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Zhang C, Yang Z, Luo P, Ye M, Gong P, Gong Q, Mei B. Association of TLR4 and TLR9 gene polymorphisms with the risk and progression of cervical lesions in HPV-infected women. Biomark Med 2023; 17:133-142. [PMID: 37097031 DOI: 10.2217/bmm-2022-0702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: Toll-like receptors involved in tumor-associated inflammatory response, this study aimed to investigate the role of TLR4 and TLR9 gene polymorphisms in the risk and progression of HPV-related cervical lesions. Materials & methods: A total of 220 cervical lesion patients and 227 healthy controls were enrolled. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms were genotyped using PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism. Results: A significantly decreased risk of cervical lesions was observed to be associated with the TLR4 rs10116253 (C), rs1927911 (T) and rs10759931 (G) mutant alleles. rs187084-rs1927911-HPV-16/18 was the best interaction model to affect cervical lesion risk. Conclusion: TLR4 rs10116253, rs1927911 and rs10759931 were potential biomarkers for cervical lesion susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunlin Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Jingzhou Hospital Affiliated to Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei, 434000, China
| | - Zhiping Yang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Jingzhou Hospital Affiliated to Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei, 434000, China
| | - Ping Luo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Jingzhou Hospital Affiliated to Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei, 434000, China
| | - Mengxia Ye
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Jingzhou Hospital Affiliated to Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei, 434000, China
| | - Ping Gong
- Department of Pathology, Jingzhou Hospital Affiliated to Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei, 434000, China
| | - Quan Gong
- Department of Immunology, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei, 434000, China
| | - Bing Mei
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Jingzhou Hospital Affiliated to Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei, 434000, China
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Zhang C, Yang Z, Luo P, Li T, Wang S, Sun F, Gong P, Mei B. Association of TLR4 and TLR9 gene polymorphisms with cervical HR-HPV infection status in Chinese Han population. BMC Infect Dis 2023; 23:152. [PMID: 36915050 PMCID: PMC10012518 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-023-08116-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Toll-like receptors (TLRs) may be involved in the natural history of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. In our study, we aimed to investigate the association of TLR4 (rs10116253, rs1927911, rs10759931) and TLR9 (rs187084, rs352140) gene polymorphisms with cervical persistent high-risk HPV (HR-HPV) infection, as well as multiple HR-HPV infections. METHODS A total of 269 study subjects were enrolled and grouped by retrospectively analyzing the HR-HPV testing results and other clinical data of 2647 gynecological outpatients from Jingzhou Hospital Affiliated to Yangtze University. We conducted a case-control study to compare the role of TLR4/TLR9 gene polymorphisms between HR-HPV transient and persistent infections, as well as between HR-HPV single and multiple infections. HR-HPV genotypes were detected using Real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) was used to determine TLR4 and TLR9 gene polymorphisms. Analyses of the different outcome variables (HR-HPV infection status and time for HR-HPV clearance) with respect to TLR4/TLR9 polymorphisms were carried out. Logistic regression analysis was used to determine the association of TLR4/TLR9 genotypes and alleles with HR-HPV infection status. The Kaplan-Meier method with the log-rank test was used to analyze the relationship between TLR4/TLR9 genotypes and the time for HR-HPV clearance. RESULTS The mutant genotypes of TLR9 rs187084 and rs352140 were associated with persistent (rs187084: CT and CT+CC; rs352140: CT and CT+TT) and multiple (rs187084: CT and CT+CC; rs352140: CT+TT) (all P < 0.05) HR-HPV infection. However, no association was found between TLR4 polymorphisms and HR-HPV infection status. Kaplan-Meier time to HR-HPV clearance analysis demonstrated that women carrying rs187084 and rs352140 mutant genotypes take longer duration to clear HR-HPV infection compared with wild-type genotype carriers (P1 = 0.012; P2 = 0.031). CONCLUSION Our results suggested that TLR9 polymorphisms, but not TLR4, were associated with cervical persistent and multiple HR-HPV infections, which could be useful as a potential predictor of HR-HPV infection status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunlin Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Jingzhou Hospital Affiliated to Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434020, Hubei, China
| | - Zhiping Yang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Jingzhou Hospital Affiliated to Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434020, Hubei, China
| | - Ping Luo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Jingzhou Hospital Affiliated to Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434020, Hubei, China
| | - Ting Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Jingzhou Hospital Affiliated to Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434020, Hubei, China
| | - Sutong Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Jingzhou Hospital Affiliated to Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434020, Hubei, China
| | - Fenglan Sun
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Jingzhou Hospital Affiliated to Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434020, Hubei, China
| | - Ping Gong
- Department of Pathology, Jingzhou Hospital Affiliated to Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434020, Hubei, China
| | - Bing Mei
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Jingzhou Hospital Affiliated to Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434020, Hubei, China.
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Wang Y, Xia Y, Chen Y, Xu L, Sun X, Li J, Huang G, Li X, Xie Z, Zhou Z. Association analysis between the TLR9 gene polymorphism rs352140 and type 1 diabetes. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1030736. [PMID: 37139337 PMCID: PMC10150994 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1030736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background To a great extent, genetic factors contribute to the susceptibility to type 1 diabetes (T1D) development, and by triggering immune imbalance, Toll-like receptor (TLR) 9 is involved in the development of T1D. However, there is a lack of evidence supporting a genetic association between polymorphisms in the TLR9 gene and T1D. Methods In total, 1513 individuals, including T1D patients (n=738) and healthy control individuals (n=775), from the Han Chinese population were recruited for an association analysis of the rs352140 polymorphism of the TLR9 gene and T1D. rs352140 was genotyped by MassARRAY. The allele and genotype distributions of rs352140 in the T1D and healthy groups and those in different T1D subgroups were analyzed by the chi-squared test and binary logistic regression model. The chi-square test and Kruskal-Wallis H test were performed to explore the association between genotype and phenotype in T1D patients. Results The allele and genotype distributions of rs352140 were significantly different in T1D patients and healthy control individuals (p=0.019, p=0.035). Specifically, the T allele and TT genotype of rs352140 conferred a higher risk of T1D (OR=1.194, 95% CI=1.029-1.385, p=0.019, OR=1.535, 95% CI=1.108-2.126, p=0.010). The allele and genotype distributions of rs352140 were not significantly different between childhood-onset and adult-onset T1D and between T1D with a single islet autoantibody and T1D with multiple islet autoantibodies (p=0.603, p=0.743). rs352140 was associated with T1D susceptibility according to the recessive and additive models (p=0.015, p=0.019) but was not associated with T1D susceptibility in the dominant and overdominant models (p=0.117, p=0.928). Moreover, genotype-phenotype association analysis showed that the TT genotype of rs352140 was associated with higher fasting C-peptide levels (p=0.017). Conclusion In the Han Chinese population, the TLR9 polymorphism rs352140 is associated with T1D and is a risk factor for susceptibility to T1D.
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Moura ELD, Santos IFD, Freitas PPD, Silva DMD, Santos ACMD, Lira Neto AB, Silva ACPE, Barbosa NR, Nascimento CA, Balliano TL, Fraga CADC, Farias KFD, Figueiredo EVMDS. Polymorphisms in Toll-like receptors genes changes the host’s immune response and is associated with cervical cancer. Immunobiology 2022; 227:152187. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2022.152187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Jabłońska A, Jabłonowska E, Studzińska M, Kamerys J, Paradowska E. The TLR9 2848C/T Polymorphism Is Associated with the CMV DNAemia among HIV/CMV Co-Infected Patients. Cells 2021; 10:cells10092360. [PMID: 34572011 PMCID: PMC8470824 DOI: 10.3390/cells10092360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns and are essential components of the host’s innate immune response. The aim of this study was to determine the TLR9 genotype frequency and investigate the association between TLR9 polymorphisms and cytomegalovirus (CMV) DNAemia in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/CMV co-infected patients. A total of 205 HIV/CMV co-infected adults were screened for the presence of the four TLR9 polymorphisms (−1237T/C, −1486T/C, 1174G/A, and 2848C/T) by using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). Mutation presented in at least one allele of the TLR9 2848C/T single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) was associated with the occurrence of CMV DNAemia among HIV-infected patients with CMV co-infection (p = 0.004). The level of CMV DNA was higher in patients who were homozygous recessive or heterozygous for the 2848C/T polymorphism compared with those who had a wild-type genotype for this polymorphism (p = 0.005). Mutation detected in at least one allele of this SNP was also associated with a lower interferon type β (IFN-β) concentration (p = 0.048), while no relationships between TLR9 −1237T/C, −1486T/C, and 1174G/A SNPs and CMV DNAemia were observed. Our findings suggest that the mutation present in at least one allele of the TLR9 2848C/T SNP may be associated with the active CMV infection in HIV/CMV co-infected subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Jabłońska
- Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Medical Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 93-232 Lodz, Poland; (A.J.); (M.S.)
| | - Elżbieta Jabłonowska
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hepatology, Medical University of Lodz, 91-347 Lodz, Poland; (E.J.); (J.K.)
| | - Mirosława Studzińska
- Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Medical Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 93-232 Lodz, Poland; (A.J.); (M.S.)
| | - Juliusz Kamerys
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hepatology, Medical University of Lodz, 91-347 Lodz, Poland; (E.J.); (J.K.)
| | - Edyta Paradowska
- Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Medical Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 93-232 Lodz, Poland; (A.J.); (M.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-42-272-3629
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Guatibonza-García V, Gaete PV, Pérez-Londoño A, Puerto-Baracaldo DK, Gutiérrez-Romero SA, Mendivil CO, Tapias M. Poor performance of anti-mitochondrial antibodies for the diagnosis of primary biliary cholangitis in female Colombian patients: A single-center study. World J Gastroenterol 2021; 27:4890-4899. [PMID: 34447233 PMCID: PMC8371498 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v27.i29.4890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 04/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) is a serious disease that causes significant morbidity. PBC is confirmed with liver biopsy but autoantibodies are frequently used as proxies for diagnosis. The performance of autoantibodies for the diagnosis of PBC seems to vary widely across populations.
AIM To assess the diagnostic performance of several autoantibodies for the diagnosis of PBC in Latin American individuals.
METHODS We studied 85 female adult Colombians, 43 cases with biopsy-confirmed PBC and 42 controls in whom a liver biopsy ruled out PBC. Plasma anti-mitochondrial antibodies (AMAs), anti-smooth muscle antibodies (ASMAs) and anti-nuclear antibodies (ANAs), as well as total immunoglobulin (Ig) M and IgG were determined using immunofluorescence or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in all study participants within 1 year of the biopsy. For all variables, values analyzed were those closest to the date of the biopsy. Patients with viral or alcoholic hepatitis were excluded.
RESULTS Mean age at diagnosis was 58.7 years for cases and 56.9 years for controls, and the body mass index was lower among cases. Most cases received ursodeoxycholic acid, while most controls received vitamin E. Sjögren syndrome and Hashimoto’s thyroiditis were the most frequent autoimmune comorbidities of PBC. The prevalence of AMA positivity among PBC cases was unexpectedly low. The sensitivity and specificity values were respectively 44.2% and 76.2% for AMA, 74.4% and 38.1% for ANA, 14.0% and 73.8% for ASMA, 26.7% and 80.0% for IgG, and 57.1% and 85.7% for IgM. The combination of positive AMA plus positive IgM had 91% positive predictive value for PBC. Among AMA-negative cases, the most prevalent antibodies were ANA (87.5%). In all, 62% of AMA-positive and 84.6% of IgM-positive individuals had fibrosis in their biopsy.
CONCLUSION AMA positivity was very low among female Latin American patients with PBC. The performance of all antibodies was quite limited. These results highlight the urgent need for better PBC biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Carlos O Mendivil
- Section of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Fundación Santa Fe de Bogotá, Bogotá 110111, Colombia
| | - Monica Tapias
- School of Medicine, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá 110111, Colombia
- Department of Hepatology, Fundación Santa Fe de Bogotá, Bogotá 110111, Colombia
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Abdelwahab SF, Hamdy S, Osman AM, Zakaria ZA, Galal I, Sobhy M, Hashem M, Allam WR, Abdel‐Samiee M, Rewisha E, Waked I. Association of the polymorphism of the Toll-like receptor (TLR)-3 and TLR-9 genes with hepatitis C virus-specific cell-mediated immunity outcomes among Egyptian health-care workers. Clin Exp Immunol 2021; 203:3-12. [PMID: 32939755 PMCID: PMC7744502 DOI: 10.1111/cei.13514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 08/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Variations in the immune response could explain resistance to hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. Toll-like receptor gene (TLR)-3 is an innate detector of dsRNA viruses, and the TLR-9 gene recognizes bacterial and viral unmethylated cytosine-phosphate-guanosine (CpG) motifs. We previously reported that the TLR-3.rs3775290 CC genotype was associated with HCV chronicity and that the TLR-9 gene played no major role in this infection. This study identified the role of TLR-3.rs3775290 (c.1377C/T), TLR-9.rs5743836 (-1237T→C) and TLR-9.rs352140 (G2848A) gene polymorphisms in predicting the outcome of HCV-specific cell-mediated immunity (CMI) among Egyptian health-care workers (HCWs). We enrolled 265 HCWs in this study and divided them into four groups. Group 1: 140 seronegative-aviraemic HCWs; group 2: 20 seronegative-viraemic HCWs; group 3: 35 subjects with spontaneously resolved HCV infection; and group 4: 70 chronic HCV HCWs (patients). All subjects were genotyped by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) analysis for the TLR-3.rs3775290, TLR-9.rs5743836 and TLR-9.rs352140 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). We also quantified HCV-specific CMI in the four groups using an interferon (IFN)-γ enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISPOT) assay in response to nine HCV genotype 4a, overlapping 15mer peptide pools covering the whole viral genome. No statistically significant difference was found between CMI-responding subjects with different HCV states and TLR-3.rs3775290 or TLR-9.rs352140 genotypes. However, there was a significant relationship between the outcome of the HCV-specific CMI and the TLR-9.rs5743836 genotype among the responding subjects (P = 0·005) and the chronic HCV patients (P = 0·044). In conclusion, TLR-9.rs5743836 SNP, but not TLR-3.rs3775290 or TLR-9.rs352140 genotypes, could predict the outcome of HCV-specific CMI responses among Egyptians infected with genotype-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. F. Abdelwahab
- The Egyptian Holding Company for Biological Products and Vaccines (VACSERA)GizaEgypt
- Division of MicrobiologyDepartment of Pharmaceutics and Industrial PharmacyTaif College of PharmacyAl‐Haweiah, TaifSaudi Arabia
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyFaculty of MedicineMinia UniversityMiniaEgypt
| | - S. Hamdy
- The Egyptian Holding Company for Biological Products and Vaccines (VACSERA)GizaEgypt
- Department of ZoologyFaculty of ScienceCairo UniversityGizaEgypt
| | - A. M. Osman
- Department of ZoologyFaculty of ScienceCairo UniversityGizaEgypt
| | - Z. A. Zakaria
- The Egyptian Holding Company for Biological Products and Vaccines (VACSERA)GizaEgypt
- Biomedical Research LaboratoryFaculty of PharmacyHeliopolis University for Sustainable DevelopmentCairoEgypt
| | - I. Galal
- The Egyptian Holding Company for Biological Products and Vaccines (VACSERA)GizaEgypt
| | - M. Sobhy
- The Egyptian Holding Company for Biological Products and Vaccines (VACSERA)GizaEgypt
| | - M. Hashem
- The Egyptian Holding Company for Biological Products and Vaccines (VACSERA)GizaEgypt
- Department of Epidemiology and Public HealthUniversity of Maryland School of MedicineBaltimoreMDUSA
| | - W. R. Allam
- The Egyptian Holding Company for Biological Products and Vaccines (VACSERA)GizaEgypt
- Centre for GenomicsUniversity of Science and TechnologyZewail City of Science and TechnologyGizaEgypt
| | - M. Abdel‐Samiee
- Department of Hepatology and GastroenterologyNational Liver InstituteMenoufia UniversityMenoufiaEgypt
| | - E. Rewisha
- Department of Hepatology and GastroenterologyNational Liver InstituteMenoufia UniversityMenoufiaEgypt
| | - I. Waked
- Department of Hepatology and GastroenterologyNational Liver InstituteMenoufia UniversityMenoufiaEgypt
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Cirelli T, Nepomuceno R, Orrico SRP, Rossa C, Cirelli JA, North KE, Graff M, Barros SP, Scarel-Caminaga RM. Validation in a Brazilian population of gene markers of periodontitis previously investigated by GWAS and bioinformatic studies. J Periodontol 2020; 92:689-703. [PMID: 32909266 DOI: 10.1002/jper.20-0126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bioinformatic tools and genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have led to comprehensive identification of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with periodontitis in diverse populations. Here we aimed to detect and validate the association of seven SNPs as genetic markers of susceptibility to periodontitis in a Brazilian population. METHODS This case-control study assessed complete periodontal parameters of 714 subjects with periodontal status classified as healthy/mild periodontitis (n = 356) and moderate/severe periodontitis (n = 358). Genotyping for rs187238, rs352140, rs1360573, rs2521634, rs3811046, rs3826782, and rs7762544 SNPs were evaluated. Genetic-phenotype associations, and sex or smoking effects of SNPs on periodontitis were tested using multiple logistic regressions adjusted for covariates. RESULTS The rs2521634-AA (close to NPY gene) presented increased risk for severe periodontitis (OR = 2.34; 95% CI = 1.19-4.59). The rs3811046-GG (IL37 gene) demonstrated increased risk for moderate periodontitis (OR = 2.58; 95% CI = 1.28-5.18). Higher risk for moderate periodontitis was found in male with rs7762544-AG close to NCR2 gene. The rs352140-TT in the TLR9 gene proved to be associated with lower risk to severe periodontitis in men. The rs2521634-AA was associated with higher percentage of interproximal probing pocket depth (P = .004). CONCLUSIONS This is the first evidence of validation in a Brazilian population of genetic markers of periodontitis previously investigated by GWAS and bioinformatics studies. SNPs in the NPY, IL37, and NCR2 genes were associated with susceptibility to moderate or severe periodontitis; whereas the TLR9 marker was associated with lower chance to develop severe periodontitis. Those SNPs had sex- and smoking-habit-specific effects on periodontitis; reinforcing the genetic profile predisposing to periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thamiris Cirelli
- Department of Diagnosis and Surgery, School of Dentistry at Araraquara, São Paulo State University - UNESP, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Morphology, Genetics, Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry at Araraquara, São Paulo State University - UNESP, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rafael Nepomuceno
- Department of Diagnosis and Surgery, School of Dentistry at Araraquara, São Paulo State University - UNESP, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Morphology, Genetics, Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry at Araraquara, São Paulo State University - UNESP, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Silvana R P Orrico
- Department of Diagnosis and Surgery, School of Dentistry at Araraquara, São Paulo State University - UNESP, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil.,Advanced Research Center in Medicine, Union of the Colleges of the Great Lakes (UNILAGO), São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carlos Rossa
- Department of Diagnosis and Surgery, School of Dentistry at Araraquara, São Paulo State University - UNESP, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Joni A Cirelli
- Department of Diagnosis and Surgery, School of Dentistry at Araraquara, São Paulo State University - UNESP, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Kari E North
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of North ‡Carolina at Chapel Hill - UNC, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.,Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill - UNC, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Mariaelisa Graff
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of North ‡Carolina at Chapel Hill - UNC, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.,Carolina Center for Genome Sciences, School of Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill - UNC, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Silvana P Barros
- Department of Comprehensive Oral Health - Periodontology, School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill - UNC, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Raquel M Scarel-Caminaga
- Department of Morphology, Genetics, Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry at Araraquara, São Paulo State University - UNESP, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
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Qiu X, Dong Y, Cao Y, Luo Y. Correlation between TLR2, TLR3, TLR4, and TLR9 polymorphisms and susceptibility to and prognosis of severe hepatitis among the newborns. J Clin Lab Anal 2017; 32. [PMID: 28703296 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.22292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study was aimed to explore how toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2), TLR3, TLR4 and TLR9 influenced the risk and prognosis of severe hepatitis among the Chinese newborns. METHODS Altogether 135 newborns diagnosed with severe hepatitis and 140 healthy newborns were included in this study. Totally 12 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within TLR2, TLR3, TLR4, and TLR9 were chosen and genotyped by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using the logistic regression. The univariate and multivariate analyses were used to analyze independent factors for prognosis of severe hepatitis among the Chinese newborns. RESULTS The SNPs within TLR2 [ie, rs1898830 (A>G) and rs3804100 (T>C)], TLR3 [ie, rs1879026 (G>T)], TLR4 [ie, rs2149356 (T>G)], and TLR9 [ie, rs187084 (T>C), rs352139 (A>G), and rs352140 (C>T)] were significantly associated with modified risk of neonatal severe hepatitis (all P<.05). Furthermore, rs1898830, rs1879026, rs187084 and rs352139 were also demonstrated to modulate the prognosis [ie, aspartate aminotransferase (AST)/alanine transaminase (ALT)>1.5] of newborns with severe hepatitis (all P<.05). Interestingly, the haplotype A-C-G-G-C-A-T were associated with higher susceptibility to neonatal severe hepatitis, and the newborns carrying haplotype A-C-G-G-C-A-T appeared to be correlated with more favorable prognosis (all P<.05). CONCLUSIONS Certain SNPs and haplotypes within TLR2, TLR3, TLR4, and TLR9 can be considered as the potentially treatment targets for neonatal severe hepatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Qiu
- Department of Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, The Central Hospital of Zhoukou City, Zhoukou, Henan Province, China
| | - Yubin Dong
- Department of Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, The Central Hospital of Zhoukou City, Zhoukou, Henan Province, China
| | - Yaqin Cao
- Department of Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, The Central Hospital of Zhoukou City, Zhoukou, Henan Province, China
| | - Yingmei Luo
- Department of Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, The Central Hospital of Zhoukou City, Zhoukou, Henan Province, China
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Johswich K. Innate immune recognition and inflammation in Neisseria meningitidis infection. Pathog Dis 2017; 75:3059204. [PMID: 28334203 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftx022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Neisseria meningitidis (Nme) can cause meningitis and sepsis, diseases which are characterised by an overwhelming inflammatory response. Inflammation is triggered by host pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) which are activated by pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). Nme contains multiple PAMPs including lipooligosaccharide, peptidoglycan, proteins and metabolites. Various classes of PRRs including Toll-like receptors, NOD-like receptors, C-type lectins, scavenger receptors, pentraxins and others are expressed by the host to respond to any given microbe. While Toll-like receptors and NOD-like receptors are pivotal in triggering inflammation, other PRRs act as modulators of inflammation or aid in functional antimicrobial responses such as phagocytosis or complement activation. This review aims to give an overview of the various Nme PAMPs reported to date, the PRRs they activate and their implications during the inflammatory response to infection.
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Inoue N, Katsumata Y, Watanabe M, Ishido N, Manabe Y, Watanabe A, Masutani R, Hidaka Y, Iwatani Y. Polymorphisms and expression of toll-like receptors in autoimmune thyroid diseases. Autoimmunity 2016; 50:182-191. [DOI: 10.1080/08916934.2016.1261835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Naoya Inoue
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Division of Health Sciences, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan and
- Laboratory for Clinical Investigation, Osaka University Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yuka Katsumata
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Division of Health Sciences, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan and
| | - Mikio Watanabe
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Division of Health Sciences, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan and
| | - Naoko Ishido
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Division of Health Sciences, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan and
| | - Yu Manabe
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Division of Health Sciences, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan and
| | - Ayano Watanabe
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Division of Health Sciences, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan and
| | - Ryota Masutani
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Division of Health Sciences, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan and
| | - Yoh Hidaka
- Laboratory for Clinical Investigation, Osaka University Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Iwatani
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Division of Health Sciences, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan and
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12
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Loganathan R, Nazeer M, Goda V, Devaraju P, Ali M, Karunakaran P, Jayaraman M. Genetic variants of TLR4 and TLR9 are risk factors for chronic Helicobacter pylori infection in South Indian Tamils. Hum Immunol 2016; 78:216-220. [PMID: 27993530 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2016.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Revised: 11/24/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Toll like receptors (TLRs) are a class of molecular pattern recognition receptors, elicits a strong inflammatory immune response against pathogens. Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori), a gram negative flagellate colonizes the human stomach, is responsible for the development of chronic gastritis and gastric carcinoma. The higher incidence of H. pylori infection and gastric cancer in South Indian Tamils demands a genetic study to unravel the influence of TLR4 and TLR9 polymorphisms associated with chronic H. pylori infection. In this study, 230 healthy individuals and 77 patients diagnosed with H. pylori infection were screened for TLR4 (rs1927914, rs4986790, rs4986791) and TLR9 (rs352140, rs34399053, rs150459369) polymorphisms by PCR-RFLP and ARMS-PCR. We observed that the individuals harboring heterozygous and homozygous polymorphic variants of TLR4 conferred a significant risk to develop chronic H. pylori infection and peptic ulcer disease [rs4986790 AG, p=0.001, OR-2.7, 95%CI: 1.5-5.03; GG, p=0.0006, OR-9.8, 95%CI: 2.4-39.4; rs4986791CT, p=0.0001, OR-7.2, 95%CI: 3.7-7.2; TT, p=0.0001, OR-7.9, 95%CI: 2.6-23.7]. Also, the heterozygous variant of TLR9 rs352140, favoured the persistence of the H. pylori infection [p=0.037, OR-1.87, 95%CI: 1.07-3.29]. Thus our findings suggest that TLR4 rs4986790, rs4986791 and TLR9 rs352140 polymorphisms are potential genetic risk factors influencing the disease susceptibility and clinical manifestation of chronic H. pylori infection in Indian Tamils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rekha Loganathan
- Department of Genetic Engineering, SRM University, Kattankulathur, Chennai 603203, India
| | - Mehnaz Nazeer
- Department of Genetic Engineering, SRM University, Kattankulathur, Chennai 603203, India
| | - Vaishnavi Goda
- Department of Genetic Engineering, SRM University, Kattankulathur, Chennai 603203, India
| | - Panneer Devaraju
- Department of Genetic Engineering, SRM University, Kattankulathur, Chennai 603203, India
| | - Mohammed Ali
- Department of Medical Gastroenterology, Rajiv Gandhi Government General Hospital, Chennai 600003, India
| | - Premkumar Karunakaran
- Department of Medical Gastroenterology, Rajiv Gandhi Government General Hospital, Chennai 600003, India
| | - Megala Jayaraman
- Department of Genetic Engineering, SRM University, Kattankulathur, Chennai 603203, India.
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13
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Kiziltas S. Toll-like receptors in pathophysiology of liver diseases. World J Hepatol 2016; 8:1354-1369. [PMID: 27917262 PMCID: PMC5114472 DOI: 10.4254/wjh.v8.i32.1354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2016] [Revised: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are pattern recognition receptors that participate in host defense by recognizing pathogen-associated molecular patterns alongside inflammatory processes by recognizing damage associated molecular patterns. Given constant exposure to pathogens from gut, strict control of TLR-associated signaling pathways is essential in the liver, which otherwise may lead to inappropriate production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and interferons and may generate a predisposition to several autoimmune and chronic inflammatory diseases. The liver is considered to be a site of tolerance induction rather than immunity induction, with specificity in hepatic cell functions and distribution of TLR. Recent data emphasize significant contribution of TLR signaling in chronic liver diseases via complex immune responses mediating hepatocyte (i.e., hepatocellular injury and regeneration) or hepatic stellate cell (i.e., fibrosis and cirrhosis) inflammatory or immune pathologies. Herein, we review the available data on TLR signaling, hepatic expression of TLRs and associated ligands, as well as the contribution of TLRs to the pathophysiology of hepatic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Safak Kiziltas
- Safak Kiziltas, Department of Gastroenterology, Baskent University Istanbul Hospital, 34662 Istanbul, Turkey
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14
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Lindenau JD, Salzano FM, Hurtado AM, Hill KR, Hutz MH. The role of variants from the innate immune system genes in tuberculosis and skin test response in a Native American population. Hum Immunol 2016; 77:981-984. [PMID: 27346696 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2016.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Revised: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Native American populations show higher tuberculosis (TB) mortality and infectivity rates than non-Native populations. Variants in the innate immune system seem to have an important role on TB susceptibility. The role of some innate immune system variants in TB susceptibility and/or skin test response (PPD) were investigated in the Aché, a Native American population. Complement receptor 1 and toll like receptor 9 variants were associated with anergy to PPD and protection to TB, respectively. These findings demonstrate an important role of the innate immune system variants in TB susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana D Lindenau
- Departamento de Genética, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Francisco M Salzano
- Departamento de Genética, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Ana M Hurtado
- School of Human Evolution & Social Change, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Kim R Hill
- School of Human Evolution & Social Change, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Mara H Hutz
- Departamento de Genética, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
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15
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Paradowska E, Jabłońska A, Studzińska M, Skowrońska K, Suski P, Wiśniewska-Ligier M, Woźniakowska-Gęsicka T, Nowakowska D, Gaj Z, Wilczyński J, Leśnikowski ZJ. TLR9 -1486T/C and 2848C/T SNPs Are Associated with Human Cytomegalovirus Infection in Infants. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0154100. [PMID: 27105145 PMCID: PMC4841553 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0154100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) recognizes non-methylated viral CpG-containing DNA and serves as a pattern recognition receptor that signals the presence of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV). Here, we present the genotype distribution of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the TLR9 gene in infants and the relationship between TLR9 polymorphisms and HCMV infection. Four polymorphisms (-1237T/C, rs5743836; -1486T/C, rs187084; 1174G/A, rs352139; and 2848C/T, rs352140) in the TLR9 gene were genotyped in 72 infants with symptomatic HCMV infection and 70 healthy individuals. SNP genotyping was performed by using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). Digested fragments were separated and identified by capillary electrophoresis. The HCMV DNA copy number was measured by a quantitative real-time PCR assay. We found an increased frequency of heterozygous genotypes TLR9 -1486T/C and 2848C/T in infants with HCMV infection compared with uninfected cases. Heterozygous variants of these two SNPs increased the risk of HCMV disease in children (P = 0.044 and P = 0.029, respectively). In infants with a mutation present in at least one allele of -1486T/C and 2848C/T SNPs, a trend towards increased risk of cytomegaly was confirmed after Bonferroni's correction for multiple testing (Pc = 0.063). The rs352139 GG genotype showed a significantly reduced relative risk for HCMV infection (Pc = 0.006). In contrast, the -1237T/C SNP was not related to viral infection. We found no evidence for linkage disequilibrium with the four examined TLR9 SNPs. The findings suggest that the TLR9 -1486T/C and 2848C/T polymorphisms could be a genetic risk factor for the development of HCMV disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edyta Paradowska
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Biological Chemistry, Institute of Medical Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lodz, Poland
- * E-mail:
| | - Agnieszka Jabłońska
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Biological Chemistry, Institute of Medical Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lodz, Poland
| | - Mirosława Studzińska
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Biological Chemistry, Institute of Medical Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lodz, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Skowrońska
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Biological Chemistry, Institute of Medical Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lodz, Poland
| | - Patrycja Suski
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Biological Chemistry, Institute of Medical Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lodz, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Wiśniewska-Ligier
- Department of Pediatrics, Immunology, and Nephrology, Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital Research Institute, Lodz, Poland
| | | | - Dorota Nowakowska
- Department of Perinatology and Gynecology, Polish Mother’s Memorial Hospital Research Institute, Lodz, Poland
| | - Zuzanna Gaj
- Department of Perinatology and Gynecology, Polish Mother’s Memorial Hospital Research Institute, Lodz, Poland
- Scientific Laboratory of the Center of Medical Laboratory Diagnostics, Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital Research Institute, Lodz, Poland
| | - Jan Wilczyński
- 2nd Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Warsaw Medical University, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Zbigniew J. Leśnikowski
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Biological Chemistry, Institute of Medical Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lodz, Poland
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Karody V, Reese S, Kumar N, Liedel J, Jarzembowski J, Sampath V. A toll-like receptor 9 (rs352140) variant is associated with placental inflammation in newborn infants. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2015; 29:2210-6. [PMID: 26371589 DOI: 10.3109/14767058.2015.1081590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Chorioamnionitis contributes to premature birth and associated postnatal morbidity. The genetic basis of altered immune responses underlying placental inflammation (PI) remains understudied. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship among TLR signaling pathway polymorphisms and different patterns of PI. METHODS Prospective cohort study in infants involving cord blood collection and placental examination for PI. One hundred and fifty-nine infants enrolled in study out of which 28 were term (eight with PI) and 131 preterm (47 with PI). DNA from blood was genotyped for SNPs in TLR2, 4, 5, 9, NFKBI, NFKBIA, TIRAP, and IRAK1 genes using multiplexed single base extension assay. RESULTS While there were no differences in BW, GA, gender, race, and SPL among infants with or without PI, there was a higher incidence of PPROM, maternal smoking, drug use, and clinical chorioamnionitis among infants with PI. Out of nine TLR variants, only CT and/or TT genotypes of the TLR9 variant (rs352140) were significantly associated (p = 0.004) with any PI and maternal pattern of inflammation (p = 0.012) both by univariate analysis and logistic regression. CONCLUSIONS The presence of a variant T allele in a common SNP (rs352140) in the TLR9 gene whose product recognizes bacterial DNA is associated with increased PI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijender Karody
- a Department of Pediatrics , Medical College of Wisconsin and Children's Hospital of Wisconsin , Milwaukee , WI , USA
| | - Shawn Reese
- b Department of Pediatrics , Wheaton Franciscan Healthcare , Milwaukee , WI , USA
| | - Navin Kumar
- c Department of Neonatology , Hurley Medical Center , Flint , MI , USA
| | - Jennifer Liedel
- d Department of Pediatric Critical Care , The Children's Hospital of Montefiore , Bronx , NY , USA .,e Department of Pediatrics , Albert Einstein College of Medicine , Bronx , NY , USA , and
| | - Jason Jarzembowski
- f Department of Pathology , Medical College of Wisconsin and Children's Hospital of Wisconsin , Milwaukee , WI , USA
| | - Venkatesh Sampath
- a Department of Pediatrics , Medical College of Wisconsin and Children's Hospital of Wisconsin , Milwaukee , WI , USA
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17
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Said EA, Al-Yafei F, Zadjali F, Hasson SS, Al-Balushi MS, Al-Mahruqi S, Koh CY, Al-Naamani K, Al-Busaidi JZ, Idris MA, Balkhair A, Al-Jabri AA. Association of single-nucleotide polymorphisms in TLR7 (Gln11Leu) and TLR9 (1635A/G) with a higher CD4T cell count during HIV infection. Immunol Lett 2014; 160:58-64. [PMID: 24747071 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2014.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2014] [Revised: 04/03/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are essential elements of the innate immune response to different infections including HIV-1 infection. The single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in TLRs have been associated with CD4T cell count and HIV disease progression. The TLR7 (Gln11Leu) SNP was shown to be associated with a rapid decline of CD4T cell count. A relation between TLR9 (1635A/G) SNP and CD4T cells count in HIV-infected patients is suggested, although the outcome associated with this SNP is still controversial. OBJECTIVES To determine the relation of the TLR7 (Gln11Leu) and TLR9 (1635A/G) SNPs with the damage to the immune system during HIV infection as reflected by the average CD4T cell count. METHODS A total of 63 HIV-infected patients and 100 healthy individuals (controls) were enrolled in this study. The above named SNPs were analyzed after amplification of the regions that potentially contain the SNPs by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequencing of the PCR products. The frequency of these SNPs and their relation with the CD4T cell count were investigated. RESULTS The TLR7 (AA) genotype 'Gln' had a trend toward being associated with a CD4T cell count >400cells/μl after controlling viremia via HAART. Additionally, the TLR9 1635 (GG) genotype was associated with a low average CD4T cell count and the TLR9 1635 (AG) genotype was significantly related to a higher average CD4T cell count during the viremic period in HIV-infected patients. CONCLUSION The results of this longitudinal study supports the presence of an association between the TLR9 (1635A/G) genotype and the CD4T cell count, which helps clarifying the controversial results regarding this association. It also suggests that the CD4T cell count during the viremic period might be linked to the combination of both TLR7 (Gln11Leu) and TLR9 (1635A/G) genotypes. These results may help predicting the damage to the immune system, and thus impacting the planning for novel anti-HIV strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Said
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, P.O. Box: 35, Code: 123, Muscat, Oman.
| | - F Al-Yafei
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, P.O. Box: 35, Code: 123, Muscat, Oman
| | - F Zadjali
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, P.O. Box: 35, Code: 123, Muscat, Oman
| | - S S Hasson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, P.O. Box: 35, Code: 123, Muscat, Oman
| | - M S Al-Balushi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, P.O. Box: 35, Code: 123, Muscat, Oman
| | - S Al-Mahruqi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, P.O. Box: 35, Code: 123, Muscat, Oman
| | - C Y Koh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, P.O. Box: 35, Code: 123, Muscat, Oman
| | - K Al-Naamani
- Department of Hepatology, Armed Forces Hospital, Muscat, Oman
| | - J Z Al-Busaidi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, P.O. Box: 35, Code: 123, Muscat, Oman
| | - M A Idris
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, P.O. Box: 35, Code: 123, Muscat, Oman
| | - A Balkhair
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, P.O. Box: 35, Code: 123, Muscat, Oman
| | - A A Al-Jabri
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, P.O. Box: 35, Code: 123, Muscat, Oman
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18
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Relevance of single-nucleotide polymorphisms in human TLR genes to infectious and inflammatory diseases and cancer. Genes Immun 2014; 15:199-209. [DOI: 10.1038/gene.2014.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2013] [Revised: 01/30/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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19
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Polymorphisms of Toll-like receptor 9 are associated with nasopharyngeal carcinoma susceptibility. Tumour Biol 2014; 35:3247-53. [DOI: 10.1007/s13277-013-1424-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2013] [Accepted: 11/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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20
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The TLR9 gene polymorphisms and the risk of cancer: evidence from a meta-analysis. PLoS One 2013; 8:e71785. [PMID: 23990988 PMCID: PMC3747197 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0071785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2013] [Accepted: 07/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Growing studies have revealed the association between polymorphisms in the Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) and susceptibility to cancer, however, the results remained inconsistent. Methodology/Principal Findings To assess the effect of three selected SNPs (rs352140, rs5743836 and rs187084) in TLR9 on cancer, we performed a meta-analysis based on 11 case-control studies, including a total of 6,585 cancer cases and 7,506 controls. Summary odds ratios (OR) and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for polymorphisms in TLR9 and cancer risk were estimated. Our meta-analysis indicated that rs352140 was associated with an increased cancer risk, especially in Caucasian. However, no significantly increased cancer risk was detected to be associated with rs187084 and rs5743836 either the overall or subgroup estimation. Conclusions These meta-analysis results indicate that polymorphisms in TLR9 may play a role in cancer development.
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21
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Lai ZZ, Ni-Zhang, Pan XL, Song L. Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) gene polymorphisms associated with increased susceptibility of human papillomavirus-16 infection in patients with cervical cancer. J Int Med Res 2013; 41:1027-36. [PMID: 23816930 DOI: 10.1177/0300060513483398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives To investigate the association between toll-like receptor 9 ( TLR9) single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and human papillomavirus (HPV) infection among Chinese Han women with cervical cancer. Methods TLR9 –1486 and 2848 SNPs were investigated in patients with cervical cancer and controls using polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-restriction fragment length polymorphism. HPV16 E6 and E7 infections were assessed using PCR. Results Of 120 patients with cervical cancer and 100 controls, there was a significant association between TLR9 2848 SNP and cervical cancer risk, but there was no such association with TLR9 –1486 SNP. Frequency of the TLR9 2848 GA genotype was significantly higher in patients with cervical cancer than in controls. There was no statistically significant between-group difference in presence of HPV16 infection. Presence of HPV infection with TLR9 2848 (rs352140) GA/AA genotype increased the risk of cervical cancer 13.8-fold compared with the GG genotype. Conclusions The TLR9 2848 G/A polymorphism in Chinese Han women was associated with increased risk of cervical cancer in the presence of HPV16 infection. Further studies are necessary to uncover the functional aspect of this TLR9 2848 polymorphism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeng-Zhen Lai
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, West China Second Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, People’s Hospital of Deyang City, Deyang, China
| | - Ni-Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, West China Second Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiao-Ling Pan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, West China Second Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Liang Song
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, West China Second Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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22
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The role of vitamin d in primary biliary cirrhosis: possible genetic and cell signaling mechanisms. Gastroenterol Res Pract 2013; 2013:602321. [PMID: 23589715 PMCID: PMC3622384 DOI: 10.1155/2013/602321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2012] [Revised: 11/08/2012] [Accepted: 11/12/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) is an immune-mediated chronic inflammatory disease of the liver of unknown etiology. Vitamin D deficiency is highly prevalent in patients with PBC, and many studies have demonstrated the significant effect of calcitriol on liver cell physiology. Vitamin D has antiproliferative and antifibrotic effects on liver fibrosis. Genetic studies have provided an opportunity to determine which proteins link vitamin D to PBC pathology (e.g., the major histocompatibility complex class II molecules, the vitamin D receptor, toll-like receptors, apolipoprotein E, Nramp1, and cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen-4). Vitamin D also exerts its effect on PBC through cell signaling mechanisms, that is, matrix metalloproteinases, prostaglandins, reactive oxygen species, and the transforming growth factor betas. In conclusion, vitamin D may have a beneficial role in the treatment of PBC. The best form of vitamin D for use in the PBC is calcitriol because it is the active form of vitamin D3 metabolite, and its receptors are present in the sinusoidal endothelial cells, Kupffer cells, and stellate cells of normal livers, as well as in the biliary cell line.
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23
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Yang HY, Lu KC, Lee HS, Huang SM, Lin YF, Wu CC, Salter DM, Su SL. Role of the functional Toll-Like receptor-9 promoter polymorphism (-1237T/C) in increased risk of end-stage renal disease: a case-control study. PLoS One 2013; 8:e58444. [PMID: 23472199 PMCID: PMC3589433 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0058444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2012] [Accepted: 02/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammation induced by infectious and noninfectious triggers in the kidney may lead to end stage renal disease (ESRD). Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR-9) a receptor for CpG DNA is involved in activation of immune cells in renal disease and may contribute to chronic inflammatory disease progression through an interleukin-6 (IL-6) dependent pathway. Previous studies indicate that -1237T/C confers regulatory effects on TLR-9 transcription. To date the effect of TLR-9 polymorphisms on ESRD remains unknown. We performed a case-control study and genotyped 630 ESRD patients and 415 controls for -1237T/C, -1486T/C and 1635G/A by real-time PCR assays and assessed plasma concentration of IL-6 by ELISA. Haplotype association analysis was performed using the Haploview package. A luciferase reporter assay and real-time PCR were used to test the function of the -1237T/C promoter polymorphism. A significant association between -1237T/C in TLR-9 and ESRD was identified. The TCA, TTA and CCA haplotype of TLR-9 were associated with ESRD. ESRD patients carrying -1237TC had a higher mean plasma IL-6 level when compared with -1237TT. The TLR-9 transcriptional activity of the variant -1237CC allele is higher than the -1237TT allele. The results indicate that in a Han Chinese population the presence of the C allele of -1237T/C in the TLR-9 gene increases susceptibility towards development of ESRD. In vitro studies demonstrate that -1237T/C may be involved in the development of ESRD through transcriptional modulation of TLR-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-Yi Yang
- School of Public Health, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Kuo-Cheng Lu
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Cardinal Tien Hospital, School of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Herng-Sheng Lee
- Department of Pathology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Shih-Ming Huang
- Department of Biochemistry, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Yuh-Feng Lin
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Shuang Ho Hospital, Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Chia-Chao Wu
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Donald M. Salter
- Center for Molecular Medicine, MRC IGMM, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Sui-Lung Su
- School of Public Health, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
- * E-mail:
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24
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Abstract
Autoreactive B and T cells are present in healthy, autoimmunity-free individuals, but they are kept in check by various regulatory mechanisms. In systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients, however, autoreactive cells are expanded, activated, and produce large quantities of autoantibodies, directed especially against nuclear antigens. These antibodies form immune complexes with self-nucleic acids present in SLE serum. Since self-DNA and self-RNA in the form of protein complexes can act as TLR9 and TLR7 ligands, respectively, TLR stimulation is suggested as an additional signal contributing to activation and/or modulation of the aberrant adaptive immune response. Data from mouse models suggest a pathogenic role for TLR7 and a protective role for TLR9 in the pathogenesis of SLE. Future investigations are needed to elucidate the underlying modulatory mechanisms and the role of TLR7 and TLR9 in the complex pathogenesis of human SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Celhar
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, #03 Immunos, Singapore
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Invernizzi P, Alessio MG, Smyk DS, Lleo A, Sonzogni A, Fabris L, Candusso M, Bogdanos DP, Iorio R, Torre G. Autoimmune hepatitis type 2 associated with an unexpected and transient presence of primary biliary cirrhosis-specific antimitochondrial antibodies: a case study and review of the literature. BMC Gastroenterol 2012; 12:92. [PMID: 22816667 PMCID: PMC3464927 DOI: 10.1186/1471-230x-12-92] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2012] [Accepted: 07/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Unlike other autoimmune liver diseases, primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) has never been reported in early childhood, while type 2 autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) is eminently a paediatric disease. Case presentation We describe a case of type 2 AIH with serological positivity for PBC-specific anti-mitochondrial antibodies (AMA) in a 3-year old girl. We found this observation intriguing as AMA and indeed an overlap with PBC are virtually absent in Type 2 AIH, a pediatric form of AIH which is distinct precisely because it is characterized by pathognomonic anti-liver kidney microsomal type 1 (LKM-1) showing a remarkable antigen-specificity directed against cytochrome P4502D6. We also review the literature in relation to AMA positivity in paediatric age and adolescence. In our case, the presence of AIH-2-specific anti-LKM-1 and PBC-specific AMA was confirmed by indirect immunofluorescence (IIF), and immunoblotting and ELISA based on recombinant mitochondrial antigens. The clinical, laboratory and histological features of the child are given in detail. Interestingly the mother was AMA positive without other features of PBC. The child was successfully treated with immunosuppression and five years after the original diagnosis is on a low dose of prednisolone and azathioprine, with no signs of relapse. Anti-LKM-1 antibodies are still present in low titres. AMA were detectable for the first 4 years after the diagnosis and disappeared later. Conclusion This is the first case report in the literature of AIH type 2 with an unexpected PBC-specific AMA positivity in a young child. Response to immunosuppressive treatment was satisfactory and similar to that described in AIH. A review of published reports on AMA positivity in paediatric age shows that the antibody may arise in the context of immunodeficiency and is variably associated with liver damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pietro Invernizzi
- Center for Autoimmune Liver Diseases, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Via Manzoni 56, 20089, Rozzano(MI), Italy.
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Roszak A, Lianeri M, Sowińska A, Jagodziński PP. Involvement of Toll-like Receptor 9 polymorphism in cervical cancer development. Mol Biol Rep 2012; 39:8425-30. [PMID: 22714906 PMCID: PMC3383973 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-012-1695-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2012] [Accepted: 06/06/2012] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The role played by the polymorphism located in Toll-like Receptor 9 (TLR9) as a risk factor of cervical cancer remains elusive. Therefore, we studied the association of the TLR9 −1486 T/C (rs187084) and C2848T (rs352140) polymorphisms with cervical cancer. The TLR9 −1486 T/C and C2848T polymorphism was genotyped in 426 patients and 460 unrelated healthy females from the Polish population. Logistic regression analysis adjusting for age, pregnancy, oral contraceptive use, tobacco smoking, and menopausal status showed that both the TLR9 −1486 T/C and C2848T polymorphisms could be a genetic risk factor for cervical cancer. For the TLR9 −1486 T/C polymorphism, the adjusted OR for patients with the C/T genotype versus T/T genotype was 1.371 (95 % CI 1.021–1.842, p = 0.0361), the adjusted OR for the C/C genotype vs the T/T genotype was 1.300 (95 % CI 1.016–1.507, p = 0.0096), and the adjusted OR for the C/T or C/C genotype vs the T/T genotype was 1.448 (95 % CI 1.099–1.908, p = 0.0083). For the C2848T polymorphism, the adjusted OR for patients with the C/T genotype vs C/C genotype was 1.443 (95 % CI 1.019–2.043, p = 0.0380), the adjusted OR for the T/T genotype vs the C/C genotype was 1.237 (95 % CI 1.016–1.507, p = 0.0328), and the adjusted OR for the T/C or T/T genotype vs the C/C genotype was 1.345 (95 % CI 0.976–1.855, p = 0.0700). Our studies suggest that the TLR9 −1486 T/C and C2848T polymorphisms may be a genetic risk factor for cervical cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej Roszak
- Department of Radiotherapy and Gynecological Oncology, Greater Poland Cancer Center, Poznan, Poland
- Department of Electroradiology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Margarita Lianeri
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 6 Święcickiego St, 60-781 Poznan, Poland
| | - Anna Sowińska
- Department of Computer Science and Statistics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Pawel P. Jagodziński
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 6 Święcickiego St, 60-781 Poznan, Poland
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Yang L, Seki E. Toll-like receptors in liver fibrosis: cellular crosstalk and mechanisms. Front Physiol 2012; 3:138. [PMID: 22661952 PMCID: PMC3357552 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2012.00138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2012] [Accepted: 04/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are pattern recognition receptors that distinguish conserved microbial products, also known as pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), from host molecules. Liver is the first filter organ between the gastrointestinal tracts and the rest of the body through portal circulation. Thus, the liver is a major organ that must deal with PAMPs and microorganisms translocated from the intestine and to respond to the damage associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) released from injured organs. These PAMPs and DAMPs preferentially activate TLR signaling on various cell types in the liver inducing the production of inflammatory and fibrogenic cytokines that initiate and prolong liver inflammation, thereby leading to fibrosis. We summarize recent findings on the role of TLRs, ligands, and intracellular signaling in the pathophysiology of liver fibrosis due to different etiology, as well as to highlight the potential role of TLR signaling in liver fibrosis associated with hepatitis C infection, non-alcoholic and alcoholic steatoheoatitis, primary biliary cirrhosis, and cystic fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Yang
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, School of Medicine La Jolla, CA, USA
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Uibo R, Kisand K, Yang CY, Gershwin ME. Primary biliary cirrhosis: a multi-faced interactive disease involving genetics, environment and the immune response. APMIS 2012; 120:857-71. [PMID: 23009110 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0463.2012.02914.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2012] [Accepted: 04/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) is considered a model autoimmune disease based on several features, including the presence of a highly directed and very specific immune response to mitochondrial autoantigens, a female predominance, a targeted destruction of the biliary epithelium, and homogeneity between patients. It is essentially a chronic progressive cholestatic liver disease characterized by immune-mediated destruction of small- and medium-sized intrahepatic bile ducts. There is considerable variation in the incidence and prevalence of the disease between regions of the world, although such differences likely reflect not only a true disparity in disease but also differences in awareness; for example, in the United States, PBC is often detected in an asymptomatic stage based on multi-phasic clinical testing. There has been considerable progress at defining the immune response in this disease, including quantitation of autoreactive T cells against PDC-E2, the major mitochondrial autoantigen. The overwhelming data suggests that patients develop PBC based on a genetic predisposition and loss of tolerance to one or more environmental agents. In this review, we will present an updated overview of PBC and place it in the context of autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raivo Uibo
- Institute of General and Molecular Pathology, Centre of Excellence for Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.
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dos Santos BP, Valverde JV, Rohr P, Monticielo OA, Brenol JCT, Xavier RM, Chies JAB. TLR7/8/9 polymorphisms and their associations in systemic lupus erythematosus patients from Southern Brazil. Lupus 2011; 21:302-9. [DOI: 10.1177/0961203311425522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic inflammatory autoimmune disease and can affect several organs and systems. It is characterized by high production of autoantibodies against nuclear compounds. TLR7/8/9 are responsible for nucleic acid recognition and they trigger proinflammatory responses through activation of NK-kappaB and Type I IFN production, making a bridge between the innate and the adaptative immune systems. We analyzed the frequency of TLR7 rs179008, TLR8 rs3764880, TLR9 rs5743836 and rs352140 in 370 patients with SLE and 415 healthy controls from southern Brazil. All analyses were conducted with regard to gender and ethnicity. Genotypic and allelic frequencies were different for TLR7 rs179008 (0.253 vs. 0.163, p = 0.020 and p = 0.003, OR for T allele: 1.74 CI 95% 1.12–2.70) and TLR9 rs5743836 (0.174 vs. 0.112, p = 0.045 and p = 0.017, OR for C allele: 1.59, CI 95% 0.99–2.57) between European-derived female groups. A higher frequency was observed for the presence of Anti-SSa/Ro for TRL9 rs5743836 C allele carriers (0.228 vs 0.126, Bonferroni corrected p = 0.06). No statistical differences were found for TLR9 haplotypic analyses. We suggest that TLR7 rs179008 and TLR9 rs5743836 can be considered SLE susceptibility factors for women of European descent in our population.
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Affiliation(s)
- BP dos Santos
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, Department of Genetics, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - JV Valverde
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, Department of Genetics, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - P Rohr
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, Department of Genetics, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - OA Monticielo
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
- Department of Internal Medicine, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - JCT Brenol
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - RM Xavier
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - JAB Chies
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, Department of Genetics, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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Chu CY, Lee SC, Liu SS, Lin YM, Shen PC, Yu C, Lee KH, Zhao X, Lee JW. Cytosine-phosphate-guanine oligodeoxynucleotides containing GACGTT motifs enhance the immune responses elicited by keyhole limpet hemocyanin antigen in dairy cattle. Nucleic Acid Ther 2011; 21:323-32. [PMID: 21916610 DOI: 10.1089/nat.2010.0275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Adjuvants are important components of vaccine formulations. Effective adjuvants line innate and adaptive immunity by signaling through pathogen recognition receptors. Synthetic cytosine-phosphate-guanine (CpG) oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) have been shown to have potentials as adjuvants for vaccines. However, the immunostimulatory effect of CpG is species-specific and depends on the sequence of CpG motifs. A CpG ODN (2135), containing 3 identical copies of GTCGTT motif, was previously reported to have the strongest effects on bovine peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). Based on the sequence of 2135, we replaced the GTCGTT motif with 11 other sequences containing CG and investigated their effects on bovine lymphocyte proliferation. Results showed that the CpG ODNs containing 3 copies of GACGTT motif had the highest lymphocyte stimulation index (7.91±1.18), which was significantly (P<0.05) higher than that of 2135 (4.25±0.56). The CpG ODNs containing 3 copies of GACGTT motif also significantly increased the mRNA expression of interferon (IFN)-α, interleukin (IL)-12, and IL-21 in bovine PBMC. When dairy cows were immunized with the keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) antigen formulated with CpG ODNs containing 3 copies of GACGTT, production of KLH-specific antibodies in serum and in milk whey was significantly (P<0.05) enhanced. IFN-γ in whole blood stimulated by KLH was also significantly (P<0.05) increased in cows immunized with KLH plus CpG ODNs. Our results indicate that CpG ODNs containing 3 copies of the GACGTT motifs is a potential adjuvant for bovine vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Yen Chu
- Graduate Institute of Animal Vaccine Technology, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Neipu, Taiwan
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31
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Zhao J, Zhao S, Zhou G, Liang L, Guo X, Mao P, Zhou X, Wang H, Nan Y, Xu D, Yu J. Altered biliary epithelial cell and monocyte responses to lipopolysaccharide as a TLR ligand in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis. Scand J Gastroenterol 2011; 46:485-94. [PMID: 21275501 DOI: 10.3109/00365521.2010.539624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is suspected to trigger primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) in susceptible individuals, yet the precise mechanism of its effect in PBC remains largely unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate altered responses to LPS ligand for Toll-like receptors (TLRs) in pathogenesis of PBC in vivo and in vitro. MATERIAL AND METHODS In vivo, we investigated levels of LPS and pro-inflammatory cytokines in sera and expression of LPS receptors in liver tissues from 162 patients with PBC, 325 patients with other liver diseases and 80 healthy controls. In vitro, altered responses to LPS on monocytes and cultured human biliary epithelial cells (BECs) from patients with PBC were determined. RESULTS Significantly higher levels of LPS in patients with PBC were detected, compared with patients with other liver diseases and healthy controls. Immunohistochemically, expression of TLR4, CD14, CD68 and NF-κB was significantly enhanced in liver tissues from patients with PBC. Before LPS stimulation, we found significantly higher serum levels of tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6 and IL-8 in patients with PBC than those in healthy controls. After LPS stimulation, TLR4 expression and pro-inflammatory cytokine production in CD14-positive monocytes and cultured BEC from patients with PBC increased significantly. CONCLUSIONS These results indicated that patients with PBC were prone to exhibit higher serum LPS level, hypersensitivity of monocytes and BEC to LPS, and enhanced production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. LPS altered expression of TLR4, CD14 and NF-κB on monocytes and BEC, which may be implicated in the pathogenesis and progression of PBC.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Alkaline Phosphatase/blood
- Antigens, CD/immunology
- Antigens, CD/metabolism
- Antigens, Differentiation, Myelomonocytic/immunology
- Antigens, Differentiation, Myelomonocytic/metabolism
- Bilirubin/blood
- Cells, Cultured
- Cross-Sectional Studies
- Epithelial Cells/immunology
- Epithelial Cells/metabolism
- Female
- Hepatitis B, Chronic/metabolism
- Hepatitis, Autoimmune/metabolism
- Humans
- Immunoglobulins/immunology
- Immunoglobulins/metabolism
- Inflammation/metabolism
- Interleukin-1beta/immunology
- Interleukin-1beta/metabolism
- Interleukin-6/immunology
- Interleukin-6/metabolism
- Interleukin-8/immunology
- Interleukin-8/metabolism
- Lipopolysaccharide Receptors/immunology
- Lipopolysaccharide Receptors/metabolism
- Lipopolysaccharides/immunology
- Lipopolysaccharides/metabolism
- Liver Cirrhosis, Biliary/etiology
- Liver Cirrhosis, Biliary/immunology
- Liver Cirrhosis, Biliary/metabolism
- Liver Diseases, Alcoholic/metabolism
- Male
- Membrane Glycoproteins/immunology
- Membrane Glycoproteins/metabolism
- Middle Aged
- Monocytes/immunology
- Monocytes/metabolism
- NF-kappa B/immunology
- NF-kappa B/metabolism
- Toll-Like Receptor 4/immunology
- Toll-Like Receptor 4/metabolism
- Toll-Like Receptors/immunology
- Toll-Like Receptors/metabolism
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/immunology
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/metabolism
- gamma-Glutamyltransferase/blood
- CD83 Antigen
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingmin Zhao
- Department of Pathology and Hepatology, Beijing 302 Hospital, Beijing, China.
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McKelvey KJ, Highton J, Hessian PA. Cell-specific expression of TLR9 isoforms in inflammation. J Autoimmun 2011; 36:76-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2010.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2010] [Revised: 10/07/2010] [Accepted: 11/02/2010] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Fuse K, Katakura K, Sakamoto N, Ohira H. Toll-like receptor 9 gene mutations and polymorphisms in Japanese ulcerative colitis patients. World J Gastroenterol 2010; 16:5815-21. [PMID: 21155002 PMCID: PMC3001972 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v16.i46.5815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigated gene mutations and polymorphisms of TLR9 in Japanese ulcerative colitis (UC) patients.
METHODS: Three single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in TLR9 were identified in healthy controls, and were assessed in 48 UC patients and 47 healthy controls. Control subjects were matched for age, sex and date of blood sampling from among a subgroup of participants.
RESULTS: TLR9 -1486CC, 1174GG and 2848AA increase the risk of UC [odds ratio (OR) 2.64, 95% confidence interval (95% CI): 1.73-6.53, P = 0.042], and TLR9 -1486TT, 1174AA and 2848GG decrease the risk of UC (OR 0.30, 95% CI: 0.10-0.94, P = 0.039), although there were no correlations between SNPs and disease phenotype or TLR9 mRNA expression.
CONCLUSION: TLR9 polymorphisms are associated with increased susceptibility to UC.
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Pimentel-Nunes P, Soares JB, Roncon-Albuquerque R, Dinis-Ribeiro M, Leite-Moreira AF. Toll-like receptors as therapeutic targets in gastrointestinal diseases. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2010; 14:347-68. [PMID: 20146632 DOI: 10.1517/14728221003642027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE OF THE FIELD Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are innate immunity receptors that recognize several different antigens, initiating immunological/inflammatory responses. Recent evidence associates numerous pathophysiological processes and diseases with dysregulated activation of these receptors, conferring a potential therapeutic value to their modulation. AREAS COVERED IN THIS REVIEW The aim of this systematic review that covers literature from the past 10 years is to address the role of TLRs in the pathophysiology of gastrointestinal (GI) diseases as well as the therapeutic potential of modulating TLRs' signaling pathways in GI pathology. WHAT THE READER WILL GAIN This review shows that TLRs play an important role in the pathophysiology of several GI diseases and that modulating TLRs signaling pathways may have an enormous therapeutic potential. Different methods for modulation of TLRs' activity in GI tract, with direct agonists/antagonists but also with non-specific substances, like antibiotics or probiotics, are presented. TAKE HOME MESSAGE Even though TLRs modulators have been used for therapy in some GI diseases, further research, particularly in humans, is needed in order to establish the precise role of the different TLRs in the diverse GI diseases and to motivate clinical trials that consider TLRs as therapeutic targets in GI pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Pimentel-Nunes
- Department of Physiology, Cardiovascular Research & Development Unit, University of Porto, Al. Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319, Portugal.
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Etokebe GE, Knezević J, Petricević B, Pavelić J, Vrbanec D, Dembić Z. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms in genes encoding toll-like receptor -2, -3, -4, and -9 in case-control study with breast cancer. Genet Test Mol Biomarkers 2010; 13:729-34. [PMID: 19810822 DOI: 10.1089/gtmb.2009.0045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genetic susceptibility to cancer is multifactorial, and it is known that impairment of the immune system could contribute to risk for getting cancer. AIM OF THE STUDY Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2, TLR3, TLR4, and TLR9 genes, which are important for innate immunity, were analyzed for the association with breast cancer. METHODS The SNPs comprised TLR2 (c.597T>C), TLR2 (c.1350T>C), TLR3 (c.1377C>T), TLR4 (c.896A>G), and TLR9 (c.1635A>G). The allelic and genotypic frequencies of these TLR SNPs were compared between patients (n = 130) and controls (n = 101) in a case-control study from Croatia. RESULTS TLR SNPs were not significantly different. From the population genetics viewpoint, we found that a hypomorphic variant of TLR4 (p.Asp299Gly) allele has no specific allelic frequency (8.4%) in the Croatian population (n = 496) compared to other Caucasians (6.5-10%). CONCLUSION These results suggest that polymorphisms in tested TLR genes are not likely to be associated with increased risk for developing breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Godfrey E Etokebe
- Faculty of Dentistry, Institute for Oral Biology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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Holla LI, Vokurka J, Hrdlickova B, Augustin P, Fassmann A. Association of Toll-like receptor 9 haplotypes with chronic periodontitis in Czech population. J Clin Periodontol 2010; 37:152-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-051x.2009.01523.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Development of a Murine model to dissect the CpG-oligonucleotide-enhancement of the killing of human B Cells by rituximab. J Autoimmun 2009; 34:136-44. [PMID: 19726161 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2009.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2009] [Revised: 08/13/2009] [Accepted: 08/13/2009] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
As a model to dissect the effects of CpG-oligonucleotides (CpG) on rituximab (RTX)-mediated therapeutic killing of autoimmune or malignant B lymphocytes, nude mice were grafted with Daudi human B cells. These mice were then injected with RTX alone or together with CpG. The human B cell aggregate was measured, and the reactive infiltrate analyzed after selective depletion of murine circulating cells. Macrophages (MØ) were identified in infiltrates, but not polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN), as confirmed by the failure of quantitative polymerase chain reaction to detect transcripts for PMN-specific myeloperoxidase in graft extracts. Evidence that MØ predominate over PMN in the anti-B cell RTX-induced immune mechanisms, include the presence of MØ-derived cytokines, and the lack of consequences of depletion of NK cells or B lymphocytes on the CpG-mediated effects on RTX. Interestingly however, removal of circulating PMN reduced the number of MØ attracted by the Daudi B cells. Our interpretation that CpG-induced complement activation is required for PMN to influence MØ was first based on overproduction of C5a in treated mice. This excess was due to the binding of the inhibitor of the alternative pathway of complement to CpG, as demonstrated by the elution of factor H from CpG-affinity-chromatography columns. Thus MØ are recruited to the tissue in the presence of C5a, and exploited locally by RTX.
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Foreman AL, Foreman AL, Lemercier B, Foreman AL, Lemercier B, Lim A, Kourlisky P, Kenny T, Gershwin ME, Foreman AL, Lemercier B, Lim A, Kourlisky P, Kenny T, Gershwin ME, Gougeon ML, Foreman AL, Lemercier B, Lim A, Kourlisky P, Kenny T, Gershwin ME, Gougeon ML. VH gene usage and CDR3 analysis of B cell receptor in the peripheral blood of patients with PBC. Autoimmunity 2009; 41:80-6. [DOI: 10.1080/08916930701619656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Berg CP, Kannan TR, Klein R, Gregor M, Baseman JB, Wesselborg S, Lauber K, Stein GM. Mycoplasma antigens as a possible trigger for the induction of antimitochondrial antibodies in primary biliary cirrhosis. Liver Int 2009; 29:797-809. [PMID: 19638108 DOI: 10.1111/j.1478-3231.2008.01942.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC), autoreactivity mainly targets members of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC). Because PDC subunits are expressed on the surface of mycoplasma and molecular mimicry may be one aetiological factor, we analysed the presence of mammalian and mycoplasma PDC-specific antibodies in PBC patients. METHODS Antibodies to porcine PDC and Mycoplasma pneumoniae (mp) antigens mpPDH-C (to be designated mpPDC-E2 chain), mpPDH-B (to be designated mpPDC-E1beta chain), mpCARDS TX and mpP1 were investigated in sera from 43 PBC patients, 19 patients with autoimmune hepatitis and 11 healthy controls by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and Western blotting. To study the rate of acute mycoplasma infection, an adhesin P1-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed. RESULTS Immune reactivity to the mpPDC-E2 antigen was significantly enhanced in PBC patients (83.7%) as compared with controls (overall frequency of 36.7%), while antibodies to the porcine PDC-E2 chain were found only in PBC patients (88%) excluding a simple cross-reactivity of PDC-related antibodies. This observation was confirmed by inhibition studies demonstrating that porcine PDC did not inhibit mycoplasma PDC-specific antibodies and vice versa. The occurrence of antibodies to mpPDC seems to precede the occurrence of antibodies to porcine PDC. Infection with mycoplasma was equally distributed in the groups as evidenced by an antibody frequency comparable to CARDS TX and P1 and PCR reactivity. CONCLUSION Because PBC patients show a significantly enhanced frequency of mpPDC-E2-related antibodies, besides other factors, molecular mimicry between surface molecules of mycoplasma and epitopes of the autoantigen may play a central role in the aetiopathology of PBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph P Berg
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Medical Clinic, Eberhard-Karls-University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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Kikuchi K, Hsu W, Hosoya N, Moritoki Y, Kajiyama Y, Kawai T, Takai A, Hayami E, Selmi C, Gershwin ME, Miyakawa H. Ursodeoxycholic acid reduces CpG-induced IgM production in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis. Hepatol Res 2009; 39:448-54. [PMID: 19207576 DOI: 10.1111/j.1872-034x.2008.00474.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
AIM Ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) treatment reduces IgM serum levels in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) without affecting serum antimitochondrial antibody (AMA) titers. We previously reported that PBC-associated hyper-IgM is secondary to a disease-specific hyperproduction following bacterial stimulation by B cells. METHODS We isolated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from patients with PBC and controls and evaluated whether bacterial CpG challenge in the presence of UDCA at concentrations consistent with those achieved in treated patients led to changes in total IgM, IgG-AMA, and IgM-AMA production. Further, p65 phosphorylation and CD38 cell expression were analyzed as measures of activation of the NF-kB signaling pathway and B cell subsets, respectively. RESULTS UDCA significantly reduced CpG-induced total IgM and IgM-AMA production, but had no impact on IgG-AMA production. UDCA also significantly reduced the activation ofnaïve and IgM memory, but not IgG memory, B cells, as represented by CD38 expression levels. Further, p65 phosphorylation was significantly reduced in the presence of UDCA. CONCLUSION UDCA reduces total and IgM-AMA production in PBMC from patients with PBC by downregulating B cell activation and NF-kB signaling. These data ultimately suggest novel mechanisms of action for UDCA in chronic autoimmune cholestasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Kikuchi
- Fourth Department of Internal Medicine, Teikyo University Mizonokuchi Hospital, Kawasake, Kangawa, Japan
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Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are pattern recognition receptors that recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns and signal through adaptor molecules, myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88), Toll/IL-1 receptor domain containing adaptor protein (TIRAP), Toll/IL-1 receptor domain containing adaptor inducing interferon-beta (TRIF), and TRIF-related adaptor molecule (TRAM) to activate transcription factors, nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB, activator protein 1 (AP-1), and interferon regulatory factors (IRFs) leading to the initiation of innate immunity. This system promptly initiates host defenses against invading microorganisms. Endogenous TLR ligands such as the products from dying cells may also engage with TLRs as damage-associated molecular patterns. Although Kupffer cells are considered the primary cells to respond to pathogen associated molecular patterns in the liver, recent studies provide evidence of TLR signaling in hepatic nonimmune cell populations, including hepatocytes, biliary epithelial cells, endothelial cells, and hepatic stellate cells. This review highlights advances in TLR signaling in the liver, the role of TLRs in the individual hepatic cell populations, and the implication of TLR signaling in acute and chronic liver diseases. We further discuss recent advances regarding cytosolic pattern recognition receptors, RNA helicases that represents a new concept in chronic hepatitis C virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekihiro Seki
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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Selmi C, Cocchi CA, Zuin M, Gershwin ME. The Chemical Pathway to Primary Biliary Cirrhosis. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2008; 36:23-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s12016-008-8089-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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43
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Abstract
The recent development in the authors' laboratory of a sensitive bead assay able to detect AMA in 20% of otherwise AMA-negative sera seems to support the hypothesis that many AMA-negative cases of primary biliary cirrhosis (PCB) are secondary to limits in the methods used and do not represent an independent clinical entity. Clinical data demonstrate that patients without detectable serum AMA do not differ in their natural history from their seropositive counterparts. Anti-nuclear antibodies have been associated repeatedly with more severe disease and are helpful tools in the management of patients who have PBC, particularly those lacking AMA.
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Abstract
Although several lines of evidence suggest that variation in human inflammation is genetically controlled, the genes which regulate these responses are largely unknown. TLRs (Toll-like receptors) mediate recognition of microbes, regulate activation of the innate immune response and influence the formation of adaptive immunity. Cellular and molecular studies over the past several years have identified a number of common TLR polymorphisms that modify the cellular immune response and production of cytokines in vitro. In addition, human genetic studies suggest that some of these polymorphisms are associated with susceptibility to a spectrum of diseases. In this review, we summarize studies of common TLR polymorphisms and how this work is beginning to illuminate the influence of human variation on inflammation and disease susceptibility.
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Chuang YH, Lian ZX, Yang GX, Shu SA, Moritoki Y, Ridgway WM, Ansari AA, Kronenberg M, Flavell RA, Gao B, Gershwin ME. Natural killer T cells exacerbate liver injury in a transforming growth factor beta receptor II dominant-negative mouse model of primary biliary cirrhosis. Hepatology 2008; 47:571-80. [PMID: 18098320 DOI: 10.1002/hep.22052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) is an organ-specific autoimmune liver disease characterized by the presence of antimitochondrial antibodies and the destruction of small intrahepatic bile ducts with portal inflammation. In previous studies, we reported that both CD1d expression and the frequency of CD1d-restricted natural killer T (NKT) cells were increased in the livers of patients with PBC. To define a specific role of CD1d-restricted NKT cells in the pathogenesis of PBC, particularly early events, we investigated the function of hepatic CD1d-restricted NKT cells in our transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) receptor II dominant-negative (dnTGFbetaRII) mouse model of PBC. We generated CD1d(-/-) and CD1d(+/-) dnTGFbetaRII mice and performed a comparative study of liver immunopathology. We report herein that these dnTGFbetaRII mice demonstrate a massive increase of hyperactive CD1d-restricted NKT cells within the hepatic tissues. CD1d(-/-)dnTGFbetaRII mice, which lack CD1d-restricted CD1d-restricted NKT cells, exhibit significantly decreased hepatic lymphoid cell infiltrates and milder cholangitis compared with CD1d(+/-)dnTGFbetaRII mice. Interestingly, there was a significant increase in the production of interferon-gamma in hepatic CD1d-restricted NKT cells activated by alpha-galactosylceramide in young but not older dnTGFbetaRII mice, suggesting an age-dependent role of CD1d-restricted NKT cells. CONCLUSION These data demonstrate that CD1d-restricted NKT cells in dnTGFbetaRII mice are a critical factor in liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Hui Chuang
- Division of Rheumatology/Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California at Davis, CA 95616, USA
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46
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Increase in B-cell-activation factor (BAFF) and IFN-gamma productions by tonsillar mononuclear cells stimulated with deoxycytidyl-deoxyguanosine oligodeoxynucleotides (CpG-ODN) in patients with IgA nephropathy. Clin Immunol 2008; 126:260-9. [PMID: 18249037 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2007.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2007] [Revised: 09/14/2007] [Accepted: 11/02/2007] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
IgA nephropathy (IgAN), the most common form of primary glomerulonephritis, is recognized as a tonsil-related diseases since it often gets worse after and/or during acute tonsillitis and the disease progression is often prevented by tonsillectomy. Although several reports showed an increase in IgA production of tonsillar mononuclear cells (TMCs), its mechanism has not yet been fully clarified. Recently, B-cell-activation factor (BAFF), which stimulates B-cell proliferation and immunoglobulin production, was identified. Unmethylated deoxycytidyl-deoxyguanosine oligodeoxynucleotide (CpG-ODN), which is able to mimic the immunostimulatory activity of microbial DNA, is known to be involved in the production of immunoglobulins and some cytokines. In this study, we focused on roles of BAFF and IFN-gamma in IgA production of TMCs stimulated with CpG-ODN in IgAN patients. Two-color flow cytometric analysis revealed that the intercellular expression of IFN-gamma on the T-cells freshly isolated from tonsils was significantly higher in IgAN patients than in non-IgAN patients (p=0.032). The spontaneous productions of IgA and IFN-gamma of TMCs were significantly higher in IgAN patients than in non-IgAN patients (p=0.023 and p=0.02). Under stimulation with CpG-ODN, the productions of IgA, BAFF and IFN-gamma of TMCs were significantly higher in IgAN patients than in non-IgAN patients (p=0.013, p=0.005 and p=0.039). The IgA production of TMCs stimulated by CpG-ODN was inhibited by the treatment with anti-BAFF antibody and/or anti-IFN-gamma antibody. Under stimulation with IFN-gamma, the BAFF expression on the CD1c cells and the BAFF production of TMCs were significantly higher in IgAN patients than in non-IgAN patients (p=0.004 and p=0.042). These data suggest that hyper-immune response to microbial DNA may be present in IgAN patients and may lead to hyperproduction of BAFF up-regulated by IFN-gamma, resulting in hyperproduction of IgA in IgAN patients.
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Allina J, Stanca CM, Garber J, Hu B, Sautes-Fridman C, Bach N, Odin JA. Anti-CD16 autoantibodies and delayed phagocytosis of apoptotic cells in primary biliary cirrhosis. J Autoimmun 2007; 30:238-45. [PMID: 18023559 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2007.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2007] [Revised: 10/10/2007] [Accepted: 10/10/2007] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Primary biliary cirrhosis is characterized by chronic hepatic inflammation and immune mediated apoptosis of bile duct epithelial cells. Delayed macrophage phagocytosis of opsonized apoptotic cells, noted in other autoimmune diseases, may promote inflammation. Recent studies suggest serum anti-CD16 autoantibodies contribute to impaired macrophage phagocytosis by blocking complement receptor 3 (CR3) signaling via CD16. Therefore, serum anti-CD16 levels and the ability of monocyte derived macrophages from individuals with PBC to phagocytosis apoptotic cells were compared to controls. The mean level of anti-CD16 IgM autoantibodies (0.86+/-0.62 v. 0.35+/-0.22, respectively, p=0.031) was increased in PBC compared to control sera, and mean PBC phagocytosis of opsonized apoptotic cells was significantly decreased compared to controls (23.9+/-12.2% v. 43.9+/-14.4%, respectively, p=0.020). However, PBC phagocytosis of opsonized apoptotic cells was not significantly affected by the presence or absence of autologous serum (20.8+/-13.5% v. 23.9+/-12.2%, respectively, p=0.560). PBC phagocytosis of opsonized apoptotic cells inversely correlated with CD16 (and CR3) expression levels on Day 5 after culture in the presence or absence of autologous serum (r=-0.546, p=0.033 and r=-0.519, p=0.042, respectively). Phagocytosis of non-opsonized apoptotic cells did not correlate with CD16 or CR3 expression (p>0.050). In conclusion, PBC macrophage phagocytosis of opsonized apoptotic cells is impaired, irrespective of serum factors and may increase hepatic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Allina
- Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
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Oertelt S, Ridgway WM, Ansari AA, Coppel RL, Gershwin ME. Murine models of primary biliary cirrhosis: Comparisons and contrasts. Hepatol Res 2007; 37 Suppl 3:S365-9. [PMID: 17931188 DOI: 10.1111/j.1872-034x.2007.00226.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The absence of suitable mouse models has represented a major drawback in our understanding of early events leading to the development of primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC). The recent report of not one, but three mouse models, each with distinctive features resembling PBC, represents a major advance in PBC research and generates novel experimental perspectives. The dnTGFbetaRII mouse, the IL-2Ralpha(-/-) mouse and the NOD.c3c4 mouse are all characterized by different genetic backgrounds and modifications, nonetheless all develop characteristic lymphocytic biliary infiltrates and specific antimitochondrial antibody response. Each model reflects characteristics of PBC in association with unique phenotypic differences. These three distinct models will allow a better understanding of the specific genetics involved in breaking of tolerance and progression of disease, in association with the possible definition of novel therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Oertelt
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA
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49
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Honda Y, Yamagiwa S, Matsuda Y, Takamura M, Ichida T, Aoyagi Y. Altered expression of TLR homolog RP105 on monocytes hypersensitive to LPS in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis. J Hepatol 2007; 47:404-11. [PMID: 17448566 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2007.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2006] [Revised: 02/23/2007] [Accepted: 03/12/2007] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUNDS/AIMS Toll-like receptors (TLRs) have emerged as a key component of the innate immune system that triggers antimicrobial responses. Altered monocyte responses to ligands for TLRs have been reported in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC), yet the precise mechanism remains unknown. METHODS We investigated in vitro responses to a TLR4 ligand, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), using peripheral blood mononuclear cells and monocytes from 25 patients with PBC, 10 patients with chronic viral hepatitis (CVH), and 20 healthy individuals. RESULTS After stimulation with LPS, we found significantly higher amounts of IL-1beta, IL-6, and IL-8 production in PBC patients. Through the TLR4 signaling pathway, activation of NF-kappaB and expression of MyD88 mRNA were significantly increased in PBC patients, and the level of TLR4 expression was significantly increased on PBC monocytes as compared with CVH patients and controls. Of significance, the surface expression of RP105, which has recently been shown to be involved in negative regulation of TLR4 signaling, on PBC monocytes was significantly decreased in comparison with CVH patients (P=0.016) and controls (P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that expression of RP105 and TLR4 is altered on PBC monocytes, which appear to be hypersensitive to LPS, resulting in increased secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutaka Honda
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 757, Asahimachi-Dori 1, Niigata 951-8510, Japan
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50
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Schott E, Witt H, Neumann K, Taube S, Oh DY, Schreier E, Vierich S, Puhl G, Bergk A, Halangk J, Weich V, Wiedenmann B, Berg T. A Toll-like receptor 7 single nucleotide polymorphism protects from advanced inflammation and fibrosis in male patients with chronic HCV-infection. J Hepatol 2007; 47:203-11. [PMID: 17512627 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2007.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2007] [Revised: 03/05/2007] [Accepted: 03/20/2007] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS HCV-infection leads to development of liver fibrosis, causing morbidity and mortality. Multiple factors influence the progression of fibrosis, including genetic factors. Since HCV is an RNA virus, a role for TLR7 in the immune response against HCV is likely. No systematic analysis of TLR7 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) has been published. METHODS We sequenced TLR7 in 52 women and investigated SNPs with an allele frequency >5% in 807 patients with chronic HCV-infection by melting curve analysis. We analyzed the effect of TLR7 SNPs on grade of inflammation and stage of fibrosis as determined by liver biopsy. RESULTS We detected five TLR7 SNPs, three of which showed a frequency >5%. One variant, c.1-120T>G, was more common in patients with no or little inflammation than in patients with grades 2-4 (10.7% vs. 6.1%; P=0.034). The variant was also enriched in patients with no or little fibrosis compared to those with higher stages (12.6% vs. 6.6%; P=0.005). The difference was fully attributable to male patients. CONCLUSIONS This is the first analysis of TLR7 SNPs in patients with chronic HCV-infection. Our data suggest that the c.1-120G TLR7 allele offers protection from the development of inflammation and fibrosis in male patients with chronic HCV-infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eckart Schott
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, CVK, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
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