologic cause of SJS/TEN is drug-induced mechanisms. The group of drugs with high potential risk includes sulfonamides, anticonvulsants, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), allopurinol, phenobarbital, etc. There is no gold standard treatment algorithm for SJS/TEN. In medical practice, systemic glucocorticosteroids (sGCS), intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG), plasmapheresis, and cyclosporine are used empirically and in various combinations. Recently published studies have demonstrated the efficacy of TNF-α inhibitors as a promising approach in SJS/TEN, including cases resistant to high-dose sGCS, with etanercept and infliximab being the most commonly used drugs. In a large multicenter study by Zhang J et al. (XXXX), 242 patients treated with etanercept, sGCS, or a combination of both had lower mortality compared to the control group. A shorter skin healing time was documented compared to sGCS monotherapy, thus reducing the risk of secondary infections. The published data show a high efficacy with THF-α inhibitor blockade, but the safety of TNF-α inhibitors in patients with SJS/TEN is still questionable due to the paucity of available information. As all clinical research data should be accumulated to provide reliable evidence that the use of TNF-α inhibitors may be beneficial in SJS/TEN, we report a case of etoricoxib-associated SJS with progression to TEN in a 50-year-old woman who was refractory to high-dose sGCS therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina A. Nikitina
- City Clinical Hospital No. 52, Moscow, Russia
- The First Sechenov Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia
| | - Daria S. Fomina
- City Clinical Hospital No. 52, Moscow, Russia
- The First Sechenov Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Alexander V. Karaulov
- The First Sechenov Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia
| | - Maryana A. Lysenko
- City Clinical Hospital No. 52, Moscow, Russia
- Department of General Therapy, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia
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Gong T, Zhang P, Ruan SF, Xiao Z, Chen W, Lin M, Zhong Q, Luo R, Xu Q, Peng J, Cheng B, Chen F, Chen L, Chung WH, Ji C. APOA4 as a novel predictor of prognosis in Stevens-Johnson syndrome/toxic epidermal necrolysis: A proteomics analysis from two prospective cohorts. J Am Acad Dermatol 2023; 89:45-52. [PMID: 36963506 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2023.02.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 02/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS) and toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) are rare but life-threatening adverse drug reactions. Conventional systemic therapies are of limited efficacy and often exhibit strong side effects. OBJECTIVE To assess the efficacy and safety of the combination treatment with a tumor necrosis factor-α antagonist adalimumab and delineate the underlying mechanisms. METHODS We evaluated the efficacy and safety of the combination therapy with adalimumab by comparing 2 treatment cohorts of SJS/TEN patients. Patient plasma samples were collected for proteomics analysis. RESULTS The combination therapy with adalimumab significantly shortened the time to mucocutaneous re-epithelization and healing, with reduced side effects caused by corticosteroids. Plasma proteomic profiling showed that apolipoprotein A-IV (APOA4) was one of the most significant differentially expressed proteins. Multivariate regression analysis revealed that APOA4 level was significantly associated with prognosis parameter of SJS/TEN (P = .004), but not with disease severity score (severity-of-illness score for toxic epidermal necrolysis [SCORTEN]) (P = .118). Thus further research will be helpful to effectively incorporate APOA4 into current SCORTEN-driven protocols. LIMITATIONS The cohort size is relatively small. Both cohorts had low overall SCORTEN scores. CONCLUSION Adalimumab in combination with corticosteroids demonstrates significant clinical benefits over corticosteroids alone in SJS/TEN patients. Moreover, APOA4 may serve as a novel prognostic marker of SJS/TEN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Gong
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China; Central Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Shi-Fan Ruan
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Zhixun Xiao
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Wen Chen
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Min Lin
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Qingmei Zhong
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Renwei Luo
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Qiuyun Xu
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Jiamei Peng
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Bo Cheng
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Fa Chen
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Lihong Chen
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Wen-Hung Chung
- Department of Dermatology, Drug Hypersensitivity Clinical and Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taipei, and Keelung, Taiwan.
| | - Chao Ji
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China; Key Laboratory of Skin Cancer of Fujian Higher Education Institutions, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China.
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Cao J, Zhang X, Xing X, Fan J. Biologic TNF-α Inhibitors for Stevens-Johnson Syndrome, Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis, and TEN-SJS Overlap: A Study-Level and Patient-Level Meta-Analysis. Dermatol Ther (Heidelb) 2023:10.1007/s13555-023-00928-w. [PMID: 37178320 DOI: 10.1007/s13555-023-00928-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS) and toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) are severe cutaneous adverse reactions with high morbidity and mortality and not clearly established treatment protocol. This meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of three biologic TNF-α inhibitors (infliximab, etanercept, adalimumab) in the treatment of SJS, SJS-TEN overlap, and TEN. METHODS Electronic databases were searched for original studies containing human participants diagnosed with SJS/TEN and treated with biologic TNF-α inhibitors. Individual patient data were collected and summarized to provide a comprehensive overview on therapeutic efficacy of different biologic TNF-α inhibitors for SJS, SJS-TEN overlap, and TEN, respectively. Meta-analyses on aggregated study data were conducted using random-effects model. RESULTS Overall, 55 studies with 125 sets of individual patient data were included. Infliximab was used to treat 3 patients with SJS-TEN overlap and 28 patients with TEN, and the actual mortality rate was 33.3% and 17%, respectively. Etanercept was administered to 17 patients with SJS, 9 patients with SJS-TEN overlap, and 64 patients with TEN, and mortality rate was reported to be 0%, 0%, and 12.5%, respectively. For participants with TEN, no significant difference was found in time of reepithelialization, hospitalization time, and mortality rate comparing etanercept with infliximab. More sequelae were reported in patients receiving infliximab than in patients treated with etanercept (39.3% versus 6.4%). Adalimumab was administered to four patients with TEN, and mortality rate was 25%. Meta-analyses on aggregated study data revealed significantly shortened hospitalization time in etanercept compared with non-etanercept groups [weighted mean differences (WMD) -5.30; 95% confidence interval (CI) -8.65 to -1.96]. Etanercept was associated with a survival benefit for patients when compared with non-etanercept treatment, however, the analysis was not statistically significant (odds ratio 0.55; 95% CI 0.23-1.33). CONCLUSIONS On the basis of the current findings, etanercept is currently the most promising biologic therapy for SJS/TEN. Further evaluation in prospective studies is required to confirm its efficacy and safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiali Cao
- Department of Dermatology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 8 Gongti South Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100020, China.
| | - Xuan Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 8 Gongti South Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100020, China
| | - Xinzhu Xing
- Department of Dermatology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 8 Gongti South Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100020, China
| | - Jie Fan
- Medical Department, Shunyi Maternal and Children's Hospital of Beijing Children's Hospital, Beijing, 101300, China
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12
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Gibson A, Deshpande P, Campbell CN, Krantz MS, Mukherjee E, Mockenhaupt M, Pirmohamed M, Palubinsky AM, Phillips EJ. Updates on the immunopathology and genomics of severe cutaneous adverse drug reactions. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2023; 151:289-300.e4. [PMID: 36740326 PMCID: PMC9976545 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2022.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Severe cutaneous adverse reactions (SCARs) such as Stevens-Johnson syndrome, toxic epidermal necrolysis (SJS/TEN), and drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS)/drug-induced hypersensitivity syndrome (DIHS) cause significant morbidity and mortality and impede new drug development. HLA class I associations with SJS/TEN and drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms/drug-induced hypersensitivity syndrome have aided preventive efforts and provided insights into immunopathogenesis. In SJS/TEN, HLA class I-restricted oligoclonal CD8+ T-cell responses occur at the tissue level. However, specific HLA risk allele(s) and antigens driving this response have not been identified for most drugs. HLA risk alleles also have incomplete positive and negative predictive values, making truly comprehensive screening currently challenging. Although, there have been key paradigm shifts in knowledge regarding drug hypersensitivity, there are still many open and unanswered questions about SCAR immunopathogenesis, as well as genetic and environmental risk. In addition to understanding the cellular and molecular basis of SCAR at the single-cell level, identification of the MHC-restricted drug-reactive self- or viral peptides driving the hypersensitivity reaction will also be critical to advancing premarketing strategies to predict risk at an individual and drug level. This will also enable identification of biologic markers for earlier diagnosis and accurate prognosis, as well as drug causality and targeted therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Gibson
- Institute for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Australia
| | - Pooja Deshpande
- Institute for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Australia
| | - Chelsea N Campbell
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tenn
| | - Matthew S Krantz
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tenn
| | - Eric Mukherjee
- Department of Dermatology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tenn
| | - Maja Mockenhaupt
- Dokumentationszentrum schwerer Hautreaktionen Department of Dermatologie, Medical Center and Medical Faculty, University of Freiburg, Freiberg, Germany
| | - Munir Pirmohamed
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Amy M Palubinsky
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tenn
| | - Elizabeth J Phillips
- Institute for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Australia; Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tenn; Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tenn; Department of Dermatology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tenn.
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13
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Zhang Z, Yu K, Jiang Z, Liu O, Wan C, Wu H, Cao X. Clinical value of the prognostic nutritional index and red blood cell distribution width‐to‐albumin ratio for the prediction of severity of and mortality associated with Stevens–Johnson syndrome/toxic epidermal necrolysis. J Dermatol 2022; 50:518-524. [PMID: 36478458 DOI: 10.1111/1346-8138.16661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The prognostic nutritional index (PNI) and red blood cell distribution width-to-albumin ratio (RAR) are considered to be related to the prognosis of disease severity. However, the role of these biomarkers in predicting Stevens-Johnson syndrome/toxic epidermal necrolysis (SJS/TEN) severity and mortality is unclear. The aim of the current study was to investigate the association of PNI and RAR with severity and mortality in individuals with SJS/TEN. Clinical data were retrospectively collected from 74 individuals with SJS/TEN and 74 healthy individuals, who were matched for age and sex during the same period. PNI, RAR, and other indicators were compared between individuals with SJS/TEN and healthy controls. The association of PNI and RAR with SJS/TEN severity was assessed using Spearman or Pearson correlation analyses. Individuals with SJS/TEN were categorized into two groups, either survivors or nonsurvivors. The correlation between PNI, RAR, and SJS/TEN mortality was analyzed using univariate and multivariate logistic regression. The predictive value of the previously mentioned indicators on the mortality of patients with SJS/TEN was assessed using receiver operating characteristic curve analysis. The RAR level of patients with SJS/TEN was greater than that of the control group (p < 0.05), whereas PNI was lower. In compliance with correlation analysis, RAR was positively correlated with SCORTEN (Score of Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis) and ABCD-10 (age, bicarbonate, cancer, dialysis, 10% body surface area) (p < 0.05), and PNI was negatively correlated (p < 0.05). RAR is a risk factor for death in patients with SJS/TEN, but an elevated PNI level is a protective factor for mortality. The best cutoff values of PNI and RAR for predicting death in patients with SJS/TEN were 31.375 (sensitivity, 84.7%; specificity, 80%) and 0.486 (sensitivity, 73.3%; specificity, 84.7%). These results underscore the potential clinical value of PNI and RAR as appropriate and meaningful biomarkers to assess the severity of SJS/TEN and the mortality associated with it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhibin Zhang
- Department of Dermatology The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University Nanchang China
| | - Kaihui Yu
- Health Management Center The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University Nanchang China
| | - Zhenyu Jiang
- Department of Burn The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University Nanchang China
| | - Ougen Liu
- Department of Dermatology The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University Nanchang China
| | - Chuan Wan
- Department of Dermatology The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University Nanchang China
| | - Hongxuan Wu
- Department of Dermatology The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University Nanchang China
| | - Xianwei Cao
- Department of Dermatology The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University Nanchang China
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14
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Choi R, Garritano J, Laird M, Johnston M, Tkachenko E, Damsky W, Little AJ, McNiff J, Girardi M, Nelson CA. Treatment of toxic epidermal necrolysis and concurrent COVID-19-associated hyperinflammatory syndrome with systemic corticosteroids and etanercept. JAAD Case Rep 2022; 29:139-141. [PMID: 36160836 PMCID: PMC9485430 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdcr.2022.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Choi
- Department of Dermatology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - James Garritano
- Department of Dermatology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Mary Laird
- Department of Dermatology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Margaret Johnston
- Department of Dermatology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Elizabeth Tkachenko
- Department of Dermatology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - William Damsky
- Department of Dermatology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Alicia J. Little
- Department of Dermatology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Jennifer McNiff
- Department of Dermatology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Michael Girardi
- Department of Dermatology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Caroline A. Nelson
- Department of Dermatology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
- Correspondence to: Caroline A. Nelson, MD, Assistant Professor, Department of Dermatology, Director, Inpatient Dermatology, Yale University School of Medicine, 15 York St, New Haven, CT 06510.
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15
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Lehloenya RJ. Disease severity and status in Stevens–Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis: Key knowledge gaps and research needs. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:901401. [PMID: 36172538 PMCID: PMC9510751 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.901401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Stevens–Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis (SJS/TEN) are on a spectrum of cutaneous drug reactions characterized by pan-epidermal necrosis with SJS affecting < 10% of body surface area (BSA), TEN > 30%, and SJS/TEN overlap between 10 and 30%. Severity-of-illness score for toxic epidermal necrolysis (SCORTEN) is a validated tool to predict mortality rates based on age, heart rate, BSA, malignancy and serum urea, bicarbonate, and glucose. Despite improved understanding, SJS/TEN mortality remains constant and therapeutic interventions are not universally accepted for a number of reasons, including rarity of SJS/TEN; inconsistent definition of cases, disease severity, and endpoints in studies; low efficacy of interventions; and variations in treatment protocols. Apart from mortality, none of the other endpoints used to evaluate interventions, including duration of hospitalization, is sufficiently standardized to be reproducible across cases and treatment centers. Some of the gaps in SJS/TEN research can be narrowed through international collaboration to harmonize research endpoints. A case is made for an urgent international collaborative effort to develop consensus on definitions of endpoints such as disease status, progression, cessation, and complete re-epithelialization in interventional studies. The deficiencies of using BSA as the sole determinant of SJS/TEN severity, excluding internal organ involvement and extension of skin necrosis beyond the epidermis, are discussed and the role these factors play on time to healing and mortality beyond the acute stage is highlighted. The potential role of artificial intelligence, biomarkers, and PET/CT scan with radiolabeled glucose as markers of disease status, activity, and therapeutic response is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rannakoe J. Lehloenya
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Combined Drug Allergy Clinic, Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa
- *Correspondence: Rannakoe J. Lehloenya, ; orcid.org/0000-0002-1281-1789
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16
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Mukherjee EM, Phillips EJ. Where to place etanercept and combination treatment for Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis? Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2022; 129:269-270. [PMID: 35988972 PMCID: PMC9931047 DOI: 10.1016/j.anai.2022.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Eric M Mukherjee
- Department of Dermatology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee; Center for Drug Safety and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Elizabeth J Phillips
- Department of Dermatology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee; Center for Drug Safety and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee; Centre for Clinical Pharmacology and Infectious Diseases, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia.
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17
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A Review of the Systemic Treatment of Stevens–Johnson Syndrome and Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10092105. [PMID: 36140207 PMCID: PMC9495335 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10092105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Stevens–Johnson syndrome (SJS) and toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) are uncommon but life-threatening diseases mostly caused by drugs. Although various systemic immunomodulating agents have been used, their therapeutic efficacy has been inconsistent. This study aimed to provide an evidence-based review of systemic immunomodulating treatments for SJS/TEN. We reviewed 13 systematic review and meta-analysis articles published in the last 10 years. The use of systemic corticosteroids and IVIg is still controversial. An increasing number of studies have suggested the effectiveness of cyclosporine and biologic anti-TNF-α in recent years. There were also some promising results of combination treatments. Further large-scale randomized controlled trials are required to provide more definitive evidence of the effectiveness of these treatments. The pathogenesis of SJS/TEN has been elucidated in recent years and advances in the understanding of SJS/TEN may inspire the discovery of potential therapeutic targets.
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18
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Hung YT, Chang YR, Wang HN, Lee WC, Lee CF, Chen CB. Diagnostic and therapeutic dilemma in Stevens–Johnson syndrome-like acute graft-versus-host disease after liver transplantation: A case report. Front Immunol 2022; 13:917782. [PMID: 36059444 PMCID: PMC9433559 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.917782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Acute graft-versus-host disease (aGVHD) is a severe and fatal complication after orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT). Clinical manifestations of severe aGVHD can resemble drug-induced Stevens–Johnson syndrome (SJS)/toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN), and there are also various medications, such as antibiotics and immunosuppressants, used after transplantation, causing a diagnostic dilemma. Furthermore, there have been no standardized diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for OLT-aGVHD due to its rarity. Case summary A 52-year-old man presented with generalized maculopapular eruptions, fever, and pancytopenia 1 month after OLT and 4 days after taking sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim. After assessment of the scoring criteria for drug causality of drug allergy, histopathological findings of skin biopsy, lymphocyte activation test of the potential offending drug, and microchimerism study, the diagnosis was in favor of aGVHD mimicking SJS/TEN. Considering severe sepsis, the anti-tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) agent, etanercept, was used to replace tacrolimus and corticosteroid. Skin lesions resolved gradually after anti-TNF-α biologics rescue; tacrolimus and corticosteroid therapy were re-administrated after controlling sepsis. Pancytopenia recovered and the patient was discharged in a stable condition. Conclusion We demonstrated a diagnostic strategy for OLT-aGVHD. Targeting therapy with anti-TNF-α blockade and a temporary withdrawal of traditional immunosuppressants may be among effective and safe therapeutic options of OLT-aGVHD for those with severe sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Teng Hung
- Drug Hypersensitivity Clinical and Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taipei and Keelung, Taiwan
- Department of Dermatology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan
| | - Yau-Ren Chang
- Department of Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan
| | - Hsuan-Ning Wang
- Drug Hypersensitivity Clinical and Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taipei and Keelung, Taiwan
- Department of Dermatology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan
- Department of Dermatology, New Taipei Municipal TuCheng Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Chen Lee
- Department of Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan
- Department of Liver and Transplantation Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Fang Lee
- Department of Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan
- Department of Liver and Transplantation Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan
- *Correspondence: Chen-Fang Lee, ; Chun-Bing Chen,
| | - Chun-Bing Chen
- Drug Hypersensitivity Clinical and Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taipei and Keelung, Taiwan
- Department of Dermatology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Cancer Vaccine and Immune Cell Therapy Core Laboratory, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan
- Chang Gung Immunology Consortium, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
- Department of Dermatology, Xiamen Chang Gung Hospital, Xiamen, China
- Whole-Genome Research Core Laboratory of Human Diseases, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung, Taiwan
- Immune-Oncology Center of Excellence, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Genomic Medicine Core Laboratory, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
- *Correspondence: Chen-Fang Lee, ; Chun-Bing Chen,
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IL-15/IL-15Rα in SJS/TEN: Relevant Expression of IL15 and IL15RA in Affected Skin. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10081868. [PMID: 36009415 PMCID: PMC9405300 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10081868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Stevens–Johnson syndrome/toxic epidermal necrolysis (SJS/TEN) is a life-threatening hypersensitivity reaction to medications characterized by keratinocyte apoptosis and skin detachment. IL-15 serum levels have been associated with severity and prognosis of SJS/TEN. We have measured IL-15 concentrations in serum and blister fluid (BF) from patients with SJS/TEN by ELISA and used quantitative RT-PCR to analyze the expression of IL15 and IL15RA (encoding for IL-15 Receptor-α chain) genes in peripheral blood and BF cells, including isolated monocytes, and in affected skin. A positive correlation was found between IL-15 serum levels and a percent of detached skin. BF concentrations were higher, but no correlation was found. Higher IL15 and IL15RA gene expression levels were found in skin-infiltrating blister fluid cells compared to peripheral mononuclear cells. Moreover, IL15RA transcripts were barely detected in healthy skin, being the highest expression levels found in samples from two SJS/TEN patients who did not survive. The cutaneous expression of IL-15Rα in SJS/TEN may provide an explanation to the tissue-specific immune cytotoxic response in this clinical entity, and the results suggest that the effects of IL-15 in SJS/TEN patients may be dependent on the expression of its private receptor IL-15Rα in affected skin.
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