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Wang Y, Hu Y, Li J, Ma H, Shi Z, Wen C, Long Y, Li Z, Sun H, Yang Y, Shi X. Argonaute-2 autoantibodies: a promising biomarker for predicting mortality in HBV-related acute-on-chronic liver failure patients with cirrhosis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 14:1407064. [PMID: 39119295 PMCID: PMC11306186 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1407064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Background & aims HBV infection initiates autoimmune responses, leading to autoantibody generation. This research explores the role of autoantibodies in HBV-related Acute-on-Chronic Liver Failure (ACLF), offering novel perspectives for clinical management. Method We applied immunoprecipitation and iTRAQ techniques to screen for autoantibodies in serum from HBV-related cirrhosis patients and conducted detection with conformation- stabilizing ELISA in a cohort of 238 HBV-infected individuals and 49 health controls. Our results were validated in a retrospective cohort comprising 106 ACLF patients and further assessed through immunohistochemical analysis in liver tissues from an additional 10 ACLF cases. Results Utilizing iTRAQ, we identified Argonaute1-3 autoantibodies (AGO-Abs) in this research. AGO2-Abs notably increased in cirrhosis, decompensation, and further in ACLF, unlike AGO1-Abs and AGO3-Abs. This reflects disease severity correlation. Logistic regression and COX models confirmed AGO2-Abs as independent prognostic indicators for decompensated liver cirrhosis (DLC) and ACLF. In the ROC analysis, AGO2-Abs showed significant diagnostic value for predicting 28- and 90-day mortality (AUROC = 0.853 and 0.854, respectively). Furthermore, combining AGO2-Abs with the Child-Pugh, MELD, and AARC scores significantly improved their predictive accuracy (P < 0.05). Kaplan-Meier analysis showed poorer survival for AGO2-Abs levels above 99.14μg/ml. These findings were supported by a retrospective validation cohort. Additionally, immunohistochemistry revealed band-like AGO2 expression in periportal liver areas, with AGO2-Abs levels correlating with total bilirubin, indicating a potential role in exacerbating liver damage through periportal functions. Conclusions AGO2-Abs is a robust biomarker for predicting the mortality of patients with HBV-related ACLF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixuan Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute for Viral Hepatitis, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yue Hu
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jiaqi Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute for Viral Hepatitis, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Huailu Ma
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zongqi Shi
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Chaojing Wen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute for Viral Hepatitis, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yu Long
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute for Viral Hepatitis, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ziwei Li
- Central Laboratory, Chongqing University FuLing Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Hang Sun
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute for Viral Hepatitis, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yixuan Yang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute for Viral Hepatitis, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaofeng Shi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute for Viral Hepatitis, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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Chen Y, Song Z, Hou X, Liu J, Zheng C, Zhao X, Lv G, Li J, Xiu Y, Shi W, Zhao J, Yang H, Wang Y, Zhao J, Zhan X, Niu M, Zou W, Bai Z, Xiao X. Liuweiwuling Tablet relieves the inflammatory transformation of hepatocellular carcinoma by inhibiting the PI3K/AKT/NF-κB signaling pathway. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 321:117406. [PMID: 37952733 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.117406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Liuweiwuling Tablet (LWWL) is a patented Chinese medicine approved by the Chinese National Medical Products Administration (NMPA). Clinically, it is used to treat a range of liver diseases that precede hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), including hepatitis, liver fibrosis and cirrhosis. LWWL is hypothesized to inhibit the inflammatory transformation of HCC, which may have a positive impact on the prevention and treatment of HCC. However, its exact mechanism of action remains unknown. AIM OF THE STUDY To investigate how LWWL is effective in the treatment of HCC and to validate the pathways involved in this process. MATERIALS AND METHODS An in vivo model of HCC induced by diethylnitrosamine (DEN) was established to study the effect of LWWL on the development of HCC. The rat serum was analyzed for aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (γ-GT). The rat liver tissues were stained with hematoxylin and eosin (HE) and Masson's trichrome for pathological analysis. Rat liver tissue was subjected to transcriptome sequencing. Expression of inflammatory and liver fibrosis-related factors in bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) and LX-2 cells was detected by QRT-PCR, ELISA and Western blot (WB). The expression of apoptosis and stemness genes in HepG2 and Huh7 cells was assessed through flow cytometry and QRT-PCR. Transcriptomics, network pharmacology, WB, and QRT-PCR were employed to validate the mechanisms associated with the amelioration of HCC development by LWWL. RESULTS LWWL significantly reduced the severity of hepatitis and liver fibrosis, the expression of tumor stemness genes, and the incidence of HCC. In addition, LWWL inhibited the release of inflammatory substances and nuclear accumulation of P65 protein in BMDMs as well as the conversion of LX-2 cells to fibroblasts. LWWL inhibited the proliferation of HepG2 and Huh7 cells, including the initiation of apoptosis and the reduction of stemness gene expression. Importantly, LWWL regulates the PI3K/AKT/NF-κB pathway, which affects hepatic inflammation and cancer progression. CONCLUSION LWWL inhibited the occurrence and development of HCC by modulating the severity of hepatitis and liver fibrosis, indicating the potential clinical relevance of LWWL in preventing and treating HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Chen
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611100, China; Department of Hepatology, the Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Zheng Song
- Peking University 302 Clinical Medical School, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Xiaorong Hou
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611100, China; Department of Hepatology, the Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Jia Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611100, China
| | - Congyang Zheng
- Digestive Department of the Second Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Xiaomei Zhao
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611100, China; Department of Hepatology, the Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Guiji Lv
- Department of Hepatology, the Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Junjie Li
- Department of Hepatology, the Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Ye Xiu
- Department of Hepatology, the Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Wei Shi
- Department of Hepatology, the Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Jia Zhao
- Department of Hepatology, the Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Huijie Yang
- Department of Hepatology, the Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Hepatology, the Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Jun Zhao
- Department of Hepatology, the Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Xiaoyan Zhan
- Department of Hepatology, the Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100039, China; National Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Ming Niu
- Department of Hepatology, the Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Wenjun Zou
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611100, China.
| | - Zhaofang Bai
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611100, China; Department of Hepatology, the Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100039, China; National Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, Beijing, 100039, China.
| | - Xiaohe Xiao
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611100, China; Department of Hepatology, the Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100039, China; National Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, Beijing, 100039, China.
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Hepatitis Virus and Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Recent Advances. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15020533. [PMID: 36672482 PMCID: PMC9856776 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15020533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Revised: 01/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains a global health challenge, causing 600,000 deaths each year. Infectious factors, including hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV) and hepatitis D virus (HDV), have long been considered the major risk factors for the development and progression of HCC. These pathogens induce hepatocyte transformation through a variety of mechanisms, including insertional mutations caused by viral gene integration, epigenetic changes, and the induction of long-term immune dysfunction. The discovery of these mechanisms, while advancing our understanding of the disease, also provides targets for new diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. In addition, the discovery and research of chronic HEV infection over the past decade indicate that this common hepatitis virus also seems to have the potential to induce HCC. In this review, we provide an overview of recent studies on the link between hepatitis virus and HCC, as well as new diagnostic and therapeutic approaches to HCC based on these findings. Finally, we also discuss the potential relationship between HEV and HCC. In conclusion, these associations will further optimize the diagnosis and treatment of infection-associated HCC and call for better management policies.
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Guan MC, Wang MD, Wang WY, Li C, Yao LQ, Zhu H, Yang T. Exosomes as mediators of tumor immune escape and immunotherapy in hepatocellular carcinoma. LIVER RESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livres.2022.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Man SM, Jenkins BJ. Context-dependent functions of pattern recognition receptors in cancer. Nat Rev Cancer 2022; 22:397-413. [PMID: 35355007 DOI: 10.1038/s41568-022-00462-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The immune system plays a critical role in shaping all facets of cancer, from the early initiation stage through to metastatic disease and resistance to therapy. Our understanding of the importance of the adaptive arm of the immune system in antitumour immunity has led to the implementation of immunotherapy with immune checkpoint inhibitors in numerous cancers, albeit with differing efficacy. By contrast, the clinical utility of innate immunity in cancer has not been exploited, despite dysregulated innate immunity being a feature of at least one-third of all cancers associated with tumour-promoting chronic inflammation. The past two decades have seen innate immune pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) emerge as critical regulators of the immune response to microbial infection and host tissue damage. More recently, it has become apparent that in many cancer types, PRRs play a central role in modulating a vast array of tumour-inhibiting and tumour-promoting cellular responses both in immune cells within the tumour microenvironment and directly in cancer cells. Herein, we provide a comprehensive overview of the fast-evolving field of PRRs in cancer, and discuss the potential to target PRRs for drug development and biomarker discovery in a wide range of oncology settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si Ming Man
- Division of Immunity, Inflammation and Infection, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Brendan J Jenkins
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC, Australia.
- Department of Molecular and Translational Science, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia.
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Yao M, Yang JL, Wang DF, Wang L, Chen Y, Yao DF. Encouraging specific biomarkers-based therapeutic strategies for hepatocellular carcinoma. World J Clin Cases 2022; 10:3321-3333. [PMID: 35611205 PMCID: PMC9048543 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v10.i11.3321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The prevention, early discovery and effective treatment of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remain a global medical challenge. At present, HCC is still mainly treated by surgery, supplemented by vascular embolization, radio frequency, radiotherapy, chemotherapy and biotherapy. The application of multikinase inhibitor sorafenib, chimeric antigen receptor T cells, or PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors can prolong the median survival of HCC patients. However, the treatment efficacy is still unsatisfactory due to HCC metastasis and postoperative recurrence. During the process of hepatocyte malignant transformation, HCC tissues can express and secrete many types of specific biomarkers, or oncogenic antigen molecules into blood, for example, alpha-fetoprotein, glypican-3, Wnt3a (one of the key signaling molecules in the Wnt/β-catenin pathway), insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-II or IGF-I receptor, vascular endothelial growth factor, secretory clusterin and so on. In addition, combining immunotherapy with non-coding RNAs might improve anti-cancer efficacy. These biomarkers not only contribute to HCC diagnosis or prognosis, but may also become molecular targets for HCC therapy under developing or clinical trials. This article reviews the progress in emerging biomarkers in basic research or clinical trials for HCC immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Yao
- Research Center of Clinical Medicine & Department of Immunology, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jun-Ling Yang
- Research Center of Clinical Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - De-Feng Wang
- Research Center of Clinical Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Medical Informatics, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Ying Chen
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated Second Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Deng-Fu Yao
- Research Center of Clinical Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
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Abstract
Long-term immunological memory represents a unique performance of the adaptive immunity selected during evolution to support long-term survival of species in vertebrates, through protection against dangerous "invaders", namely, infectious agents or unwanted (e.g., tumor) cells. The balance between the development of T cell memory and various mechanisms of immunoregulation (namely, T cell effector exhaustion and regulatory T cell suppression) dictates the fate in providing protection or not in different conditions, such as (acute or chronic) infection, vaccination, cancer, and autoimmunity. Here, these different environments are taken in consideration to outline the up-to-date cellular and molecular features regulating the development or damping of immunological memory and to delineate therapeutic strategies capable to improve or control it, in order to address pathological contexts, such as infection, tumor, and autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Barnaba
- Istituto Pasteur Italia, Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Rome, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche, Interistiche, Anestesiologiche e Cardiovascolari, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, Italy
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Feizi N, Focaccetti C, Pacella I, Tucci G, Rossi A, Costanza M, Pedotti R, Sidney J, Sette A, La Rocca C, Procaccini C, Matarese G, Barnaba V, Piconese S. CD8 + T cells specific for cryptic apoptosis-associated epitopes exacerbate experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:1026. [PMID: 34716313 PMCID: PMC8556378 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-021-04310-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The autoimmune immunopathology occurring in multiple sclerosis (MS) is sustained by myelin-specific and -nonspecific CD8+ T cells. We have previously shown that, in MS, activated T cells undergoing apoptosis induce a CD8+ T cell response directed against antigens that are unveiled during the apoptotic process, namely caspase-cleaved structural proteins such as non-muscle myosin and vimentin. Here, we have explored in vivo the development and the function of the immune responses to cryptic apoptosis-associated epitopes (AEs) in a well-established mouse model of MS, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), through a combination of immunization approaches, multiparametric flow cytometry, and functional assays. First, we confirmed that this model recapitulated the main findings observed in MS patients, namely that apoptotic T cells and effector/memory AE-specific CD8+ T cells accumulate in the central nervous system of mice with EAE, positively correlating with disease severity. Interestingly, we found that AE-specific CD8+ T cells were present also in the lymphoid organs of unprimed mice, proliferated under peptide stimulation in vitro, but failed to respond to peptide immunization in vivo, suggesting a physiological control of this response. However, when mice were immunized with AEs along with EAE induction, AE-specific CD8+ T cells with an effector/memory phenotype accumulated in the central nervous system, and the disease severity was exacerbated. In conclusion, we demonstrate that AE-specific autoimmunity may contribute to immunopathology in neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neda Feizi
- Department of Internal Clinical Sciences, Anesthesiology and Cardiovascular Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara Focaccetti
- Department of Internal Clinical Sciences, Anesthesiology and Cardiovascular Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161, Rome, Italy.,Department of Human Science and Promotion of the Quality of Life, San Raffaele Roma Open University, Via di Val Cannuta 247, 00166, Rome, Italy
| | - Ilenia Pacella
- Department of Internal Clinical Sciences, Anesthesiology and Cardiovascular Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Gloria Tucci
- Department of Internal Clinical Sciences, Anesthesiology and Cardiovascular Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandra Rossi
- Department of Internal Clinical Sciences, Anesthesiology and Cardiovascular Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Massimo Costanza
- Molecular Neuro-Oncology Unit, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Rosetta Pedotti
- Molecular Neuro-Oncology Unit, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - John Sidney
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Alessandro Sette
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Claudia La Rocca
- Laboratorio di Immunologia, Istituto per l'Endocrinologia e l'Oncologia Sperimentale, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (IEOS-CNR), 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Claudio Procaccini
- Laboratorio di Immunologia, Istituto per l'Endocrinologia e l'Oncologia Sperimentale, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (IEOS-CNR), 80131, Naples, Italy.,Unità di Neuroimmunologia, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, 00143, Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Matarese
- Laboratorio di Immunologia, Istituto per l'Endocrinologia e l'Oncologia Sperimentale, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (IEOS-CNR), 80131, Naples, Italy.,Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università di Napoli "Federico II", 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Barnaba
- Department of Internal Clinical Sciences, Anesthesiology and Cardiovascular Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161, Rome, Italy. .,Laboratory affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia - Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, 00161, Rome, Italy.
| | - Silvia Piconese
- Department of Internal Clinical Sciences, Anesthesiology and Cardiovascular Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161, Rome, Italy. .,Unità di Neuroimmunologia, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, 00143, Rome, Italy. .,Laboratory affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia - Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, 00161, Rome, Italy.
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Granito A, Muratori L, Lalanne C, Quarneti C, Ferri S, Guidi M, Lenzi M, Muratori P. Hepatocellular carcinoma in viral and autoimmune liver diseases: Role of CD4+ CD25+ Foxp3+ regulatory T cells in the immune microenvironment. World J Gastroenterol 2021; 27:2994-3009. [PMID: 34168403 PMCID: PMC8192285 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v27.i22.2994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
More than 90% of cases of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) occurs in patients with cirrhosis, of which hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus are the leading causes, while the tumor less frequently arises in autoimmune liver diseases. Advances in understanding tumor immunity have led to a major shift in the treatment of HCC, with the emergence of immunotherapy where therapeutic agents are used to target immune cells rather than cancer cells. Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are the most abundant suppressive cells in the tumor microenvironment and their presence has been correlated with tumor progression, invasiveness, as well as metastasis. Tregs are characterized by the expression of the transcription factor Foxp3 and various mechanisms ranging from cell-to-cell contact to secretion of inhibitory molecules have been implicated in their function. Notably, Tregs amply express checkpoint molecules such as cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 and programmed cell-death 1 receptor and therefore represent a direct target of immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) immunotherapy. Taking into consideration the critical role of Tregs in maintenance of immune homeostasis as well as avoidance of autoimmunity, it is plausible that targeting of Tregs by ICI immunotherapy results in the development of immune-related adverse events (irAEs). Since the use of ICI becomes common in oncology, with an increasing number of new ICI currently under clinical trials for cancer treatment, the occurrence of irAEs is expected to dramatically rise. Herein, we review the current literature focusing on the role of Tregs in HCC evolution taking into account their opposite etiological function in viral and autoimmune chronic liver disease, and we discuss their involvement in irAEs due to the new immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Granito
- Division of Internal Medicine, Hepatobiliary and Immunoallergic Diseases, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, University of Bologna, Bologna 40138, Italy
- Center for the Study and Treatment of Autoimmune Diseases of the Liver and Biliary System, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna 40138, Italy
| | - Luigi Muratori
- Division of Internal Medicine and Immunorheumatology, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Center for the Study and Treatment of Autoimmune Diseases of the Liver and Biliary System, University of Bologna, Bologna 40138, Italy
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna 40138, Italy
| | - Claudine Lalanne
- Division of Internal Medicine, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Center for the Study and Treatment of Autoimmune Diseases of the Liver and Biliary System, Bologna 40138, Italy
| | - Chiara Quarneti
- Division of Internal Medicine, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Center for the Study and Treatment of Autoimmune Diseases of the Liver and Biliary System, Bologna 40138, Italy
| | - Silvia Ferri
- Division of Internal Medicine, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Center for the Study and Treatment of Autoimmune Diseases of the Liver and Biliary System, Bologna 40138, Italy
| | - Marcello Guidi
- Division of Internal Medicine, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Center for the Study and Treatment of Autoimmune Diseases of the Liver and Biliary System, Bologna 40138, Italy
| | - Marco Lenzi
- Division of Internal Medicine and Immunorheumatology, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Center for the Study and Treatment of Autoimmune Diseases of the Liver and Biliary System, University of Bologna, Bologna 40138, Italy
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna 40138, Italy
| | - Paolo Muratori
- Division of Internal Medicine, Morgagni-Pierantoni Hospital, Forlì 47100, Italy
- Department of Science for the Quality of Life, University of Bologna, Bologna 40138, Italy
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Intestinal Microbiota and Liver Diseases: Insights into Therapeutic Use of Traditional Chinese Medicine. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2021; 2021:6682581. [PMID: 33976705 PMCID: PMC8087485 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6682581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Liver disease is a leading cause of global morbidity and mortality, for which inflammation, alcohol use, lipid metabolic disorders, disturbance to bile acid metabolism, and endotoxins are common risk factors. Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) with its "holistic approach" is widely used throughout the world as a complementary, alternative therapy, due to its clinical efficacy and reduced side effects compared with conventional medicines. However, due to a lack of reliable scientific evidence, the role of TCM in the prevention and treatment of liver disease remains unclear. Over recent years, with the rapid development of high-throughput sequencing, 16S rRNA detection, and bioinformatics methodology, it has been gradually recognized that the regulation of intestinal microbiota by TCM can play a substantial role in the treatment of liver disease. To better understand how TCM regulates the intestinal microbiota and suppresses liver disease, we have reviewed and analyzed the results of existing studies and summarized the relationship and risk factors between intestinal microbiota and liver disease. The present review summarizes the related mechanisms by which TCM affects the composition and metabolites of the intestinal microbiome.
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Rossi A, Pacella I, Piconese S. RNA Flow Cytometry for the Study of T Cell Metabolism. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22083906. [PMID: 33918901 PMCID: PMC8069477 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22083906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
T cells undergo activation and differentiation programs along a continuum of states that can be tracked through flow cytometry using a combination of surface and intracellular markers. Such dynamic behavior is the result of transcriptional and post-transcriptional events, initiated and sustained by the activation of specific transcription factors and by epigenetic remodeling. These signaling pathways are tightly integrated with metabolic routes in a bidirectional manner: on the one hand, T cell receptors and costimulatory molecules activate metabolic reprogramming; on the other hand, metabolites modify T cell transcriptional programs and functions. Flow cytometry represents an invaluable tool to analyze the integration of phenotypical, functional, metabolic and transcriptional features, at the single cell level in heterogeneous T cell populations, and from complex microenvironments, with potential clinical application in monitoring the efficacy of cancer immunotherapy. Here, we review the most recent advances in flow cytometry-based analysis of gene expression, in combination with indicators of mitochondrial activity, with the aim of revealing and characterizing major metabolic pathways in T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Rossi
- Department of Internal Clinical Sciences, Anaesthesiology and Cardiovascular Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Roma, Italy; (A.R.); (I.P.)
| | - Ilenia Pacella
- Department of Internal Clinical Sciences, Anaesthesiology and Cardiovascular Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Roma, Italy; (A.R.); (I.P.)
| | - Silvia Piconese
- Department of Internal Clinical Sciences, Anaesthesiology and Cardiovascular Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Roma, Italy; (A.R.); (I.P.)
- Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, 00161 Roma, Italy
- Correspondence:
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12
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Lou X, Wang JJ, Wei YQ, He YJ, Jiang ZJ, Sun JJ. Identification of molecular heterogeneity of hepatocellular carcinoma based on immune gene expression signatures. Med Oncol 2021; 38:50. [PMID: 33786682 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-021-01499-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Although various molecular subtypes of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) have been investigated, most of these studies identify HCC subtype based on genomic profiling. Few studies have investigated the classification based on immune signatures, and none have classified HCC based on Immune activation and immunosuppressive. We performed immune gene expression of tumor tissue in 374 HCC patients from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database and used unsupervised consensus clustering to stratify tumors. We then used HCC patients from the International Cancer Genome Consortium (ICGC) and Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) as replication datasets. Based on the expression of 782 immune-related genes, HCC was stratified into four distinct immune subtypes. Tumors in one cluster (high immune activation; high-IA) indicate a higher level of Immune activation, which was characterized by higher anti-tumor immunity, higher pro-tumor immune-suppressive cell types, higher fractions of CD8+ T cells and M0 Macrophages compared with other subtypes. The high-IA also presents higher cancer-related hallmark signatures, such as epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), angiogenesis, and apoptosis. We also found subpopulations of regulatory and exhaustion T lymphocyte were characterized by an opposite trend in high-IA, though samples in high-IA response to immunotherapy with better survival. The comparison of the immune profile in tumor and normal tissue indicates the activation of immune responses which only occurred in high-IA patients, while we conducted comparison of cirrhosis and non-cirrhosis tumor immune signatures, immune response activation was almost occurred in high-IA, but some of immune responses occurred in low-IA (low immune activation).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Lou
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300211, China
| | - Juan-Juan Wang
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ya-Qing Wei
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300211, China
| | - Ying-Jie He
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300211, China
| | - Zhi-Jia Jiang
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300211, China
| | - Jin-Jin Sun
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300211, China.
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13
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Pacella I, Cammarata I, Martire C, Brancaccio G, Gaeta GB, Barnaba V, Piconese S. CD8 + T cells specific to apoptosis-associated epitopes are expanded in patients with chronic HBV infection and fibrosis. Liver Int 2021; 41:470-481. [PMID: 33159402 DOI: 10.1111/liv.14720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS During chronic viral infections, the apoptosis of activated T cell elicits a CD8+ T cell response directed to those cryptic epitopes that emerge from caspase-cleaved structural proteins. Such response directed to apoptosis-associated epitopes (AEs) contributes to the amplification of immunopathology. METHODS Here, we have analysed through flow cytometry AE-specific CD8+ T cells in patients with chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, naïve-to-treatment or undergoing nucleos(t)ide-analogue (NUC) therapy. RESULTS We found that AE-specific CD8+ T cell frequencies were significantly increased only in those NUC-treated patients who also presented advanced hepatic fibrosis. Regulatory T cells were also expanded in those patients, and AE-specific, but not HBV-specific, CD8+ T cell frequency positively correlated with Treg percentages. Through multiparameter flow cytometry, multidimensionality reduction and unsupervised clustering analysis, we could identify novel subpopulations among effector memory (em) and emCD45RA+ T cell (Tem and Temra) subsets. CD8+ T cells with distinct specificities differentially populated the subpopulation map: while HBV-specific were mostly contained in the Tem subset, AE-specific CD8+ T cells encompassed naïve, as well as T central memory, Tem and Temra cells. CONCLUSION All together, these findings indicate a link between AE-specific CD8+ T cells and advanced liver fibrosis in patients with chronic HBV infection, and suggest that virus-specific and AE-specific CD8+ T cells exhibit distinct differentiation states and contribute in distinct ways to immunopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilenia Pacella
- Department of Internal Clinical Sciences, Anaesthesiology and Cardiovascular Sciences, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Ilenia Cammarata
- Department of Internal Clinical Sciences, Anaesthesiology and Cardiovascular Sciences, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Carmela Martire
- Department of Internal Clinical Sciences, Anaesthesiology and Cardiovascular Sciences, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Giovanni Battista Gaeta
- Infectious Disease Unit, Department of Mental and Physical Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Barnaba
- Department of Internal Clinical Sciences, Anaesthesiology and Cardiovascular Sciences, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, Italy.,Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia - Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Piconese
- Department of Internal Clinical Sciences, Anaesthesiology and Cardiovascular Sciences, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, Italy.,Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia - Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Rome, Italy
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14
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Celardo I, Pace L, Cifaldi L, Gaudio C, Barnaba V. The immune system view of the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2. Biol Direct 2020; 15:30. [PMID: 33371901 PMCID: PMC7769684 DOI: 10.1186/s13062-020-00283-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Knowing the "point of view" of the immune system is essential to understand the characteristic of a pandemic, such as that generated by the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-CoV)-2, responsible for the Coronavirus Disease (COVID)-19. In this review, we will discuss the general host/pathogen interactions dictating protective immune response or immunopathology, addressing the role of immunity or immunopathology in influencing the clinical infection outcome, and debate the potential immunoprophylactic and immunotherapy strategies required to fight the virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Celardo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche Internistiche, Anestesiologiche e Cardiovascolari, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Luigia Pace
- Armenise-Harvard Immune Regulation Unit, Italian Institute for Genomic Medicine, FPO IRCCS Candiolo, Turin, Italy
| | - Loredana Cifaldi
- Academic Department of Pediatrics (DPUO),, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù,, IRCCS, Rome,, 00165, Italy.,Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Via Montpellier 1, Rome, 00133, Italy
| | - Carlo Gaudio
- Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche Internistiche, Anestesiologiche e Cardiovascolari, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Barnaba
- Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche Internistiche, Anestesiologiche e Cardiovascolari, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, Italy.
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15
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Endoplasmic reticulum stress and protein degradation in chronic liver disease. Pharmacol Res 2020; 161:105218. [PMID: 33007418 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.105218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is easily observed in chronic liver disease, which often causes accumulation of unfolded or misfolded proteins in the ER, leading to unfolded protein response (UPR). Regulating protein degradation is an integral part of UPR to relieve ER stress. The major protein degradation system includes the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) and autophagy. All three arms of UPR triggered in response to ER stress can regulate UPS and autophagy. Accumulated misfolded proteins could activate these arms, and then generate various transcription factors to regulate the expression of UPS-related and autophagy-related genes. The protein degradation process regulated by UPR has great significance in many chronic liver diseases, including non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), alcoholic liver disease (ALD), viral hepatitis, liver fibrosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC). In most instances, the degradation of excessive proteins protects cells with ER stress survival from apoptosis. According to the specific functions of protein degradation in chronic liver disease, choosing to promote or inhibit this process is promising as a potential method for treating chronic liver disease.
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16
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Timperi E, Barnaba V. Viral Hepatitides, Inflammation and Tumour Microenvironment. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1263:25-43. [PMID: 32588321 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-44518-8_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In this chapter, we discuss the role of hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections in the establishment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), highlighting the key role of the multiple, non-mutually exclusive, pathways involved in the modulation of immune responses and in the orchestration of a chronic low-level inflammation state favouring HCC development. In particular, we discuss (i) HCC as a classical paradigm of inflammation-linked cancer; (ii) the role of the most relevant inflammatory cytokines involved (i.e. IL-6, TNF-α, IL-18, IL-1β, TGF-β IL-10); (iii) the role of T cell exhaustion by immune checkpoints; (iv) the role of the Wnt3a/β-catenin signalling pathway and (v) the role of different subsets of suppressor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Timperi
- INSERM U932, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Paris, France.,Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche Internistiche, Anestesiologiche e Cardiovascolari, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Barnaba
- INSERM U932, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Paris, France. .,Istituto Pasteur, Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Rome, Italy. .,Center for Life Nano Science, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rome, Italy.
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17
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DTNA promotes HBV-induced hepatocellular carcinoma progression by activating STAT3 and regulating TGFβ1 and P53 signaling. Life Sci 2020; 258:118029. [PMID: 32619495 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection causes liver fibrosis, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) development, but the underlying mechanism remains poorly understood. This study aimed to investigate the roles and molecular mechanisms of Dystrobrevin-α (DTNA) in HBV-induced liver cirrhosis and HCC pathogenesis. METHODS DTNA expression was bioinformatically analyzed using the GEO database. DTNA expression was silenced by transfection with shRNAs. Cell proliferation and apoptosis were evaluated by MTT and flow cytometry respectively. The expression of genes in mRNA or protein levels was assessed by quantitative RT-PCR and western blotting. The interaction between proteins was predicted with the String and GCBI online softwares, and then confirmed by co-immunoprecipitation. Animal models were established by injecting nude mice with AVV8-HBV1.3 vector. RESULTS Bioinformatics analysis showed a significantly increase in DTNA expression in HBV-positive liver cirrhosis and HCC patients. HBV infection caused a significantly increase in DTNA expression in HCC cell lines HepAD38 and HepG2.2.15. DTNA knockdown suppressed proliferation and promoted apoptosis of HBV-infected HepAD38 and HepG2.2.15 cells. HBV induced elevated expression of fibrosis-related genes Collagen II and TGFβ1 in LO-2 cells, which were suppressed by DTNA knockdown. DTNA directly binded with STAT3 protein to promote STAT3 phosphorylation and TGFβ1 expression and repress P53 expression in HBV-infected HepAD38 and LO-2 cells. The DTNA/STAT3 axis was activated during HBV-induced fibrosis, cirrhosis and HCC development in mouse model. CONCLUSION DTNA binds with and further activates STAT3 to induce TGFβ1 expression and repress P53 expression, thus promoting HBV-induced liver fibrosis, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma progression.
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18
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Association of the Sialylation of Antibodies Specific to the HCV E2 Envelope Glycoprotein with Hepatic Fibrosis Progression and Antiviral Therapy Efficacy. DISEASE MARKERS 2020; 2020:8881279. [PMID: 32685058 PMCID: PMC7333057 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8881279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The E2 envelope glycoprotein of the hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a major target of broadly neutralizing antibodies that are closely related to a spontaneous cure of HCV infection. There is still no data about the diversity of E2-specific antibodies (Abs) glycosylation. The aim of this study was to analyze the level and sialylation of E2 IgG Abs, the relation of the respective changes to hepatic fibrosis (F) progression and their possible association with the efficacy of interferon-α-2a plus ribavirin (IFN-RBV) antiviral therapy. One hundred three HCV infected treatment-naive patients were examined using ELISA with E2 recombinant protein as antigen and sialic acid-specific Sambucus nigra agglutinin. The efficacy of the IFN-RBV treatment of patients with HCV dominant 1b and 3a genotypes (GT) was evaluated. A significant decrease of E2 Abs sialylation in the late stages of fibrosis was found irrespective of HCV genotype. On this basis, the F4 stage of fibrosis can be discriminated from its F0 or F1-3 stage by an about 75-79% accuracy. HCV infection of 1b genotype is associated with the production of lower sialylated E2 Abs, a higher frequency of F4 stage fibrosis, and a worse response to antiviral therapy. The increased SNA reactivity of E2 Abs was observed in patients with a sustained virological response (SVR). The proportion of SVR responders was significantly higher among patients with 3a genotype. However, for both dominant HCV genotypes (3a and 1b), an increased sialylation of E2 IgG was associated with a higher rate of patients with sustained virological response to antiviral therapy. Thus, the association of alterations of anti-E2 IgG Abs sialylation with hepatic fibrosis stage, HCV genotype, and the efficacy of antiviral therapy enables using these changes as novel noninvasive predictive biomarkers. The clinical potential of these findings is discussed.
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Abstract
Acidic metabolic waste products accumulate in the tumor microenvironment because of high metabolic activity and insufficient perfusion. In tumors, the acidity of the interstitial space and the relatively well-maintained intracellular pH influence cancer and stromal cell function, their mutual interplay, and their interactions with the extracellular matrix. Tumor pH is spatially and temporally heterogeneous, and the fitness advantage of cancer cells adapted to extracellular acidity is likely particularly evident when they encounter less acidic tumor regions, for instance, during invasion. Through complex effects on genetic stability, epigenetics, cellular metabolism, proliferation, and survival, the compartmentalized pH microenvironment favors cancer development. Cellular selection exacerbates the malignant phenotype, which is further enhanced by acid-induced cell motility, extracellular matrix degradation, attenuated immune responses, and modified cellular and intercellular signaling. In this review, we discuss how the acidity of the tumor microenvironment influences each stage in cancer development, from dysplasia to full-blown metastatic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebbe Boedtkjer
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Stine F. Pedersen
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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20
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Păcurar D, Dijmărescu I, Dijmărescu A, Pavelescu M, Andronie M, Becheanu C. Autoimmune phenomena in treated and naive pediatric patients with chronic viral hepatitis. Exp Ther Med 2019; 18:5101-5104. [PMID: 31819772 PMCID: PMC6895782 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2019.8144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic viral hepatitis has been incriminated for inducing autoimmune events, but it is a known fact that interferon-based therapies also promote autoimmunity. We conducted an observational prospective study which included 114 pediatric patients with chronic viral hepatitis B and C. The patients were divided in 2 groups, the first group consisted of treatment-naive patients; the second group included patients who had received interferon-based therapy. We aimed to determine whether the ones who received treatment are more predisposed to developing autoimmune manifestations when compared to those naive. Fifty percent of the study group was found to have serological autoimmune phenomenon. Our research shows that the occurrence of the autoimmune phenomenon is delayed when the patient is treated with interferon-based regimens when compared to naive patients. Hence, even though interferon treatment has been reported to promote autoimmunity, the viruses themselves are more likely to induce the appearance of autoimmune markers over time in patients who do not receive treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Păcurar
- Department of Pediatrics, 'Grigore Alexandrescu' Emergency Children's Hospital, 011743 Bucharest, Romania.,Department of Pediatrics, 'Carol Davila' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Irina Dijmărescu
- Department of Pediatrics, 'Grigore Alexandrescu' Emergency Children's Hospital, 011743 Bucharest, Romania.,Department of Pediatrics, 'Carol Davila' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Adrian Dijmărescu
- Department of Radiology, 'Carol Davila' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania.,Department of Radiology, Fundeni Clinical Institute, 022328 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Mirela Pavelescu
- Department of Pediatrics, 'Grigore Alexandrescu' Emergency Children's Hospital, 011743 Bucharest, Romania.,Department of Pediatrics, 'Carol Davila' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Mihai Andronie
- Department of Economic Sciences, Faculty of Economic Sciences, Spiru Haret University, 030045 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Cristina Becheanu
- Department of Pediatrics, 'Grigore Alexandrescu' Emergency Children's Hospital, 011743 Bucharest, Romania.,Department of Pediatrics, 'Carol Davila' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania
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21
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Shi W, Shao T, Li JY, Fan DD, Lin AF, Xiang LX, Shao JZ. BTLA-HVEM Checkpoint Axis Regulates Hepatic Homeostasis and Inflammation in a ConA-Induced Hepatitis Model in Zebrafish. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 203:2425-2442. [PMID: 31562209 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1900458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The BTLA-HVEM checkpoint axis plays extensive roles in immunomodulation and diseases, including cancer and autoimmune disorders. However, the functions of this checkpoint axis in hepatitis remain limited. In this study, we explored the regulatory role of the Btla-Hvem axis in a ConA-induced hepatitis model in zebrafish. Results showed that Btla and Hvem were differentially expressed on intrahepatic Cd8+ T cells and hepatocytes. Knockdown of Btla or Hvem significantly promoted hepatic inflammation. Btla was highly expressed in Cd8+ T cells in healthy liver but was downregulated in inflamed liver, as evidenced by a disparate proportion of Cd8+Btla+ and Cd8+Btla- T cells in individuals without or with ConA stimulation. Cd8+Btla+ T cells showed minimal cytotoxicity to hepatocytes, whereas Cd8+Btla- T cells were strongly reactive. The depletion of Cd8+Btla- T cells reduced hepatitis, whereas their transfer enhanced hepatic inflammation. These observations indicate that Btla endowed Cd8+Btla+ T cells with self-tolerance, thereby preventing them from attacking hepatocytes. Btla downregulation deprived this tolerization. Mechanistically, Btla-Hvem interaction contributed to Cd8+Btla+ T cell tolerization, which was impaired by Hvem knockdown but rescued by soluble Hvem protein administration. Notably, Light was markedly upregulated on Cd8+Btla- T cells, accompanied by the transition of Cd8+Btla+Light- to Cd8+Btla-Light+ T cells during hepatitis, which could be modulated by Cd4+ T cells. Light blockade attenuated hepatitis, thereby suggesting the positive role of Light in hepatic inflammation. These findings provide insights into a previously unrecognized Btla-Hvem-Light regulatory network in hepatic homeostasis and inflammation, thus adding a new potential therapeutic intervention for hepatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Shi
- Key Laboratory for Cell and Gene Engineering of Zhejiang Province, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China; and
| | - Tong Shao
- Key Laboratory for Cell and Gene Engineering of Zhejiang Province, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China; and
| | - Jiang-Yuan Li
- Key Laboratory for Cell and Gene Engineering of Zhejiang Province, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China; and
| | - Dong-Dong Fan
- Key Laboratory for Cell and Gene Engineering of Zhejiang Province, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China; and
| | - Ai-Fu Lin
- Key Laboratory for Cell and Gene Engineering of Zhejiang Province, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China; and
| | - Li-Xin Xiang
- Key Laboratory for Cell and Gene Engineering of Zhejiang Province, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China; and
| | - Jian-Zhong Shao
- Key Laboratory for Cell and Gene Engineering of Zhejiang Province, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China; and .,Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266071, People's Republic of China
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22
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Wen X, Guo J, Sun D, Wang M, Cao D, Cheng A, Zhu D, Liu M, Zhao X, Yang Q, Chen S, Jia R, Wu Y, Zhang S, Mao S, Ou X, Chen X, Yu Y, Zhang L, Liu Y, Tian B, Pan L, Rehman MU. Mutations in VP0 and 2C Proteins of Duck Hepatitis A Virus Type 3 Attenuate Viral Infection and Virulence. Vaccines (Basel) 2019; 7:vaccines7030111. [PMID: 31514454 PMCID: PMC6789628 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines7030111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Duck hepatitis A virus (DHAV) is prevalent worldwide and has caused significant economic losses. As the predominant serotype in China, DHAV-3 has become a major challenge to the local duck industry. Here the genetics and pathogenesis of a virulent DHAV-3 strain and its embryo-passaged strain were assessed. There were only two amino acid substitutions (Y164N in VP0 protein and L71I in 2C protein) introduced during the adaptation process. The pathogenicity of these strains was further evaluated in vivo. Clinical signs, gross pathology, and histopathological analysis showed that the embryo-passaged strain was attenuated. Meanwhile, the viral RNA loads were significantly lower in the liver tissues of the ducklings infected with the attenuated strain. As expected, infection with the virulent and attenuated strains led to the activation of different innate immune genes. We suspected that the loss of replication efficiency in ducklings was responsible for the attenuation phenotype of the embryo-passaged strain. In addition, different innate immune responses in the liver of ducklings were at least partly responsible for the differential infectivity phenotype. These findings provide new insights into the genetics and pathogenesis of DHAV-3, which may aid the development of new vaccines and the implementation of immunization strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingjian Wen
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China.
- Research Center of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China.
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China.
| | - Jinlong Guo
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China.
- Research Center of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China.
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China.
| | - Di Sun
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China.
- Research Center of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China.
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China.
| | - Mingshu Wang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China.
- Research Center of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China.
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China.
| | - Dian Cao
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China.
- Research Center of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China.
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China.
| | - Anchun Cheng
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China.
- Research Center of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China.
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China.
| | - Dekang Zhu
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China.
- Research Center of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China.
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China.
| | - Mafeng Liu
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China.
- Research Center of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China.
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China.
| | - Xinxin Zhao
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China.
- Research Center of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China.
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China.
| | - Qiao Yang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China.
- Research Center of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China.
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China.
| | - Shun Chen
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China.
- Research Center of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China.
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China.
| | - Renyong Jia
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China.
- Research Center of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China.
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China.
| | - Ying Wu
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China.
- Research Center of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China.
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China.
| | - Shaqiu Zhang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China.
- Research Center of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China.
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China.
| | - Sai Mao
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China.
- Research Center of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China.
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China.
| | - Xumin Ou
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China.
- Research Center of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China.
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China.
| | - Xiaoyue Chen
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China.
- Research Center of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China.
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China.
| | - Yanling Yu
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China.
- Research Center of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China.
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China.
| | - Ling Zhang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China.
- Research Center of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China.
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China.
| | - Yunya Liu
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China.
- Research Center of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China.
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China.
| | - Bin Tian
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China.
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China.
| | - Leichang Pan
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China.
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China.
| | - Mujeeb Ur Rehman
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China.
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China.
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Pacella I, Piconese S. Immunometabolic Checkpoints of Treg Dynamics: Adaptation to Microenvironmental Opportunities and Challenges. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1889. [PMID: 31507585 PMCID: PMC6718556 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
In the last decades, immunologists have started to consider intracellular metabolism in relation with the dynamics and functions of immune cells, especially when it became clear that microenvironmental alterations were associated with immune dysfunctions. Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are equipped with a variety of immunological and metabolic sensors, and encompass circulating as well as tissue-resident cells, being therefore particularly susceptible to microenvironmental cues. Moreover, Tregs undergo metabolic reprogramming over the course of an immune response, allowing the use of alternate substrates and engaging different metabolic pathways for energetic demands. The study of metabolic mechanisms supporting Treg dynamics has led to puzzling results, due to several limitations, including the heterogeneity of population in the same tissues and between different tissues, the difficulty in considering all the interconnected metabolic pathways during a cellular process, and the differences between in vitro and in vivo conditions. Therefore, Treg reliance on different metabolic routes (oxidation rather than glycolysis) has been a matter of controversy in recent years. Metabolic reprogramming and altered bioenergetics are now identified as hallmarks in cancer, and are employed by cancer cells to determine the availability of metabolites and molecules, thus affecting the fate of tumor-infiltrating immune cells. In particular, the tumor microenvironment forces a metabolic restriction and a plethora of synergistic intrinsic and extrinsic stresses, leading to an impaired anti-tumor immunity and favoring Treg generation, expansion, and suppressive function. This leads to the understanding that Tregs and conventional T cells have different capability to adapt to metabolic hurdles. Considering the role of Tregs in dictating the outcome of tumor-specific responses, it would be important to understand the specific Treg metabolic profile that provides an advantage at the tumor site, to finally identify new targets for therapy. In this review, we will report and discuss the major recent findings about the metabolic pathways required for Treg development, expansion, migration and functions, in relation to tissue-derived signals. We will focus on the adipose tissue and the liver, where Tregs are exposed to a variety of metabolites, and on the tumor microenvironment as the context where Tregs develop the ability to adapt to perturbations in nutrient accessibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilenia Pacella
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Piconese
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, Italy.,Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia - Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Rome, Italy
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Low-Level Parasite Persistence Drives Vasculitis and Myositis in Skeletal Muscle of Mice Chronically Infected with Trypanosoma cruzi. Infect Immun 2019; 87:IAI.00081-19. [PMID: 30936158 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00081-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In chronic Trypanosoma cruzi infection, the cause of Chagas disease, life-threatening inflammatory diseases develop over time in the heart, esophagus, and colon of some patients. C57BL/6 mice infected with the myotropic Colombiana strain of T. cruzi model many of the immunological and parasitological features of human infection but succumb to chronic paralyzing myositis and skeletal muscle vasculitis, not cardiomyopathy or gastrointestinal disease. Here we show that T cell depletion in the chronic phase of this model increased tissue parasitism to acute-phase levels and induced neutrophilic skeletal muscle inflammation. Conversely, after daily treatment with the trypanocide benznidazole for 8 weeks during the chronic phase, viable parasites were no longer detectable, myositis completely resolved, vasculitis was ∼80% reduced, fibrosis was reduced, and myofiber morphology normalized. After the drug was discontinued, parasitism rebounded, and immunopathology recurred. The parasite load was statistically strongly correlated with the severity of inflammation. Thus, both T cell immunity and trypanocidal pharmacotherapy suppress to very low levels, but do not cure, T. cruzi infection, which is necessary and possibly sufficient to induce crippling chronic skeletal muscle myositis and vasculitis in the model.
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Lang PA, Lang KS. Stand by me(mory): Chronic infection diminishes memory pool via IL-6/STAT1. J Exp Med 2019; 216:474-475. [PMID: 30782615 PMCID: PMC6400542 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20190066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite great efforts to eradicate chronic viral infections, they still remain a global health problem. In this issue, Barnstorf et al. (2019. J. Exp. Med. https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.20181589) show that virus-unspecific bystander memory T cells are highly affected during chronic viral infection via IL-6/STAT1. Bystander memory T cells are strongly decimated in numbers and change in phenotype and function during chronic viral infection. These data provide new explanations for immune-mediated problems during chronic virus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp A Lang
- Department of Molecular Medicine II, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Karl S Lang
- Institute of Immunology, Medical Faculty, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
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27
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Hu L, Zhang T, Liu D, Guan G, Huang J, Proksch P, Chen X, Lin W. Notoamide-type alkaloid induced apoptosis and autophagyviaa P38/JNK signaling pathway in hepatocellular carcinoma cells. RSC Adv 2019; 9:19855-19868. [PMID: 35519412 PMCID: PMC9065365 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra03640g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Eleven notoamides including four new congeners were isolated fromAspergillus ochraceus. Notoamide G inhibited the viability of hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines by regulation of apoptosis and autophagy through P38/JNK signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Likun Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs
- Peking University
- Beijing
- P. R. China
| | - Ting Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Disease Center
- School of Basic Medical Sciences
- Peking University Health Science Center
- Beijing 100191
- P. R. China
| | - Dong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs
- Peking University
- Beijing
- P. R. China
| | - Guiwen Guan
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Disease Center
- School of Basic Medical Sciences
- Peking University Health Science Center
- Beijing 100191
- P. R. China
| | - Jian Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs
- Peking University
- Beijing
- P. R. China
| | - Peter Proksch
- Institute für Pharmazeutische Biologie und Biotechnologie
- Heinrich-Heine- Universität Düsseldorf
- 40225 Düsseldorf
- Germany
| | - Xiangmei Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Disease Center
- School of Basic Medical Sciences
- Peking University Health Science Center
- Beijing 100191
- P. R. China
| | - Wenhan Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs
- Peking University
- Beijing
- P. R. China
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