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Paranamana NC, Young MJ. Role of Surface Chemistry in Pyrrole Autoxidation. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2024; 40:6432-6444. [PMID: 38478721 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c04036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
Chemical compounds in liquid hydrocarbon fuels that contain five-membered pyrrole (Py) rings readily react with oxygen from air and polymerize through a process known as autoxidation. Autoxidation degrades the quality of fuel and leads to the formation of unwanted gum deposits in fuel storage vessels and engine components. Recent work has found that the rate of formation of these gum deposits is affected by material surfaces exposed to the fuel, but the origins of these effects are not yet understood. In this work, atomic layer deposition (ALD) is employed to grow aluminum oxide, zinc oxide, titanium dioxide, and manganese oxide films on silicon substrates to control material surface chemistry and study Py adsorption and gum nucleation on these surfaces. Quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) studies of gas-phase Py adsorption indicate 1.5-2.8 kcal/mol exergonic adsorption of Lewis basic Py onto Lewis acidic surface sites. More favorable Py adsorption onto Lewis acidic surfaces correlates with faster polypyrrole (PPy) film nucleation in vapor phase oxidative molecular deposition (oMLD) polymerization studies. Liquid-phase studies of Py autoxidation reveal primarily particulate formation, indicating a homogeneous PPy propagation step rather than a completely surface-based polymerization mechanism. The amount of PPy particulate formation is positively correlated with more acidic surfaces (lower pH-PZC values), indicating that the rate-limiting step for Py autoxidation involves Lewis acidic surface sites. These studies help to establish new mechanistic insights into the role of surface chemistry in the autoxidation of pyrrolic species. We apply this knowledge to demonstrate a polymer coating formed by vapor phase polymer deposition that slows autoxidation by 2 orders of magnitude.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikhila C Paranamana
- Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
| | - Matthias J Young
- Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
- Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
- Materials Science and Engineering Institute, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
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2
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Alostad L, Palacio Lozano DC, Gannon B, Downham RP, Jones HE, Barrow MP. Investigating the Influence of n-Heptane versus n-Nonane upon the Extraction of Asphaltenes. ENERGY & FUELS : AN AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY JOURNAL 2022; 36:8663-8673. [PMID: 36016760 PMCID: PMC9393859 DOI: 10.1021/acs.energyfuels.2c01168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The composition of asphaltenes is of interest due to the challenges they pose for industry and their high complexity, encompassing a range of heteroatom contents, molecular weights, double bond equivalents (DBEs), and structural motifs. They are well-known for aggregating above critical concentrations, hindering the upstream and downstream processes. Asphaltenes are defined by solubility, as they are insoluble in light paraffins such as n-heptane and soluble in aromatic solvents such as toluene. Today, enormous efforts are being invested into the characterization of asphaltenes to shed light into their structural profiles to benefit the petroleum industry and environmental sustainability. Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR MS) provides molecular level analysis with unparalleled mass resolving power and mass accuracy, which is vital for the characterization of inherently complex crude oils and their asphaltene fractions. The aim of this research is to elucidate and compare the compositional profiles of asphaltene fractions of two petroleum samples, fractioned through two approaches: using n-heptane, as is typical practice, and n-nonane, for the purpose of testing extraction using higher molecular weight alkanes. The results highlight that the choice of solvents does indeed influence the accessibility of different species and therefore changes the observed molecular profiles of the extracted asphaltenes. n-Heptane afforded broader contributions of different heteroatomic classes and greater carbon number ranges of the observed components; the DBE distribution vs carbon number profiles were different, where the extracts produced using n-nonane displayed a greater prevalence of lower DBE species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Latifa
K. Alostad
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | | | - Benedict Gannon
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Rory P. Downham
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Hugh E. Jones
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
- Molecular
Analytical Sciences Centre for Doctoral Training, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Mark P. Barrow
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
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3
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LeClerc HO, Tompsett GA, Paulsen AD, McKenna AM, Niles SF, Reddy CM, Nelson RK, Cheng F, Teixeira AR, Timko MT. Hydroxyapatite catalyzed hydrothermal liquefaction transforms food waste from an environmental liability to renewable fuel. iScience 2022; 25:104916. [PMID: 36148430 PMCID: PMC9486744 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Food waste is an abundant and inexpensive resource for the production of renewable fuels. Biocrude yields obtained from hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) of food waste can be boosted using hydroxyapatite (HAP) as an inexpensive and abundant catalyst. Combining HAP with an inexpensive homogeneous base increased biocrude yield from 14 ± 1 to 37 ± 3%, resulting in the recovery of 49 ± 2% of the energy contained in the food waste feed. Detailed product analysis revealed the importance of fatty-acid oligomerization during biocrude formation, highlighting the role of acid-base catalysts in promoting condensation reactions. Economic and environmental analysis found that the new technology has the potential to reduce US greenhouse gas emissions by 2.6% while producing renewable diesel with a minimum fuel selling price of $1.06/GGE. HAP can play a role in transforming food waste from a liability to a renewable fuel. Catalysts boost yields obtained from hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) of food waste HAP-catalyzed HTL has the potential to reduce US greenhouse gas emissions by 2.6 Catalytic food waste HTL can produce fuel with an MFSP of $1.06/GGE
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather O. LeClerc
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, 100 Institute Road, Worcester, MA 01609, USA
| | - Geoffrey A. Tompsett
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, 100 Institute Road, Worcester, MA 01609, USA
| | - Alex D. Paulsen
- Mainstream Engineering Corporation, 200 Yellow Place, Rockledge, FL 32955, USA
| | - Amy M. McKenna
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, 1800 Paul Dirac Dr., Tallahassee, FL 32310, USA
- Department of Soil & Crop Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Sydney F. Niles
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, 1800 Paul Dirac Dr., Tallahassee, FL 32310, USA
| | | | - Robert K. Nelson
- Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 86 Water St., Falmouth, MA 02543, USA
| | - Feng Cheng
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, 100 Institute Road, Worcester, MA 01609, USA
| | - Andrew R. Teixeira
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, 100 Institute Road, Worcester, MA 01609, USA
| | - Michael T. Timko
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, 100 Institute Road, Worcester, MA 01609, USA
- Corresponding author
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4
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Mase C, Maillard JF, Paupy B, Hubert-Roux M, Afonso C, Giusti P. Speciation and Semiquantification of Nitrogen-Containing Species in Complex Mixtures: Application to Plastic Pyrolysis Oil. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:19428-19436. [PMID: 35721918 PMCID: PMC9202011 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c01114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Plastic pyrolysis oil is of particular interest for waste management in the current context of a circular economy. Due to their uncontrolled origin, these oils may contain significant amount of unwanted compounds such as nitrogen-containing species. These compounds are known to be catalyst poisons during refining processes. Therefore, the removal of these species is crucial, and their characterization from structural and quantification points of view is essential for this purpose. This study presents a method to specify and quantify nitrogen-containing classes in a plastic pyrolysis oil by direct infusion mass spectrometry. Two steps were used, namely structural characterization to select suitable standards and semiquantification. The structural speciation of nitrogen-containing compounds was first performed by electrospray ionization Fourier transform mass spectrometry, followed by tandem mass spectrometry using high-resolution mass isolation and infrared multiphoton dissociation fragmentation. A semiquantification is then performed by the standard addition method, which is very appropriate for such complex matrices. Aromatic cores such as quinoline and quinoxaline were evidenced for both N1 and N2 classes, allowing 2-methylquinoxaline and 2-butylquinoline to be proposed as standards for the semiquantification of N2- and N1-containing compounds, respectively. The amount of nitrogen detected from the sum of the individual species was consistent with the bulk analysis. The reported methodology can be applied to numerous other families of compounds in various other complex matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Mase
- UMR
6014 et FR 3038, COBRA, INSA de Rouen, IRCOF, Université de
Rouen, Normandie Université, CNRS, Mont-Saint-Aignan, Rouen 76130, France
- TotalEnergies
OneTech, TotalEnergies Research and Technology Gonfreville, BP 27, Harfleur 76700, France
- International
Joint Laboratory − iC2MC: Complex Matrices Molecular Characterization,
TotalEnergies Research and Technology Gonfreville, BP 27, Harfleur 76700, France
| | - Julien Florent Maillard
- UMR
6014 et FR 3038, COBRA, INSA de Rouen, IRCOF, Université de
Rouen, Normandie Université, CNRS, Mont-Saint-Aignan, Rouen 76130, France
- International
Joint Laboratory − iC2MC: Complex Matrices Molecular Characterization,
TotalEnergies Research and Technology Gonfreville, BP 27, Harfleur 76700, France
| | - Benoit Paupy
- TotalEnergies
OneTech, TotalEnergies Research and Technology Gonfreville, BP 27, Harfleur 76700, France
- International
Joint Laboratory − iC2MC: Complex Matrices Molecular Characterization,
TotalEnergies Research and Technology Gonfreville, BP 27, Harfleur 76700, France
| | - Marie Hubert-Roux
- UMR
6014 et FR 3038, COBRA, INSA de Rouen, IRCOF, Université de
Rouen, Normandie Université, CNRS, Mont-Saint-Aignan, Rouen 76130, France
- International
Joint Laboratory − iC2MC: Complex Matrices Molecular Characterization,
TotalEnergies Research and Technology Gonfreville, BP 27, Harfleur 76700, France
| | - Carlos Afonso
- UMR
6014 et FR 3038, COBRA, INSA de Rouen, IRCOF, Université de
Rouen, Normandie Université, CNRS, Mont-Saint-Aignan, Rouen 76130, France
- International
Joint Laboratory − iC2MC: Complex Matrices Molecular Characterization,
TotalEnergies Research and Technology Gonfreville, BP 27, Harfleur 76700, France
| | - Pierre Giusti
- UMR
6014 et FR 3038, COBRA, INSA de Rouen, IRCOF, Université de
Rouen, Normandie Université, CNRS, Mont-Saint-Aignan, Rouen 76130, France
- TotalEnergies
OneTech, TotalEnergies Research and Technology Gonfreville, BP 27, Harfleur 76700, France
- International
Joint Laboratory − iC2MC: Complex Matrices Molecular Characterization,
TotalEnergies Research and Technology Gonfreville, BP 27, Harfleur 76700, France
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5
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Thomas MJ, Chan HYH, Palacio Lozano DC, Barrow MP. Solvent and Flow Rate Effects on the Observed Compositional Profiles and the Relative Intensities of Radical and Protonated Species in Atmospheric Pressure Photoionization Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2022; 94:4954-4960. [PMID: 35286808 PMCID: PMC8969439 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c03463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Sample preparation and instrument parameters have regularly been demonstrated to impact upon the observed results in atmospheric pressure photoionization, mass spectrometry (MS), and analytical techniques in general but may be overlooked when such methods are applied to the characterization of real-world samples. An initial investigation into different solvent systems demonstrated that the inclusion of ethyl acetate inverted the ratio of relative intensities of radical and protonated species (R/P). Design of experiments was performed and indicated that the injection flow rate is also a significant factor. The impact of the solvent system and flow rate on signal intensity, the observed compositional profile, and R/P of selected molecular groups is demonstrated further. An inversion of R/P is observed at higher flow rates in solvent systems commonly used in petroleomics studies, effecting a loss of molecular speciation. The findings presented reiterate the critical importance in considering experimental parameters when interpreting the results of analytical procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary J Thomas
- Molecular Analytical Sciences Centre for Doctoral Training, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, England.,Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, England
| | - Ho Yi Holly Chan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, England
| | | | - Mark P Barrow
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, England
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6
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Wise SA, Rodgers RP, Reddy CM, Nelson RK, Kujawinski EB, Wade TL, Campiglia AD, Liu Z. Advances in Chemical Analysis of Oil Spills Since the Deepwater Horizon Disaster. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2022; 53:1638-1697. [PMID: 35254870 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2022.2039093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Analytical techniques for chemical analysis of oil, oil photochemical and biological transformation products, and dispersants and their biodegradation products benefited significantly from research following the 2010 Deepwater Horizon (DWH) disaster. Crude oil and weathered-oil matrix reference materials were developed based on the Macondo well oil and characterized for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, hopanes, and steranes for use to assure and improve the quality of analytical measurements in oil spill research. Advanced gas chromatography (GC) techniques such as comprehensive two-dimensional GC (GC × GC), pyrolysis GC with mass spectrometry (MS), and GC with tandem MS (GC-MS/MS) provide a greater understanding at the molecular level of composition and complexity of oil and weathering changes. The capabilities of high-resolution MS (HRMS) were utilized to extend the analytical characterization window beyond conventional GC-based methods to include polar and high molecular mass components (>400 Da) and to provide new opportunities for discovery, characterization, and investigation of photooxidation and biotransformation products. Novel separation approaches to reduce the complexity of the oil and weathered oil prior to high-resolution MS and advanced fluorescence spectrometry have increased the information available on spilled oil and transformation products. HRMS methods were developed to achieve the required precision and sensitivity for detection of dispersants and to provide molecular-level characterization of the complex surfactants. Overall, research funding following the DWH oil spill significantly advanced and expanded the use of analytical techniques for chemical analysis to support petroleum and dispersant characterization and investigations of fate and effects of not only the DWH oil spill but future spills.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen A Wise
- Scientist Emeritus, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Ryan P Rodgers
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Christopher M Reddy
- Department of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, USA
| | - Robert K Nelson
- Department of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, USA
| | - Elizabeth B Kujawinski
- Department of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, USA
| | - Terry L Wade
- Geochemical and Environmental Research Group, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Andres D Campiglia
- Department of Chemistry, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Zhanfei Liu
- Marine Science Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, Port Aransas, TX, USA
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7
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Cooper WT, Chanton JC, D'Andrilli J, Hodgkins SB, Podgorski DC, Stenson AC, Tfaily MM, Wilson RM. A History of Molecular Level Analysis of Natural Organic Matter by FTICR Mass Spectrometry and The Paradigm Shift in Organic Geochemistry. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2022; 41:215-239. [PMID: 33368436 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Natural organic matter (NOM) is a complex mixture of biogenic molecules resulting from the deposition and transformation of plant and animal matter. It has long been recognized that NOM plays an important role in many geological, geochemical, and environmental processes. Of particular concern is the fate of NOM in response to a warming climate in environments that have historically sequestered carbon (e.g., peatlands and swamps) but may transition to net carbon emitters. In this review, we will highlight developments in the application of high-field Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FTICR MS) in identifying the individual components of complex NOM mixtures, focusing primarily on the fraction that is dissolved in natural waters (dissolved organic matter or DOM). We will first provide some historical perspective on developments in FTICR technology that made molecular-level characterizations of DOM possible. A variety of applications of the technique will then be described, followed by our view of the future of high-field FTICR MS in carbon cycling research, including a particularly exciting metabolomic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- William T Cooper
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL
| | - Jeffrey C Chanton
- Department of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL
| | | | | | | | | | - Malak M Tfaily
- Department of Environmental Science, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
| | - Rachel M Wilson
- Department of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL
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8
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Vinci G, Piccolo A, Bridoux M. Complementary ESI and APPI high resolution mass spectrometry unravel the molecular complexity of a soil humeome. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1194:339398. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2021.339398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
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9
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Ning C, Gao Y, Yu H, Zhang H, Geng N, Cao R, Chen J. FT-ICR mass spectrometry for molecular characterization of water-insoluble organic compounds in winter atmospheric fine particulate matters. J Environ Sci (China) 2022; 111:51-60. [PMID: 34949373 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2020.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Water-insoluble organic compounds (WIOCs) are an important fraction of atmospheric fine particulate matters (PM2.5), which could affect the climate system and threaten human health potentially. In this study, molecular characterization of WIOCs in PM2.5 were investigated by 15 T Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR MS) with atmospheric pressure photoionization (APPI) source in positive ion mode. A total of 2573 and 1875 molecular formulas were identified in WIOCs extracted by dichloromethane, which were collected in hazy and normal days, respectively. The identified molecular formulas were further classified into four major subgroups, including CH, CHN, CHO and CHNO compounds. CHO compounds predominated in WIOCs, accounting for more than 60% in both samples. CHNO compounds (26.6%) and CH compounds (16.1%) were the second highest subgroups in WIOCs from the hazy days and normal days, respectively. The relative abundance and number of nitro-substituted aromatic compounds were significantly higher in hazy days than in normal days. The molecular composition of WIOCs was more complex in hazy days while more aromatic compounds were identified in normal days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuiping Ning
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yuan Gao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, China.
| | - Haoran Yu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Haijun Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, China
| | - Ningbo Geng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, China
| | - Rong Cao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, China
| | - Jiping Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, China
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10
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Huynh K, Jensen AE, Sundberg J. Extended characterization of petroleum aromatics using off-line LC-GC-MS. PEERJ ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2021. [DOI: 10.7717/peerj-achem.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Characterization of crude oil remains a challenge for analytical chemists. With the development of multi-dimensional chromatography and high-resolution mass spectrometry, an impressive number of compounds can be identified in a single sample. However, the large diversity in structure and abundance makes it difficult to obtain full compound coverage. Sample preparation methods such as solid-phase extraction and SARA-type separations are used to fractionate oil into compound classes. However, the molecular diversity within each fraction is still highly complex. Thus, in the routine analysis, only a small part of the chemical space is typically characterized. Obtaining a more detailed composition of crude oil is important for production, processing and environmental aspects. We have developed a high-resolution fractionation method for isolation and preconcentration of trace aromatics, including oxygenated and nitrogen-containing species. The method is based on semi-preparative liquid chromatography. This yields high selectivity and efficiency with separation based on aromaticity, ring size and connectivity. By the separation of the more abundant aromatics, i.e., monoaromatics and naphthalenes, trace species were isolated and enriched. This enabled the identification of features not detectable by routine methods. We demonstrate the applicability by fractionation and subsequent GC-MS analysis of 14 crude oils sourced from the North Sea. The number of tentatively identified compounds increased by approximately 60 to 150% compared to solid-phase extraction and GC × GC-MS. Furthermore, the method was used to successfully identify an extended set of heteroatom-containing aromatics (e.g., amines, ketones). The method is not intended to replace traditional sample preparation techniques or multi-dimensional chromatography but acts as a complementary tool. An in-depth comparison to routine characterization techniques is presented concerning advantages and disadvantages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khoa Huynh
- Danish Hydrocarbon Research and Technology Centre, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Annette E. Jensen
- Danish Hydrocarbon Research and Technology Centre, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Jonas Sundberg
- Danish Hydrocarbon Research and Technology Centre, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
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11
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Luo R, Schrader W. Getting a better overview of a highly PAH contaminated soil: A non-targeted approach assessing the real environmental contamination. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 418:126352. [PMID: 34329030 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Over the last 40 years, soils contaminated with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) were monitored according to a list of 16 PAH, established by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). This, however, is underestimating the danger to the environment and humanity because other high molecular weight PAHs, heterocycles (PAXH, X = N, O, S) and alkylated derivatives can also occur at the contaminated site. Here, a new non-targeted approach of highly contaminated soil (64.5 ± 9.5 g kg-1 solvent extractable organics from the German Ruhrgebiet) is introduced, where ultrahigh resolution mass spectrometry is combined with multiple ionization methods to get a better overview of anthropogenic contamination at a former industrial site. In total, 21,958 elemental compositions were assigned for positive and negative mode measurements. The approach is strongly increasing the amount of data that can be obtained from a single contaminated soil, making an assessment of the real environmental risk possible. In addition to highly aromatized and (alkylated) high molecular weight PAH, other PAXH especially basic and neutral PANH with very high aromaticity were also detected. This shows that while regulations and routine analysis are still stuck in the 1960 s, modern analytical methods are present in the 21st century.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruoji Luo
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, D-45470 Mülheim/Ruhr, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Schrader
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, D-45470 Mülheim/Ruhr, Germany.
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12
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Guillemant J, Berlioz-Barbier A, de Oliveira LP, Lacoue-Nègre M, Joly JF, Duponchel L. Novel four-dimensional approach for the structural characterization of neutral nitrogen compounds in vacuum gas oils using UHPLC-IM-QqToF analysis. Anal Chim Acta 2021; 1169:338611. [PMID: 34088372 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2021.338611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 04/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/02/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The molecular analysis of complex matrices such as vacuum gas oils require powerful instruments such as Fourier-Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance Mass Spectrometry (FT-ICR MS). As this technique does not allow the separation of two isomers, ion mobility coupled to mass spectrometry (IMMS) can be used to target a structural detail. However, the resolving power of ion mobility is not sufficient to resolve isomers in such a complex mixture. In this paper, ion mobility-mass spectrometry coupled to separative methods such as Flash-HPLC and UHPLC has been used to characterize the neutral nitrogen compounds found in vacuum gas oils. One vacuum gas oil feedstock as well as different hydrotreated samples have been analyzed through a heart-cutted HPLC-UHPLC-IM-QqToF analysis to target specific compounds that have been found to be problematic within hydrotreatment context thanks to ESI(-)-FT-ICR MS analyses. The extraction of the macroscopic descriptors (mobility, full-width at half-maximum) allowed highlighting first trends about the samples. Then, the chromatographic peaks obtained for a given alkylation degree have been divided into several retention time segments and the corresponding mobilograms have been obtained. Bi-modal distributions have been obtained and the observed Collision Cross Sections and MS/MS spectra suggested the presence of compact and non-compact structures. The evolution of these structures has been followed throughout hydrotreatment to evaluate both the quantity and the reactivity of the groups of isomers. Moreover, this methodology helped giving clues whether the targeted compounds are refractory to the hydrotreatment process or reaction intermediates of the hydrotreatment process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Guillemant
- IFP Energies Nouvelles, Rond-point de l'échangeur de Solaize - BP 3, 69360, Solaize, France
| | | | - Luis P de Oliveira
- IFP Energies Nouvelles, Rond-point de l'échangeur de Solaize - BP 3, 69360, Solaize, France
| | - Marion Lacoue-Nègre
- IFP Energies Nouvelles, Rond-point de l'échangeur de Solaize - BP 3, 69360, Solaize, France
| | - Jean-François Joly
- IFP Energies Nouvelles, Rond-point de l'échangeur de Solaize - BP 3, 69360, Solaize, France
| | - Ludovic Duponchel
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8516 - LASIRE - Laboratoire avancé de spectroscopie pour les interactions, la réactivité et l'environnement, 59000, Lille, France.
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Roman-Hubers AT, McDonald TJ, Baker ES, Chiu WA, Rusyn I. A Comparative Analysis of Analytical Techniques for Rapid Oil Spill Identification. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2021; 40:1034-1049. [PMID: 33315271 PMCID: PMC8104454 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The complex chemical composition of crude oils presents many challenges for rapid chemical characterization in the case of a spill. A number of approaches are currently used to "fingerprint" petroleum-derived samples. Gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS) is the most common, albeit not very rapid, technique; however, with GC-MS alone, it is difficult to resolve the complex substances in crude oils. The present study examined the potential application of ion mobility spectrometry-mass spectrometry (IMS-MS) coupled with chem-informatic analyses as an alternative high-throughput method for the chemical characterization of crude oils. We analyzed 19 crude oil samples from on- and offshore locations in the Gulf of Mexico region in the United States using both GC-MS (biomarkers, gasoline range hydrocarbons, and n-alkanes) and IMS-MS (untargeted analysis). Hierarchical clustering, principal component analysis, and nearest neighbor-based classification were used to examine sample similarity and geographical groupings. We found that direct-injection IMS-MS performed either equally or better than GC-MS in the classification of the origins of crude oils. In addition, IMS-MS greatly increased the sample analysis throughput (minutes vs hours per sample). Finally, a tabletop science-to-practice exercise, utilizing both the GC-MS and IMS-MS data, was conducted with emergency response experts from regulatory agencies and the oil industry. This activity showed that the stakeholders found the IMS-MS data to be highly informative for rapid chemical fingerprinting of complex substances in general and specifically advantageous for accurate and confident source-grouping of crude oils. Collectively, the present study shows the utility of IMS-MS as a technique for rapid fingerprinting of complex samples and demonstrates its advantages over traditional GC-MS-based analyses when used for decision-making in emergency situations. Environ Toxicol Chem 2021;40:1034-1049. © 2020 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina T. Roman-Hubers
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
- Interdisciplinary Faculty of Toxicology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Thomas J. McDonald
- Interdisciplinary Faculty of Toxicology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
- Department of Environmental & Occupational Health, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Erin S. Baker
- Interdisciplinary Faculty of Toxicology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Weihsueh A. Chiu
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
- Interdisciplinary Faculty of Toxicology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Ivan Rusyn
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
- Interdisciplinary Faculty of Toxicology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
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14
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Castiblanco JEB, Carregosa JC, Santos JM, Wisniewski A. Molecular behavior assessment on initial stages of oil spill in terrestrial environments. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:13595-13604. [PMID: 33190204 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-11555-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The contamination of terrestrial environments by oil spills creates biological risks to humans and affects the ecosystem's health. The studies that aim to evaluate the toxicity and changes in the environments are a field of potential interest to the scientific community. The objective of this study was to evaluate the changes in the chemical composition of crude oil fractions after the simulation of a spill in soil and sand, with emphasis on an immediate temporal investigation. Samples of intermediate (°API = 27.0) and heavy (°API = 20.9) oils from Sergipe-Alagoas basin were used. The evaporation process in the soil was highlighted; while the GC-FID chromatographic profiles demonstrated (1) the disappearance from n-C12 until n-C14 compounds, besides a decrease of more than 50% in n-C15 and n-C16 n-alkanes and (2) no changes in n-C17/Pr and n-C18/Ph ratios for both oils. Analysis of resins fraction performed by Orbitrap-MS has shown changes in the mass spectra profile and compound distribution during the soil and sand exposure process, with N1, O1, and O2 species showing changes in the relative abundance in ESI(+) mode, and O2, N1, and O1 for ESI(-). Changes in polar compounds of oil will depend on the extent of the time of interaction with soil and sand, taking into account intrinsic aspects, such as the nature of the soil and components in it as the organic matter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian E B Castiblanco
- Petroleum and Energy from Biomass Research Group (PEB), Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Sergipe, Jardim Rosa Elze, São Cristóvão, SE, 49100-00, Brazil
| | - Jhonattas C Carregosa
- Petroleum and Energy from Biomass Research Group (PEB), Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Sergipe, Jardim Rosa Elze, São Cristóvão, SE, 49100-00, Brazil
| | - Jandyson M Santos
- Department of Chemistry, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, Dois Irmãos, Recife, PE, 52171-900, Brazil
| | - Alberto Wisniewski
- Petroleum and Energy from Biomass Research Group (PEB), Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Sergipe, Jardim Rosa Elze, São Cristóvão, SE, 49100-00, Brazil.
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15
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Lima BD, Martins LL, de Souza ES, Pudenzi MA, da Cruz GF. Monitoring chemical compositional changes of simulated spilled Brazilian oils under tropical climate conditions by multiple analytical techniques. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2021; 164:111985. [PMID: 33482499 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.111985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
To comprehensively understand the chemical changes over time of spilled oils subject to tropical climate conditions and the active weathering processes, a spill simulation experiment was conducted along 210 days with two distinct Brazilian oils (19 and 24 API) under irradiation and non-irradiation of sunlight. Isoprenoids and n-alkanes showed a great loss after 40 days for both oils under the two conditions due to evaporation. Diagnostic ratios of saturated biomarkers showed no changes, whereas the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons had a decreasing concentration under both conditions mainly due to evaporation. Furthermore, oxygenated polar compounds produced by photooxidation were investigated by ESI(-) FT-ICR MS and showed changes only for the oils exposed to sunlight irradiation. Based on the observed polar compositional changes, new parameters are suggested using heteroatom classes to estimate oil spill time under tropical conditions: NO3/NO2; NO3/(NO + NO2); ∑NOx/N1; (O4 + O3)/(O2 + O1); O4/(O2 + O1); and O3/O2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bárbara D Lima
- Laboratório de Engenharia e Exploração de Petróleo (LENEP), Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro (UENF), 27910-970 Macaé, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Laercio L Martins
- Laboratório de Engenharia e Exploração de Petróleo (LENEP), Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro (UENF), 27910-970 Macaé, RJ, Brazil
| | - Eliane S de Souza
- Laboratório de Engenharia e Exploração de Petróleo (LENEP), Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro (UENF), 27910-970 Macaé, RJ, Brazil
| | - Marcos A Pudenzi
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), CP 6154, 13083-970, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Georgiana F da Cruz
- Laboratório de Engenharia e Exploração de Petróleo (LENEP), Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro (UENF), 27910-970 Macaé, RJ, Brazil
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16
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Kondyli A, Schrader W. Evaluation of the combination of different atmospheric pressure ionization sources for the analysis of extremely complex mixtures. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2020; 34:e8676. [PMID: 31773793 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Characterization of complex samples remains a challenging task due to the high number of compounds present. Matrix effects, ion discrimination and suppression are limiting factors which force the use of different methods for the same sample to gain a broad understanding of complex mixtures. METHODS Various ionization techniques such as electrospray ionization (ESI), atmospheric pressure photoionization (APPI) and atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) have been used in various problems for complex mixture analysis. Especially demanding is the analysis of energy-related hydrocarbon mixtures, such as crude oil. Here, the different ionization sources alone and in combination with each other have been used on an ultrahigh resolution Orbitrap mass spectrometer to study a light crude oil. RESULTS Despite the great variety of the available ionization sources, there is no single technique which can fully characterize the crude oil. Each ionization technique shows a selectivity towards specific types of compounds. While ESI is the method of choice for the detection of polar compounds, APPI and APCI favor the detection of nonpolar and low-to-medium polar compounds, respectively. The combination of ESI/APPI favors hydrocarbons and oxygen-containing species. CONCLUSIONS Combining different ionization methods can be used as an alternative in order to gain more information about compounds present in a complex mixture although a combination of different ion sources could enhance suppression effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aikaterini Kondyli
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Schrader
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
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17
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Wang H, Lu L, Chen H, McKenna AM, Lu J, Jin S, Zuo Y, Rosario-Ortiz FL, Ren ZJ. Molecular Transformation of Crude Oil Contaminated Soil after Bioelectrochemical Degradation Revealed by FT-ICR Mass Spectrometry. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:2500-2509. [PMID: 31986023 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b06164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Bioremediation is a low-cost approach for crude oil spill remediation, but it is often limited by electron acceptor availability. In addition, the biodegradation products of crude oil contaminants are complex, and transformation pathways are difficult to decipher. This study demonstrates that bioelectrochemical systems (BESs) can be effective in crude oil degradation by integrating biological and electrochemical pathways, and more importantly, it provides the first understanding on the daughter products of bioelectrochemical hydrocarbon degradation. Using electrospray ionization (ESI) Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR MS) and two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC × GC), the results showed that the active BES reactor improved the total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) degradation by ∼70% than open circuit control reactors. After separating the daughter products into nine fractions (MA1-MA9) according to the molecular weight (m/z 200-1000) by modified aminopropyl silica (MAPS) fractionation, we found that active BES remediation resulted in 50% more polar, oxygen-containing naphthenic (NAP) acids. The MA4 fraction (centered at ∼550 Da) increased by 47%, and MA5 and MA7 fractions with higher molucular weight increased by a maximum of ∼7- and 9-fold, respectively. These results are in accordance with the variation of bulk elemental compositions in O2 species, where daughter transformation products doubled relative to parent oil extract. The contribution of newly generated NAP acids was mainly from higher-order oxygen species (O5-O6) with increased hydrophobicity in conjunction with a decreased abundance in lower-order oxygen species (O1). Overall, the study suggests that n-alkane degradation occurred via β-oxidation to oxygenated transformation products with lower molecular weight, such as n-alcohols in O1 class and subsequently to n-fatty acids in O2 class.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Wang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and the Andlinger Center for Energy and the Environment , Princeton University , Princeton , New Jersey 08544 , United States
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering , University of Colorado Boulder , Boulder , Colorado 80309 , United States
| | - Lu Lu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and the Andlinger Center for Energy and the Environment , Princeton University , Princeton , New Jersey 08544 , United States
| | - Huan Chen
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory , Florida State University , 1800 East Paul Dirac Drive , Tallahassee , Florida 32310 , United States
| | - Amy M McKenna
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory , Florida State University , 1800 East Paul Dirac Drive , Tallahassee , Florida 32310 , United States
| | - Jie Lu
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory , Florida State University , 1800 East Paul Dirac Drive , Tallahassee , Florida 32310 , United States
| | - Song Jin
- Advanced Environmental Technologies, LLC , Fort Collins , Colorado 80525 , United States
| | - Yi Zuo
- Chevron Energy Technology Company , San Ramon , California 94583 , United States
| | - Fernando L Rosario-Ortiz
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering , University of Colorado Boulder , Boulder , Colorado 80309 , United States
| | - Zhiyong Jason Ren
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and the Andlinger Center for Energy and the Environment , Princeton University , Princeton , New Jersey 08544 , United States
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering , University of Colorado Boulder , Boulder , Colorado 80309 , United States
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18
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Abutokaikah MT, Gnawali GR, Frye JW, Stump CM, Tschampel J, Murphy MJ, Lachance ES, Guan S, Spilling CD, Bythell BJ. Leaving Group Effects in a Series of Electrosprayed C cH hN 1 Anthracene Derivatives. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2019; 30:2306-2317. [PMID: 31399941 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-019-02298-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2019] [Revised: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We investigate the gas-phase structures and fragmentation pathways of model compounds of anthracene derivatives of the general formula CcHhN1 utilizing tandem mass spectrometry and computational methods. We vary the substituent alkyl chain length, composition, and degree of branching. We find substantial experimental and theoretical differences between the linear and branched congeners in terms of fragmentation thresholds, available pathways, and distribution of products. Our calculations predict that the linear substituents initially isomerize to form lower energy branched isomers prior to loss of the alkyl substituents as alkenes. The rate-determining chemistry underlying these related processes is dominated by the ability to stabilize the alkene loss transition structures. This task is more effectively undertaken by branched substituents. Consequently, analyte lability systematically increased with degree of branching (linear < secondary < tertiary). The resulting anthracen-9-ylmethaniminium ion generated from these alkene loss reactions undergoes rate-limiting proton transfer to enable expulsion of either hydrogen cyanide or CNH. The combination of the differences in primary fragmentation thresholds and degree of radical-based fragmentation processes provide a potential means of distinguishing compounds that contain branched alkyl chain substituents from those with linear ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maha T Abutokaikah
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Missouri, St. Louis, MO, 63121, USA
| | - Giri R Gnawali
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Missouri, St. Louis, MO, 63121, USA
| | - Joseph W Frye
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Missouri, St. Louis, MO, 63121, USA
| | - Curtis M Stump
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Missouri, St. Louis, MO, 63121, USA
| | - John Tschampel
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Missouri, St. Louis, MO, 63121, USA
| | - Matthew J Murphy
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Missouri, St. Louis, MO, 63121, USA
| | - Eli S Lachance
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Missouri, St. Louis, MO, 63121, USA
| | - Shanshan Guan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Missouri, St. Louis, MO, 63121, USA
| | - Christopher D Spilling
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Missouri, St. Louis, MO, 63121, USA
| | - Benjamin J Bythell
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Missouri, St. Louis, MO, 63121, USA.
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Guillemant J, Albrieux F, de Oliveira LP, Lacoue-Nègre M, Duponchel L, Joly JF. Insights from Nitrogen Compounds in Gas Oils Highlighted by High-Resolution Fourier Transform Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2019; 91:12644-12652. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b01702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Julie Guillemant
- IFP Energies nouvelles, Rond-point de l’échangeur de Solaize, BP 3, 69360 Solaize, France
| | - Florian Albrieux
- IFP Energies nouvelles, Rond-point de l’échangeur de Solaize, BP 3, 69360 Solaize, France
| | - Luis P. de Oliveira
- IFP Energies nouvelles, Rond-point de l’échangeur de Solaize, BP 3, 69360 Solaize, France
| | - Marion Lacoue-Nègre
- IFP Energies nouvelles, Rond-point de l’échangeur de Solaize, BP 3, 69360 Solaize, France
| | - Ludovic Duponchel
- Université de Lille, CNRS, UMR 8516 - LASIR − Laboratoire de Spectrochimie Infrarouge et Raman, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Jean-François Joly
- IFP Energies nouvelles, Rond-point de l’échangeur de Solaize, BP 3, 69360 Solaize, France
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20
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Guillemant J, Albrieux F, Lacoue-Nègre M, Pereira de Oliveira L, Joly JF, Duponchel L. Chemometric Exploration of APPI(+)-FT-ICR MS Data Sets for a Comprehensive Study of Aromatic Sulfur Compounds in Gas Oils. Anal Chem 2019; 91:11785-11793. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b02409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Julie Guillemant
- IFP Energies nouvelles, Rond-point de l’échangeur de Solaize, BP 3, 69360 Solaize, France
| | - Florian Albrieux
- IFP Energies nouvelles, Rond-point de l’échangeur de Solaize, BP 3, 69360 Solaize, France
| | - Marion Lacoue-Nègre
- IFP Energies nouvelles, Rond-point de l’échangeur de Solaize, BP 3, 69360 Solaize, France
| | | | - Jean-François Joly
- IFP Energies nouvelles, Rond-point de l’échangeur de Solaize, BP 3, 69360 Solaize, France
| | - Ludovic Duponchel
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8516 - LASIR − Laboratoire de Spectrochimie Infrarouge et Raman, F-59000 Lille, France
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21
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Li B, Fan X, Yu YR, Wang F, Li X, Lu Y, Wei XY, Ma FY, Zhao YP, Zhao W. Insight into molecular information of Huolinguole lignite obtained by Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry and statistical methods. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2019; 33:1107-1113. [PMID: 30941795 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR MS) was applied to the characterization of organic compounds in coal extracts at the molecular level. Large volumes of data obtained by FT-ICR MS were processed via statistical methods to extract valuable information on the molecular structures and compositions of organic compounds in coal. METHODS A low-rank coal was subjected to ultrasonic extraction sequentially with six solvents to separate and enrich species with different molecular characteristics. Complex mass spectra of the six extracts were obtained by a FT-ICR MS system equipped with two ionization sources. Two multivariate statistical methods, hierarchical clustering analysis (HCA) and principle component analysis (PCA), were introduced to mine useful information from the complex MS data and visually exhibit comprehensive molecular details in coal extracts. RESULTS Similarities and differences between the 17 MS data sets from six coal extracts ionized by different ion sources were visually exhibited in plots via data processing using HCA and PCA. For HCA, all of the identified compounds were divided into seven classes (CH, O, N, S, ON, OS, and NS), and detailed differences in the relative abundance were revealed. In addition, PCA discriminated the differences in molecular composition for organic compounds from the six extracts. CONCLUSIONS Multivariate statistical analysis is a promising methodology which can interpret the chemical composition of coals and coal derivatives at the molecular level, especially for the analysis of multiple complex samples presenting in a single plot.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bei Li
- Key Laboratory of Coal Processing and Efficient Utilization, Ministry of Education, China University of Mining & Technology, Xuzhou, 221116, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xing Fan
- Key Laboratory of Coal Processing and Efficient Utilization, Ministry of Education, China University of Mining & Technology, Xuzhou, 221116, Jiangsu, China
- Key Laboratory of Coal Clean Conversion & Chemical Engineering Process, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, 830046, Xinjiang, China
| | - Ya-Ru Yu
- Key Laboratory of Coal Processing and Efficient Utilization, Ministry of Education, China University of Mining & Technology, Xuzhou, 221116, Jiangsu, China
| | - Fei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Coal Processing and Efficient Utilization, Ministry of Education, China University of Mining & Technology, Xuzhou, 221116, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Combustion, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, Hubei, China
| | - Yao Lu
- Key Laboratory of Coal Processing and Efficient Utilization, Ministry of Education, China University of Mining & Technology, Xuzhou, 221116, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xian-Yong Wei
- Key Laboratory of Coal Processing and Efficient Utilization, Ministry of Education, China University of Mining & Technology, Xuzhou, 221116, Jiangsu, China
| | - Feng-Yun Ma
- Key Laboratory of Coal Clean Conversion & Chemical Engineering Process, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, 830046, Xinjiang, China
| | - Yun-Peng Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Coal Processing and Efficient Utilization, Ministry of Education, China University of Mining & Technology, Xuzhou, 221116, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wei Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Coal Processing and Efficient Utilization, Ministry of Education, China University of Mining & Technology, Xuzhou, 221116, Jiangsu, China
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22
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Thomas MJ, Collinge E, Witt M, Palacio Lozano DC, Vane CH, Moss-Hayes V, Barrow MP. Petroleomic depth profiling of Staten Island salt marsh soil: 2ω detection FTICR MS offers a new solution for the analysis of environmental contaminants. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 662:852-862. [PMID: 30708300 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.01.228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Revised: 01/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Staten Island is located in one of the most densely populated regions of the US: the New York/New Jersey Estuary. Marine and industrial oil spills are commonplace in the area, causing the waterways and adjacent marshes to become polluted with a range of petroleum-related contaminants. Using Rock-Eval pyrolysis, the hydrocarbon impact on a salt marsh was assessed at regular intervals down to 90 cm, with several key sampling depths of interest identified for further analysis. Ultrahigh resolution data are obtained by direct infusion (DI) atmospheric pressure photoionization (APPI) on a 12 T solariX Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometer (FTICR MS) allowing trends in the compositional profile with depth to be observed, such as changes in the relative hydrocarbon intensity and the relative contributions from oxygen- and sulfur-containing groups. These trends may correlate with the timing of major oil spills and leaks of petroleum and other industrial chemicals into the waterways. The use of gas chromatography (GC) coupled to a 7 T solariX 2XR FTICR MS equipped with an atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) ion source offers retention time resolved and extensive compositional information for the complex environmental samples complementary to that obtained by DI-APPI. The compositional profile observed using GC-APCI FTICR MS includes contributions from phosphorous-containing groups, which may be indicative of contamination from other anthropogenic sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary J Thomas
- MAS CDT, Senate House, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK; Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK.
| | - Emma Collinge
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK.
| | | | - Diana Catalina Palacio Lozano
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK; Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Industrial de Santander, Bucaramanga, Colombia.
| | - Christopher H Vane
- British Geological Survey, Centre for Environmental Geochemistry, Keyworth NG12 5GG, UK.
| | - Vicky Moss-Hayes
- British Geological Survey, Centre for Environmental Geochemistry, Keyworth NG12 5GG, UK.
| | - Mark P Barrow
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK.
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23
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Kostyukevich Y, Acter T, Zherebker A, Ahmed A, Kim S, Nikolaev E. Hydrogen/deuterium exchange in mass spectrometry. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2018; 37:811-853. [PMID: 29603316 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Revised: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The isotopic exchange approach is in use since the first observation of such reactions in 1933 by Lewis. This approach allows the investigation of the pathways of chemical and biochemical reactions, determination of structure, composition, and conformation of molecules. Mass spectrometry has now become one of the most important analytical tools for the monitoring of the isotopic exchange reactions. Investigation of conformational dynamics of proteins, quantitative measurements, obtaining chemical, and structural information about individual compounds of the complex natural mixtures are mainly based on the use of isotope exchange in combination with high resolution mass spectrometry. The most important reaction is the Hydrogen/Deuterium exchange, which is mainly performed in the solution. Recently we have developed the approach allowing performing of the Hydrogen/Deuterium reaction on-line directly in the ionization source under atmospheric pressure. Such approach simplifies the sample preparation and can accelerate the exchange reaction so that certain hydrogens that are considered as non-labile will also participate in the exchange. The use of in-ionization source H/D exchange in modern mass spectrometry for structural elucidation of molecules serves as the basic theme in this review. We will focus on the mechanisms of the isotopic exchange reactions and on the application of in-ESI, in-APCI, and in-APPI source Hydrogen/Deuterium exchange for the investigation of petroleum, natural organic matter, oligosaccharides, and proteins including protein-protein complexes. The simple scenario for adaptation of H/D exchange reactions into mass spectrometric method is also highlighted along with a couple of examples collected from previous studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yury Kostyukevich
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Skolkovo, Russian Federation
- Institute for Energy Problems of Chemical Physics Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudnyi, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - Thamina Acter
- Department of Chemistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Alexander Zherebker
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Skolkovo, Russian Federation
- Institute for Energy Problems of Chemical Physics Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Arif Ahmed
- Department of Chemistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunghwan Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
- Green Nano Center, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Eugene Nikolaev
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Skolkovo, Russian Federation
- Institute for Energy Problems of Chemical Physics Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudnyi, Moscow Region, Russia
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24
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Kim D, Ha SY, An JG, Cha S, Yim UH, Kim S. Estimating degree of degradation of spilled oils based on relative abundance of aromatic compounds observed by paper spray ionization mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2018; 359:421-428. [PMID: 30056364 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.07.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2017] [Revised: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Paper spray ionization mass spectrometry (PSI-MS) was applied for the first time to study temporal change of photo-oxidized and weathered oils subjected to degradation. PSI is chosen in this study because it is an optimal ionization technique for the analysis of degraded oils with limited sample quantity and prone to salt and particulate contamination. With PSI-MS, quantitative analysis of oils can be successfully performed with as little as 2 μg of oil sample. In addition, oil solutions containing up to 0.05% sodium chloride were successfully analyzed with PSI-MS. In the PSI-MS spectra of photo-degraded oils, the relative abundance of compounds having double equivalence value (DBE) ≥ 5 increased but those with DBE < 5 decreased in number. The summed abundance ratio of compounds having DBE < 5 and DBE ≥ 5 showed a negative exponential correlation with the duration of UV exposure in laboratory experiments. The same trend was observed from spilled oils obtained from the environment. Therefore, this ratio serves as an effective means to estimate the degree of weathering in spilled oils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghwi Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Yong Ha
- Oil and POPs Research Group, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Geoje 53201, Republic of Korea
| | - Joon Geon An
- Oil and POPs Research Group, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Geoje 53201, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangwon Cha
- Department of Chemistry, Hankuk University of Foreign Studies, Yongin 17035, Republic of Korea
| | - Un Hyuk Yim
- Oil and POPs Research Group, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Geoje 53201, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sunghwan Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea; Green-Nano Materials Research Center, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea.
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25
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Krajewski LC, Rodgers RP, Marshall AG. 126 264 Assigned Chemical Formulas from an Atmospheric Pressure Photoionization 9.4 T Fourier Transform Positive Ion Cyclotron Resonance Mass Spectrum. Anal Chem 2017; 89:11318-11324. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b02004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Logan C. Krajewski
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, 95 Chieftain
Way, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, United States
| | - Ryan P. Rodgers
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, 95 Chieftain
Way, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, United States
| | - Alan G. Marshall
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, 95 Chieftain
Way, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, United States
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26
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Kim D, Yim UH, Kim B, Cha S, Kim S. Paper Spray Chemical Ionization: Highly Sensitive Ambient Ionization Method for Low- and Nonpolar Aromatic Compounds. Anal Chem 2017; 89:9056-9061. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b01733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Donghwi Kim
- Department
of Chemistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Un Hyuk Yim
- Oil
and POPs Research Group, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Geoje 53201, Republic of Korea
| | - Byungjoo Kim
- Center
for Organic Analysis, Division of Metrology for Quality of Life, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangwon Cha
- Department
of Chemistry, Hankuk University of Foreign Studies, Yongin 17035, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunghwan Kim
- Department
of Chemistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
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27
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Budisulistiorini SH, Riva M, Williams M, Chen J, Itoh M, Surratt JD, Kuwata M. Light-Absorbing Brown Carbon Aerosol Constituents from Combustion of Indonesian Peat and Biomass. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:4415-4423. [PMID: 28318234 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b00397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Light-absorbing brown carbon (BrC) constituents of organic aerosol (OA) have been shown to significantly absorb ultraviolet (UV) and visible light and thus impact radiative forcing. However, molecular identification of the BrC constituents is still limited. In this study, we characterize BrC constituents at the molecular level in (i) aerosols emitted by combustion of peat, fern/leaf, and charcoal from Indonesia and (ii) ambient aerosols collected in Singapore during the 2015 haze episode. Aerosols were analyzed using ultra performance liquid chromatography instrument interfaced to a diode array detector and electrospray ionization high-resolution quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometer operated in the negative ion mode. In the laboratory-generated aerosols, we identified 41 compounds that can potentially absorb near-UV and visible wavelengths, such as oxygenated-conjugated compounds, nitroaromatics, and S-containing compounds. The sum of BrC constituents in peat, fern/leaf, and charcoal burning aerosols are 16%, 35%, and 28% of the OA mass, respectively, giving an average contribution of 24%. On average, the BrC constituents account for 0.4% of the ambient OA mass; however, large uncertainties in mass closure remain because of the lack of authentic standards. This study highlights the potential of light-absorbing BrC OA constituents from peat, fern/leaf, and charcoal burning and their importance in the atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Matthieu Riva
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Michael Williams
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Jing Chen
- Earth Observatory of Singapore, Nanyang Technological University , Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Masayuki Itoh
- Center for Southeast Asian Studies, Kyoto University , Kyoto 6068501, Japan
| | - Jason D Surratt
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Mikinori Kuwata
- Earth Observatory of Singapore, Nanyang Technological University , Singapore 639798, Singapore
- Center for Southeast Asian Studies, Kyoto University , Kyoto 6068501, Japan
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28
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Kim S, Ahmed A. Protonation Sites of Aromatic Compounds in (+) Atmospheric Pressure Photoionization. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/bkcs.11058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sunghwan Kim
- Department of Chemistry; Kyungpook National University; Daegu 702-701 Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemistry; Green Nano Center; Daegu 702-701 Republic of Korea
| | - Arif Ahmed
- Department of Chemistry; Kyungpook National University; Daegu 702-701 Republic of Korea
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29
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Huba AK, Huba K, Gardinali PR. Understanding the atmospheric pressure ionization of petroleum components: The effects of size, structure, and presence of heteroatoms. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 568:1018-1025. [PMID: 27363346 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.06.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Revised: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the composition of crude oil and its changes with weathering is essential when assessing its provenience, fate, and toxicity. High-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) has provided the opportunity to address the complexity of crude oil by assigning molecular formulae, and sorting compounds into "classes" based on heteroatom content. However, factors such as suppression effects and discrimination towards certain components severely limit a truly comprehensive mass spectrometric characterization, and, despite the availability of increasingly better mass spectrometers, a complete characterization of oil still represents a major challenge. In order to fully comprehend the significance of class abundances, as well as the nature and identity of compounds detected, a good understanding of the ionization efficiency of the various compound classes is indispensable. The current study, therefore, analyzed model compounds typically found in crude oils by high-resolution mass spectrometry with atmospheric pressure photoionization (APPI), atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI), and electrospray ionization (ESI), in order to provide a better understanding of benefits and drawbacks of each source. The findings indicate that, overall, APPI provides the best results, being able to ionize the broadest range of compounds, providing the best results with respect to ionization efficiencies, and exhibiting the least suppression effects. However, just like in the other two sources, in APPI several factors have shown to affect the ionization efficiency of petroleum model compounds. The main such factor is the presence or absence of functional groups that can be easily protonated/deprotonated, in addition to other factors such as size, methylation level, presence of heteroatoms, and ring structure. Overall, this study evidences the intrinsic limitations and benefits of each of the three sources, and should provide the fundamental knowledge required to expand the power of crude oil analysis by high-resolution mass spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Katarina Huba
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Florida International University, 3000 NE 151 Street, Biscayne Bay Campus, North Miami, Florida 33181, USA
| | - Kristina Huba
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Florida International University, 3000 NE 151 Street, Biscayne Bay Campus, North Miami, Florida 33181, USA
| | - Piero R Gardinali
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Florida International University, 3000 NE 151 Street, Biscayne Bay Campus, North Miami, Florida 33181, USA; Southeast Environmental Research Center (SERC), Florida International University, 3000 NE 151 Street, Biscayne Bay Campus, North Miami, Florida 33181, USA
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30
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Islam A, Kim D, Yim UH, Shim WJ, Kim S. Structure-dependent degradation of polar compounds in weathered oils observed by atmospheric pressure photo-ionization hydrogen/deuterium exchange ultrahigh resolution mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2015; 296:93-100. [PMID: 25913675 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2015.04.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Revised: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The resin fractions of fresh mixtures of three oils spilled during the M/V Hebei Spirit oil spill, as well as weathered oils collected at weathering stages II and IV from the oil spill site were analyzed and compared by atmospheric pressure photo-ionization hydrogen/deuterium exchange mass spectrometry (HDX MS). The significantly decreased abundance of N(+) and [N-H+D](+) ions suggested that secondary and tertiary amine-containing compounds were preferentially degraded during the early stage of weathering. [N+H](+) and [N+D](+) ions previously attributed to pyridine-type compounds degraded more slowly than secondary and tertiary amine-containing compounds. The preferential degradation of nitrogen-containing compounds was confirmed by photo-degradation experiments using 15 standard compounds. In addition, significant increases of [S1O1+H](+) and [S1O1+D](+) ions with higher DBE values were observed from fresh oil mixtures as compared to stages II and IV samples, and that could be linked with the decrease of higher DBE compounds of the S1 class. This study presented convincing arguments and evidence demonstrating that secondary and tertiary amines were more vulnerable to photo-degradation than compounds containing pyridine, and hence, preferential degradation depending on chemical structures must be considered in the production of hazardous or toxic components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ananna Islam
- Kyungpook National University, Department of Chemistry, Daegu 702-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Donghwi Kim
- Kyungpook National University, Department of Chemistry, Daegu 702-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Un Hyuk Yim
- Oil and POPs Research Group, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, KIOST, Geoje 656-834, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Joon Shim
- Oil and POPs Research Group, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, KIOST, Geoje 656-834, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunghwan Kim
- Kyungpook National University, Department of Chemistry, Daegu 702-701, Republic of Korea; Green Nano Center, Department of Chemistry, Daegu 702-701, Republic of Korea.
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31
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Barrow MP, Peru KM, Fahlman B, Hewitt LM, Frank RA, Headley JV. Beyond Naphthenic Acids: Environmental Screening of Water from Natural Sources and the Athabasca Oil Sands Industry Using Atmospheric Pressure Photoionization Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance Mass Spectrometry. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2015; 26:1508-1521. [PMID: 26115966 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-015-1188-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2015] [Revised: 03/26/2015] [Accepted: 04/19/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
There is a growing need for environmental screening of natural waters in the Athabasca region of Alberta, Canada, particularly in the differentiation between anthropogenic and naturally-derived organic compounds associated with weathered bitumen deposits. Previous research has focused primarily upon characterization of naphthenic acids in water samples by negative-ion electrospray ionization methods. Atmospheric pressure photoionization is a much less widely used ionization method, but one that affords the possibility of observing low polarity compounds that cannot be readily observed by electrospray ionization. This study describes the first usage of atmospheric pressure photoionization Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (in both positive-ion and negative-ion modes) to characterize and compare extracts of oil sands process water, river water, and groundwater samples from areas associated with oil sands mining activities. When comparing mass spectra previously obtained by electrospray ionization and data acquired by atmospheric pressure photoionization, there can be a doubling of the number of components detected. In addition to polar compounds that have previously been observed, low-polarity, sulfur-containing compounds and hydrocarbons that do not incorporate a heteroatom were detected. These latter components, which are not amenable to electrospray ionization, have potential for screening efforts within monitoring programs of the oil sands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark P Barrow
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK,
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32
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Cho Y, Ahmed A, Islam A, Kim S. Developments in FT-ICR MS instrumentation, ionization techniques, and data interpretation methods for petroleomics. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2015; 34:248-263. [PMID: 24942384 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2012] [Revised: 11/25/2013] [Accepted: 03/26/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Because of the increasing importance of heavy and unconventional crude oil as an energy source, there is a growing need for petroleomics: the pursuit of more complete and detailed knowledge of the chemical compositions of crude oil. Crude oil has an extremely complex nature; hence, techniques with ultra-high resolving capabilities, such as Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR MS), are necessary. FT-ICR MS has been successfully applied to the study of heavy and unconventional crude oils such as bitumen and shale oil. However, the analysis of crude oil with FT-ICR MS is not trivial, and it has pushed analysis to the limits of instrumental and methodological capabilities. For example, high-resolution mass spectra of crude oils may contain over 100,000 peaks that require interpretation. To visualize large data sets more effectively, data processing methods such as Kendrick mass defect analysis and statistical analyses have been developed. The successful application of FT-ICR MS to the study of crude oil has been critically dependent on key developments in FT-ICR MS instrumentation and data processing methods. This review offers an introduction to the basic principles, FT-ICR MS instrumentation development, ionization techniques, and data interpretation methods for petroleomics and is intended for readers having no prior experience in this field of study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunju Cho
- Department of Chemistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 702-701, Korea
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33
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Carrizo D, Domeño C, Nerín I, Alfaro P, Nerín C. Atmospheric pressure solid analysis probe coupled to quadrupole-time of flight mass spectrometry as a tool for screening and semi-quantitative approach of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, nitro-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and oxo-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in complex matrices. Talanta 2015; 131:175-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2014.07.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2014] [Revised: 07/09/2014] [Accepted: 07/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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34
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Jiang B, Liang Y, Xu C, Zhang J, Hu M, Shi Q. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in ambient aerosols from Beijing: characterization of low volatile PAHs by positive-ion atmospheric pressure photoionization (APPI) coupled with Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2014; 48:4716-23. [PMID: 24702199 DOI: 10.1021/es405295p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Aromatic fractions derived from aerosol samples were characterized by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC-MS), high temperature simulated distillation (SIMDIS), and positive-ion atmospheric pressure photoionization (APPI) Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR MS), respectively. It was found that about 27 wt % compounds in aromatic fractions could not be eluted from a GC column and some large molecule PAHs were neglected in GC-MS analysis. APPI FT-ICR MS was proven to be a powerful approach for characterizing the molecular composition of aromatics, especially for the large molecular species. An aromatic sample from Beijing urban aerosol was successfully characterized by APPI FT-ICR MS. Results showed that most abundant aromatic compounds in PM2.5 (particles with aerodynamic diameter ≤ 2.5 μm) were highly condensed hydrocarbons with 4-8 aromatic rings and their homologues with very short alkyl chains. Furthermore, heteroatom-containing hydrocarbons were found as the significant components of the aromatic fractions: O1, O2, N1, and S1 class species with 10-28 DBEs (double bond equivalents) and 14-38 carbon numbers were identified by APPI FT-ICR MS. The heteroatom PAHs had similar DBEs and carbon number distribution as regular PAHs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum , Beijing 102249, People's Republic of China
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35
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Lemkau KL, McKenna AM, Podgorski DC, Rodgers RP, Reddy CM. Molecular evidence of heavy-oil weathering following the M/V Cosco Busan spill: insights from Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2014; 48:3760-3767. [PMID: 24559181 DOI: 10.1021/es403787u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have highlighted a critical need to investigate oil weathering beyond the analytical window afforded by conventional gas chromatography (GC). In particular, techniques capable of detecting polar and higher molecular weight (HMW; > 400 Da) components abundant in crude and heavy fuel oils (HFOs) as well as transformation products. Here, we used atmospheric pressure photoionization Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (APPI FT-ICR MS) to identify molecular transformations in oil-residue samples from the 2007 M/V Cosco Busan HFO spill (San Francisco, CA). Over 617 days, the abundance and diversity of oxygen-containing compounds increased relative to the parent HFO, likely from bio- and photodegradation. HMW, highly aromatic, alkylated compounds decreased in relative abundance concurrent with increased relative abundance of less alkylated stable aromatic structures. Combining these results with GC-based data yielded a more comprehensive understanding of oil spill weathering. For example, dealkylation trends and the overall loss of HMW species observed by FT-ICR MS has not previously been documented and is counterintuitive given losses of lower molecular weight species observed by GC. These results suggest a region of relative stability at the interface of these techniques, which provides new indicators for studying long-term weathering and identifying sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin L Lemkau
- Department of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution , 360 Woods Hole Rd., Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543, United States
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36
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Islam A, Cho Y, Yim UH, Shim WJ, Kim YH, Kim S. The comparison of naturally weathered oil and artificially photo-degraded oil at the molecular level by a combination of SARA fractionation and FT-ICR MS. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2013; 263 Pt 2:404-411. [PMID: 24231315 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2013.09.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2013] [Revised: 09/09/2013] [Accepted: 09/14/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Two sets of oil samples, one obtained from different weathering stages of the M/V Hebei Spirit oil spill site and the other prepared by an in vitro photo-degradation experiment, were analyzed and compared at the molecular level by atmospheric pressure photo-ionization coupled with Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR MS). For a more detailed comparison at the molecular level, the oil samples were separated into saturate, aromatic, resin, and asphaltene (SARA) fractions before MS analysis. Gravimetric analysis of the SARA fractions revealed a decreased weight percentage of the aromatic fraction and an increased resin fraction in both sets of samples. Molecular-level investigations of the SARA fractions showed a significant reduction in the S1 class in the saturate fraction and increase of S1O1 class compounds with high DBE values in resin fraction. Levels of N1 and N1O1 class compounds resulting in protonated ions (presumably basic nitrogen compounds) increased after degradation compared to compounds generating molecular ions (presumably non-basic nitrogen compounds). This study revealed changes occurring in heteroatom polar species of crude oils such as sulfur and nitrogen containing compounds that have not been easily detected with conventional GC based techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ananna Islam
- Kyungpook National University, Department of Chemistry, Daegu 702-701, Republic of Korea
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37
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Griffiths MT, Da Campo R, O’Connor PB, Barrow MP. Throwing Light on Petroleum: Simulated Exposure of Crude Oil to Sunlight and Characterization Using Atmospheric Pressure Photoionization Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2013; 86:527-34. [DOI: 10.1021/ac4025335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew T. Griffiths
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Raffaello Da Campo
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Peter B. O’Connor
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Mark P. Barrow
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
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38
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Cho Y, Ahmed A, Kim S. Application of Atmospheric Pressure Photo Ionization Hydrogen/Deuterium Exchange High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry for the Molecular Level Speciation of Nitrogen Compounds in Heavy Crude Oils. Anal Chem 2013; 85:9758-63. [DOI: 10.1021/ac402157r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yunju Cho
- Kyungpook National University, Department of Chemistry, Daegu, 702-701 Republic of Korea
| | - Arif Ahmed
- Kyungpook National University, Department of Chemistry, Daegu, 702-701 Republic of Korea
| | - Sunghwan Kim
- Kyungpook National University, Department of Chemistry, Daegu, 702-701 Republic of Korea
- Green-Nano Materials Research Center, Daegu, 702-701 Republic of Korea
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39
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Benassi M, Berisha A, Romão W, Babayev E, Römpp A, Spengler B. Petroleum crude oil analysis using low-temperature plasma mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2013; 27:825-834. [PMID: 23495029 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.6518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2012] [Revised: 01/16/2013] [Accepted: 01/18/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE The analysis of crude oil is a challenging task due to sample complexity. In mass spectrometry, several ionization techniques can be used to perform this task. Herein, we report the use of an atmospheric pressure low-temperature plasma (LTP) probe to desorb and ionize compounds of petroleum crude oil from different sources and residual fuel oil standard reference materials (SRMs). LTP is used to perform rapid screening of low molecular weight and relatively volatile components enabling characterization and differentiation of crude oil samples relying solely on mass spectrometric data. METHODS Crude oil samples were analyzed without sample preparation or dilution directly from sampling surfaces of different materials such as polytetrafluorethylene, glass and polyethylene. Analyses were performed using Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FTICR-MS) with high mass accuracy and high resolving power of 400,000 at m/z 400 to estimate the elemental composition of the ions produced by LTP. Principal components analysis (PCA) was performed on the LTP data for statistical analysis. RESULTS LTP was found to generate positive ions of lower mass compounds of low to moderate polarity. Three-dimensional PCA plots efficiently differentiated between SRMs and Azerbaijan crude oil samples. Standards of alkanes, nitrogen heterocycles, sulfur heterocycles, hydrocarbon polycyclic aromatics and saturated acids were investigated for their behavior in LTP ionization. Alkanes were found to form oxidized products to some extent. The LTP probe worked particularly well in the characterization of sulfur compounds. CONCLUSIONS LTP ionization of crude oils was found to advantageously complement analysis by electrospray ionization. The LTP probe in combination with miniaturized mass spectrometers has the potential to provide direct composition analysis and source identification of crude oil contaminations in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Benassi
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Justus Liebig University, Schubertstrasse 60, Building 16, D-35392, Giessen, Germany
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40
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Cho Y, Witt M, Kim YH, Kim S. Characterization of Crude Oils at the Molecular Level by Use of Laser Desorption Ionization Fourier-Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2012; 84:8587-94. [DOI: 10.1021/ac301615m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yunju Cho
- Kyungpook National University, Department of Chemistry, Daegu,
702-701 Republic of Korea
| | | | - Young Hwan Kim
- Division of Mass Spectrometry Research, Korea Basic Science Institute, Ochang, 863-883, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunghwan Kim
- Kyungpook National University, Department of Chemistry, Daegu,
702-701 Republic of Korea
- Green-Nano Materials Research Center, Daegu, 702-701 Republic of Korea
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41
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Abro K, Memon N, Bhanger MI, Perveen S, Panhwar A. Comparative Study of Electrospray and Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Ionization with Liquid Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry for Quantification of Five Antihyperglycemic Agents Utilizing Monolithic Column. ANAL LETT 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2012.680054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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42
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Podgorski DC, McKenna AM, Rodgers RP, Marshall AG, Cooper WT. Selective Ionization of Dissolved Organic Nitrogen by Positive Ion Atmospheric Pressure Photoionization Coupled with Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2012; 84:5085-90. [DOI: 10.1021/ac300800w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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43
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Eckert PA, Roach PJ, Laskin A, Laskin J. Chemical Characterization of Crude Petroleum Using Nanospray Desorption Electrospray Ionization Coupled with High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2012; 84:1517-25. [DOI: 10.1021/ac202801g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter A. Eckert
- William R. Wiley Environmental and Molecular Sciences Laboratory
| | - Patrick J. Roach
- Chemical and Materials Sciences
Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, K8-88, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Alexander Laskin
- William R. Wiley Environmental and Molecular Sciences Laboratory
| | - Julia Laskin
- Chemical and Materials Sciences
Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, K8-88, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
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44
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Ayers S, Ehrmann BM, Adcock AF, Kroll DJ, Wani MC, Pearce CJ, Oberlies NH. Thielavin B methyl ester: a cytotoxic benzoate trimer from an unidentified fungus (MSX 55526) from the Order Sordariales. Tetrahedron Lett 2011; 52:5733-5735. [PMID: 22566715 PMCID: PMC3343773 DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2011.08.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
As part of our ongoing investigation of filamentous fungi for anticancer leads, an active fungal extract was identified from the Mycosynthetix library (MSX 55526; from the Order Sordariales). Bioactivity-directed fractionation yielded the known ergosterol peroxide (2) and 5α,8α-epidioxyergosta-6,9(11),22-trien-3β-ol(3), and a new benzoate trimer, termed thielavin B methyl ester (1). The structure elucidation of 1 was facilitated by the use of HRMS coupled to an APPI (atmospheric pressure photoionization) source. Compound 1 proved to be moderately active against a panel of three cancer cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sloan Ayers
- University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, PO Box 26170, Greensboro, NC 27402, United States
| | - Brandie M. Ehrmann
- University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, PO Box 26170, Greensboro, NC 27402, United States
| | - Audrey F. Adcock
- North Carolina Central University, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, BRITE, 1801 Fayetteville St., Durham, NC 27707, United States
| | - David J. Kroll
- North Carolina Central University, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, BRITE, 1801 Fayetteville St., Durham, NC 27707, United States
| | - Mansukh C. Wani
- Research Triangle Institute, Natural Products Laboratory, PO Box 12194, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States
| | - Cedric J. Pearce
- Mycosynthetix Inc., 505 Meadowland Dr., Suite 103, Hillsborough, NC 27278, United States
| | - Nicholas H. Oberlies
- University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, PO Box 26170, Greensboro, NC 27402, United States
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45
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Hsu CS, Hendrickson CL, Rodgers RP, McKenna AM, Marshall AG. Petroleomics: advanced molecular probe for petroleum heavy ends. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2011; 46:337-343. [PMID: 21438082 DOI: 10.1002/jms.1893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
To look into complex mixtures of petroleum heavy ends at the molecular level, ultra high-resolution mass spectrometry, i.e. resolving power > 50,000, is needed to resolve overlapping components for accurate determination of molecular composition of individual components. Recent progress in Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR MS) incorporated with soft ionization techniques adaptable to liquid chromatography enables analysis of petroleum high ends, i.e., heavy oils, residua and asphaltenes. FT-ICR MS at the Future Fuels Institute of Florida State University and the National High Magnetic Field Laboratory (NHMFL) routinely provides 1,000,000 resolving power at 400 Da, with root mean square (rms) mass measurement accuracy between 30 and 500 ppb for 5000-30,000 identified species in a single mass spectrum. Phase correction of the detected ion signal increases resolving power 40-100%, improving mass accuracy up to twofold. Overlapping ionic species that differ in mass by as little as one electron mass (548 µDa) can be resolved. A database of more than 100,000 components of different elemental composition has been generated at NHMFL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang S Hsu
- Future Fuels Institute, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA.
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46
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Barrow MP, Witt M, Headley JV, Peru KM. Athabasca oil sands process water: characterization by atmospheric pressure photoionization and electrospray ionization fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry. Anal Chem 2010; 82:3727-35. [PMID: 20359201 DOI: 10.1021/ac100103y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The Athabasca oil sands in Canada are a less conventional source of oil which have seen rapid development. There are concerns about the environmental impact, with particular respect to components in oil sands process water which may enter the aquatic ecosystem. Naphthenic acids have been previously targeted for study, due to their implications in toxicity toward aquatic wildlife, but it is believed that other components, too, contribute toward the potential toxicity of the oil sands process water. When mass spectrometry is used, it is necessary to use instrumentation with a high resolving power and mass accuracy when studying complex mixtures, but the technique has previously been hindered by the range of compounds that have been accessible via common ionization techniques, such as electrospray ionization. The research described here applied Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry in conjunction with electrospray ionization and atmospheric pressure photoionization, in both positive-ion and negative-ion modes, to the characterization of oil sands process water for the first time. The results highlight the need for broader characterization when investigating toxic components within oil sands process water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark P Barrow
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom.
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47
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Basic rules for the interpretation of atmospheric pressure ionization mass spectra of small molecules. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:3908-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.02.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2009] [Revised: 02/17/2010] [Accepted: 02/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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48
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Carrasco N, Schmitz-Afonso I, Bonnet JY, Quirico E, Thissen R, Dutuit O, Bagag A, Laprévote O, Buch A, Giulani A, Adandé G, Ouni F, Hadamcik E, Szopa C, Cernogora G. Chemical characterization of Titan's tholins: solubility, morphology and molecular structure revisited. J Phys Chem A 2010; 113:11195-203. [PMID: 19827851 DOI: 10.1021/jp904735q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In this work Titan's atmospheric chemistry is simulated using a capacitively coupled plasma radio frequency discharge in a N(2)-CH(4) stationnary flux. Samples of Titan's tholins are produced in gaseous mixtures containing either 2 or 10% methane before the plasma discharge, covering the methane concentration range measured in Titan's atmosphere. We study their solubility and associated morphology, their infrared spectroscopy signature and the mass distribution of the soluble fraction by mass spectrometry. An important result is to highlight that the previous Titan's tholin solubility studies are inappropriate to fully characterize such a heterogeneous organic matter and we develop a new protocol to evaluate quantitatively tholins solubility. We find that tholins contain up to 35% in mass of molecules soluble in methanol, attached to a hardly insoluble fraction. Methanol is then chosen as a discriminating solvent to characterize the differences between soluble and insoluble species constituting the bulk tholins. No significant morphological change of shape or surface feature is derived from scanning electron microscopy after the extraction of the soluble fraction. This observation suggests a solid structure despite an important porosity of the grains. Infrared spectroscopy is recorded for both fractions. The IR spectra of the bulk, soluble, and insoluble tholins fractions are found to be very similar and reveal identical chemical signatures of nitrogen bearing functions and aliphatic groups. This result confirms that the chemical information collected when analyzing only the soluble fraction provides a valuable insight representative of the bulk material. The soluble fraction is ionized with an atmospheric pressure photoionization source and analyzed by a hybrid mass spectrometer. The congested mass spectra with one peak at every mass unit between 50 and 800 u confirm that the soluble fraction contains a complex mixture of organic molecules. The broad distribution, however, exhibits a regular pattern of mass clusters. Tandem collision induced dissociation analysis is performed in the negative ion mode to retrieve structural information. It reveals that (i) the molecules are ended by methyl, amine and cyanide groups, (ii) a 27 u neutral moiety (most probably HCN) is often released in the fragmentation of tholin anions, and (iii) an ubiquitous ionic fragment at m/z 66 is found in all tandem spectra. A tentative structure is proposed for this negative ion.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Carrasco
- Université de Versailles St-Quentin, UPMC Univ Paris 06 CNRS/INSU, LATMOS-IPSL, 91371 Verrieres le Buisson Cedex, France. France
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49
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Qian K, Edwards KE, Mennito AS, Walters CC, Kushnerick JD. Enrichment, Resolution, and Identification of Nickel Porphyrins in Petroleum Asphaltene by Cyclograph Separation and Atmospheric Pressure Photoionization Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2009; 82:413-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ac902367n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kuangnan Qian
- ExxonMobil Research and Engineering Company, Annandale, New Jersey 08801
| | | | - Anthony S. Mennito
- ExxonMobil Research and Engineering Company, Annandale, New Jersey 08801
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50
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Fernandez-Lima FA, Becker C, McKenna AM, Rodgers RP, Marshall AG, Russell DH. Petroleum Crude Oil Characterization by IMS-MS and FTICR MS. Anal Chem 2009; 81:9941-7. [DOI: 10.1021/ac901594f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Francisco A. Fernandez-Lima
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, Department of Chemistry, Baylor University, Waco, Texas 76706, Ion Cyclotron Resonance Program, National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Florida State University, 1800 East Paul Dirac Drive, Tallahassee, Florida 32310-4005, and Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306
| | - Christopher Becker
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, Department of Chemistry, Baylor University, Waco, Texas 76706, Ion Cyclotron Resonance Program, National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Florida State University, 1800 East Paul Dirac Drive, Tallahassee, Florida 32310-4005, and Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306
| | - Amy M. McKenna
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, Department of Chemistry, Baylor University, Waco, Texas 76706, Ion Cyclotron Resonance Program, National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Florida State University, 1800 East Paul Dirac Drive, Tallahassee, Florida 32310-4005, and Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306
| | - Ryan P. Rodgers
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, Department of Chemistry, Baylor University, Waco, Texas 76706, Ion Cyclotron Resonance Program, National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Florida State University, 1800 East Paul Dirac Drive, Tallahassee, Florida 32310-4005, and Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306
| | - Alan G. Marshall
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, Department of Chemistry, Baylor University, Waco, Texas 76706, Ion Cyclotron Resonance Program, National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Florida State University, 1800 East Paul Dirac Drive, Tallahassee, Florida 32310-4005, and Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306
| | - David H. Russell
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, Department of Chemistry, Baylor University, Waco, Texas 76706, Ion Cyclotron Resonance Program, National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Florida State University, 1800 East Paul Dirac Drive, Tallahassee, Florida 32310-4005, and Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306
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