1
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Kamaeva DA, Kazantseva DV, Boiko AS, Mednova IA, Smirnova LP, Kornetova EG, Ivanova SA. The Influence of Antipsychotic Treatment on the Activity of Abzymes Targeting Myelin and Levels of Inflammation Markers in Patients with Schizophrenia. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11041179. [PMID: 37189796 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11041179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Catalytic antibodies, or abzymes, are capable of not only binding but also hydrolyzing various proteins. Previously, an increase in the level of myelin basic protein (MBP)-hydrolyzing activity of antibodies was shown in patients with a number of neurological and mental disorders, including schizophrenia. Furthermore, antipsychotic therapy is known to induce a change in cytokine levels in patients with schizophrenia, which affects regulation of the immune response and inflammatory status. This study investigated the influence of typical and atypical antipsychotics on catalytic antibody activity and the 10 major pro- and anti-inflammatory serum cytokine levels. The study included 40 patients with schizophrenia: 15 treated with first-generation antipsychotics and 25 treated with atypical antipsychotics for 6 weeks. It was found that treatment with atypical antipsychotics changed the levels of some pro-inflammatory cytokines. Antipsychotic therapy also caused a significant decrease in MBP-hydrolyzing activity in patients with schizophrenia (p = 0.0002), and associations of catalytic activity with interleukins were observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria A Kamaeva
- Mental Health Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Aleutskaya Str. 4, Tomsk 634014, Russia
| | - Daria V Kazantseva
- Mental Health Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Aleutskaya Str. 4, Tomsk 634014, Russia
| | - Anastasiia S Boiko
- Mental Health Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Aleutskaya Str. 4, Tomsk 634014, Russia
| | - Irina A Mednova
- Mental Health Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Aleutskaya Str. 4, Tomsk 634014, Russia
| | - Liudmila P Smirnova
- Mental Health Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Aleutskaya Str. 4, Tomsk 634014, Russia
| | - Elena G Kornetova
- Mental Health Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Aleutskaya Str. 4, Tomsk 634014, Russia
| | - Svetlana A Ivanova
- Mental Health Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Aleutskaya Str. 4, Tomsk 634014, Russia
- Department of Psychiatry, Addictology and Psychotherapy, Siberian State Medical University, Moskovsky Trakt, 2, Tomsk 634050, Russia
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2
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Rodrigues-Neves AC, Ambrósio AF, Gomes CA. Microglia sequelae: brain signature of innate immunity in schizophrenia. Transl Psychiatry 2022; 12:493. [PMID: 36443303 PMCID: PMC9705537 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-022-02197-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a psychiatric disorder with significant impact on individuals and society. The current pharmacologic treatment, which principally alleviates psychosis, is focused on neurotransmitters modulation, relying on drugs with severe side effects and ineffectiveness in a significant percentage of cases. Therefore, and due to difficulties inherent to diagnosis and treatment, it is vital to reassess alternative cellular and molecular drug targets. Distinct risk factors - genetic, developmental, epigenetic, and environmental - have been associated with disease onset and progression, giving rise to the proposal of different pathophysiological mechanisms and putative pharmacological targets. Immunity is involved and, particularly microglia - innate immune cells of the central nervous system, critically involved in brain development - have captured attention as cellular players. Microglia undergo marked morphologic and functional alterations in the human disease, as well as in animal models of schizophrenia, as reported in several original papers. We cluster the main findings of clinical studies by groups of patients: (1) at ultra-high risk of psychosis, (2) with a first episode of psychosis or recent-onset schizophrenia, and (3) with chronic schizophrenia; in translational studies, we highlight the time window of appearance of particular microglia alterations in the most well studied animal model in the field (maternal immune activation). The organization of clinical and translational findings based on schizophrenia-associated microglia changes in different phases of the disease course may help defining a temporal pattern of microglia changes and may drive the design of novel therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Catarina Rodrigues-Neves
- grid.8051.c0000 0000 9511 4342Univ Coimbra, Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, Coimbra, Portugal ,grid.8051.c0000 0000 9511 4342Univ Coimbra, Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), Coimbra, Portugal ,grid.8051.c0000 0000 9511 4342Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), Coimbra, Portugal ,grid.8051.c0000 0000 9511 4342Univ Coimbra, Faculty of Pharmacy, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - António. F. Ambrósio
- grid.8051.c0000 0000 9511 4342Univ Coimbra, Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, Coimbra, Portugal ,grid.8051.c0000 0000 9511 4342Univ Coimbra, Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), Coimbra, Portugal ,grid.8051.c0000 0000 9511 4342Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Catarina A. Gomes
- grid.8051.c0000 0000 9511 4342Univ Coimbra, Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, Coimbra, Portugal ,grid.8051.c0000 0000 9511 4342Univ Coimbra, Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), Coimbra, Portugal ,grid.8051.c0000 0000 9511 4342Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), Coimbra, Portugal ,grid.8051.c0000 0000 9511 4342Univ Coimbra, Faculty of Pharmacy, Coimbra, Portugal
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3
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Lu D, Wang M, Yang T, Wang J, Lin B, Liu G, Liang Q. Association of Interleukin-6 Polymorphisms with Schizophrenia and Depression: A Case-Control Study. Lab Med 2022; 54:250-255. [PMID: 36239635 DOI: 10.1093/labmed/lmac099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Objective
Growing evidence suggests a crossover in genetic susceptibility to schizophrenia and depression. We aimed to investigate the association of the rs1800795 and rs1800796 polymorphisms of the IL-6 gene with schizophrenia and depression in the Han Chinese population, combined with IL-6 serum levels.
Methods
Gene sequencing and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay were performed on 113 subjects with schizophrenia, 114 subjects with depression, and 110 healthy controls.
Results
Our findings showed that IL-6 concentrations in schizophrenia and depression groups were significantly higher than in the control group. The rs1800796 CC genotype and C allele were significantly associated with depression (P = .012 and P < .05, respectively). The rs1800796 CC and CG genotype was significantly associated with chronic schizophrenia (P = .020 and P = .009, respectively). Regarding the rs1800795 polymorphism, only one case of CG genotype was detected. The remainder were of the GG genotype.
Conclusion
The IL-6 rs1800796 might serve as a protective factor for depression and schizophrenia in the Han Chinese population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danyu Lu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Fifth People’s Hospital of Nanning , Nanning , China
| | - Minli Wang
- Department of Psychology, Fifth People’s Hospital of Nanning , Nanning , China
| | - Tongfei Yang
- Department of Gynecology, Fifth People’s Hospital of Nanning , Nanning , China
| | - Jianyou Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, Fifth People’s Hospital of Nanning , Nanning , China
| | - Baiquan Lin
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Fifth People’s Hospital of Nanning , Nanning , China
| | - Guoyan Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Fifth People’s Hospital of Nanning , Nanning , China
| | - Qiaoyan Liang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Fifth People’s Hospital of Nanning , Nanning , China
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4
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Coentre R, Levy P, Góis C, Figueira ML. Metabolic syndrome following a first episode of psychosis: results of a 1-year longitudinal study conducted in metropolitan Lisbon, Portugal. J Int Med Res 2022; 50:3000605221106703. [PMID: 35726606 PMCID: PMC9218473 DOI: 10.1177/03000605221106703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective We aimed to assess the prevalence and course of metabolic syndrome (MetS) and the associated metabolic parameters during the year following a first episode pf psychosis (FEP). Methods We performed a 1-year longitudinal observation of 60 patients who experienced FEP. MetS was defined using the modified definition of the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III. We assessed the metabolic parameters and socio-demographic and psychopathological data for the participants. Results The mean age of the participants was 27.1 years, and 33.3% of them were women. There was an increase in the prevalence of MetS from 6.7% to 11.7% during the year following the baseline assessment during the year following the baseline assessment (p = 0.250). There were also significant increases in the prevalences of abnormal triglyceride concentration, waist circumference, and high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol concentration during this period. In addition, there was a considerable worsening of the metabolic profile of the participants. No baseline parameters were identified to be predictors of MetS over the 1-year follow-up period. Conclusions We can conclude that metabolic abnormalities are common in patients with FEP and that these rapidly worsen during the first year following the diagnosis of FEP. Studies on interventions are needed to reduce metabolic risk to cardiovascular diseases following the FEP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Coentre
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.,Department of Psychiatry, Hospital de Santa Maria, Centro Hospitalar Universitário Lisboa Norte, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Pedro Levy
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital de Santa Maria, Centro Hospitalar Universitário Lisboa Norte, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Carlos Góis
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.,Department of Psychiatry, Hospital de Santa Maria, Centro Hospitalar Universitário Lisboa Norte, Lisboa, Portugal
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Associations between expression of indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase enzyme and inflammatory cytokines in patients with first-episode drug-naive Schizophrenia. Transl Psychiatry 2021; 11:595. [PMID: 34802039 PMCID: PMC8606005 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-021-01688-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) enzyme is the first rate-limiting enzyme of the tryptophan degradation pathway in which dysfunction of neuroactive metabolites has been implicated in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Inflammatory molecules such as pro-inflammatory cytokines could enhance the activity of IDO. There are few studies on the expression of IDO levels and its correlation with levels of inflammatory cytokines in first-episode drug-naive patients with schizophrenia. One hundred inpatients (female = 33, male = 67) with first-episode drug-naive schizophrenia entered a 6-week, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial. All individuals were assigned celecoxib or placebo combined with risperidone. Serum levels of IDO and six inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α IL-17, IL-4, and INF-γ) were measured. The Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) was used to assess the severity of psychotic symptoms. Compared to healthy subjects, patients had significantly elevated levels of IDO and six cytokines at baseline. Over the 6-week treatment period, the decrease in the levels of IDO and TNF-α and the improvement in the PANSS total score, positive scores, and negative scores in the celecoxib group were significantly greater than in the placebo group. There was a significantly positive correlation between IDO levels and the PANSS negative scores and between IDO levels and TNF-α and IFN-γ levels in the celecoxib group. These findings showed abnormal expression of IDO levels which correlated with negative symptoms and pro-inflammatory cytokine levels in patients with first-episode drug-naive schizophrenia, suggesting the important role of IDO in the pathological mechanism of schizophrenia. Registration number: ChiCTR2000041403.
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6
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Effectiveness of multimodal interventions focused on smoking cessation in patients with schizophrenia: A systematic review. Schizophr Res 2021; 231:145-153. [PMID: 33857662 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2021.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/27/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Smoking is a significant risk factor for mortality and morbidity among patients with schizophrenia. OBJECTIVE To clarify the effectiveness of multimodal smoking cessation interventions in adult smokers diagnosed with schizophrenia. METHODS A systematic review was conducted according to PRISMA guidelines. Relevant electronic databases were searched for clinical trials that combined pharmacological and non-pharmacological smoking cessation interventions for patients with schizophrenia, published up to October 2020. Primary outcomes were smoking abstinence and smoking reduction. Secondary outcomes consisted in psychiatric symptoms. RESULTS A final sample of nine articles was obtained from a total of 208 studies. All studies reported higher biochemically validated smoking reduction rates after treatment. However, the majority of the studies reported low smoking abstinence rates, which progressively decreased over time. Multimodal interventions did not worsen psychiatric symptoms. CONCLUSION Evidence suggests that multimodal smoking cessation interventions for individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia should be recommended by clinicians, as they showed to be effective in reducing smoking without worsening psychiatric symptoms. Further studies are needed to understand how interventions can become more effective in helping patients achieve long-term smoking abstinence.
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7
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Ramesh R, Sundaresh A, Rajkumar RP, Negi VS, Vijayalakshmi MA, Krishnamoorthy R, Tamouza R, Leboyer M, Kamalanathan AS. DNA hydrolysing IgG catalytic antibodies: an emerging link between psychoses and autoimmunity. NPJ SCHIZOPHRENIA 2021; 7:13. [PMID: 33637732 PMCID: PMC7910540 DOI: 10.1038/s41537-021-00143-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
It is not uncommon to observe autoimmune comorbidities in a significant subset of patients with psychotic disorders, namely schizophrenia (SCZ) and bipolar disorder (BPD). To understand the autoimmune basis, the DNA abyzme activity mediated by serum polyclonal IgG Abs were examined in psychoses patients, quantitatively, by an in-house optimized DNase assay. A similar activity exhibited by IgG Abs from neuropsychiatric-systemic lupus erythematosus (NP-SLE) patients was used as a comparator. Our data revealed that the IgG DNase activity of SCZ was close to that of NP-SLE and it was twofold higher than the healthy controls. Interestingly, the association between DNase activity with PANSS (positive, general and total scores) and MADRS were noted in a subgroup of SCZ and BPD patients, respectively. In our study group, the levels of IL-6 and total IgG in BPD patients were higher than SCZ and healthy controls, indicating a relatively inflammatory nature in BPD, while autoimmune comorbidity was mainly observed in SCZ patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajendran Ramesh
- Centre for BioSeparation Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Aparna Sundaresh
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education & Research (JIPMER), Puducherry, India
| | - Ravi Philip Rajkumar
- Department of Psychiatry, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education & Research (JIPMER), Puducherry, India
| | - Vir Singh Negi
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education & Research (JIPMER), Puducherry, India
| | - M A Vijayalakshmi
- Centre for BioSeparation Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - Ryad Tamouza
- Fondation FondaMental, Créteil, France.,Department of Psychiatry and Addictology, Mondor University Hospital, AP-HP, DMU IMPACT, Créteil, France.,University Paris-Est-Créteil, UPEC, Creteil, France.,INSERM, U955, Mondor Institute for Biomedical Research, IMRB, Translational Psychiatry, Créteil, France
| | - Marion Leboyer
- Fondation FondaMental, Créteil, France.,Department of Psychiatry and Addictology, Mondor University Hospital, AP-HP, DMU IMPACT, Créteil, France.,University Paris-Est-Créteil, UPEC, Creteil, France.,INSERM, U955, Mondor Institute for Biomedical Research, IMRB, Translational Psychiatry, Créteil, France
| | - A S Kamalanathan
- Centre for BioSeparation Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India.
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8
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Wang Y, Wei Y, Edmiston EK, Womer FY, Zhang X, Duan J, Zhu Y, Zhang R, Yin Z, Zhang Y, Jiang X, Wei S, Liu Z, Zhang Y, Tang Y, Wang F. Altered structural connectivity and cytokine levels in Schizophrenia and Genetic high-risk individuals: Associations with disease states and vulnerability. Schizophr Res 2020; 223:158-165. [PMID: 32684357 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2020.05.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alterations of white matter (WM) integrity have been observed in both schizophrenia (SZ) and individuals at genetic high risk for SZ (GHR-SZ); however, the molecular mechanisms underlying WM disruption remain unclear. Cytokines are chemical messengers of the immune system that are closely related to inflammation and neurogenesis in the brain. This study aimed to identify abnormalities in WM integrity, cytokine levels, and their association in SZ and GHR-SZ. METHODS A total of 355 participants (126 with SZ, 99 GHR-SZ, and 130 healthy controls [HCs]) were recruited. All participants underwent diffusion tensor imaging and blood samples were obtained from 113 participants within 24 h of imaging. RESULTS In SZ, there was decreased fractional anisotropy(FA) in the genu and body of the corpus callosum (GCC/BCC), anterior corona radiata, anterior and posterior limbs of the internal capsule (ALIC/PLIC), superior fronto-occipital fasciculus, external capsule, and fornix, and elevated IL-6 levels. In both SZ and GHR-SZ, decreased FA in the splenium of the corpus callosum (SCC), posterior corona radiate (PCR), and posterior thalamic radiation (PTR) was observed, and elevated leptin levels were present. Additionally, the IL-6 levels were negatively correlated with FA in the GCC and ALIC in SZ, and leptin levels were negatively correlated with the SCC, PCR, and PTR in SZ and GHR-SZ. CONCLUSIONS Abnormal WM integrity in SZ may reflect the state of disease and is associated with increased IL-6 levels. In addition, these leptin-associated WM integrity abnormalities in both SZ and GHR-SZ may reflect a genetic vulnerability to SZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, PR China; Brain Function Research Section, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, PR China
| | - Yange Wei
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, PR China; Brain Function Research Section, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, PR China
| | - E Kale Edmiston
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, USA
| | - Fay Y Womer
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, USA
| | - Xizhe Zhang
- School of Computer Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang, Liaoning, PR China
| | - Jia Duan
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, PR China; Brain Function Research Section, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, PR China
| | - Yue Zhu
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, PR China; Brain Function Research Section, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, PR China
| | - Ran Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, PR China; Brain Function Research Section, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, PR China
| | - Zhiyang Yin
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, PR China; Brain Function Research Section, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, PR China
| | - Yifan Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, PR China; Brain Function Research Section, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, PR China
| | - Xiaowei Jiang
- Brain Function Research Section, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, PR China; Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, PR China
| | - Shengnan Wei
- Brain Function Research Section, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, PR China; Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, PR China
| | - Zhuang Liu
- School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, PR China
| | - Yanbo Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Yanqing Tang
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, PR China; Brain Function Research Section, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, PR China.
| | - Fei Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, PR China; Brain Function Research Section, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, PR China; Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, PR China; Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
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9
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Balcioglu YH, Kirlioglu SS. C-Reactive Protein/Albumin and Neutrophil/Albumin Ratios as Novel Inflammatory Markers in Patients with Schizophrenia. Psychiatry Investig 2020; 17:902-910. [PMID: 32894927 PMCID: PMC7538240 DOI: 10.30773/pi.2020.0185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Peripheral biomarker studies in schizophrenia are insufficient to correspond to whether inflammatory markers are trait- or state-related. The main objective of this study was to compare novel biomarkers C-reactive protein/albumin ratio (CAR), neutrophil/albumin ratio (NAR), and complete blood count-derived inflammatory markers; neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet/lymphocyte ratio (PLR), monocyte/lymphocyte ratio (MLR), red-cell distribution width (RDW), and mean platelet volume (MPV) between patients with acutely exacerbated and remitted schizophrenia and healthy controls. METHODS Anonymous data of a total of 618 patients with schizophrenia (179 in remission, 439 with acute exacerbation) and 445 psychiatrically and medically healthy subjects admitted to outpatient units were included. One-way ANOVA with Tukey's HSD post-hoc test, Pearson's correlation test, receiver operating characteristic analysis, and binomial logistic regression analysis were performed. RESULTS CAR, NAR, NLR, PLR, MLR, RDW, MPV values were found higher in patients with schizophrenia than in healthy subjects. Except for NAR (p=0.007), none of the markers differed between acute exacerbation and remission. As a cut-off value of CAR, 0.388 differentiated patients with schizophrenia from controls (sensitivity 81%, specificity 81%). CAR, NAR, and MPV significantly predicted the diagnosis of schizophrenia. CONCLUSION CAR and NAR are reliable biomarkers of inflammation and a combination of inflammatory markers including CAR and NAR could be used to reflect the increased inflammatory status in schizophrenia, regardless of relapse or remission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasin Hasan Balcioglu
- Department of Psychiatry, Bakirkoy Prof Mazhar Osman Training and Research Hospital for Psychiatry, Neurology, and Neurosurgery, Istanbul, Turkey.,Department of Medical Sciences, Institute of Forensic Sciences and Legal Medicine, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Simge Seren Kirlioglu
- Department of Psychiatry, Bakirkoy Prof Mazhar Osman Training and Research Hospital for Psychiatry, Neurology, and Neurosurgery, Istanbul, Turkey
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10
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Igg-Dependent Hydrolysis of Myelin Basic Protein of Patients with Different Courses of Schizophrenia. J Immunol Res 2020; 2020:8986521. [PMID: 32851101 PMCID: PMC7439796 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8986521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The level hydrolysis of myelin basic protein (MBP) by IgG in patients with schizophrenia was studied depending on the clinical features and course of the disease. The patients were grouped according to type of schizophrenia and type of disease course. We found that IgGs isolated and purified from sera of schizophrenia patients' blood hydrolyses human MBP, and the level of this hydrolysis significantly exceeds that of healthy individuals. Detection of protease activity corresponding only to intact IgGs in polyacrylamide gel fragments, together with data of gel filtration of antibodies under conditions of “acid shock” (concordance of optical density profile of IgG with profile of MBP-hydrolyzing activity) and with the absence of any other proteins and bands in gradient SDS-PAGE and in PVDF membrane provides direct evidence that the IgGs from the schizophrenia patients have MBP-hydrolyzing activity. The antibodies-specific proteolytic activity of patients with acute schizophrenia (1.026 [0.205; 3.372] mg MBP/mg IgG/h) significantly exceeds the activity of IgG in patients in remission (0.656 [0.279; 0.873] mg MBP/mg IgG/h) and in healthy individuals (0.000 [0.00; 0.367] mg MBP/mg IgG/h). When comparing the specific activity in patients with different types of disease course, we have found that patients with a continuous course of paranoid schizophrenia (1.810 [0.746; 4.101 mg MBP/mg IgG/h]) had maximal activity values. It can be assumed that the increase in the activity of MBP-hydrolyzing antibodies is due to the activation of humoral immunity in acute schizophrenia.
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11
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McPhie ML, Bridgman AC, Kirchhof MG. A Review of Skin Disease in Schizophrenia. Dermatology 2020; 237:248-261. [PMID: 32759610 DOI: 10.1159/000508868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Schizophrenia is a debilitating neuropsychiatric condition that affects 0.5% of the North American population. Skin disease in schizophrenia has not been well described. Identifying skin diseases that are commonly comorbid with schizophrenia may help clinicians address the burden of skin disease in patients with schizophrenia. SUMMARY We conducted a nonsystematic review of the literature to identify skin diseases that may be associated with schizophrenia. We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, and PsycINFO for articles published in English from December 2000 through April 2020 using the key words "skin disease" or "dermatological" or "dermatology" and "schizophrenia." Based on our results, we further refined the search terms to include more specific skin diseases. Schizophrenia appears to be associated with a number of skin diseases, including inflammatory dermatoses, autoimmune diseases, and certain genodermatoses. Limitations include being a nonsystematic review and the relative paucity of more rigorous clinical research using longitudinal study designs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan L McPhie
- School of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Mark G Kirchhof
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa and The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada,
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12
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Chaves CB, Vieira-Coelho MA. Clinical trials with monoclonal antibodies in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2020; 222:511-513. [PMID: 32586626 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2020.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Borges Chaves
- Department of Biomedicine, Pharmacology and Therapeutics Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Portugal.
| | - Maria Augusta Vieira-Coelho
- Department of Biomedicine, Pharmacology and Therapeutics Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Portugal.
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Ribeiro-Santos R, de Campos-Carli SM, Ferretjans R, Teixeira-Carvalho A, Martins-Filho OA, Teixeira AL, Salgado JV. The association of cognitive performance and IL-6 levels in schizophrenia is influenced by age and antipsychotic treatment. Nord J Psychiatry 2020; 74:187-193. [PMID: 31738648 DOI: 10.1080/08039488.2019.1688389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Aims: Recent findings suggest that cognitive impairment can be associated with inflammation and immune changes in schizophrenia. We aimed to study possible associations between cytokine levels and cognitive performance in a sample of patients with schizophrenia.Methods: Cognition was assessed with the brief assessment of cognition in schizophrenia in 63 clinically stable outpatients with schizophrenia. Blood was collected and cytokines (IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-17A, TNF-α, IFN-γ) were measured by cytometric bead array method. Psychopathological scales were also applied.Results: IL-6 correlated negatively with general cognitive performance (rho = -0.395, p = .017) and positively with antipsychotic dose (rho = 0.412, p = .004). Multiple regression analysis showed that cognitive performance is associated with age and antipsychotic dose (p = .000 and p = .033).Conclusion: The association between IL-6 levels and cognitive performance is dependent on age and antipsychotic dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Ribeiro-Santos
- Neuroscience Program, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | | | - Rodrigo Ferretjans
- Neuroscience Program, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Andrea Teixeira-Carvalho
- Diagnostic Biomarkers and Monitoring Lab - FIOCRUZ, René Rachou Institute, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | | | - Antonio Lucio Teixeira
- Neuroscience Program, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.,Santa Casa BH Ensino & Pesquisa, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - João Vinícius Salgado
- Neuroscience Program, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.,Department of Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.,Instituto Raul Soares - Psychiatric Hospital - FHEMIG, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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Sahpolat M, Ari M, Kokacya MH. Plasma Apelin, Visfatin and Resistin Levels in Patients with First Episode Psychosis and Chronic Schizophrenia. CLINICAL PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY AND NEUROSCIENCE 2020; 18:109-115. [PMID: 31958911 PMCID: PMC7006973 DOI: 10.9758/cpn.2020.18.1.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Revised: 07/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Objective This study aims to investigate the possible relationship between plasma concentrations of apelin, visfatin and resistin levels of first episode psychosis patients and chronic schizophrenia patients. Methods A total number of 29 untreated patients with first episode psychosis, 30 chronic schizophrenia and 29 randomly selected weight- and body mass index-matched healthy volunteers were included. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 4th edition, Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) and Clinical Global Impression Scale were applied to the patient groups. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method was used to measure plasma apelin, visfatin and resistin levels. Results There was no difference in age, marital status, occupation, and BMI between the groups. Plasma apelin levels were significantly higher in first episode psychosis group than chronic schizophrenia and control group. There was no statistically significant difference in plasma visfatin levels between the groups: first episode psychosis group, chronic schizophrenia and control group. Plasma resistin levels were higher in both first episode psychosis group and chronic schizophrenia group than the control group. There was no statistically significant correlation between plasma apelin and resistin levels and total PANSS scores in the group of patients. Conclusion To our knowledge, this study is the first which investigates the plasma apelin, visfatin and resistin levels in patients with first episode psychosis and chronic schizophrenia. Based on the results of this study, apelin and resistin may be related with some central nervous system pathologies, including the severity of a psychiatric disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Musa Sahpolat
- Department of Psychiatry, Kilis State Hospital, Kilis, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Ari
- eparment of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Mustafa Kemal University, Hatay, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Hanifi Kokacya
- eparment of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Mustafa Kemal University, Hatay, Turkey
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15
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Shavandi A, Saeedi P, Gérard P, Jalalvandi E, Cannella D, Bekhit AED. The role of microbiota in tissue repair and regeneration. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2020; 14:539-555. [PMID: 31845514 DOI: 10.1002/term.3009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Revised: 09/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
A comprehensive understanding of the human body endogenous microbiota is essential for acquiring an insight into the involvement of microbiota in tissue healing and regeneration process in order to enable development of biomaterials with a better integration with human body environment. Biomaterials used for biomedical applications are normally germ-free, and the human body as the host of the biomaterials is not germ-free. The complexity and role of the body microbiota in tissue healing/regeneration have been underestimated historically. Traditionally, studies aiming at the development of novel biomaterials had focused on the effects of environment within the target tissue, neglecting the signals generated from the microbiota and their impact on tissue regeneration. The significance of the human body microbiota in relation to metabolism, immune system, and consequently tissue regeneration has been recently realised and is a growing research field. This review summarises recent findings on the role of microbiota and mechanisms involved in tissue healing and regeneration, in particular skin, liver, bone, and nervous system regrowth and regeneration highlighting the potential new roles of microbiota for development of a new generation of biomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amin Shavandi
- BioMatter-BTL, École interfacultaire de Bioingénieurs (EIB), Université Libre de Brussels, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Pouya Saeedi
- Department of Human Nutrition, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Philippe Gérard
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Micalis Institute, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Esmat Jalalvandi
- School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, UK
| | - David Cannella
- PhotoBioCatalysis Unit - BTL - École interfacultaire de Bioingénieurs (EIB), Université Libre de Brussels, Brussels, Belgium
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16
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Tang C, Tan K, Lim G, Tan L, Tay KY, Kandiah N, Abdin E, Verma SK. N-Methyl-D-Aspartate(NMDA) Receptor and Voltage-Gated Potassium Channel (VGKC) Antibody-Associated Encephalitides Presenting as First Episode Acute Psychosis. Front Psychiatry 2019; 10:913. [PMID: 31920760 PMCID: PMC6923217 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: Acute psychosis is not an uncommon presenting feature in immune-mediated encephalitides. Most patients improve if properly diagnosed and treated expediently with immunotherapy. Our study aimed to describe the frequency, clinical spectrum, and long-term outcomes in patients presenting with acute psychosis who have anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor or anti-voltage-gated potassium channel (VGKC) encephalitis. Method: We recruited patients aged 16-50 years presenting with less than 1 month of psychotic and neurological symptoms including cognitive dysfunction, seizures, abnormal movements, and/or autonomic dysfunction. Results: Between September 2011 and October 2013, 60 patients with first episode acute psychosis were screened; 15 were recruited and included for analyses. Four (26.7%) patients were diagnosed with anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis and 1 (6.7%) with anti-VGKC encephalitis. We found that the mean serum white blood cell (WBC) count (12.8 × 109/L ± 4.8 vs. 7.9 × 109/L ± 2.6; p = 0.05) and cerebrospinal fluid WBC count (106 cells/µl ± 101 vs. 8.5 cells/µl ± 18.9; p = 0.05) were higher in positive cases. Certain prodromal features such as fever, headache, confusion, facial dyskinesia, and hypersalivation were also more likely to be present in positive cases. Patients with autoimmune encephalitis also tended to be more unwell, with the majority requiring intensive care, had lower global assessment of functioning scores (30 ± 10 vs. 53.7 ± 21.2, p = 0.09), and were not well enough to complete standard psychiatric and cognitive assessments at presentation. Conclusion: Autoimmune encephalitis is not uncommon in patients with acute psychosis. Elevated WBC counts, certain prodromal features, and a more severe illness at presentation should prompt appropriate evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charmaine Tang
- Early Psychosis Intervention Program, Institute of Mental Health, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kevin Tan
- Department of Neurology, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Geraldine Lim
- Early Psychosis Intervention Program, Institute of Mental Health, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Lynnette Tan
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kay Yaw Tay
- Department of Neurology, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Nagaendran Kandiah
- Department of Neurology, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Edimansyah Abdin
- Early Psychosis Intervention Program, Institute of Mental Health, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Swapna K Verma
- Early Psychosis Intervention Program, Institute of Mental Health, Singapore, Singapore
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17
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Prata DP, Costa-Neves B, Cosme G, Vassos E. Unravelling the genetic basis of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder with GWAS: A systematic review. J Psychiatr Res 2019; 114:178-207. [PMID: 31096178 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2019.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2018] [Revised: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To systematically review findings of GWAS in schizophrenia (SZ) and in bipolar disorder (BD); and to interpret findings, with a focus on identifying independent replications. METHOD PubMed search, selection and review of all independent GWAS in SZ or BD, published since March 2011, i.e. studies using non-overlapping samples within each article, between articles, and with those of the previous review (Li et al., 2012). RESULTS From the 22 GWAS included in this review, the genetic associations surviving standard GWAS-significance were for genetic markers in the regions of ACSL3/KCNE4, ADCY2, AMBRA1, ANK3, BRP44, DTL, FBLN1, HHAT, INTS7, LOC392301, LOC645434/NMBR, LOC729457, LRRFIP1, LSM1, MDM1, MHC, MIR2113/POU3F2, NDST3, NKAPL, ODZ4, PGBD1, RENBP, TRANK1, TSPAN18, TWIST2, UGT1A1/HJURP, WHSC1L1/FGFR1 and ZKSCAN4. All genes implicated across both reviews are discussed in terms of their function and implication in neuropsychiatry. CONCLUSION Taking all GWAS to date into account, AMBRA1, ANK3, ARNTL, CDH13, EFHD1 (albeit with different alleles), MHC, PLXNA2 and UGT1A1 have been implicated in either disorder in at least two reportedly non-overlapping samples. Additionally, evidence for a SZ/BD common genetic basis is most strongly supported by the implication of ANK3, NDST3, and PLXNA2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana P Prata
- Instituto de Biofísica e Engenharia Biomédica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal; Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, 16 De Crespigny Park, SE5 8AF, UK; Instituto Universitário de Lisboa (ISCTE-IUL), Centro de Investigação e Intervenção Social, Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Bernardo Costa-Neves
- Lisbon Medical School, University of Lisbon, Av. Professor Egas Moniz, 1649-028, Lisbon, Portugal; Centro Hospitalar Psiquiátrico de Lisboa, Av. do Brasil, 53 1749-002, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Gonçalo Cosme
- Instituto de Biofísica e Engenharia Biomédica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Evangelos Vassos
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, 16 De Crespigny Park, SE5 8AF, UK
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18
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Integrating genome-wide association study with regulatory SNP annotation information identified candidate genes and pathways for schizophrenia. Aging (Albany NY) 2019; 11:3704-3715. [PMID: 31175266 PMCID: PMC6594824 DOI: 10.18632/aging.102008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Schizophrenia is a complex mental disorder. The genetic mechanism of schizophrenia remains elusive now. METHODS We conducted a large-scale integrative analysis of two genome-wide association studies of schizophrenia with functional annotation datasets of regulatory single-nucleotide polymorphism (rSNP). The significant SNPs identified by the two genome-wide association studies were first annotated to obtain schizophrenia associated rSNPs and their target genes and proteins, respectively. We then compared the integrative analysis results to identify the common rSNPs and their target regulatory genes and proteins, shared by the two genome-wide association studies of schizophrenia. Finally, DAVID tool was used to conduct gene ontology and pathway enrichment analysis of the identified targets genes and proteins. RESULTS We detected 53 schizophrenia-associated target genes for rSNP, such as FOS (P value = 2.18×10-20), ATXN1 (P value = 5.22×10-21) and HLA-DQA1 (P value = 1.98×10-10). Pathway enrichment analysis identified 24 pathways for transcription factors binding regions, chromatin interacting regions, long non-coding RNAs, topologically associated domains, circular RNAs and post-translational modifications, such as hsa05034:Alcoholism (P value = 2.57×10-7) and hsa04612:Antigen processing and presentation (P value = 6.82×10-8). CONCLUSION We detected multiple candidate genes, gene ontology terms and pathways for schizophrenia, supporting the functional importance of rSNPs, and providing novel clues for understanding the genetic architecture of schizophrenia.
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19
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Bolu A, Aydın MS, Akgün A, Coşkun A, Garip B, Öznur T, Çelik C, Uzun Ö. Serum Levels of High Sensitivity C-reactive Protein in Drug-naÏve First-episode Psychosis and Acute Exacerbation of Schizophrenia. CLINICAL PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY AND NEUROSCIENCE 2019; 17:244-249. [PMID: 30905124 PMCID: PMC6478089 DOI: 10.9758/cpn.2019.17.2.244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Revised: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Objective Findings about inflammatory processes in schizophrenia are increasing day by day. Inflammatory processes in schizophrenia are associated with both its etiology and clinical symptoms. Serum high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) is also one of these inflammatory processes. Particularly, it is thought to be closely related to clinical findings of patients with schizophrenia. Methods In this study, the relationship between clinical findings of hsCRP levels of patients with drug-naïve first-episode psychosis (FEP) and patients with schizophrenia in acute exacerbation phase is investigated. Clinical findings, psychometric properties (the Scale for the Assessment of Positive Symptoms, the Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms, Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale), and hsCRP levels of patients were compared. Results Forty-eight patients with FEP, 74 patients with schizophrenia in acute exacerbation phase and 54 healthy controlled volunteers are included in the study. The most substantial finding in the study is that there is a positive correlation between hsCRP levels and severity of positive symptoms of both patient groups, with FEP and with schizophrenia. The second most substantial finding is there is no significant difference between patients with FEP and schizophrenia, in terms of hsCRP. Conclusion The relationship between hsCRP and positive symptom severity in two groups of patients supports the inflammatory hypothesis in the etiopathogenesis of schizophrenia. This finding is supportive of close relation between inflammatory processes and clinical findings of patient with schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah Bolu
- Department of Psychiatry, Gülhane Medical Faculty, Health Sciences University
| | - Mehmet Sinan Aydın
- Department of Psychiatry, Gülhane Medical Faculty, Health Sciences University
| | - Abdullah Akgün
- Department of Psychiatry, Gülhane Medical Faculty, Health Sciences University
| | - Ali Coşkun
- Department of Psychiatry, Gülhane Medical Faculty, Health Sciences University
| | - Beyazıt Garip
- Department of Psychiatry, Gülhane Medical Faculty, Health Sciences University
| | - Taner Öznur
- Department of Psychiatry, Gülhane Medical Faculty, Health Sciences University
| | - Cemil Çelik
- Department of Psychiatry, Gülhane Medical Faculty, Health Sciences University
| | - Özcan Uzun
- Department of Psychiatry, Gülhane Medical Faculty, Health Sciences University
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20
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Wang AM, Pradhan S, Coughlin JM, Trivedi A, DuBois SL, Crawford JL, Sedlak TW, Nucifora FC, Nestadt G, Nucifora LG, Schretlen DJ, Sawa A, Barker PB. Assessing Brain Metabolism With 7-T Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy in Patients With First-Episode Psychosis. JAMA Psychiatry 2019; 76:314-323. [PMID: 30624573 PMCID: PMC6439827 DOI: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2018.3637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE The use of high-field magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) in multiple brain regions of a large population of human participants facilitates in vivo study of localized or diffusely altered brain metabolites in patients with first-episode psychosis (FEP) compared to healthy participants. OBJECTIVE To compare metabolite levels in 5 brain regions between patients with FEP (evaluated within 2 years of onset) and healthy controls, and to explore possible associations between targeted metabolite levels and neuropsychological test performance. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS Cross-sectional design used 7-T MRS at a research MR imaging facility in participants recruited from clinics at the Johns Hopkins Schizophrenia Center and the local population. Eighty-one patients who had received a DSM-IV diagnosis of FEP within the last 2 years and 91 healthy age-matched (but not sex-matched) volunteers participated. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Brain metabolite levels including glutamate, glutamine, γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), N-acetylaspartate, N-acetylaspartyl glutamate, and glutathione, as well as performance on neuropsychological tests. RESULTS The mean (SD) age of 81 patients with FEP was 22.3 (4.4) years and 57 were male, while the mean (SD) age of 91 healthy participants was 23.3 (3.9) years and 42 were male. Compared with healthy participants, patients with FEP had lower levels of glutamate (F1,162 = 8.63, P = .02), N-acetylaspartate (F1,161 = 5.93, P = .03), GABA (F1,163 = 6.38, P = .03), and glutathione (F1,162 = 4.79, P = .04) in the anterior cingulate (all P values are corrected for multiple comparisons); lower levels of N-acetylaspartate in the orbitofrontal region (F1,136 = 7.23, P = .05) and thalamus (F1,133 = 6.78, P = .03); and lower levels of glutathione in the thalamus (F1,135 = 7.57, P = .03). Among patients with FEP, N-acetylaspartate levels in the centrum semiovale white matter were significantly correlated with performance on neuropsychological tests, including processing speed (r = 0.48; P < .001), visual (r = 0.33; P = .04) and working (r = 0.38; P = .01) memory, and overall cognitive performance (r = 0.38; P = .01). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Seven-tesla MRS offers insights into biochemical changes associated with FEP and may be a useful tool for probing brain metabolism that ranges from neurotransmission to stress-associated pathways in participants with psychosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna M. Wang
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Subechhya Pradhan
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Jennifer M. Coughlin
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Aditi Trivedi
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Samantha L. DuBois
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Jeffrey L. Crawford
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Thomas W. Sedlak
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Fredrick C. Nucifora
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Gerald Nestadt
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Leslie G. Nucifora
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - David J. Schretlen
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Akira Sawa
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland,Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland,Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Peter B. Barker
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland,Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Maryland
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21
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Stamou M, Lein PJ. Commentary: Fc Gamma Receptors are Expressed in the Developing Rat Brain and Activate Downstream Signaling Molecules upon Cross-Linking with Immune Complex. JOURNAL OF NEUROLOGY & NEUROMEDICINE 2019; 4:26-29. [PMID: 31131371 PMCID: PMC6532780 DOI: 10.29245/2572.942x/2019/1.1243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Marianna Stamou
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, 1089 Veterinary Medicine Drive, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Pamela J Lein
- ETH Zurich, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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22
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Nagarajan N, Jones BW, West PJ, Marc RE, Capecchi MR. Corticostriatal circuit defects in Hoxb8 mutant mice. Mol Psychiatry 2018; 23:1868-1877. [PMID: 28948967 PMCID: PMC5970001 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2017.180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Revised: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Hoxb8 mutant mice exhibit compulsive grooming and hair removal dysfunction similar to humans with the obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)-spectrum disorder, trichotillomania. As, in the mouse brain, the only detectable cells that label with Hoxb8 cell lineage appear to be microglia, we suggested that defective microglia cause the neuropsychiatric disorder. Does the Hoxb8 mutation in microglia lead to neural circuit dysfunctions? We demonstrate that Hoxb8 mutants contain corticostriatal circuit defects. Golgi staining, ultra-structural and electrophysiological studies of mutants reveal excess dendritic spines, pre- and postsynaptic structural defects, long-term potentiation and miniature postsynaptic current defects. Hoxb8 mutants also exhibit hyperanxiety and social behavioral deficits similar to mice with neuronal mutations in Sapap3, Slitrk5 and Shank3, reported models of OCD and autism spectrum disorders (ASDs). Long-term treatment of Hoxb8 mutants with fluoxetine, a serotonin reuptake inhibitor, reduces excessive grooming, hyperanxiety and social behavioral impairments. These studies provide linkage between the neuronal defects induced by defective Hoxb8-microglia and neuronal dysfunctions directly generated by mutations in synaptic components that result in mice, which display similar pathological grooming, hyperanxiety and social impairment deficits. Our results shed light on Hoxb8 microglia-driven circuit-specific defects and therapeutic approaches that will become essential to developing novel therapies for neuropsychiatric diseases such as OCD and ASDs with Hoxb8-microglia being the central target.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Nagarajan
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, USA.
| | - B W Jones
- John A. Moran Eye Center, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, USA
| | - P J West
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - R E Marc
- John A. Moran Eye Center, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, USA
| | - M R Capecchi
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, USA.
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23
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Parshukova D, Smirnova LP, Ermakov EA, Bokhan NA, Semke AV, Ivanova SA, Buneva VN, Nevinsky GA. Autoimmunity and immune system dysregulation in schizophrenia: IgGs from sera of patients hydrolyze myelin basic protein. J Mol Recognit 2018; 32:e2759. [PMID: 30112774 DOI: 10.1002/jmr.2759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Revised: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Several different theories of schizophrenia (SCZ) were discussed; the causes of this disease are not yet clear. Using ELISA, it was shown that titers of autoantibodies against myelin basic protein (MBP) in SCZ patients are ~1.8-fold higher than in healthy individuals but 5.0-fold lower than in patients with multiple sclerosis. Several rigid criteria were checked to show that the MBP-hydrolyzing activity is an intrinsic property of SCZ IgGs. Approximately 82% electrophoretically homogeneous SCZ IgGs purified using several affinity sorbents including Sepharose with immobilized MBP hydrolyze specifically only MBP but not many other tested proteins. The average relative activity of IgGs from patients with negative symptoms was 2.5-fold higher than that of patients with positive symptoms of SCZ, and it increases with the duration of this pathology. It was shown that abzymes are the earliest statistically significant markers of many autoimmune pathologies. Our findings surmise that the immune systems of individual SCZ patients can generate a variety of anti-MBP abzymes with different catalytic properties, which can attack MBP of the myelin-proteolipid shell of axons. Therefore, autoimmune processes together with other mechanisms can play an important role in SCZ pathogenesis. MBP-hydrolyzing antibodies were previously detected in the blood of 80% to 90% of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and multiple sclerosis (MS). In addition, some similar neuropsychiatric indicators of disease common to SLE, MS, and SCZ were described in the literature. Thus, the destruction of the myelin sheath and the production of MBP-hydrolyzing antibodies can be a common phenomenon for some different diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria Parshukova
- Tomsk National Research Medical Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Mental Health Research Institute, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Liudmila P Smirnova
- Tomsk National Research Medical Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Mental Health Research Institute, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Evgeny A Ermakov
- Siberian Division of Russian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Novosibirsk, Russia.,Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Nikolay A Bokhan
- Tomsk National Research Medical Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Mental Health Research Institute, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Arkadiy V Semke
- Tomsk National Research Medical Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Mental Health Research Institute, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Svetlana A Ivanova
- Tomsk National Research Medical Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Mental Health Research Institute, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Valentina N Buneva
- Siberian Division of Russian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Novosibirsk, Russia.,Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Georgy A Nevinsky
- Siberian Division of Russian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Novosibirsk, Russia.,Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
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24
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Finotti G, Migliorati D, Costantini M. Multisensory integration, body representation and hyperactivity of the immune system. Conscious Cogn 2018; 63:61-73. [PMID: 29957448 DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2018.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Revised: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Multisensory stimuli are integrated over a delimited window of temporal asynchronies. This window is highly variable across individuals, but the origins of this variability are still not clear. We hypothesized that immune system functioning could partially account for this variability. In two experiments, we investigated the relationship between key aspects of multisensory integration in allergic participants and healthy controls. First, we tested the temporal constraint of multisensory integration, as measured by the temporal binding window. Second, we tested multisensory body representation, as indexed by the Rubber Hand Illusion (RHI). Results showed that allergic participants have a narrower temporal binding window and are less susceptible to the RHI than healthy controls. Overall, we provide evidence linking multisensory integration processes and the activity of the immune system. The present findings are discussed within the context of the effect of immune molecules on the brain mechanisms enabling multisensory integration and multisensory body representation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianluca Finotti
- Centre for Brain Science, Department of Psychology, University of Essex, United Kingdom; Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, University G. d'Annunzio, Chieti, Italy; Institute for Advanced Biomedical Technologies - ITAB, University G. d'Annunzio, Chieti, Italy.
| | - Daniele Migliorati
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, University G. d'Annunzio, Chieti, Italy; Institute for Advanced Biomedical Technologies - ITAB, University G. d'Annunzio, Chieti, Italy
| | - Marcello Costantini
- Centre for Brain Science, Department of Psychology, University of Essex, United Kingdom; Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, University G. d'Annunzio, Chieti, Italy; Institute for Advanced Biomedical Technologies - ITAB, University G. d'Annunzio, Chieti, Italy.
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25
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De S, Van Deren D, Peden E, Hockin M, Boulet A, Titen S, Capecchi MR. Two distinct ontogenies confer heterogeneity to mouse brain microglia. Development 2018; 145:dev152306. [PMID: 29973370 PMCID: PMC6053660 DOI: 10.1242/dev.152306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Hoxb8 mutant mice show compulsive behavior similar to trichotillomania, a human obsessive-compulsive-spectrum disorder. The only Hoxb8 lineage-labeled cells in the brains of mice are microglia, suggesting that defective Hoxb8 microglia caused the disorder. What is the source of the Hoxb8 microglia? It has been posited that all microglia progenitors arise at embryonic day (E) 7.5 during yolk sac hematopoiesis, and colonize the brain at E9.5. In contrast, we show the presence of two microglia subpopulations: canonical, non-Hoxb8 microglia and Hoxb8 microglia. Unlike non-Hoxb8 microglia, Hoxb8 microglia progenitors appear to be generated during the second wave of yolk sac hematopoiesis, then detected in the aorto-gonad-mesonephros (AGM) and fetal liver, where they are greatly expanded, prior to infiltrating the E12.5 brain. Further, we demonstrate that Hoxb8 hematopoietic progenitor cells taken from fetal liver are competent to give rise to microglia in vivo Although the two microglial subpopulations are very similar molecularly, and in their response to brain injury and participation in synaptic pruning, they show distinct brain distributions which might contribute to pathological specificity. Non-Hoxb8 microglia significantly outnumber Hoxb8 microglia, but they cannot compensate for the loss of Hoxb8 function in Hoxb8 microglia, suggesting further crucial differences between the two subpopulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shrutokirti De
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
- Interdepartmental Program in Molecular Biology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Donn Van Deren
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
- Interdepartmental Program in Neuroscience, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Eric Peden
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Matt Hockin
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Anne Boulet
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Simon Titen
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Mario R Capecchi
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
- Interdepartmental Program in Molecular Biology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
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26
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Ermakov EA, Ivanova SA, Buneva VN, Nevinsky GA. Blood-Derived RNA- and microRNA-Hydrolyzing IgG Antibodies in Schizophrenia Patients. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2018; 83:507-526. [PMID: 29738685 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297918050048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Abzymes with various catalytic activities are the earliest statistically significant markers of existing and developing autoimmune diseases (AIDs). Currently, schizophrenia (SCZD) is not considered to be a typical AID. It was demonstrated recently that antibodies from SCZD patients efficiently hydrolyze DNA and myelin basic protein. Here, we showed for the first time that autoantibodies from 35 SCZD patients efficiently hydrolyze RNA (cCMP > poly(C) > poly(A) > yeast RNA) and analyzed site-specific hydrolysis of microRNAs involved in the regulation of several genes in SCZD (miR-137, miR-9-5p, miR-219-2-3p, and miR-219a-5p). All four microRNAs were cleaved by IgG preparations (n = 21) from SCZD patients in a site-specific manner. The RNase activity of the abzymes correlated with SCZD clinical parameters. The data obtained showed that SCZD patients might display signs of typical autoimmune processes associated with impaired functioning of microRNAs resulting from their hydrolysis by the abzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Ermakov
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia.,Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
| | - S A Ivanova
- Mental Health Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, 634014, Russia
| | - V N Buneva
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia.,Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
| | - G A Nevinsky
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia. .,Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
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27
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Shaqiri A, Roinishvili M, Kaliuzhna M, Favrod O, Chkonia E, Herzog MH, Blanke O, Salomon R. Rethinking Body Ownership in Schizophrenia: Experimental and Meta-analytical Approaches Show no Evidence for Deficits. Schizophr Bull 2018; 44:643-652. [PMID: 29036731 PMCID: PMC5890460 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbx098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a severe psychiatric disorder, in which patients experience an abnormal sense of self. While deficits in sensorimotor self-representation (agency) are well documented in schizophrenia, less is known about other aspects of bodily self-representation (body ownership). Here, we tested a large cohort (N = 59) of chronic schizophrenia patients and matched controls (N = 30) on a well-established body illusion paradigm, the Full Body Illusion (FBI). In this paradigm, changes in body ownership are induced through prolonged multisensory stimulation, in which participants are stroked on their back while seeing the stroking on the back of a virtual body. When the felt and seen stroking are synchronous, participants typically feel higher identification with the seen body as well as a drift in self-location towards it. However, when the stroking is asynchronous, no such changes occur. Our results show no evidence for abnormal body ownership in schizophrenia patients. A meta-analysis of previous work corroborates this result. Thus, while schizophrenia patients may be impaired in the sense of agency, their multisensory bodily self-representation, as tested here, seems to be unaffected by the illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albulena Shaqiri
- Laboratory of Psychophysics, Brain Mind Institute, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Maya Roinishvili
- Vision Research Laboratory, Beritashvili Centre of Experimental Biomedicine, Tbilisi, Georgia
- Institute of Cognitive Neurosciences, Agricultural University of Georgia, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Mariia Kaliuzhna
- Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience, Brain Mind Institute, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Chair in Cognitive Neuroprosthetics, Center for Neuroprosthetics, School of Life Science, EPFL, Geneva, Switzerland
- Department of Cognitive Science, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
| | - Ophélie Favrod
- Laboratory of Psychophysics, Brain Mind Institute, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Eka Chkonia
- Institute of Cognitive Neurosciences, Agricultural University of Georgia, Tbilisi, Georgia
- Department of Psychiatry, Tbilisi State Medical University, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Michael H Herzog
- Laboratory of Psychophysics, Brain Mind Institute, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Olaf Blanke
- Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience, Brain Mind Institute, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Chair in Cognitive Neuroprosthetics, Center for Neuroprosthetics, School of Life Science, EPFL, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Roy Salomon
- Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
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28
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Farah R, Haraty H, Salame Z, Fares Y, Ojcius DM, Said Sadier N. Salivary biomarkers for the diagnosis and monitoring of neurological diseases. Biomed J 2018; 41:63-87. [PMID: 29866603 PMCID: PMC6138769 DOI: 10.1016/j.bj.2018.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2017] [Revised: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Current research efforts on neurological diseases are focused on identifying novel disease biomarkers to aid in diagnosis, provide accurate prognostic information and monitor disease progression. With advances in detection and quantification methods in genomics, proteomics and metabolomics, saliva has emerged as a good source of samples for detection of disease biomarkers. Obtaining a sample of saliva offers multiple advantages over the currently tested biological fluids as it is a non-invasive, painless and simple procedure that does not require expert training or harbour undesirable side effects for the patients. Here, we review the existing literature on salivary biomarkers and examine their validity in diagnosing and monitoring neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric disorders such as autism and Alzheimer's, Parkinson's and Huntington's disease. Based on the available research, amyloid beta peptide, tau protein, lactoferrin, alpha-synuclein, DJ-1 protein, chromogranin A, huntingtin protein, DNA methylation disruptions, and micro-RNA profiles provide display a reliable degree of consistency and validity as disease biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond Farah
- Neuroscience Research Center, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Hayat Haraty
- Neuroscience Research Center, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Ziad Salame
- Research Department, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Youssef Fares
- Neuroscience Research Center, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - David M Ojcius
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of the Pacific, Arthur Dugoni School of Dentistry, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Najwane Said Sadier
- Neuroscience Research Center, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon.
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29
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Diehl AG, Boyle AP. Conserved and species-specific transcription factor co-binding patterns drive divergent gene regulation in human and mouse. Nucleic Acids Res 2018; 46:1878-1894. [PMID: 29361190 PMCID: PMC5829737 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gky018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Revised: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The mouse is widely used as system to study human genetic mechanisms. However, extensive rewiring of transcriptional regulatory networks often confounds translation of findings between human and mouse. Site-specific gain and loss of individual transcription factor binding sites (TFBS) has caused functional divergence of orthologous regulatory loci, and so we must look beyond this positional conservation to understand common themes of regulatory control. Fortunately, transcription factor co-binding patterns shared across species often perform conserved regulatory functions. These can be compared to 'regulatory sentences' that retain the same meanings regardless of sequence and species context. By analyzing TFBS co-occupancy patterns observed in four human and mouse cell types, we learned a regulatory grammar: the rules by which TFBS are combined into meaningful regulatory sentences. Different parts of this grammar associate with specific sets of functional annotations regardless of sequence conservation and predict functional signatures more accurately than positional conservation. We further show that both species-specific and conserved portions of this grammar are involved in gene expression divergence and human disease risk. These findings expand our understanding of transcriptional regulatory mechanisms, suggesting that phenotypic divergence and disease risk are driven by a complex interplay between deeply conserved and species-specific transcriptional regulatory pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam G Diehl
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Alan P Boyle
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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30
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Ermakov EA, Ivanova SA, Buneva VN, Nevinsky GA. Hydrolysis by catalytic IgGs of microRNA specific for patients with schizophrenia. IUBMB Life 2018; 70:153-164. [PMID: 29341394 DOI: 10.1002/iub.1712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 12/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Significant importance of autoimmune changes in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia (SCZ) is not established. Here, we present the first evidence that autoantibodies of 100% SCZ patients possess RNase activity: сCMP > poly(C) > poly(A) > yeast RNA. In addition, we have got an unexpected result: there was revealed site-specific hydrolysis of four known SCZ specific microRNAs (miR-137, miR-9-5p, miR-219-2-3p, and miR-219a-5p) playing an important role in the regulation of several genes functioning. Three major of cleavage sites are located in the microRNA loops or duplex parts directly articulated with the loops. RNase abzymes can contribute to decreasing of microRNAs effects on the functioning of numerous genes and the products of their transcription. Therefore, abzymes with RNase activity may be to some extent important for the development of schizophrenia. © 2018 IUBMB Life, 70(2):153-164, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgeny A Ermakov
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Division of Russian Academy of Sciences, 8 Lavrentiev Ave., Novosibirsk, Russia.,Novosibirsk State University, 2 Pirogova Str., Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Svetlana A Ivanova
- Mental Health Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 4 Aleutskaya Ave., Tomsk, Russia
| | - Valentina N Buneva
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Division of Russian Academy of Sciences, 8 Lavrentiev Ave., Novosibirsk, Russia.,Novosibirsk State University, 2 Pirogova Str., Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Georgy A Nevinsky
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Division of Russian Academy of Sciences, 8 Lavrentiev Ave., Novosibirsk, Russia.,Novosibirsk State University, 2 Pirogova Str., Novosibirsk, Russia
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31
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Stamou M, Grodzki AC, van Oostrum M, Wollscheid B, Lein PJ. Fc gamma receptors are expressed in the developing rat brain and activate downstream signaling molecules upon cross-linking with immune complex. J Neuroinflammation 2018; 15:7. [PMID: 29306331 PMCID: PMC5756609 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-017-1050-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Exposure of the developing brain to immune mediators, including antibodies, is postulated to increase risk for neurodevelopmental disorders and neurodegenerative disease. It has been suggested that immunoglobulin G-immune complexes (IgG-IC) activate Fc gamma receptors (FcγR) expressed on neurons to modify signaling events in these cells. However, testing this hypothesis is hindered by a paucity of data regarding neuronal FcγR expression and function. Methods FcγR transcript expression in the hippocampus, cortex, and cerebellum of neonatal male and female rats was investigated ex vivo and in mixed cultures of primary hippocampal and cortical neurons and astrocytes using quantitative PCR analyses. Expression at the protein level in mixed cultures of primary hippocampal and cortical neurons and astrocytes was determined by immunocytochemistry, western blotting, proteotype analysis, and flow cytometry. The functionality of these receptors was assessed by measuring changes in intracellular calcium levels, Erk phosphorylation, and IgG internalization following stimulation with IgG-immune complexes. Results FcgrIa, FcgrIIa, FcgrIIb, FcgrIIIa, and Fcgrt transcripts were detectable in the cortex, hippocampus, and cerebellum at postnatal days 1 and 7. These transcripts were also present in primary hippocampal and cortical cell cultures, where their expression was modulated by IFNγ. Expression of FcγRIa, FcγRIIb, and FcγRIIIa, but not FcγRIIa or FcRn proteins, was confirmed in cultured hippocampal and cortical neurons and astrocytes at the single cell level. A subpopulation of these cells co-expressed the activating FcγRIa and the inhibitory FcγRIIb. Functional analyses demonstrated that exposure of hippocampal and cortical cell cultures to IgG-IC increases intracellular calcium and Erk phosphorylation and triggers FcγR-mediated internalization of IgG. Conclusions Our data demonstrate that developing neurons and astrocytes in the hippocampus and the cortex express signaling competent FcγR. These findings suggest that IgG antibodies may influence normal neurodevelopment or function via direct interactions with FcγR on non-immune cells in the brain. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12974-017-1050-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianna Stamou
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, 1089 Veterinary Medicine Drive, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Ana Cristina Grodzki
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, 1089 Veterinary Medicine Drive, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Marc van Oostrum
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, ETH Zurich, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Bernd Wollscheid
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, ETH Zurich, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Pamela J Lein
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, 1089 Veterinary Medicine Drive, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
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32
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Rudzki L, Szulc A. "Immune Gate" of Psychopathology-The Role of Gut Derived Immune Activation in Major Psychiatric Disorders. Front Psychiatry 2018; 9:205. [PMID: 29896124 PMCID: PMC5987016 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Interaction between the gastrointestinal tract (GI) and brain functions has recently become a topic of growing interest in psychiatric research. These multidirectional interactions take place in the so-called gut-brain axis or more precisely, the microbiota-gut-brain axis. The GI tract is the largest immune organ in the human body and is also the largest surface of contact with the external environment. Its functions and permeability are highly influenced by psychological stress, which are often a precipitating factor in the first episode, reoccurrence and/or deterioration of symptoms of psychiatric disorders. In recent literature there is growing evidence that increased intestinal permeability with subsequent immune activation has a major role in the pathophysiology of various psychiatric disorders. Numerous parameters measured in this context seem to be aftermaths of those mechanisms, yet at the same time they may be contributing factors for immune mediated psychopathology. For example, immune activation related to gut-derived bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS) or various food antigens and exorphins were reported in major depression, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, alcoholism and autism. In this review the authors will summarize the evidence and roles of such parameters and their assessment in major psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leszek Rudzki
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Bialystok Bialystok, Poland.,Three Towns Resource Centre, Saltcoats, United Kingdom
| | - Agata Szulc
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Warsaw Warsaw, Poland
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33
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Grain R, Lally J, Stubbs B, Malik S, LeMince A, Nicholson TR, Murray RM, Gaughran F. Autoantibodies against voltage-gated potassium channel and glutamic acid decarboxylase in psychosis: A systematic review, meta-analysis, and case series. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2017; 71:678-689. [PMID: 28573688 DOI: 10.1111/pcn.12543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Revised: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Antibodies to the voltage-gated potassium channel (VGKC) complex and glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) have been reported in some cases of psychosis. We conducted the first systematic review and meta-analysis to investigate their prevalence in people with psychosis and report a case series of VGKC-complex antibodies in refractory psychosis. Only five studies presenting prevalence rates of VGKC seropositivity in psychosis were identified, in addition to our case series, with an overall prevalence of 1.5% (25/1720) compared to 0.7% in healthy controls (12/1753). Meta-analysis established that the pooled prevalence of GAD65 autoantibodies was 5.8% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.0-15.6%; I2 = 91%; nine studies) in psychotic disorders, with a prevalence of 4.6% (95%CI: 1.2-15.9%; nine studies; I2 = 89%) and 6.2% (95%CI: 1.2-27.0%; two studies; I2 = 69%) in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, respectively. People with psychosis were more likely to have GAD65 antibodies than controls (odds ratio [OR], 2.24; 95%CI: 1.28-3.92%; P = 0.005; eight studies; I2 = 0%). Among 21 participants with treatment-resistant psychosis, none had VGKC antibodies. The prevalence of VGKC antibodies is low in psychosis. Our preliminary meta-analysis suggests that GAD autoantibodies are more common in people with psychosis than in controls, although few studies accounted for the possibility of co-existing type 1 diabetes mellitus and the clinical significance of reported GAD titers remains unclear. The paucity of studies reporting thresholds for defining GAD abnormality and rates of comorbid type 1 diabetes mellitus precludes interpretations regarding the influence of GAD antibodies on the development of psychotic disorders and may have led to an overestimate of the prevalence of GAD. Our case series fails to support the hypothesis that VGKC antibodies are linked to treatment resistance in psychosis, but the literature to date is remarkably sparse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosemary Grain
- GKT School of Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
| | - John Lally
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.,National Psychosis Service, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.,Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland.,Department of Psychiatry, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Brendon Stubbs
- Physiotherapy Department, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.,Health Service and Population Research Department, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Steffi Malik
- Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Anne LeMince
- National Psychosis Service, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Timothy R Nicholson
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Robin M Murray
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.,National Psychosis Service, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Fiona Gaughran
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.,National Psychosis Service, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.,The Collaboration for Leadership in Applied Health Research and Care (CLAHRC), South London Psychosis Research Team, London, UK
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34
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Lv F, Chen S, Wang L, Jiang R, Tian H, Li J, Yao Y, Zhuo C. The role of microbiota in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia and major depressive disorder and the possibility of targeting microbiota as a treatment option. Oncotarget 2017; 8:100899-100907. [PMID: 29246029 PMCID: PMC5725071 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.21284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 08/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The importance of interactions between the brain and the gastrointestinal tract has been increasingly recognized in recent years. It has been proposed that dysregulation and abnormalities in the brain-gut axis contribute to the etiology of a variety of central nervous system disorders. Particularly, dysbiosis, or impaired microbiota, has been implicated in multiple neurological and psychological disorders. The present paper reviews current evidence and theories concerning the possible mechanisms by which microbiota dysfunction contributes to the pathogenesis of schizophrenia and major depressive disorder. Clinical trials that investigated the possibility of treating both illnesses by correcting and rebalancing microbiota with probiotics are also reviewed. Overall, despite the accumulated knowledge in this field, more studies are warranted and required to further our understanding of the brain-gut axis and the possibility of targeting microbiota as a treatment option for schizophrenia and major depressive disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengli Lv
- The department of rehabilition, The Second Affiliated Hosptial of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Suling Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, Wenzhou Seventh People's Hospital, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lina Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, Tianjin Anding Hospital, Tianjin Mental Health Center, Tianjin, China
| | - Ronghuan Jiang
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Chinese People's Liberation Army, General Hospital, Chinese People's Liberation Army Medical School, Beijing, China
| | - Hongjun Tian
- Department of Psychiatry, Tianjin Anding Hospital, Tianjin Mental Health Center, Tianjin, China
| | - Jie Li
- Department of Psychiatry, Tianjin Anding Hospital, Tianjin Mental Health Center, Tianjin, China
| | - Yudong Yao
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Chuanjun Zhuo
- Department of Psychiatry, Wenzhou Seventh People's Hospital, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Department of Psychiatry, Tianjin Anding Hospital, Tianjin Mental Health Center, Tianjin, China
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Ermakov EA, Smirnova LP, Bokhan NA, Semke AV, Ivanova SA, Buneva VN, Nevinsky GA. Catalase activity of IgG antibodies from the sera of healthy donors and patients with schizophrenia. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0183867. [PMID: 28945759 PMCID: PMC5612456 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0183867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We present first evidence showing that some electrophoretically homogeneous IgGs from the sera of patients with schizophrenia (36.4%) and their Fab and F(ab)2 fragments as well as from healthy donors (33.3%) possess catalase activity. The relative catalase activity of IgGs from the sera of individual schizophrenia patients (and healthy donors) significantly varied from patient to patient, but the activity of IgGs from healthy donors is on average 15.8-fold lower than that for schizophrenia patients. After extensive dialysis of purified IgGs against EDTA chelating metal ions, the relative catalase activity of IgGs decreases on average approximately 2.5-3.7-fold; all IgGs possess metal-dependent and independent catalase activity. The addition of external Me2+ ions to dialyzed and non-dialyzed IgGs leads to a significant increase in their activity. The best activator of dialyzed and non-dialyzed IgGs is Co2+, the activation by Cu2+, Mn2+, and Ni2+ ions were rare and always lower than by Co2+. Every IgG preparation demonstrates several individual sets of very well expressed pH optima in the pH range from 4.0 to 9.5. These data speak for the individual repertoire of catalase IgGs in every person and an extreme diversity of abzymes in their pH optima and activation by different metal ions. It is known that antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutases, catalases, and glutathione peroxidases represent critical defense mechanisms preventing oxidative modifications of DNA, proteins, and lipids. Catalase activity of human IgGs could probably also play a major role in the protection of organisms from oxidative stress and toxic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgeny A. Ermakov
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Division of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
- Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Ludmila P. Smirnova
- Mental Health Research Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Nikolay A. Bokhan
- Mental Health Research Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Arkadiy V. Semke
- Mental Health Research Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Svetlana A. Ivanova
- Mental Health Research Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Valentina N. Buneva
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Division of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
- Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Georgy A. Nevinsky
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Division of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
- Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
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Schizophrenia among patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: population-based cross-sectional study. Epidemiol Psychiatr Sci 2017; 26:424-429. [PMID: 27457404 PMCID: PMC6998678 DOI: 10.1017/s2045796016000561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a prototypic autoimmune disease involving multiple organs, including the central nervous system. Evidence of immune dysfunction exists also in schizophrenia, a psychiatric illness involving chronic or recurrent psychosis. The aim of our study was to investigate if there is an epidemiological association between SLE and schizophrenia. METHOD A cross-sectional study was conducted comparing patients with SLE with age and gender-matched controls regarding the proportion of patients with comorbid schizophrenia. χ 2- and t-tests were used for univariate analysis, and interaction of schizophrenia with SLE across strata of covariates was checked. A logistic regression model was used for multivariate analysis. The study was performed utilising the medical database of Clalit Health Services in Israel. RESULTS The study included 5018 patients with SLE and 25 090 controls. SLE patients had a female predominance, and a higher proportion of smoking compared with age and sex-matched controls. In multivariate analysis, SLE was found to be independently associated with schizophrenia while controlling for age, gender, socioeconomic status (SES) and smoking (OR 1.33, p = 0.042). CONCLUSIONS We found a positive association between SLE and schizophrenia across patients of different age, gender and SES. This association can contribute to understanding the pathophysiology of the two disorders and may also have clinical implications for earlier as well as better diagnosis and treatment.
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Zhu X, Han Y, Du J, Liu R, Jin K, Yi W. Microbiota-gut-brain axis and the central nervous system. Oncotarget 2017; 8:53829-53838. [PMID: 28881854 PMCID: PMC5581153 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.17754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The gut and brain form the gut-brain axis through bidirectional nervous, endocrine, and immune communications. Changes in one of the organs will affect the other organs. Disorders in the composition and quantity of gut microorganisms can affect both the enteric nervous system and the central nervous system (CNS), thereby indicating the existence of a microbiota-gut-brain axis. Due to the intricate interactions between the gut and the brain, gut symbiotic microorganisms are closely associated with various CNS diseases, such as Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, schizophrenia, and multiple sclerosis. In this paper, we will review the latest advances of studies on the correlation between gut microorganisms and CNS functions & diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiqun Zhu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, P.R. China
| | - Yong Han
- Clinical Research Institute, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Jing Du
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Renzhong Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, P.R. China
| | - Ketao Jin
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Shaoxing People's Hospital, Shaoxing Hospital of Zhejiang University, Shaoxing, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Wei Yi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, P.R. China
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Ergün C, Urhan M, Ayer A. A review on the relationship between gluten and schizophrenia: Is gluten the cause? Nutr Neurosci 2017; 21:455-466. [PMID: 28393621 DOI: 10.1080/1028415x.2017.1313569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Schizophrenia is a chronic disease that possesses various clinical manifestations. It presents rather heterogeneous characteristics with respect to onset type, symptoms, and the course of the disease. Although the lifetime prevalence is as low as 1%, it can cause serious disability. Thus, it is very important to develop efficient treatment methods. In some studies, it is hypothesized that removing gluten from the diet leads to a significant improvement in disease symptoms. Epidemiological studies revealed that the prevalence of celiac disease among schizophrenic patients is almost two times higher than that of the general population. OBJECTIVE In this review, we evaluate the effects of gluten and celiac disease on the onset of schizophrenia. Efficacy of gluten-free diet applications, antibody response against gluten, and the interaction of the brain-gut axis and the presence of common genetic points are also investigated. METHODS Without any publication date restriction, Pubmed database searches were made for 'schizophrenia, gluten, gliadin, celiac disease, exorphin, brain-gut axis, psychiatric disorders.' The keywords and the articles about the schizophrenia-celiac disease relationship are included in our review. RESULTS Several studies presented evidence to suggest that symptoms associated with schizophrenia were minimized when gluten was excluded from patients' diets. Immunological searches revealed that most schizophrenic patients with increased anti-gliadin antibodies did not possess celiac disease; yet, the presence of increased antibodies against gliadin can be the share point of the immunological abnormalities found in both of the diseases. DISCUSSION There were no consistent results in the clinical, immunological, microbiological, and epidemiological studies that investigated the relationship between schizophrenia and celiac disease. This presents a need for a larger scale study to confirm the presence of this suggested correlation between schizophrenia and celiac disease. The underlying mechanisms between the two diseases should be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Can Ergün
- a Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Nutrition and Dietetics , Bahçeşehir University , Beşiktaş, Istanbul , Turkey
| | - Murat Urhan
- b Manisa Mental Health and Diseases Hospital , Şehitler Street, 45020 Manisa , Turkey
| | - Ahmet Ayer
- b Manisa Mental Health and Diseases Hospital , Şehitler Street, 45020 Manisa , Turkey
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Sadeghi H, Parishani M, Akbartabar Touri M, Ghavamzadeh M, Jafari Barmak M, Zarezade V, Delaviz H, Sadeghi H. Pramipexole reduces inflammation in the experimental animal models of inflammation. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2017; 39:80-86. [PMID: 28162057 DOI: 10.1080/08923973.2017.1284230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Pramipexole is a dopamine (DA) agonist (D2 subfamily receptors) that widely use in the treatment of Parkinson's diseases. Some epidemiological and genetic studies propose a role of inflammation in the pathophysiology of Parkinson's disease. To our knowledge, there is no study regarding the anti-inflammatory activity of pramipexol. Therefore, the aim of the study was to investigate anti-inflammatory effect of pramipexol. Anti-inflammatory effects of pramipexole were studied in three well-characterized animal models of inflammation, including carrageenan- or formalin-induced paw inflammation in rats, and 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA)-induced ear edema in mice. The animals received pramipexol (0.25, 0.5 and 1 mg/kg, I.P.) 30 min before subplantar injection of carrageenan or formalin. Pramipexol (0.5 and 1 mg/kg) was also injected 30 min before topical application of TPA on the ear mice. Serum malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were evaluated in the carrageenan test. Finally, pathological examination of the inflamed tissues was carried out. Pramipexole significantly inhibited paw inflammation 1, 2, 3 and 4 h after carrageenan challenge compared with the control group (p < .001). Pramipexol also showed considerable anti-inflammatory activity against formalin-evoked paw edema over a period of 24 h (p < .001). TPA-induced ear edema was markedly decreased by pramipexol (p < .001). The pathological evaluation of the paws and ears revealed that pramipexole reduced tissue injury, neutrophil infiltration, and subcutaneous edema. Pramipexole did not alter the increased serum levels of MDA due to carrageenan injection. These data clearly indicate that pramipexol possesses significant anti-inflammatory activity. It seems that its antioxidants do not play an important role in these effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heibatollah Sadeghi
- a Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences , Yasuj , Iran.,b Medicinal Plants Research Center, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences , Yasuj , Iran
| | - Mohammad Parishani
- c Student Research Committee , Yasuj University of Medical Sciences , Yasuj , Iran
| | - Mehdi Akbartabar Touri
- d Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences , Yasuj , Iran
| | - Mehdi Ghavamzadeh
- c Student Research Committee , Yasuj University of Medical Sciences , Yasuj , Iran
| | - Mehrzad Jafari Barmak
- a Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences , Yasuj , Iran
| | - Vahid Zarezade
- e Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Behbahan Faculty of Medical Sciences , Behbahan , Iran
| | - Hamdollah Delaviz
- a Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences , Yasuj , Iran
| | - Hossein Sadeghi
- a Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences , Yasuj , Iran.,b Medicinal Plants Research Center, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences , Yasuj , Iran.,f Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine , Yasuj University of Medical Sciences , Yasuj , Iran
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The early growth response protein 1-miR-30a-5p-neurogenic differentiation factor 1 axis as a novel biomarker for schizophrenia diagnosis and treatment monitoring. Transl Psychiatry 2017; 7:e998. [PMID: 28072411 PMCID: PMC5545732 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2016.268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Revised: 10/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
To date, diagnosis of schizophrenia is still based on clinical interviews and careful observations, which is subjective and variable, and can lead to misdiagnosis and/or delay in diagnosis. As early intervention in schizophrenia is important in improving outcomes, objective tests that can be used for schizophrenia diagnosis or treatment monitoring are thus in great need. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) negatively regulate target gene expression and their biogenesis is tightly controlled by various factors including transcription factors (TFs). Dysregulation of miRNAs in brain tissue and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMNCs) from patients with schizophrenia has been well documented, but analysis of the sensitivity and specificity for potential diagnostic utility of these alternations is limited. In this study, we explored the TF-miRNA-30-target gene axis as a novel biomarker for schizophrenia diagnosis and treatment monitoring. Using bioinformatics analysis, we retrieved all TFs that control the biogenesis of miRNA 30 members as well as all target genes that are regulated by miRNA-30 members. Further, reverse transcription-quantitative PCR analysis revealed that the early growth response protein 1 (EGR1) and miR-30a-5p were remarkably downregulated, whereas neurogenic differentiation factor 1 (NEUROD1) was significantly upregulated in PBMNCs from patients in acute psychotic state. Antipsychotics treatment resulted in the elevation of EGR1 and miR-30a-5p but the reduction of NEUROD1. Receiver operating characteristic analysis showed that the EGR1-miR-30a-5p-NEUROD1 axis possessed significantly greater diagnostic value than miR-30a-5p alone. Our data suggest the EGR1-miR-30a-5p-NEUROD1 axis might serve as a promising biomarker for diagnosis and treatment monitoring for those patients in acute psychotic state.
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Sayeh A, Ben Cheikh C, Mardessi A, Mrad M, Nsiri B, Oumaya A, Fekih-Mrissa N. HLA DRB1*03 as a possible common etiology of schizophrenia, Graves' disease, and type 2 diabetes. Ann Gen Psychiatry 2017; 16:7. [PMID: 28174595 PMCID: PMC5290670 DOI: 10.1186/s12991-017-0128-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autoimmune diseases and schizophrenia share many common features. Association studies confirm a shared genetic association in the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) region between schizophrenia and most autoimmune diseases. To our knowledge, the simultaneous syndromes of Graves' disease (GD) and type 2 diabetes (T2D) in schizophrenia are rare in Tunisia. CASE PRESENTATION We report a case of a 42-year-old woman admitted to the department of psychiatry for an acute relapse of chronic schizophrenia. Her medical history revealed that she was followed for Graves' disease and for a type 2 diabetes mellitus. A low-resolution HLA typing was performed by polymerase chain reaction sequence-specific primer (PCR-SSP) techniques according to determine the patient's haplotype. CONCLUSIONS Our study suggests that the HLA DRB1*03 allele may explain a common etiology underlying the co-morbidity of Graves' disease, type 2 diabetes, and schizophrenia in our patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aicha Sayeh
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire, Service d'Hématologie., Hôpital Militaire de Tunis, Montfleury, 1008 Tunis, Tunisia.,Faculté des Sciences de Tunis, Université Tunis el Manar, 2092 Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Cheker Ben Cheikh
- Service de Psychiatrie, Hôpital Militaire de Tunis, Montfleury, 1008 Tunis, Tunisia.,Faculté de Médecine de Tunis, Université de Tunis El Manar, 1007 Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Ali Mardessi
- Faculté de Médecine de Tunis, Université de Tunis El Manar, 1007 Tunis, Tunisia.,Service Oto-rhino-laryngologie, Hôpital Militaire de Tunis, Montfleury, 1008 Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Meriem Mrad
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire, Service d'Hématologie., Hôpital Militaire de Tunis, Montfleury, 1008 Tunis, Tunisia.,Faculté des Sciences de Tunis, Université Tunis el Manar, 2092 Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Brahim Nsiri
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire, Service d'Hématologie., Hôpital Militaire de Tunis, Montfleury, 1008 Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Abdelaziz Oumaya
- Service de Psychiatrie, Hôpital Militaire de Tunis, Montfleury, 1008 Tunis, Tunisia.,Faculté de Médecine de Tunis, Université de Tunis El Manar, 1007 Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Najiba Fekih-Mrissa
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire, Service d'Hématologie., Hôpital Militaire de Tunis, Montfleury, 1008 Tunis, Tunisia.,Académie Militaire Fondouk Jédid, 8012 Nabeul, Tunisia
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Braun S, Bridler R, Müller N, Schwarz MJ, Seifritz E, Weisbrod M, Zgraggen A, Stassen HH. Inflammatory processes and schizophrenia: two independent lines of evidence from a study of twins discordant and concordant for schizophrenic disorders. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2017; 267:377-389. [PMID: 28378228 PMCID: PMC5509778 DOI: 10.1007/s00406-017-0792-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 03/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The concept of twin concordance involves quantifying the resemblance between co-twins in an "objective" and reproducible way. Yet, quantifying resemblance in the case of complex psychiatric traits like schizophrenic disorders leads to methodological problems, as the yes-no dichotomy of diagnostic schemata does not allow one to assess between-subject differences in psychopathology patterns sufficiently accurately. Therefore, we relied on a multidimensional, quantitative concordance measure that provided a high resolution and differentiation when assessing the resemblance of psychopathology patterns. This concordance measure was central to our investigations into the potential link between schizophrenic disorders and aberrancies of the inflammatory response system. Specifically, we aimed to determine the extent to which (1) the observed variation of between-subject psychopathology concordance among 100 schizophrenic patients and (2) the observed variation of within-pair psychopathology concordance among 71 twin pairs can be explained by immunoglobulin M (IgM) levels. To accomplish this goal, we had to "gauge" in a first step the concordance measure's performance by (1) comparing the psychopathology patterns of 269 index cases suffering from functional psychoses with the respective patterns of the 350 "affecteds" among their first-degree relatives; (2) systematically comparing the psychopathology patterns of 100 unrelated patients with a diagnosis of schizophrenic disorders with each other; and (3) detailing the within-pair concordance of elementary traits among 2734 healthy twin pairs. As to the role of active immune processes in the context of schizophrenic disorders, we found that there exists a 20-30% subgroup of patients for whom aberrancies of the inflammatory response system, as quantified through IgM levels, appeared to be linked to the pathogenesis of schizophrenic disorders (r = 0.7515/0.8184, p < 0.0001). The variation of within-pair psychopathology concordance among twins with schizophrenic disorders was found to be "explainable" in part by chronically elevated IgM levels (24.5% of observed phenotypic variance; p = 0.0434), thus suggesting that monozygotic twins concordant for schizophrenic disorders may possess a less "robust" variant of the inflammatory response system which can more easily be triggered by exogenous factors than the more "robust" variants of discordant pairs. Though the underlying biological mechanisms remain to be detected, our data have cleared the way for an early identification of patients with schizophrenic disorders for whom the inflammatory response system may be a target for therapeutic intervention. Moreover, our results will likely lead to new treatment strategies that involve elements of personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silke Braun
- 0000 0004 1937 0650grid.7400.3Psychiatric University Hospital (KPPP), Institute for Response-Genetics, University of Zurich, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - René Bridler
- Sanatorium Kilchberg, 8802 Kilchberg, Switzerland
| | - Norbert Müller
- 0000 0004 0477 2585grid.411095.8Psychiatric University Hospital (LMU), 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Markus J. Schwarz
- 0000 0004 1936 973Xgrid.5252.0Institute for Laboratory Medicine, University of Munich (LMU), 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Erich Seifritz
- 0000 0004 0478 9977grid.412004.3Psychiatric University Hospital (KPPP), 8032 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Weisbrod
- 0000 0001 2162 1728grid.411778.cPsychiatric University Hospital, 69115 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Alexandra Zgraggen
- 0000 0004 1937 0650grid.7400.3Psychiatric University Hospital (KPPP), Institute for Response-Genetics, University of Zurich, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Hans H. Stassen
- 0000 0004 1937 0650grid.7400.3Psychiatric University Hospital (KPPP), Institute for Response-Genetics, University of Zurich, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland
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Butler MI, McCartan D, Cooney A, Kelly PO, Ahmed I, Little D, MacHale S, Conlon P. Outcomes of Renal Transplantation in Patients With Bipolar Affective Disorder and Schizophrenia: A National Retrospective Cohort Study. PSYCHOSOMATICS 2017; 58:69-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.psym.2016.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Revised: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Kočovská E, Gaughran F, Krivoy A, Meier UC. Vitamin-D Deficiency As a Potential Environmental Risk Factor in Multiple Sclerosis, Schizophrenia, and Autism. Front Psychiatry 2017; 8:47. [PMID: 28396640 PMCID: PMC5366333 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2017.00047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In this short review, we want to summarize the current findings on the role of vitamin-D in multiple sclerosis (MS), schizophrenia, and autism. Many studies have highlighted hypovitaminosis-D as a potential environmental risk factor for a variety of conditions such as MS, asthma, cardiovascular disease, and, more recently, psychiatric diseases. However, whether hypovitaminosis-D is a potential causative factor for the development or activity in these conditions or whether hypovitaminosis-D may be due to increased vitamin-D consumption by an activated immune system (reverse causation) is the focus of intense research. Here, we will discuss current evidence exploring the role of vitamin-D in MS, schizophrenia, and autism and its impact on adaptive and innate immunity, antimicrobial defense, the microbiome, neuroinflammation, behavior, and neurogenesis. More work is needed to gain insight into its role in the underlying pathophysiology of these conditions as it may offer attractive means of intervention and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Kočovská
- Centre for Primary Care and Public Health, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London , London , UK
| | - Fiona Gaughran
- Department of Psychosis Studies, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, National Psychosis Service, South London and Maudlsey NHS Foundation Trust , London , UK
| | - Amir Krivoy
- Department of Psychosis Studies, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, National Psychosis Service, South London and Maudlsey NHS Foundation Trust , London , UK
| | - Ute-Christiane Meier
- Neuroinflammation and Psychoimmunology Group, Department of Neuroscience and Trauma, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London , London , UK
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Lee SH, Byrne EM, Hultman CM, Kähler A, Vinkhuyzen AAE, Ripke S, Andreassen OA, Frisell T, Gusev A, Hu X, Karlsson R, Mantzioris VX, McGrath JJ, Mehta D, Stahl EA, Zhao Q, Kendler KS, Sullivan PF, Price AL, O'Donovan M, Okada Y, Mowry BJ, Raychaudhuri S, Wray NR, Byerley W, Cahn W, Cantor RM, Cichon S, Cormican P, Curtis D, Djurovic S, Escott-Price V, Gejman PV, Georgieva L, Giegling I, Hansen TF, Ingason A, Kim Y, Konte B, Lee PH, McIntosh A, McQuillin A, Morris DW, Nöthen MM, O'Dushlaine C, Olincy A, Olsen L, Pato CN, Pato MT, Pickard BS, Posthuma D, Rasmussen HB, Rietschel M, Rujescu D, Schulze TG, Silverman JM, Thirumalai S, Werge T, Agartz I, Amin F, Azevedo MH, Bass N, Black DW, Blackwood DHR, Bruggeman R, Buccola NG, Choudhury K, Cloninger RC, Corvin A, Craddock N, Daly MJ, Datta S, Donohoe GJ, Duan J, Dudbridge F, Fanous A, Freedman R, Freimer NB, Friedl M, Gill M, Gurling H, De Haan L, Hamshere ML, Hartmann AM, Holmans PA, Kahn RS, Keller MC, Kenny E, Kirov GK, Krabbendam L, Krasucki R, Lawrence J, Lencz T, Levinson DF, Lieberman JA, Lin DY, Linszen DH, Magnusson PKE, Maier W, Malhotra AK, Mattheisen M, Mattingsdal M, McCarroll SA, Medeiros H, Melle I, Milanova V, Myin-Germeys I, Neale BM, Ophoff RA, Owen MJ, Pimm J, Purcell SM, Puri V, Quested DJ, Rossin L, Ruderfer D, Sanders AR, Shi J, Sklar P, St Clair D, Stroup TS, Van Os J, Visscher PM, Wiersma D, Zammit S, Bridges SL, Choi HK, Coenen MJH, de Vries N, Dieud P, Greenberg JD, Huizinga TWJ, Padyukov L, Siminovitch KA, Tak PP, Worthington J, De Jager PL, Denny JC, Gregersen PK, Klareskog L, Mariette X, Plenge RM, van Laar M, van Riel P. New data and an old puzzle: the negative association between schizophrenia and rheumatoid arthritis. Int J Epidemiol 2016; 44:1706-21. [PMID: 26286434 DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyv136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A long-standing epidemiological puzzle is the reduced rate of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in those with schizophrenia (SZ) and vice versa. Traditional epidemiological approaches to determine if this negative association is underpinned by genetic factors would test for reduced rates of one disorder in relatives of the other, but sufficiently powered data sets are difficult to achieve. The genomics era presents an alternative paradigm for investigating the genetic relationship between two uncommon disorders. METHODS We use genome-wide common single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) data from independently collected SZ and RA case-control cohorts to estimate the SNP correlation between the disorders. We test a genotype X environment (GxE) hypothesis for SZ with environment defined as winter- vs summer-born. RESULTS We estimate a small but significant negative SNP-genetic correlation between SZ and RA (-0.046, s.e. 0.026, P = 0.036). The negative correlation was stronger for the SNP set attributed to coding or regulatory regions (-0.174, s.e. 0.071, P = 0.0075). Our analyses led us to hypothesize a gene-environment interaction for SZ in the form of immune challenge. We used month of birth as a proxy for environmental immune challenge and estimated the genetic correlation between winter-born and non-winter born SZ to be significantly less than 1 for coding/regulatory region SNPs (0.56, s.e. 0.14, P = 0.00090). CONCLUSIONS Our results are consistent with epidemiological observations of a negative relationship between SZ and RA reflecting, at least in part, genetic factors. Results of the month of birth analysis are consistent with pleiotropic effects of genetic variants dependent on environmental context.
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Effects of Electroconvulsive Therapy on Some Inflammatory Factors in Patients With Treatment-Resistant Schizophrenia. J ECT 2016; 32:174-9. [PMID: 26886746 DOI: 10.1097/yct.0000000000000303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is the most effective option for several psychiatric conditions, including treatment-resistant schizophrenia. However, little is known about the molecular mechanism of action of ECT. The link between inflammatory system and schizophrenia is the focus of recent studies. However, the impact of ECT on inflammatory functioning in this disorder remains elusive. Whether ECT could modulate inflammatory factors in patients with schizophrenia was examined. METHODS Plasma levels of interleukin-4 (IL-4), transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), myeloperoxidase (MPO), and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) activation were analyzed in 20 schizophrenic patients, mainly with resistant to antipsychotic medication disorders, and in 20 sex- and age-matched healthy controls. Disease severity was evaluated using the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale. All patients were followed with measurement of the inflammatory factors before and after ECT treatment and compared with the controls. RESULTS Patients with schizophrenia had markedly raised NF-κB and but decreased TGF-β levels compared with healthy controls. On the other hand, no significant differences were found for the levels of IL-4 and MPO levels. The clinical improvement during repeated ECT was accompanied by a gradual and significant increase in IL-4 and TGF-β level, but MPO and NF-κB activation were left unaffected. Increases in TGF-β were negatively correlated with the change in Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale scores after ECT. CONCLUSIONS It is shown that ECT, while increasing the anti-inflammatory response such as the levels of IL-4 and TGF-β, it did not affect the levels of MPO and NF-κB activation in this study.
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Ermakov EA, Smirnova LP, Parkhomenko TA, Dmitrenok PS, Krotenko NM, Fattakhov NS, Bokhan NA, Semke AV, Ivanova SA, Buneva VN, Nevinsky GA. DNA-hydrolysing activity of IgG antibodies from the sera of patients with schizophrenia. Open Biol 2016; 5:150064. [PMID: 26382278 PMCID: PMC4593665 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.150064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
It is believed that damage to the membranes of brain cells of schizophrenia (SCZ) patients induces the formation of autoantigens and autoantibodies. Nevertheless, the importance of immunological changes leading to the loss of tolerance to self-antigens in the genesis of SCZ has not been established. The MALDI mass spectra of the IgG light chains of 20 healthy donors were relatively homogeneous and characterized by one peak with only one maximum. In contrast to the healthy donors, the MALDI mass spectra of IgG light chains corresponding to 20 SCZ patients demonstrated, similarly to 20 autoimmune systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients, two maxima of a comparable intensity. In addition, the MALDI spectra of the IgG light chains of five SLE and four SCZ patients contained a small additional brightly pronounced peak with remarkably lower molecular mass compared with the main one. DNase autoantibodies (abzymes) can be found in the blood of patients with several autoimmune diseases, while the blood of healthy donors or patients with diseases without a significant disturbance of the immune status does not contain DNase abzymes. Here, we present the first analysis of anti-DNA antibodies and DNase abzymes in the sera of SCZ patients. Several strict criteria have been applied to show that the DNase activity is an intrinsic property of IgGs from the sera of SCZ patients. The sera of approximately 30% of SCZ patients displayed a higher content of antibodies (compared with 37% of SLE) interacting with single- and double-stranded DNA compared with healthy donors. Antibodies with DNase activity were revealed in 80% of the patients. These data indicate that some SCZ patients may show signs of typical autoimmune processes to a certain extent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgeny A Ermakov
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Division of Russian Academy of Sciences, 8 Lavrentiev Avenue, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia Novosibirsk State University, 2 Pirogova Street, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Ludmila P Smirnova
- Mental Health Research Institute, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, 4 Aleutskaya Avenue, Tomsk 634014, Russia
| | - Taisiya A Parkhomenko
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Division of Russian Academy of Sciences, 8 Lavrentiev Avenue, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Pavel S Dmitrenok
- Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far East Division, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok 690022, Russia
| | - Nina M Krotenko
- Mental Health Research Institute, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, 4 Aleutskaya Avenue, Tomsk 634014, Russia
| | - Nikolai S Fattakhov
- Mental Health Research Institute, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, 4 Aleutskaya Avenue, Tomsk 634014, Russia
| | - Nikolay A Bokhan
- Mental Health Research Institute, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, 4 Aleutskaya Avenue, Tomsk 634014, Russia
| | - Arkadiy V Semke
- Mental Health Research Institute, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, 4 Aleutskaya Avenue, Tomsk 634014, Russia
| | - Svetlana A Ivanova
- Mental Health Research Institute, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, 4 Aleutskaya Avenue, Tomsk 634014, Russia
| | - Valentina N Buneva
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Division of Russian Academy of Sciences, 8 Lavrentiev Avenue, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia Novosibirsk State University, 2 Pirogova Street, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Georgy A Nevinsky
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Division of Russian Academy of Sciences, 8 Lavrentiev Avenue, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia Novosibirsk State University, 2 Pirogova Street, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE The present paper is devoted to evaluation of clinical and immunomodulatory effect of ultra-high dilutions of antibodies to human interferon γ, included in the complex therapy of patients with schizophrenia. Materials and methods The study was carried out at the Mental Health Research Institute, Tomsk, Russian Federation. This double-blind, placebo-controlled randomised in parallel-group study enrolled 40 patients. As a part of complex therapy, patients from the main group (n=20) received anaferon, a drug containing ultra-high dilutions of affinity-purified antibodies to human interferon γ as the active pharmaceutical ingredient; patients from the comparative group (n=20) received placebo. Duration of the therapy was 30±5 days. Assessment of severity of symptoms and changes in them were made using clinical scales: Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale, Clinical Global Impression, Abnormal Involuntary Movements Scale. Spontaneous and phytohemagglutinin-induced production of interferon γ by immunocompetent cells in supernatants of 48 h whole blood culture of patients was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method. RESULTS The reduction of interferon-producing potential by immunocompetent cells in comparison with reference normal value was shown in total group of patients (n=40) before combined therapy. During the treatment, increase of spontaneous interferon γ production and favourable changes in psychopathological symptoms as compared with placebo were shown in subjects receiving anaferon. It was found that favourable changes in clinical symptoms assessed using clinical scales with a high degree of confidence correlated with high level of spontaneous interferon γ production. CONCLUSION Anaferon as a part of complex therapy of patients with schizophrenia contributes to enhancement of its efficacy acting via mechanism of psychoimmunomodulation.
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Srinivas L, Vellichirammal NN, Alex AM, Nair C, Nair IV, Banerjee M. Pro-inflammatory cytokines and their epistatic interactions in genetic susceptibility to schizophrenia. J Neuroinflammation 2016; 13:105. [PMID: 27177030 PMCID: PMC4866417 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-016-0569-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In schizophrenia, genetic background may provide a substrate for intrinsic maldevelopment of the brain through environmental influences, by recruiting neurotrophic factors and cytokines, to trigger the changes that lead to impaired neuronal functions. Cytokines being the key regulators of immune/inflammatory reactions are also known to influence the dopaminergic, noradrenergic, and serotonergic neurotransmission. Therefore, functional polymorphisms in cytokine genes may result in imbalances in the pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine production. Methods We screened polymorphisms in pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine genes using a case-control association study in a South Indian population. The role of allele, genotype, haplotype, and diplotypes of these cytokine genes and their epistatic interactions were assessed in contributing to the risk of developing schizophrenia. Meta-analysis for the reported associations was also monitored for global significance. Results The pro-inflammatory cytokine gene polymorphisms in IL1Ars1800587, IL6rs1800796, TNFArs361525, and IFNGrs2069718 were associated with schizophrenia. The study also provides significant evidence for strong epistatic interactions among pro-inflammatory cytokine genes IL6 and IFNG in the development of schizophrenia. In silico analysis suggested that associated risk variants were indicative of altered transcriptional activity with higher production of IL1α, IL-6, TNF-α, and IFN-ɤ cytokines. Meta-analysis indicated heterogeneity among study population while IL1Ars1800587 was found to be globally significant. Conclusions It is important to identify the nature of inflammatory response that can be amplified by the environment, to influence either Th1 response or Th2 response. The associated functional variants in the study are involved with increased expression resulting in higher production of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1α, IL-6, TNF-α, and IFN-γ. The interaction of immunological stressors with these high producer alleles of pro-inflammatory cytokines may suggest that even a lower threshold may be sufficient to induce a resultant chronic effect on the psycho-social and environmental stressors that may result in the development and pathogenesis of schizophrenia. Understanding environmental factors that influence the expression of these pro-inflammatory cytokine genes or their interaction can possibly help in dissecting the phenotypic variation and therapeutic response to antipsychotics in schizophrenia. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12974-016-0569-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lekshmy Srinivas
- Human Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Trivandrum, Kerala, 695 014, India
| | - Neetha N Vellichirammal
- Human Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Trivandrum, Kerala, 695 014, India
| | - Ann Mary Alex
- Human Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Trivandrum, Kerala, 695 014, India
| | | | - Indu V Nair
- Mental Health Centre, Trivandrum, Kerala, India
| | - Moinak Banerjee
- Human Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Trivandrum, Kerala, 695 014, India.
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