1
|
Dwyer JR, Racine JJ, Chapman HD, Quinlan A, Presa M, Stafford GA, Schmitz I, Serreze DV. Nfkbid Overexpression in Nonobese Diabetic Mice Elicits Complete Type 1 Diabetes Resistance in Part Associated with Enhanced Thymic Deletion of Pathogenic CD8 T Cells and Increased Numbers and Activity of Regulatory T Cells. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2022; 209:227-237. [PMID: 35760520 PMCID: PMC9365269 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2100558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) in both humans and NOD mice is caused by T cell-mediated autoimmune destruction of pancreatic β cells. Increased frequency or activity of autoreactive T cells and failures of regulatory T cells (Tregs) to control these pathogenic effectors have both been implicated in T1D etiology. Due to the expression of MHC class I molecules on β cells, CD8 T cells represent the ultimate effector population mediating T1D. Developing autoreactive CD8 T cells normally undergo extensive thymic negative selection, but this process is impaired in NOD mice and also likely T1D patients. Previous studies identified an allelic variant of Nfkbid, a NF-κB signal modulator, as a gene strongly contributing to defective thymic deletion of autoreactive CD8 T cells in NOD mice. These previous studies found ablation of Nfkbid in NOD mice using the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats system resulted in greater thymic deletion of pathogenic CD8 AI4 and NY8.3 TCR transgenic T cells but an unexpected acceleration of T1D onset. This acceleration was associated with reductions in the frequency of peripheral Tregs. In this article, we report transgenic overexpression of Nfkbid in NOD mice also paradoxically results in enhanced thymic deletion of autoreactive CD8 AI4 T cells. However, transgenic elevation of Nfkbid expression also increased the frequency and functional capacity of peripheral Tregs, in part contributing to the induction of complete T1D resistance. Thus, future identification of a pharmaceutical means to enhance Nfkbid expression might ultimately provide an effective T1D intervention approach.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Ingo Schmitz
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Ruhr-University, Bochum, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Khosravi-Maharlooei M, Madley R, Borsotti C, Ferreira LMR, Sharp RC, Brehm MA, Greiner DL, Parent AV, Anderson MS, Sykes M, Creusot RJ. Modeling human T1D-associated autoimmune processes. Mol Metab 2022; 56:101417. [PMID: 34902607 PMCID: PMC8739876 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2021.101417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disease characterized by impaired immune tolerance to β-cell antigens and progressive destruction of insulin-producing β-cells. Animal models have provided valuable insights for understanding the etiology and pathogenesis of this disease, but they fall short of reflecting the extensive heterogeneity of the disease in humans, which is contributed by various combinations of risk gene alleles and unique environmental factors. Collectively, these factors have been used to define subgroups of patients, termed endotypes, with distinct predominating disease characteristics. SCOPE OF REVIEW Here, we review the gaps filled by these models in understanding the intricate involvement and regulation of the immune system in human T1D pathogenesis. We describe the various models developed so far and the scientific questions that have been addressed using them. Finally, we discuss the limitations of these models, primarily ascribed to hosting a human immune system (HIS) in a xenogeneic recipient, and what remains to be done to improve their physiological relevance. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS To understand the role of genetic and environmental factors or evaluate immune-modifying therapies in humans, it is critical to develop and apply models in which human cells can be manipulated and their functions studied under conditions that recapitulate as closely as possible the physiological conditions of the human body. While microphysiological systems and living tissue slices provide some of these conditions, HIS mice enable more extensive analyses using in vivo systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Khosravi-Maharlooei
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Rachel Madley
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Chiara Borsotti
- Department of Health Sciences, Histology laboratory, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Leonardo M R Ferreira
- Departments of Microbiology & Immunology, and Regenerative Medicine & Cell Biology, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Robert C Sharp
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Michael A Brehm
- Program in Molecular Medicine, Diabetes Center of Excellence, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Dale L Greiner
- Program in Molecular Medicine, Diabetes Center of Excellence, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Audrey V Parent
- Diabetes Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Mark S Anderson
- Diabetes Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Megan Sykes
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Remi J Creusot
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Liu Y, Chen Z, Xiao Y, Chen H, Zhou Z. Altered expression of Tim family molecules and an imbalanced ratio of Tim-3 to Tim-1 expression in patients with type 1 diabetes. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:937109. [PMID: 35966054 PMCID: PMC9366857 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.937109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain (Tim) proteins are immunomodulatory molecules that play key roles in the regulation of T-cell activation. Published studies have reported that Tim molecules are involved in the pathogenesis of certain autoimmune diseases. Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disease in which T cells mediate the destruction of islet β cells. However, the expression of Tim molecules in T1D remains unclear. In this study, we measured the expression of Tim family molecules as well as T-cell subset-specific transcription factors in T1D patients, and we explored the possible involvement of Tim molecules in the pathogenesis of T1D. METHODS Ninety T1D patients, Thirty-six type 2 diabetes (T2D) patients and forty healthy controls (HCs) were recruited for this study. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were isolated, RNA was extracted from the PBMCs and reverse transcribed into cDNA, and gene expression patterns were analysed by RT-qPCR. The expression of Tim molecules in different T-cell subsets was analysed by flow cytometry. RESULTS Compared with that in HCs, the mRNA expression of Tim-1 and RORC was increased in T1D patients (P=0.0355 and P=0.0423, respectively), while the expression of Tim-3 was decreased (P=0.0013). In addition, compared with HCs, the ratio of Tim-3 to Tim-1 expression in diabetic patients was decreased (P<0.0001 for T1D and P=0.0387 for T2D). The ratios of T-Bet to GATA3 expression and RORC to FOXP3 expression were higher in T1D patients than in HCs (P=0.0042 and P=0.0066, respectively). Furthermore, the T1D patients with defective islet function had more significant imbalances in the Tim-3/Tim-1 and RORC/FOXP3 ratios (P<0.0001, and P=0.001, respectively). Moreover, Both Tim-3 expression in CD4+ T cells and the Tim-3 to Tim-1 ratio were elevated in T1D in the remission phase compared to T1D. CONCLUSION Our study revealed altered expression of Tim molecules in T1D patients. The imbalanced ratios of Tim-3/Tim-1 expression were more pronounced in T1D patients with defective islet function. However, alterations in Tim molecule expression are mitigated in T1D in the remission phase. All these findings suggest that Tim family molecules may be involved in the pathogenesis of T1D.
Collapse
|
4
|
Samojlik MM, Stabler CL. Designing biomaterials for the modulation of allogeneic and autoimmune responses to cellular implants in Type 1 Diabetes. Acta Biomater 2021; 133:87-101. [PMID: 34102338 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2021.05.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The effective suppression of adaptive immune responses is essential for the success of allogeneic cell therapies. In islet transplantation for Type 1 Diabetes, pre-existing autoimmunity provides an additional hurdle, as memory autoimmune T cells mediate both an autoantigen-specific attack on the donor beta cells and an alloantigen-specific attack on the donor graft cells. Immunosuppressive agents used for islet transplantation are generally successful in suppressing alloimmune responses, but dramatically hinder the widespread adoption of this therapeutic approach and fail to control memory T cell populations, which leaves the graft vulnerable to destruction. In this review, we highlight the capacity of biomaterials to provide local and nuanced instruction to suppress or alter immune pathways activated in response to an allogeneic islet transplant. Biomaterial immunoisolation is a common approach employed to block direct antigen recognition and downstream cell-mediated graft destruction; however, immunoisolation alone still permits shed donor antigens to escape into the host environment, resulting in indirect antigen recognition, immune cell activation, and the creation of a toxic graft site. Designing materials to decrease antigen escape, improve cell viability, and increase material compatibility are all approaches that can decrease the local release of antigen and danger signals into the implant microenvironment. Implant materials can be further enhanced through the local delivery of anti-inflammatory, suppressive, chemotactic, and/or tolerogenic agents, which serve to control both the innate and adaptive immune responses to the implant with a benefit of reduced systemic effects. Lessons learned from understanding how to manipulate allogeneic and autogenic immune responses to pancreatic islets can also be applied to other cell therapies to improve their efficacy and duration. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: This review explores key immunologic concepts and critical pathways mediating graft rejection in Type 1 Diabetes, which can instruct the future purposeful design of immunomodulatory biomaterials for cell therapy. A summary of immunological pathways initiated following cellular implantation, as well as current systemic immunomodulatory agents used, is provided. We then outline the potential of biomaterials to modulate these responses. The capacity of polymeric encapsulation to block some powerful rejection pathways is covered. We also highlight the role of cellular health and biocompatibility in mitigating immune responses. Finally, we review the use of bioactive materials to proactively modulate local immune responses, focusing on key concepts of anti-inflammatory, suppressive, and tolerogenic agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena M Samojlik
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Cherie L Stabler
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; University of Florida Diabetes Institute, Gainesville, FL, USA; Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Kahn SE, Chen YC, Esser N, Taylor AJ, van Raalte DH, Zraika S, Verchere CB. The β Cell in Diabetes: Integrating Biomarkers With Functional Measures. Endocr Rev 2021; 42:528-583. [PMID: 34180979 PMCID: PMC9115372 DOI: 10.1210/endrev/bnab021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The pathogenesis of hyperglycemia observed in most forms of diabetes is intimately tied to the islet β cell. Impairments in propeptide processing and secretory function, along with the loss of these vital cells, is demonstrable not only in those in whom the diagnosis is established but typically also in individuals who are at increased risk of developing the disease. Biomarkers are used to inform on the state of a biological process, pathological condition, or response to an intervention and are increasingly being used for predicting, diagnosing, and prognosticating disease. They are also proving to be of use in the different forms of diabetes in both research and clinical settings. This review focuses on the β cell, addressing the potential utility of genetic markers, circulating molecules, immune cell phenotyping, and imaging approaches as biomarkers of cellular function and loss of this critical cell. Further, we consider how these biomarkers complement the more long-established, dynamic, and often complex measurements of β-cell secretory function that themselves could be considered biomarkers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Steven E Kahn
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, VA Puget Sound Health Care System and University of Washington, Seattle, 98108 WA, USA
| | - Yi-Chun Chen
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute and Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4H4, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4H4, Canada.,Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4H4, Canada
| | - Nathalie Esser
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, VA Puget Sound Health Care System and University of Washington, Seattle, 98108 WA, USA
| | - Austin J Taylor
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute and Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4H4, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4H4, Canada.,Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4H4, Canada
| | - Daniël H van Raalte
- Department of Internal Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Center (UMC), Vrije Universiteit (VU) University Medical Center, 1007 MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Experimental Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Center (UMC), Academic Medical Center, 1007 MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sakeneh Zraika
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, VA Puget Sound Health Care System and University of Washington, Seattle, 98108 WA, USA
| | - C Bruce Verchere
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute and Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4H4, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4H4, Canada.,Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4H4, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Tolerogenic Dendritic Cell-Based Approaches in Autoimmunity. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22168415. [PMID: 34445143 PMCID: PMC8395087 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) dictate the outcomes of tissue-specific immune responses. In the context of autoimmune diseases, DCs instruct T cells to respond to antigens (Ags), including self-Ags, leading to organ damage, or to becoming regulatory T cells (Tregs) promoting and perpetuating immune tolerance. DCs can acquire tolerogenic properties in vitro and in vivo in response to several stimuli, a feature that opens the possibility to generate or to target DCs to restore tolerance in autoimmune settings. We present an overview of the different subsets of human DCs and of the regulatory mechanisms associated with tolerogenic (tol)DC functions. We review the role of DCs in the induction of tissue-specific autoimmunity and the current approaches exploiting tolDC-based therapies or targeting DCs in vivo for the treatment of autoimmune diseases. Finally, we discuss limitations and propose future investigations for improving the knowledge on tolDCs for future clinical assessment to revert and prevent autoimmunity. The continuous expansion of tolDC research areas will lead to improving the understanding of the role that DCs play in the development and treatment of autoimmunity.
Collapse
|
7
|
Suneja S, Gangopadhyay S, Saini V, Dawar R, Kaur C. Emerging Diabetic Novel Biomarkers of the 21st Century. ANNALS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF MEDICAL SCIENCES (INDIA) 2021. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1726613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractDiabetes is a growing epidemic with estimated prevalence of infected to reach ~592 million by the year 2035. An effective way to approach is to detect the disease at a very early stage to reduce the complications and improve lifestyle management. Although several traditional biomarkers including glucated hemoglobin, glucated albumin, fructosamine, and 1,5-anhydroglucitol have helped in ease of diagnosis, there is lack of sensitivity and specificity and are inaccurate in certain clinical settings. Thus, search for new and effective biomarkers is a continuous process with an aim of accurate and timely diagnosis. Several novel biomarkers have surged in the present century that are helpful in timely detection of the disease condition. Although it is accepted that a single biomarker will have its inherent limitations, combining several markers will help to identify individuals at high risk of developing prediabetes and eventually its progression to frank diabetes. This review describes the novel biomarkers of the 21st century, both in type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus, and their present potential for assessing risk stratification due to insulin resistance that will pave the way for improved clinical outcome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shilpa Suneja
- Department of Biochemistry, Vardhman Mahavir Medical College & Safdarjung Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Sukanya Gangopadhyay
- Department of Biochemistry, Vardhman Mahavir Medical College & Safdarjung Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Vandana Saini
- Department of Biochemistry, Vardhman Mahavir Medical College & Safdarjung Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Rajni Dawar
- Department of Biochemistry, Vardhman Mahavir Medical College & Safdarjung Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Charanjeet Kaur
- Department of Biochemistry, Vardhman Mahavir Medical College & Safdarjung Hospital, New Delhi, India
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Benkahla MA, Sabouri S, Kiosses WB, Rajendran S, Quesada-Masachs E, von Herrath MG. HLA class I hyper-expression unmasks beta cells but not alpha cells to the immune system in pre-diabetes. J Autoimmun 2021; 119:102628. [PMID: 33706238 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2021.102628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Human leukocyte antigens of class-I (HLA-I) molecules are hyper-expressed in insulin-containing islets (ICI) of type 1 diabetic (T1D) donors. This study investigated the HLA-I expression in autoantibody positive (AAB+) donors and defined its intra-islet and intracellular localization as well as proximity to infiltrating CD8 T cells with high-resolution confocal microscopy. We found HLA-I hyper-expression had already occurred prior to clinical diagnosis of T1D in islets of AAB+ donors. Interestingly, throughout all stages of disease, HLA-I was mostly expressed by alpha cells. Hyper-expression in AAB+ and T1D donors was associated with intra-cellular accumulation in the Golgi. Proximity analysis showed a moderate but significant correlation between HLA-I and infiltrating CD8 T cells only in ICI of T1D donors, but not in AAB+ donors. These observations not only demonstrate a very early, islet-intrinsic immune-independent increase of HLA-I during diabetes pathogenesis, but also point towards a role for alpha cells in T1D.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi A Benkahla
- La Jolla Institute for Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, 92037, CA, USA
| | - Somayeh Sabouri
- La Jolla Institute for Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, 92037, CA, USA
| | - William B Kiosses
- La Jolla Institute for Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, 92037, CA, USA
| | - Sakthi Rajendran
- La Jolla Institute for Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, 92037, CA, USA
| | | | - Matthias G von Herrath
- La Jolla Institute for Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, 92037, CA, USA; Global Chief Medical Officer, Novo Nordisk, Denmark.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Ke Q, Kroger CJ, Clark M, Tisch RM. Evolving Antibody Therapies for the Treatment of Type 1 Diabetes. Front Immunol 2021; 11:624568. [PMID: 33679717 PMCID: PMC7930374 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.624568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is widely considered to be a T cell driven autoimmune disease resulting in reduced insulin production due to dysfunction/destruction of pancreatic β cells. Currently, there continues to be a need for immunotherapies that selectively reestablish persistent β cell-specific self-tolerance for the prevention and remission of T1D in the clinic. The utilization of monoclonal antibodies (mAb) is one strategy to target specific immune cell populations inducing autoimmune-driven pathology. Several mAb have proven to be clinically safe and exhibit varying degrees of efficacy in modulating autoimmunity, including T1D. Traditionally, mAb therapies have been used to deplete a targeted cell population regardless of antigenic specificity. However, this treatment strategy can prove detrimental resulting in the loss of acquired protective immunity. Nondepleting mAb have also been applied to modulate the function of immune effector cells. Recent studies have begun to define novel mechanisms associated with mAb-based immunotherapy that alter the function of targeted effector cell pools. These results suggest short course mAb therapies may have persistent effects for regaining and maintaining self-tolerance. Furthermore, the flexibility to manipulate mAb properties permits the development of novel strategies to target multiple antigens and/or deliver therapeutic drugs by a single mAb molecule. Here, we discuss current and potential future therapeutic mAb treatment strategies for T1D, and T cell-mediated autoimmunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qi Ke
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Charles J Kroger
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Matthew Clark
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Roland M Tisch
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States.,Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Clark M, Kroger CJ, Ke Q, Tisch RM. The Role of T Cell Receptor Signaling in the Development of Type 1 Diabetes. Front Immunol 2021; 11:615371. [PMID: 33603744 PMCID: PMC7884625 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.615371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
T cell receptor (TCR) signaling influences multiple aspects of CD4+ and CD8+ T cell immunobiology including thymic development, peripheral homeostasis, effector subset differentiation/function, and memory formation. Additional T cell signaling cues triggered by co-stimulatory molecules and cytokines also affect TCR signaling duration, as well as accessory pathways that further shape a T cell response. Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a T cell-driven autoimmune disease targeting the insulin producing β cells in the pancreas. Evidence indicates that dysregulated TCR signaling events in T1D impact the efficacy of central and peripheral tolerance-inducing mechanisms. In this review, we will discuss how the strength and nature of TCR signaling events influence the development of self-reactive T cells and drive the progression of T1D through effects on T cell gene expression, lineage commitment, and maintenance of pathogenic anti-self T cell effector function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Clark
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States.,Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Charles J Kroger
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States.,Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Qi Ke
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States.,Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Roland M Tisch
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States.,Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
de Jesus TJ, Tomalka JA, Centore JT, Staback Rodriguez FD, Agarwal RA, Liu AR, Kern TS, Ramakrishnan P. Negative regulation of FOXP3 expression by c-Rel O-GlcNAcylation. Glycobiology 2021; 31:812-826. [PMID: 33442719 PMCID: PMC8351495 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwab001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
O-GlcNAcylation is a reversible post-translational protein modification that regulates fundamental cellular processes including immune responses and autoimmunity. Previously, we showed that hyperglycemia increases O-GlcNAcylation of the transcription factor, nuclear factor kappaB c-Rel at serine residue 350 and enhances the transcription of the c-Rel-dependent proautoimmune cytokines interleukin-2, interferon gamma and granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor in T cells. c-Rel also plays a critical role in the transcriptional regulation of forkhead box P3 (FOXP3)-the master transcription factor that governs development and function of Treg cells. Here we show that the regulatory effect of c-Rel O-GlcNAcylation is gene-dependent, and in contrast to its role in enhancing the expression of proautoimmune cytokines, it suppresses the expression of FOXP3. Hyperglycemia-induced O-GlcNAcylation-dependent suppression of FOXP3 expression was found in vivo in two mouse models of autoimmune diabetes; streptozotocin-induced diabetes and spontaneous diabetes in nonobese diabetic mice. Mechanistically, we show that both hyperglycemia-induced and chemically enhanced cellular O-GlcNAcylation decreases c-Rel binding at the FOXP3 promoter and negatively regulates FOXP3 expression. Mutation of the O-GlcNAcylation site in c-Rel, (serine 350 to alanine), augments T cell receptor-induced FOXP3 expression and resists the O-GlcNAcylation-dependent repression of FOXP3 expression. This study reveals c-Rel S350 O-GlcNAcylation as a novel molecular mechanism inversely regulating immunosuppressive FOXP3 expression and proautoimmune gene expression in autoimmune diabetes with potential therapeutic implications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tristan J de Jesus
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, 2103 Cornell Rd, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Jeffrey A Tomalka
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, 2103 Cornell Rd, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Joshua T Centore
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, 2103 Cornell Rd, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Franklin D Staback Rodriguez
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, 2103 Cornell Rd, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Ruchira A Agarwal
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, 2103 Cornell Rd, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Angela R Liu
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, 2103 Cornell Rd, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Timothy S Kern
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, 850 Health Sciences Road Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Parameswaran Ramakrishnan
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, 2103 Cornell Rd, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.,Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, 2103 Cornell Rd, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.,The Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, 2103 Cornell Rd, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Pan S, Li M, Yu H, Xie Z, Li X, Duan X, Huang G, Zhou Z. microRNA-143-3p contributes to inflammatory reactions by targeting FOSL2 in PBMCs from patients with autoimmune diabetes mellitus. Acta Diabetol 2021; 58:63-72. [PMID: 32815005 DOI: 10.1007/s00592-020-01591-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
AIM Autoimmune diabetes mellitus (defined as ADM) comprises classical type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA). In this study, microRNAs (miRNAs) expression profiles and functions in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of ADM patients were mapped and used to explore epigenetic regulation of the pathogenesis of ADM. METHODS PBMCs samples from T1DM patients, LADA patients, and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients, as well as age- and sex-matched healthy controls for T1DM and T2DM, respectively, were collected and were sequenced to screen the miRNAs expression profiles. The target genes were verified by dual-luciferase reporter assay. Silencing or overexpressing of the differentially expressed miRNAs, or simultaneously silencing the miRNAs and it's target gene, and then levels of the mRNAs, protein and cytokines were detected. RESULTS miR-143-3p expression was upregulated in ADM patients. The target gene of miR-143-3p was identified as Fos-related antigen 2 (FOSL2). Transfection of a miR-143-3p inhibitor into PBMCs upregulated FOSL2 expression, resulting in a downregulated expression of the IL-2, TNF-α, and IFN-γ, and an upregulated expression of IL-6. Transfection of a miR-143-3p mimic into PBMCs downregulated FOSL2 expression, leading to an upregulation of IL-2 and TNF-α expression and a downregulation of IL-6 expression. When silencing FOSL2 while inhibiting miR-143-3p in PBMCs, there was no significant change in expression of the FOSL2 mRNA, protein and cytokines. CONCLUSION The expression of miR-143-3p in PBMCs from ADM patients is upregulated. miR-143-3p could function in the pathogenesis of ADM by modulating the inflammatory reaction through FOSL2.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Adolescent
- Adult
- Case-Control Studies
- Cells, Cultured
- Child
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/genetics
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/immunology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/metabolism
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/pathology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/genetics
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/immunology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/metabolism
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/pathology
- Epigenesis, Genetic/genetics
- Female
- Fos-Related Antigen-2/genetics
- Gene Expression Regulation
- HEK293 Cells
- Humans
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/metabolism
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/pathology
- Male
- MicroRNAs/physiology
- Middle Aged
- Young Adult
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shan Pan
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
- Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology (Central South University), Ministry of Education, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Mengyu Li
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
- Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology (Central South University), Ministry of Education, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Haibo Yu
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
- Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology (Central South University), Ministry of Education, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Zhiguo Xie
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
- Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology (Central South University), Ministry of Education, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Xia Li
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
- Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology (Central South University), Ministry of Education, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Xianlan Duan
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
- Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology (Central South University), Ministry of Education, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Gan Huang
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China.
- Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology (Central South University), Ministry of Education, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China.
| | - Zhiguang Zhou
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
- Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology (Central South University), Ministry of Education, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Curtin F, Champion B, Davoren P, Duke S, Ekinci EI, Gilfillan C, Morbey C, Nathow T, O'Moore-Sullivan T, O'Neal D, Roberts A, Stranks S, Stuckey B, Vora P, Malpass S, Lloyd D, Maëstracci-Beard N, Buffet B, Kornmann G, Bernard C, Porchet H, Simpson R. A safety and pharmacodynamics study of temelimab, an antipathogenic human endogenous retrovirus type W envelope monoclonal antibody, in patients with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Obes Metab 2020; 22:1111-1121. [PMID: 32077207 DOI: 10.1111/dom.14010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
AIM To report the first study of temelimab, a monoclonal antibody neutralizing the pathogenic human endogenous retrovirus type W envelope, in patients with type 1 diabetes (T1D). MATERIALS AND METHODS This double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial recruited adult patients with T1D within 4 years postdiagnosis and remaining C-peptide secretion. Sixty-four patients were randomized (2:1) to monthly temelimab 6 mg/kg or placebo during 24 weeks followed by a 24-week, open-label extension, during which all patients received temelimab. The primary objective was the safety and tolerability of temelimab. The secondary objective was to assess the pharmacodynamics response such as C-peptide levels, insulin use, HbA1c, hypoglycaemia and autoantibodies. RESULTS Temelimab was well tolerated without any group difference in the frequency or severity of adverse events. Concerning exploratory endpoints, there was no difference in the levels of C-peptide, insulin use or HbA1c between treatment groups at weeks 24 and 48. The frequency of hypoglycaemia events was reduced with temelimab (P = 0.0004) at week 24 and the level of anti-insulin antibodies was lower with temelimab (P < 0.01); the other autoantibodies did not differ between groups. CONCLUSIONS Temelimab appeared safe in patients with T1D. Pharmacodynamics signals (hypoglycaemia and anti-insulin antibodies) under temelimab were observed. Markers of β-cell functions were not modified by treatment. These results need to be further explored in younger patients with T1D with earlier disease onset.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francois Curtin
- GeNeuro SA, Geneva, Switzerland
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rue Perret-Gentil, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Bernard Champion
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Macquarie Park, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Peter Davoren
- Gold Coast Hospital, Diabetes and Endocrinology, Southport, Queensland, Australia
| | - Sally Duke
- Department of Diabetes Endocrinology and Metabolism, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Elif I Ekinci
- Department of Medicine, Austin Health and The University of Melbourne, Heidelberg Heights, Victoria, Australia
| | - Chris Gilfillan
- Eastern Clinical Research Unit, Eastern Health and Monash University, Box Hill, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Thomas Nathow
- Ipswich Research Institute, Ipswich, Queensland, Australia
| | | | - David O'Neal
- St. Vincent's Hospital, Department of Medicine, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
| | - Adam Roberts
- Barwon Health, Department of Endocrinology, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Stephen Stranks
- Southern Adelaide Diabetes & Endocrine Services, Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia
| | - Bronwyn Stuckey
- Keogh Institute for Medical Research, Queen Elizabeth II Medical Centre, Nedlands,, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Parind Vora
- Division of Medicine, Lyell McEwin Hospital, Elizabeth Vale, South Australia, Australia
| | - Sam Malpass
- Southern Star Research, Gordon, New South Wales, Australia
| | - David Lloyd
- Southern Star Research, Gordon, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | - Hervé Porchet
- GeNeuro SA, Geneva, Switzerland
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Richard Simpson
- Eastern Clinical Research Unit, Eastern Health and Monash University, Box Hill, Victoria, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is the most common endocrine and metabolic disease caused by absolute or insufficient insulin secretion. Under the context of an aging population worldwide, the number of diabetic patients is increasing year by year. Most patients with diabetes have multiple complications that severely threaten their survival and living quality. DM is mainly divided into type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). T1DM is caused by absolute lack of insulin secretion, so the current treatment for T1DM patients is exogenous insulin replacement therapy. At present, exercise therapy has been widely recognized in the prevention and treatment of diabetes, and regular aerobic exercise has become an important part of T1DM treatment. At the same time, exercise therapy is also used in conjunction with other treatments in the prevention and treatment of diabetic complications. However, for patients with T1DM, exercise still has the risk of hypoglycemia or hyperglycemia. T1DM Patients and specialist physician need to fully understand the effects of exercise on metabolism and implement individualized exercise programs. This chapter reviews the related content of exercise and T1DM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiya Lu
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Digestive Disease Institute, Shanghai Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Cuimei Zhao
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Cabello-Olmo M, Araña M, Radichev I, Smith P, Huarte E, Barajas M. New Insights into Immunotherapy Strategies for Treating Autoimmune Diabetes. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20194789. [PMID: 31561568 PMCID: PMC6801436 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20194789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1D) is an autoimmune illness that affects millions of patients worldwide. The main characteristic of this disease is the destruction of pancreatic insulin-producing beta cells that occurs due to the aberrant activation of different immune effector cells. Currently, T1D is treated by lifelong administration of novel versions of insulin that have been developed recently; however, new approaches that could address the underlying mechanisms responsible for beta cell destruction have been extensively investigated. The strategies based on immunotherapies have recently been incorporated into a panel of existing treatments for T1D, in order to block T-cell responses against beta cell antigens that are very common during the onset and development of T1D. However, a complete preservation of beta cell mass as well as insulin independency is still elusive. As a result, there is no existing T1D targeted immunotherapy able to replace standard insulin administration. Presently, a number of novel therapy strategies are pursuing the goals of beta cell protection and normoglycemia. In the present review we explore the current state of immunotherapy in T1D by highlighting the most important studies in this field, and envision novel strategies that could be used to treat T1D in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Cabello-Olmo
- Biochemistry Area, Health Science Department, Faculty of Health Sciences, Public University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain.
| | - Miriam Araña
- Biochemistry Area, Health Science Department, Faculty of Health Sciences, Public University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain.
| | - Ilian Radichev
- Diabetes research group at Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, SD 57104, USA.
| | - Paul Smith
- Incyte Corporation, Wilmington, DE 19803, USA.
| | | | - Miguel Barajas
- Biochemistry Area, Health Science Department, Faculty of Health Sciences, Public University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Affiliation(s)
- Clifford J Rosen
- From the Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough (C.J.R.)
| | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Zhu M, Xu K, Chen Y, Gu Y, Zhang M, Luo F, Liu Y, Gu W, Hu J, Xu H, Xie Z, Sun C, Li Y, Sun M, Xu X, Hsu HT, Chen H, Fu Q, Shi Y, Xu J, Ji L, Liu J, Bian L, Zhu J, Chen S, Xiao L, Li X, Jiang H, Shen M, Huang Q, Fang C, Li X, Huang G, Fan J, Jiang Z, Jiang Y, Dai J, Ma H, Zheng S, Cai Y, Dai H, Zheng X, Zhou H, Ni S, Jin G, She JX, Yu L, Polychronakos C, Hu Z, Zhou Z, Weng J, Shen H, Yang T. Identification of Novel T1D Risk Loci and Their Association With Age and Islet Function at Diagnosis in Autoantibody-Positive T1D Individuals: Based on a Two-Stage Genome-Wide Association Study. Diabetes Care 2019; 42:1414-1421. [PMID: 31152121 DOI: 10.2337/dc18-2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a highly heritable disease with much lower incidence but more adult-onset cases in the Chinese population. Although genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified >60 T1D loci in Caucasians, less is known in Asians. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We performed the first two-stage GWAS of T1D using 2,596 autoantibody-positive T1D case subjects and 5,082 control subjects in a Chinese Han population and evaluated the associations between the identified T1D risk loci and age and fasting C-peptide levels at T1D diagnosis. RESULTS We observed a high genetic correlation between children/adolescents and adult T1D case subjects (r g = 0.87), as well as subgroups of autoantibody status (r g ≥ 0.90). We identified four T1D risk loci reaching genome-wide significance in the Chinese Han population, including two novel loci, rs4320356 near BTN3A1 (odds ratio [OR] 1.26, P = 2.70 × 10-8) and rs3802604 in GATA3 (OR 1.24, P = 2.06 × 10-8), and two previously reported loci, rs1770 in MHC (OR 4.28, P = 2.25 × 10-232) and rs705699 in SUOX (OR 1.46, P = 7.48 × 10-20). Further fine mapping in the MHC region revealed five independent variants, including another novel locus, HLA-C position 275 (omnibus P = 9.78 × 10-12), specific to the Chinese population. Based on the identified eight variants, we achieved an area under the curve value of 0.86 (95% CI 0.85-0.88). By building a genetic risk score (GRS) with these variants, we observed that the higher GRS were associated with an earlier age of T1D diagnosis (P = 9.08 × 10-11) and lower fasting C-peptide levels (P = 7.19 × 10-3) in individuals newly diagnosed with T1D. CONCLUSIONS Our results extend current knowledge on genetic contributions to T1D risk. Further investigations in different populations are needed for genetic heterogeneity and subsequent precision medicine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meng Zhu
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Center for Global Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Kuanfeng Xu
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yang Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yong Gu
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Mei Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Feihong Luo
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Sir Run Run Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wei Gu
- Department of Endocrinology, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ji Hu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Haixia Xu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diabetology, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhiguo Xie
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Central South University, Ministry of Education, Changsha, China
| | - Chengjun Sun
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuxiu Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Key Laboratory of Endocrinology, Ministry of Health, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Min Sun
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xinyu Xu
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hsiang-Ting Hsu
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Heng Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qi Fu
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yun Shi
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jingjing Xu
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Li Ji
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jin Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lingling Bian
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jing Zhu
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shuang Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lei Xiao
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hemin Jiang
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Min Shen
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qianwen Huang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diabetology, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chen Fang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xia Li
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Central South University, Ministry of Education, Changsha, China
| | - Gan Huang
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Central South University, Ministry of Education, Changsha, China
| | - Jingyi Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Center for Global Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhu Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Center for Global Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yue Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Center for Global Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Juncheng Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Center for Global Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hongxia Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Center for Global Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shuai Zheng
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yun Cai
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hao Dai
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xuqin Zheng
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hongwen Zhou
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shining Ni
- Department of Endocrinology, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Guangfu Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Center for Global Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jin-Xiong She
- Center for Biotechnology and Genomic Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA
| | - Liping Yu
- Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO
| | - Constantin Polychronakos
- The Endocrine Genetics Laboratory, Child Health and Human Development Program and Department of Pediatrics, McGill University Health Centre Research Institute, Montreal, Canada
| | - Zhibin Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Center for Global Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China .,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhiguang Zhou
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China .,National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Central South University, Ministry of Education, Changsha, China
| | - Jianping Weng
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diabetology, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hongbing Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Center for Global Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China .,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Tao Yang
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China .,Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Singh T, Colberg JK, Sarmiento L, Chaves P, Hansen L, Bsharat S, Cataldo LR, Dudenhöffer-Pfeifer M, Fex M, Bryder D, Holmberg D, Sitnicka E, Cilio C, Prasad RB, Artner I. Loss of MafA and MafB expression promotes islet inflammation. Sci Rep 2019; 9:9074. [PMID: 31235823 PMCID: PMC6591483 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-45528-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Maf transcription factors are critical regulators of beta-cell function. We have previously shown that reduced MafA expression in human and mouse islets is associated with a pro-inflammatory gene signature. Here, we investigate if the loss of Maf transcription factors induced autoimmune processes in the pancreas. Transcriptomics analysis showed expression of pro-inflammatory as well as immune cell marker genes. However, clusters of CD4+ T and B220+ B cells were associated primarily with adult MafA−/−MafB+/−, but not MafA−/− islets. MafA expression was detected in the thymus, lymph nodes and bone marrow suggesting a novel role of MafA in regulating immune-cell function. Analysis of pancreatic lymph node cells showed activation of CD4+ T cells, but lack of CD8+ T cell activation which also coincided with an enrichment of naïve CD8+ T cells. Further analysis of T cell marker genes revealed a reduction of T cell receptor signaling gene expression in CD8, but not in CD4+ T cells, which was accompanied with a defect in early T cell receptor signaling in mutant CD8+ T cells. These results suggest that loss of MafA impairs both beta- and T cell function affecting the balance of peripheral immune responses against islet autoantigens, resulting in local inflammation in pancreatic islets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tania Singh
- Stem Cell Center, Lund University, Klinikgatan 26, Lund, 22184, Sweden.,Lund University Diabetes Center, Jan Waldenströms gata 35, Malmö, 21428, Sweden
| | - Jesper K Colberg
- Stem Cell Center, Lund University, Klinikgatan 26, Lund, 22184, Sweden
| | - Luis Sarmiento
- Lund University Diabetes Center, Jan Waldenströms gata 35, Malmö, 21428, Sweden
| | - Patricia Chaves
- Stem Cell Center, Lund University, Klinikgatan 26, Lund, 22184, Sweden
| | - Lisbeth Hansen
- Lund University Diabetes Center, Jan Waldenströms gata 35, Malmö, 21428, Sweden
| | - Sara Bsharat
- Stem Cell Center, Lund University, Klinikgatan 26, Lund, 22184, Sweden.,Lund University Diabetes Center, Jan Waldenströms gata 35, Malmö, 21428, Sweden
| | - Luis R Cataldo
- Stem Cell Center, Lund University, Klinikgatan 26, Lund, 22184, Sweden.,Lund University Diabetes Center, Jan Waldenströms gata 35, Malmö, 21428, Sweden
| | | | - Malin Fex
- Lund University Diabetes Center, Jan Waldenströms gata 35, Malmö, 21428, Sweden
| | - David Bryder
- Stem Cell Center, Lund University, Klinikgatan 26, Lund, 22184, Sweden
| | - Dan Holmberg
- Lund University Diabetes Center, Jan Waldenströms gata 35, Malmö, 21428, Sweden
| | - Ewa Sitnicka
- Stem Cell Center, Lund University, Klinikgatan 26, Lund, 22184, Sweden
| | - Corrado Cilio
- Lund University Diabetes Center, Jan Waldenströms gata 35, Malmö, 21428, Sweden
| | - Rashmi B Prasad
- Lund University Diabetes Center, Jan Waldenströms gata 35, Malmö, 21428, Sweden
| | - Isabella Artner
- Stem Cell Center, Lund University, Klinikgatan 26, Lund, 22184, Sweden. .,Lund University Diabetes Center, Jan Waldenströms gata 35, Malmö, 21428, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Stabler CL, Li Y, Stewart JM, Keselowsky BG. Engineering immunomodulatory biomaterials for type 1 diabetes. NATURE REVIEWS. MATERIALS 2019; 4:429-450. [PMID: 32617176 PMCID: PMC7332200 DOI: 10.1038/s41578-019-0112-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
A cure for type 1 diabetes (T1D) would help millions of people worldwide, but remains elusive thus far. Tolerogenic vaccines and beta cell replacement therapy are complementary therapies that seek to address aberrant T1D autoimmune attack and subsequent beta cell loss. However, both approaches require some form of systematic immunosuppression, imparting risks to the patient. Biomaterials-based tools enable localized and targeted immunomodulation, and biomaterial properties can be designed and combined with immunomodulatory agents to locally instruct specific immune responses. In this Review, we discuss immunomodulatory biomaterial platforms for the development of T1D tolerogenic vaccines and beta cell replacement devices. We investigate nano- and microparticles for the delivery of tolerogenic agents and autoantigens, and as artificial antigen presenting cells, and highlight how bulk biomaterials can be used to provide immune tolerance. We examine biomaterials for drug delivery and as immunoisolation devices for cell therapy and islet transplantation, and explore synergies with other fields for the development of new T1D treatment strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- CL Stabler
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- University of Florida Diabetes Institute, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Y Li
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - JM Stewart
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - BG Keselowsky
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- University of Florida Diabetes Institute, Gainesville, FL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Mathieu C, Lahesmaa R, Bonifacio E, Achenbach P, Tree T. Immunological biomarkers for the development and progression of type 1 diabetes. Diabetologia 2018; 61:2252-2258. [PMID: 30209538 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-018-4726-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Immune biomarkers of type 1 diabetes are many and diverse. Some of these, such as the autoantibodies, are well established but not discriminative enough to deal with the heterogeneity inherent to type 1 diabetes progression. As an alternative, high hopes are placed on T cell assays, which give insight into the cells that actually target the beta cell or play a crucial role in maintaining tolerance. These assays are approaching a level of robustness that may allow for solid conclusions on both disease progression and therapeutic efficacy of immune interventions. In addition, 'omics' approaches to biomarker discovery are rapidly progressing. The potential emergence of novel biomarkers creates a need for the introduction of bioinformatics and 'big data' analysis systems for the integration of the multitude of biomarker data that will be available, to translate these data into clinical tools. It is worth noting that it is unlikely that the same markers will apply to all individuals. Instead, individualised signatures of biomarkers, combining autoantibodies, T cell profiles and other biomarkers, will need to be used to classify at-risk patients into various categories, thus enabling personalised prediction, prevention and treatment approaches. To achieve this goal, the standardisation of assays for biomarker discovery, the integration of analyses and data from biomarker studies and, most importantly, the careful clinical characterisation of individuals providing samples for these studies are critical. Longitudinal sample-collection initiatives, like INNODIA, should lead to novel biomarker discovery, not only providing a better understanding of type 1 diabetes onset and progression, but also yielding biomarkers of therapeutic efficacy of interventions to prevent or arrest type 1 diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chantal Mathieu
- Department of Endocrinology, University Hospital Gasthuisberg, KU Leuven, Herestraat, 49 3000, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Riitta Lahesmaa
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Ezio Bonifacio
- DFG Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden, Helmholtz Zentrum München, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Medical Faculty, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Peter Achenbach
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Institute of Diabetes Research, Munich-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Timothy Tree
- Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, Borough Wing Guy's Hospital, London, UK
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust and King's College London, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Salami F, Lee HS, Freyhult E, Elding Larsson H, Lernmark Å, Törn C. Reduction in White Blood Cell, Neutrophil, and Red Blood Cell Counts Related to Sex, HLA, and Islet Autoantibodies in Swedish TEDDY Children at Increased Risk for Type 1 Diabetes. Diabetes 2018; 67:2329-2336. [PMID: 30104249 PMCID: PMC6198343 DOI: 10.2337/db18-0355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Islet autoantibodies (IAs) precede the clinical onset of type 1 diabetes (T1D); however, the knowledge is limited about whether the prodrome affects complete blood counts (CBCs) in 4- to 12-year-old children with increased genetic risk for T1D. This study tested whether CBCs were altered in 4- to 12-year-old children without (n = 376) or with one or several IAs against insulin, GAD65, or IA-2 (n = 72). CBC was analyzed during longitudinal follow-up in 448 Swedish children enrolled in The Environmental Determinants of Diabetes in the Young (TEDDY) study. A linear mixed-effects model was used to assess potential association between IA and CBC measurements over time. The white blood cell and neutrophil counts were reduced in children with IAs, primarily in boys. In contrast, girls had lower levels of hemoglobin and hematocrit. Positivity for multiple IAs showed the lowest counts in white blood cells and neutrophils in boys and red blood cells, hemoglobin, and hematocrit in girls. These associations were primarily observed in children with the HLA-DR3-DQ2/DR4-DQ8 genotype. We conclude that the reduction in neutrophils and red blood cells in children with multiple IAs and HLA-DR3-DQ2/DR4-DQ8 genotype may signal a sex-dependent islet autoimmunity detected in longitudinal CBCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Falastin Salami
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University/Clinical Research Centre, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Hye-Seung Lee
- Health Informatics Institute, Department of Pediatrics, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL
| | - Eva Freyhult
- Department of Medical Sciences, National Bioinformatics Infrastructure Sweden, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Helena Elding Larsson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University/Clinical Research Centre, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Åke Lernmark
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University/Clinical Research Centre, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Carina Törn
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University/Clinical Research Centre, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Curtin F, Bernard C, Levet S, Perron H, Porchet H, Médina J, Malpass S, Lloyd D, Simpson R. A new therapeutic approach for type 1 diabetes: Rationale for GNbAC1, an anti-HERV-W-Env monoclonal antibody. Diabetes Obes Metab 2018; 20:2075-2084. [PMID: 29749030 DOI: 10.1111/dom.13357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Revised: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
We describe a newly identified therapeutic target for type 1 diabetes (T1D): an envelope protein of endogenous retroviral origin, human endogenous retrovirus W envelope (HERV-W-Env). HERV-W-Env was found to be detected in the blood of ~60% of patients with T1D and is expressed in acinar pancreatic cells of 75% of patients with T1D at post mortem examination. Preclinical experiments showed that this protein displays direct cytotoxicity on human β-islet cells. In vivo HERV-W-Env impairs the insulin and glucose metabolism in transgenic mice expressing HERV-W-Env. GNbAC1, an IgG4 monoclonal antibody, has been developed to specifically target HERV-W-Env and to neutralize the effect of HERV-W-Env in vitro and in vivo. GNbAC1 is currently in clinical development for multiple sclerosis and > 300 subjects have been administered with GNbAC1 so far. GNbAC1 is now being tested in T1D in the RAINBOW-T1D study, which is a randomized placebo-controlled study with the objective of showing the safety and pharmacodynamic response of GNbAC1 in patients who have had T1D with a maximum of 4 years' duration. GNbAC1 is being tested vs placebo at the dose of 6 mg/kg in 60 patients during six repeated administrations for 6 months; a 6-month open-label extension will follow. The primary endpoint is to assess safety, and secondary endpoints are the pharmacodynamic responses to GNbAC1. GNbAC1 targeting HERV-W-Env is currently in clinical development in T1D, with the first safety and pharmacodynamic study. If the study results are positive, this may open the door to the development of an innovative non-immunomodulatory disease-modifying treatment for T1D.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francois Curtin
- GeNeuro SA, Plan-les-Ouates, Switzerland
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Hervé Perron
- GeNeuro SA, Plan-les-Ouates, Switzerland
- Geneuro-Innovation, Lyon, France
- Laboratory of Immune Deficiencies, Faculty of Medicine Laënnec, University of Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Hervé Porchet
- GeNeuro SA, Plan-les-Ouates, Switzerland
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | | | - Sam Malpass
- Southern Star Research Pty Ltd, Gordon, Australia
| | - David Lloyd
- Southern Star Research Pty Ltd, Gordon, Australia
| | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Kroger CJ, Clark M, Ke Q, Tisch RM. Therapies to Suppress β Cell Autoimmunity in Type 1 Diabetes. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1891. [PMID: 30166987 PMCID: PMC6105696 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disease that is generally considered to be T cell-driven. Accordingly, most strategies of immunotherapy for T1D prevention and treatment in the clinic have targeted the T cell compartment. To date, however, immunotherapy has had only limited clinical success. Although certain immunotherapies have promoted a protective effect, efficacy is often short-term and acquired immunity may be impacted. This has led to the consideration of combining different approaches with the goal of achieving a synergistic therapeutic response. In this review, we will discuss the status of various T1D therapeutic strategies tested in the clinic, as well as possible combinatorial approaches to restore β cell tolerance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Charles J Kroger
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States.,Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Matthew Clark
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States.,Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Qi Ke
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States.,Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Roland M Tisch
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States.,Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Forrester JV, Kuffova L, Dick AD. Autoimmunity, Autoinflammation, and Infection in Uveitis. Am J Ophthalmol 2018; 189:77-85. [PMID: 29505775 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2018.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Revised: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To review the pathogenesis of uveitis in light of recent advances in our understanding of innate and adaptive immune responses and their regulation. DESIGN Perspective. METHODS Methods included a review of prevailing views on the pathogenesis of uveitis and an analysis of developments in immunology that impact on its conceptual basis, particularly the concept of immunologic tolerance and its loss in autoimmunity. Importantly, the role of infection in the pathogenesis of uveitis is evaluated. RESULTS The results comprise a reappraisal of the pathogenesis of anterior vs posterior uveitis in the context of the blood-retinal barrier and its relation to autoimmune, autoinflammatory, and infectious uveitis. Autoimmunity is seen as a possible cause of certain forms of uveitis but definitive proof is lacking. Autoinflammatory disease, involving activated innate immune mechanisms, is considered causative in a second set of uveitis conditions. A place for infection in uveitis generally is proposed within a unifying concept for the pathogenesis of uveitis. CONCLUSION Infection may be implicated directly or indirectly in many forms of noninfectious or undifferentiated uveitis. In addition to the growing recognition that foreign antigen, including reactivatable infectious agents, might hide within ocular tissues, the possibility that a dysregulated microbiome might generate T cells that cause immune-mediated ocular inflammation has now been demonstrated experimentally. An uncontrolled, overexuberant host immune response may cause continuing irreversible tissue damage even after the infection has been cleared.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John V Forrester
- Section of Immunology and Infection, Division of Applied Medicine, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Institute of Medical Science, Foresterhill, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland, United Kingdom; Ocular Immunology Program, Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia; Centre for Experimental Immunology, Lions Eye Institute, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia.
| | - Lucia Kuffova
- Section of Immunology and Infection, Division of Applied Medicine, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Institute of Medical Science, Foresterhill, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland, United Kingdom; NHS Grampian, Aberdeen, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew D Dick
- Translational Health Sciences (Ophthalmology), University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom; University College London, Institute of Ophthalmology, and the National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, Moorfields Eye Hospital and UCL-Institute of Ophthalmology, London, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Fan Y. Bait and Trap: Enriching Autoreactive T Cells With β-Cell Antigen-Loading Biomaterial Scaffolds for Early Detection of Type 1 Diabetes. Diabetes 2017; 66:2066-2068. [PMID: 28733307 PMCID: PMC5521872 DOI: 10.2337/dbi17-0019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yong Fan
- Institute of Cellular Therapeutics, Allegheny Health Network, Pittsburgh, PA
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Role of TGF-β in Self-Peptide Regulation of Autoimmunity. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2017; 66:11-19. [PMID: 28733878 DOI: 10.1007/s00005-017-0482-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor (TGF)-β has been implicated in regulation of the immune system, including autoimmunity. We have found that TGF-β is readily produced by T cells following immunization with self-peptide epitopes that downregulate autoimmune responses in type 1 diabetes (T1D) prone nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice. These include multiple peptide epitopes derived from the islet β-cell antigens GAD65 (GAD65 p202-221, GAD65 p217-236), GAD67 (GAD67 p210-229, GAD67 p225-244), IGRP (IGRP p123-145, IGRP p195-214) and insulin B-chain (Ins. B:9-23) that protected NOD mice from T1D. Immunization of NOD mice with the self-MHC class II I-Ag7 β-chain-derived peptide, I-Aβg7 p54-76 also induced large amounts of TGF-β and also protected these mice from diabetes development. These results indicate that peptides derived from disease related self-antigens and MHC class II molecules primarily induce TGF-β producing regulatory Th3 and Tr1-like cells. TGF-β produced by these cells could enhance the differentiation of induced regulatory iTreg and iTreg17 cells to prevent induction and progression of autoimmune diseases. We therefore suggest that peripheral immune tolerance could be induced and maintained by immunization with self-peptides that induce TGF-β producing T cells.
Collapse
|
27
|
Baekkeskov S, Hubbell JA, Phelps EA. Bioengineering strategies for inducing tolerance in autoimmune diabetes. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2017. [PMID: 28625830 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2017.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease marked by the destruction of insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreatic islets. Strategies to delay onset or prevent the autoimmune recognition of beta cell antigens or T cell-mediated killing of beta cells have mainly focused on systemic immunomodulation and antigen-specific immunotherapy. To bridge the fields of type 1 diabetes immunology and biomaterials engineering, this article will review recent trends in the etiology of type 1 diabetes immunopathology and will focus on the contributions of emerging bioengineered strategies in the fight against beta cell autoimmunity in type 1 diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Steinunn Baekkeskov
- Institute of Bioengineering, School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Building SV 3826, Station 19, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; Departments of Medicine and Microbiology/Immunology, Diabetes Center, 513 Parnassus Ave, 20159, Box 0534, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Jeffrey A Hubbell
- Institute of Bioengineering, School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Building SV 3826, Station 19, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; Institute for Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, 5640 S Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60615, USA
| | - Edward A Phelps
- Institute of Bioengineering, School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Building SV 3826, Station 19, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, 1275 Center Drive, P.O. Box 116131, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Parackova Z, Klocperk A, Rataj M, Kayserova J, Zentsova I, Sumnik Z, Kolouskova S, Sklenarova J, Pruhova S, Obermannova B, Petruzelkova L, Lebl J, Kalina T, Sediva A. Alteration of B cell subsets and the receptor for B cell activating factor (BAFF) in paediatric patients with type 1 diabetes. Immunol Lett 2017; 189:94-100. [PMID: 28414179 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2017.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lately, mounting evidence has shown that B cells play an important role in the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes (T1D). Here, we present alterations in B cell subsets including BAFF receptor (BAFFR) expression in cohorts of patients with type 1 diabetes (T1D) and their relatives. PATIENTS AND METHODS B cells were studied in 438 patients with T1D (158 at disease onset and 280 with long-term disease), 136 first-degree relatives and 53 healthy controls. The B cell panel included transitional, naïve, MZ-like, switched memory B cells and plasmablasts. We also measured serum BAFF levels as well as BAFFR expression on both B and T cells. Moreover, the effect of BAFF on T and B lymphocytes was analysed in vitro. RESULTS We observed a significant decrease in the proportion of transitional B cells in the patients with T1D, accompanied by an increased proportion of plasmablasts, especially in recent-onset patients and their relatives. While the BAFF serum levels did not differ in the patients with T1D, BAFFR-expressing B and especially T cell numbers were reduced in the T1D cohort, with the exception of patients with recent-onset disease who exhibited a significant increase in the number of BAFFR-expressing T cells. T cell activation and B cell proliferation were more pronounced after activation with BAFF in the T1D cohort compared to controls. CONCLUSION The B cell panel in patients with T1D is characterized by significantly reduced populations of B cells in their early stages of development with a shift towards plasma cells. The dynamics of BAFFR-expressing B and T cells and the more pronounced responsiveness of the T1D T cells to BAFF point to the role of BAFF and T and B cell cooperation in the development of T1D.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zuzana Parackova
- Department of Immunology, Charles University, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Adam Klocperk
- Department of Immunology, Charles University, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Michal Rataj
- Department of Immunology, Charles University, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Jana Kayserova
- Department of Immunology, Charles University, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Irena Zentsova
- Department of Immunology, Charles University, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Zdenek Sumnik
- Department of Pediatrics, Charles University, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Stanislava Kolouskova
- Department of Pediatrics, Charles University, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Jana Sklenarova
- Department of Pediatrics, Charles University, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Stepanka Pruhova
- Department of Pediatrics, Charles University, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Barbora Obermannova
- Department of Pediatrics, Charles University, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Lenka Petruzelkova
- Department of Pediatrics, Charles University, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Jan Lebl
- Department of Pediatrics, Charles University, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Tomas Kalina
- Department of Paediatric Haematology and Oncology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Anna Sediva
- Department of Immunology, Charles University, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czech Republic.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Xiang Z, Yang Y, Chang C, Lu Q. The epigenetic mechanism for discordance of autoimmunity in monozygotic twins. J Autoimmun 2017; 83:43-50. [PMID: 28412046 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2017.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Monozygotic twins share an identical DNA sequence but are not truly "identical". In fact, when it comes to health and disease, they may often display some level of phenotypic discordance. The cause of this discordance is often unknown. Epigenetic modifications such as DNA methylation, histone modification, and microRNAs-mediated regulation regulate gene expression and are sensitive to external stimuli. These modifications may be seen to bridge the gap between genetics and the environment. Over the years, the importance of epigenetics as a primary mechanism for the role that the environment plays in defining phenotype has been increasingly appreciated. Mechanisms of epigenetics include DNA methylation, histone modifications and microRNAs. Discordance rates in monozygotic twins vary depending on the specific condition, from 11% in SLE to 64% in psoriasis and 77% in PBC. Other autoimmune diseases in which discordance is found among monozygotic twins has also been studied include type 1 diabetes, multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, dermatomyositis and systemic sclerosis. In some cases, the differences in various epigenetic modifications is slight, even though the concordance rate is low, suggesting that epigenetics is not the only factor that needs to be considered. Nonetheless, the study of phenotypic discordance in monozygotic twins may shed light on the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases and contribute to the development of new methodologies for the diagnosis and treatment of these diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhongyuan Xiang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yuanqing Yang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Christopher Chang
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California at Davis, 451 Health Sciences Drive, Suite 6510, Davis, CA 95616, United States
| | - Qianjin Lu
- Department of Dermatology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenomics, Changsha, Hunan, China.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Saxena A, Yagita H, Donner TW, Hamad ARA. Expansion of FasL-Expressing CD5 + B Cells in Type 1 Diabetes Patients. Front Immunol 2017; 8:402. [PMID: 28439273 PMCID: PMC5383713 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Fas ligand drives insulitis in the non-obese diabetic mouse model of type 1 diabetes (T1D) and negatively regulates IL-10-producing (IL-10pos) CD5+ B cells in pancreata. Relevance of these phenomena to the human disease is poorly understood. Here, using splenocytes from T1D, autoantibody (Ab+), and non-diabetic (ND) human subjects, we show that a subpopulation of CD5+ B cells that is characterized by expression of FasL (FasLhiCD5+) was significantly elevated in T1D subjects, many of whom had significantly reduced frequency of IL-10posCD5+ B cells compared to Ab+ subjects. The majority of FasLhiCD5+ B cells did not produce cytokines and were more highly resistant to activation-induced cell death than their IL-10posCD5+ counterparts. These results associate expansion of FasL-expressing CD5+ B cells with T1D and lay the groundwork for future mechanistic studies to understand specific role in disease pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ankit Saxena
- Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Hideo Yagita
- Department of Immunology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Thomas W Donner
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Abdel Rahim A Hamad
- Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Abstract
Lupus erythematosus (LE) is a multifactorial autoimmune disease with clinical manifestations of differing severity which may present with skin manifestations as primary sign of the disease (cutaneous lupus erythematosus, CLE) or as part of a disease spectrum (systemic lupus erythematosus, SLE). To date, no drugs are approved specifically for the treatment of CLE and only single agents have been applied in randomized controlled trials. Therefore, topical and systemic agents are used "off-label", primarily based on open-label studies, case series, retrospective analyses, and expert opinions. In contrast, several agents, such as hydroxychloroquine, chloroquine, cyclophosphamide, azathioprine, and belimumab, are approved for the treatment of SLE. Recent approaches in the understanding of the molecular pathogenesis of LE enabled the development of further new agents, which target molecules such as interleukin 6 (IL-6) and interferon (IFN). Only single trials, however, applied these new agents in patients with cutaneous involvement of the disease and/or included endpoints which evaluated the efficacy of these agents on skin manifestations. This article provides an updated review on new and recent approaches in the treatment of CLE.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Kuhn
- Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Trials (IZKS), University Medical Center Mainz, Germany Division of Immunogenetics, Tumor Immunology Program, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - A Landmann
- Division of Immunogenetics, Tumor Immunology Program, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - J Wenzel
- Department of Dermatology, University of Bonn, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Zheng Y, Wang Z, Zhou Z. miRNAs: novel regulators of autoimmunity-mediated pancreatic β-cell destruction in type 1 diabetes. Cell Mol Immunol 2017; 14:488-496. [PMID: 28317889 DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2017.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Revised: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a series of conserved, short, non-coding RNAs that modulate gene expression in a posttranscriptional manner. miRNAs are involved in almost every physiological and pathological process. Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disease that is the result of selective destruction of pancreatic β-cells driven by the immune system. miRNAs are also important participants in T1D pathogenesis. Herein, we review the most recent data on the potential involvement of miRNAs in T1D. Specifically, we focus on two aspects: the roles of miRNAs in maintaining immune homeostasis and regulating β-cell survival and/or functions in T1D. We also discuss circulating miRNAs as potent biomarkers for the diagnosis and prediction of T1D and investigate potential therapeutic approaches for this disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zheng
- Center for Medical Research, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China.,Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Ministry of Education, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
| | - Zhiguang Zhou
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China.,Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Ministry of Education, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Weir GC, Bonner-Weir S. Glucose Driven Changes in Beta Cell Identity Are Important for Function and Possibly Autoimmune Vulnerability during the Progression of Type 1 Diabetes. Front Genet 2017; 8:2. [PMID: 28174593 PMCID: PMC5258704 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2017.00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
This commentary explores the hypothesis that when autoimmunity leads to a fall of beta cell mass during the progression of type 1 diabetes (T1D), rising glucose levels cause major changes in beta cell identity. This then leads to profound changes in secretory function and less well-understood changes in beta cell susceptibility to autoimmune destruction, which may influence of rate of progression of beta cell killing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gordon C Weir
- Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School Boston, MA, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Apportioning Blame: Autoreactive CD4 + and CD8 + T Cells in Type 1 Diabetes. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2017; 65:275-284. [PMID: 28083620 DOI: 10.1007/s00005-016-0452-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 12/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is one of the most studied archetypal organ-specific autoimmune diseases. Although many clinical, epidemiological, and pathological characteristics have been described, there are still important issues which need to be resolved as these will have a major impact on the development of future antigen-specific immunotherapies. An important question relates to T lymphocytes in the development of the disease, in particular their role in the destruction of insulin-producing beta cells. Since the discovery that certain class II histocompatibility complex molecules (HLA) are linked to the development of T1D, much research has focused on CD4+ helper T lymphocytes; however, recent studies highlight class I HLA molecules as an independent risk factor; hence, research into the role played by CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes has gained momentum. In this review, we summarize recent studies clarifying the role played by both sets of autoreactive T lymphocytes in T1D, discuss the targets recognized by these cells and their phenotype in T1D patients. Finally, we will examine the possible generation of regulatory CD8+ T lymphocytes upon different immuno-intervention strategies.
Collapse
|
35
|
Richardson SJ, Rodriguez-Calvo T, Gerling IC, Mathews CE, Kaddis JS, Russell MA, Zeissler M, Leete P, Krogvold L, Dahl-Jørgensen K, von Herrath M, Pugliese A, Atkinson MA, Morgan NG. Islet cell hyperexpression of HLA class I antigens: a defining feature in type 1 diabetes. Diabetologia 2016; 59:2448-2458. [PMID: 27506584 PMCID: PMC5042874 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-016-4067-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 07/04/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Human pancreatic beta cells may be complicit in their own demise in type 1 diabetes, but how this occurs remains unclear. One potentially contributing factor is hyperexpression of HLA class I antigens. This was first described approximately 30 years ago, but has never been fully characterised and was recently challenged as artefactual. Therefore, we investigated HLA class I expression at the protein and RNA levels in pancreases from three cohorts of patients with type 1 diabetes. The principal aims were to consider whether HLA class I hyperexpression is artefactual and, if not, to determine the factors driving it. METHODS Pancreas samples from type 1 diabetes patients with residual insulin-containing islets (n = 26) from the Network for Pancreatic Organ donors with Diabetes (nPOD), Diabetes Virus Detection study (DiViD) and UK recent-onset type 1 diabetes collections were immunostained for HLA class I isoforms, signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1), NLR family CARD domain containing 5 (NLRC5) and islet hormones. RNA was extracted from islets isolated by laser-capture microdissection from nPOD and DiViD samples and analysed using gene-expression arrays. RESULTS Hyperexpression of HLA class I was observed in the insulin-containing islets of type 1 diabetes patients from all three tissue collections, and was confirmed at both the RNA and protein levels. The expression of β2-microglobulin (a second component required for the generation of functional HLA class I complexes) was also elevated. Both 'classical' HLA class I isoforms (i.e. HLA-ABC) as well as a 'non-classical' HLA molecule, HLA-F, were hyperexpressed in insulin-containing islets. This hyperexpression did not correlate with detectable upregulation of the transcriptional regulator NLRC5. However, it was strongly associated with increased STAT1 expression in all three cohorts. Islet hyperexpression of HLA class I molecules occurred in the insulin-containing islets of patients with recent-onset type 1 diabetes and was also detectable in many patients with disease duration of up to 11 years, declining thereafter. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Islet cell HLA class I hyperexpression is not an artefact, but is a hallmark in the immunopathogenesis of type 1 diabetes. The response is closely associated with elevated expression of STAT1 and, together, these occur uniquely in patients with type 1 diabetes, thereby contributing to their selective susceptibility to autoimmune-mediated destruction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J Richardson
- Islet Biology Exeter (IBEx), Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Exeter Medical School, RILD Building (Level 4), Barrack Road, Exeter, EX2 5DW, UK.
| | | | - Ivan C Gerling
- Department of Medicine, University of Tennessee, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Clayton E Mathews
- Department of Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - John S Kaddis
- Department of Information Sciences, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Mark A Russell
- Islet Biology Exeter (IBEx), Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Exeter Medical School, RILD Building (Level 4), Barrack Road, Exeter, EX2 5DW, UK
| | - Marie Zeissler
- Islet Biology Exeter (IBEx), Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Exeter Medical School, RILD Building (Level 4), Barrack Road, Exeter, EX2 5DW, UK
| | - Pia Leete
- Islet Biology Exeter (IBEx), Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Exeter Medical School, RILD Building (Level 4), Barrack Road, Exeter, EX2 5DW, UK
| | - Lars Krogvold
- Paediatric Department, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Knut Dahl-Jørgensen
- Paediatric Department, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Alberto Pugliese
- Diabetes Research Institute, Department of Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Mark A Atkinson
- Department of Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Noel G Morgan
- Islet Biology Exeter (IBEx), Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Exeter Medical School, RILD Building (Level 4), Barrack Road, Exeter, EX2 5DW, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Yajima K, Oikawa Y, Ogata K, Hashiguchi A, Shimada A. CD4 + T cell-dominant insulitis in acute-onset Type 1 diabetes mellitus associated with intraductal papillary mucinous adenoma. Endocr J 2016; 63:841-847. [PMID: 27385564 DOI: 10.1507/endocrj.ej16-0192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The loss of insulin-producing pancreatic β-cells in Type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM) is presumably the result of a T cell-mediated process. In general, CD8+ T cells are the predominant lymphocytes in the insulitis lesions, and CD4+ T cell-dominant insulitis is very rare. We present a case of a 72-year-old woman presented with excessive thirst and a 3-month history of weight loss. She was in a state of ketosis, and her plasma glucose concentration and HbA1c value were elevated. Moreover, anti-islet autoantibodies were positive, thus acute-onset Type 1 DM was diagnosed. At the time of diagnosis, a tumour was detected in the pancreas; total pancreatectomy was carried out 2 months later. The pathological diagnosis was intraductal papillary mucinous adenoma. Immunohistochemical staining of a sample of non-tumorous pancreatic tissue revealed 13 insulitis lesions infiltrated by both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, and interestingly there were more CD4+ T cells than CD8+ T cells in the lesions. Moreover, B cells and macrophages had also infiltrated the lesions, and these two cell frequencies were both positively correlated with CD4+ as well as CD8+ T cell frequencies. This was a rare case with acute-onset Type 1 DM characterized by CD4+ T cell-dominant insulitis. Proinflammatory cytokines that can promote β-cell apoptosis or CD8+ T cell function are reported to be secreted from CD4+ T cells. Thus, together with B cells and macrophages, CD4+ T cell-associated immune responses may have, directly and/or indirectly, played a role in the pathogenesis of the Type 1 DM in this patient.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Adenocarcinoma, Mucinous/complications
- Adenocarcinoma, Mucinous/immunology
- Age of Onset
- Aged
- Autoantibodies/blood
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/physiology
- Carcinoma, Intraductal, Noninfiltrating/complications
- Carcinoma, Intraductal, Noninfiltrating/immunology
- Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal/complications
- Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal/immunology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/complications
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/immunology
- Female
- Humans
- Insulin/blood
- Insulin/deficiency
- Islets of Langerhans/immunology
- Pancreatic Neoplasms/complications
- Pancreatic Neoplasms/immunology
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ken Yajima
- Department of Internal Medicine, Federation of National Public Service Personnel Mutual Aid Associations, Tachikawa Hospital, Tachikawa 190-8531, Japan
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Bianchi MS, Bianchi S, Hernado-Insúa A, Martinez LM, Lago N, Libertun C, Chasseing NA, Montaner AD, Lux-Lantos VA. Proposed mechanisms for oligonucleotide IMT504 induced diabetes reversion in a mouse model of immunodependent diabetes. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2016; 311:E380-95. [PMID: 27329801 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00104.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) originates from autoimmune β-cell destruction. IMT504 is an immunomodulatory oligonucleotide that increases mesenchymal stem cell cloning capacity and reverts toxic diabetes in rats. Here, we evaluated long-term (20 doses) and short-term (2-6 doses) effects of IMT504 (20 mg·kg(-1)·day(-1) sc) in an immunodependent diabetes model: multiple low-dose streptozotocin-injected BALB/c mice (40 mg·kg(-1)·day(-1) ip for 5 consecutive days). We determined blood glucose, glucose tolerance, serum insulin, islet morphology, islet infiltration, serum cytokines, progenitor cell markers, immunomodulatory proteins, proliferation, apoptosis, and islet gene expression. IMT504 reduced glycemia, induced β-cell recovery, and impaired islet infiltration. IMT504 induced early blood glucose decrease and infiltration inhibition, increased β-cell proliferation and decreased apoptosis, increased islet indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) expression, and increased serum tumor necrosis factor and interleukin-6 (IL-6). IMT504 affected islet gene expression; preproinsulin-2, proglucagon, somatostatin, nestin, regenerating gene-1, and C-X-C motif ligand-1 cytokine (Cxcl1) increased in islets from diabetic mice and were decreased by IMT504. IMT504 downregulated platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 (Pecam1) in islets from control and diabetic mice, whereas it increased regenerating gene-2 (Reg2) in islets of diabetic mice. The IMT504-induced increase in IL-6 and islet IDO expression and decreased islet Pecam1 and Cxcl1 mRNA expression could participate in keeping leukocyte infiltration at bay, whereas upregulation of Reg2 may mediate β-cell regeneration. We conclude that IMT504 effectively reversed immunodependent diabetes in mice. Corroboration of these effects in a model of autoimmune diabetes more similar to human T1D could provide promising results for the treatment of this disease.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Blood Glucose/drug effects
- Blood Glucose/metabolism
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Chemokine CXCL1/drug effects
- Chemokine CXCL1/genetics
- Cytokines/drug effects
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/genetics
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/metabolism
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/genetics
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/metabolism
- Disease Models, Animal
- Glucose Tolerance Test
- Indoleamine-Pyrrole 2,3,-Dioxygenase/drug effects
- Indoleamine-Pyrrole 2,3,-Dioxygenase/metabolism
- Insulin/genetics
- Insulin/metabolism
- Insulin-Secreting Cells/drug effects
- Insulin-Secreting Cells/metabolism
- Interleukin-6/metabolism
- Islets of Langerhans/drug effects
- Islets of Langerhans/metabolism
- Islets of Langerhans/pathology
- Lithostathine/drug effects
- Lithostathine/genetics
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Nestin/drug effects
- Nestin/genetics
- Oligodeoxyribonucleotides/pharmacology
- Pancreatitis-Associated Proteins
- Platelet Endothelial Cell Adhesion Molecule-1/drug effects
- Platelet Endothelial Cell Adhesion Molecule-1/genetics
- Proglucagon/drug effects
- Proglucagon/genetics
- Protein Precursors/drug effects
- Protein Precursors/genetics
- Proteins/drug effects
- Proteins/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/drug effects
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Somatostatin/drug effects
- Somatostatin/genetics
- Stem Cells/drug effects
- Stem Cells/metabolism
- Transcriptome/drug effects
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/drug effects
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/metabolism
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- María S Bianchi
- Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Stefanía Bianchi
- Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Leandro M Martinez
- Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Néstor Lago
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires. Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Carlos Libertun
- Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires. Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Norma A Chasseing
- Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Victoria A Lux-Lantos
- Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina;
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Nikoopour E, Krougly O, Lee-Chan E, Haeryfar SM, Singh B. Detection of vasostatin-1-specific CD8(+) T cells in non-obese diabetic mice that contribute to diabetes pathogenesis. Clin Exp Immunol 2016; 185:292-300. [PMID: 27185276 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Revised: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromogranin A (ChgA) is an antigenic target of pathogenic CD4(+) T cells in a non-obese diabetic (NOD) mouse model of type 1 diabetes (T1D). Vasostatin-1 is a naturally processed fragment of ChgA. We have now identified a novel H2-K(d) -restricted epitope of vasostatin-1, ChgA 36-44, which elicits CD8(+) T cell responses in NOD mice. By using ChgA 36-44/K(d) tetramers we have determined the frequency of vasostatin-1-specific CD8(+) T cells in pancreatic islets and draining lymph nodes of NOD mice. We also demonstrate that vasostatin-1-specific CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells constitute a significant fraction of islet-infiltrating T cells in diabetic NOD mice. Adoptive transfer of T cells from ChgA 36-44 peptide-primed NOD mice into NOD/severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) mice led to T1D development. These findings indicate that vasostatin-1-specific CD8(+) T cells contribute to the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes in NOD mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Nikoopour
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Centre for Human Immunology
| | - O Krougly
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Centre for Human Immunology
| | - E Lee-Chan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Centre for Human Immunology
| | - S M Haeryfar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Centre for Human Immunology
| | - B Singh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Centre for Human Immunology.,Robarts Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Sack U, Boldt A, Mallouk N, Gruber R, Krenn V, Berger-Depincé AE, Conrad K, Tarnok A, Lambert C, Reinhold D, Fricke S. Cellular analyses in the monitoring of autoimmune diseases. Autoimmun Rev 2016; 15:883-9. [PMID: 27392502 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2016.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 06/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Sack
- Universitätsklinikum Leipzig, Department für Diagnostik, Institut für Klinische Immunologie, Johannisallee 30, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Andreas Boldt
- Universitätsklinikum Leipzig, Department für Diagnostik, Institut für Klinische Immunologie, Johannisallee 30, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Nora Mallouk
- URCIP, CHU Saint-Etienne, Hôpital Nord, 42055 Saint-Etienne Cedex 02, France.
| | - Rudolf Gruber
- Institut für Labormedizin, Mikrobiologie und Krankenhaushygiene, Krankenhaus Barmherzige Brüder Regensburg, Prüfeninger Straße 86, 93049, Regensburg, Germany.
| | - Veit Krenn
- Medizinisches Versorgungszentrum für Histologie, Zytologie und Molekulare Diagnostik Trier, Max-Planck-Str. 5, 54296, Trier, Germany.
| | | | - Karsten Conrad
- Institut für Immunologie, Medizinische Fakultät "Carl Gustav Carus" der Technischen Universität Dresden, Fetscherstraße 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany.
| | - Attila Tarnok
- Universitätsklinikum Leipzig, Department für Diagnostik, Institut für Klinische Immunologie, Johannisallee 30, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Claude Lambert
- Immunology laboratory, Pole de Biologie-Pathologie, University Hospital. CNRS UMR5307 Labo Georges Friedel (LGF); 42055 Saint-Etienne Cedex 02, France.
| | - Dirk Reinhold
- Otto-von-Guericke-Universität Magdeburg, Medizinische Fakultät, Institut für Molekulare und Klinische Immunologie, Leipziger Straße 44, 39120, Magdeburg, Germany.
| | - Stephan Fricke
- Fraunhofer Institut für Zelltherapie und Immunologie, Perlickstraße 1, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Kahaly GJ, Hansen MP. Type 1 diabetes associated autoimmunity. Autoimmun Rev 2016; 15:644-8. [PMID: 26903475 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2016.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is increasing in prevalence worldwide. The economic costs are considerable given the cardiovascular complications and co-morbidities that it may entail. Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by the loss of insulin-producing pancreatic β-cells. The pathogenesis of T1D is complex and multifactorial and involves a genetic susceptibility that predisposes to abnormal immune responses in the presence of ill-defined environmental insults to the pancreatic islets. Genetic background may affect the risk for autoimmune disease and patients with T1D exhibit an increased risk of other autoimmune disorders such as autoimmune thyroid disease, Addison's disease, autoimmune gastritis, coeliac disease and vitiligo. Approximately 20%-25% of patients with T1D have thyroid antibodies, and up to 50% of such patients progress to clinical autoimmune thyroid disease. Approximately 0.5% of diabetic patients have concomitant Addison's disease and 4% have coeliac disease. The prevalence of autoimmune gastritis and pernicious anemia is 5% to 10% and 2.6% to 4%, respectively. Early detection of antibodies and latent organ-specific dysfunction is advocated to alert physicians to take appropriate action in order to prevent full-blown disease. Patients and family members should be educated to be able to recognize signs and symptoms of underlying disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- George J Kahaly
- Department of Medicine I, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany.
| | - Martin P Hansen
- Department of Medicine I, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Ignacio A, Morales CI, Câmara NOS, Almeida RR. Innate Sensing of the Gut Microbiota: Modulation of Inflammatory and Autoimmune Diseases. Front Immunol 2016; 7:54. [PMID: 26925061 PMCID: PMC4759259 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian gastrointestinal tract harbors a diverse microbial community with which dynamic interactions have been established over millennia of coevolution. Commensal bacteria and their products are sensed by innate receptors expressed in gut epithelia and in gut-associated immune cells, thereby promoting the proper development of mucosal immune system and host homeostasis. Many studies have demonstrated that host–microbiota interactions play a key role during local and systemic immunity. Therefore, this review will focus on how innate sensing of the gut microbiota and their metabolites through inflammasome and toll-like receptors impact the modulation of a distinct set of inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. We believe that a better understanding of the fine-tuning that governs host–microbiota interactions will further improve common prophylactic and therapeutic applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aline Ignacio
- Laboratory of Transplantation Immunobiology, Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Camila Ideli Morales
- Laboratory of Transplantation Immunobiology, Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Niels Olsen Saraiva Câmara
- Laboratory of Transplantation Immunobiology, Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Medicine, Nephrology Division, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Renal Pathophysiology Laboratory, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rafael Ribeiro Almeida
- Laboratory of Transplantation Immunobiology, Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo , São Paulo , Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
T-cell libraries allow simple parallel generation of multiple peptide-specific human T-cell clones. J Immunol Methods 2016; 430:43-50. [PMID: 26826277 PMCID: PMC4783706 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2016.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Revised: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Isolation of peptide-specific T-cell clones is highly desirable for determining the role of T-cells in human disease, as well as for the development of therapies and diagnostics. However, generation of monoclonal T-cells with the required specificity is challenging and time-consuming. Here we describe a library-based strategy for the simple parallel detection and isolation of multiple peptide-specific human T-cell clones from CD8(+) or CD4(+) polyclonal T-cell populations. T-cells were first amplified by CD3/CD28 microbeads in a 96U-well library format, prior to screening for desired peptide recognition. T-cells from peptide-reactive wells were then subjected to cytokine-mediated enrichment followed by single-cell cloning, with the entire process from sample to validated clone taking as little as 6 weeks. Overall, T-cell libraries represent an efficient and relatively rapid tool for the generation of peptide-specific T-cell clones, with applications shown here in infectious disease (Epstein-Barr virus, influenza A, and Ebola virus), autoimmunity (type 1 diabetes) and cancer.
Collapse
|