1
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Ozluk AA, Gunenc D, Yildirim SS, Karaca B. Tocilizumab in the treatment of steroid refractory immune-related hepatotoxicity: a case series and review of the literature. Melanoma Res 2024; 34:335-342. [PMID: 38691011 DOI: 10.1097/cmr.0000000000000969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
With the widespread use of immune checkpoint inhibitors, management of immune-related adverse effects specific to these treatments became an important research era in patient management. Among these, immune-related hepatotoxicity (IRH) is an adverse event that can be fatal. While the first-line treatment of IRH is well established, there is still no consensus regarding the management approach for steroid-refractory, severe IRH. Here, we report four patients with metastatic melanoma who developed IRH during antiprogrammed cell death protein-1 plus anticytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein-4 combination therapy and review of the literature. All of our patients were steroid-refractory and were successfully treated with tocilizumab. Given the rapid improvement in liver enzymes and patient's clinical status with tocilizumab, this treatment should be prioritized in steroid-refractory IRH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmet Anil Ozluk
- Division of Tulay Aktas Oncology, Department of Medicine, Ege University, Bornova, Turkey
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2
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Saowapa S, Polpichai N, Tanariyakul M, Wannaphut C, Wattanachayakul P, Danpanichkul P, Suenghataiphorn T, Kulthamrongsri N, Siladech P, Tijani L. Immunotherapy-induced hepatitis in metastatic colorectal cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Proc AMIA Symp 2024; 37:841-850. [PMID: 39165807 PMCID: PMC11332647 DOI: 10.1080/08998280.2024.2374161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2024] [Revised: 06/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/16/2024] [Indexed: 08/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in immunotherapy using immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) for various cancers have also highlighted a rise in immune-related adverse events, including hepatitis, potentially leading to the discontinuation of treatment. This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of hepatitis in metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) patients undergoing different ICI therapies. An extensive search of PubMed, PubMed Central, and Google Scholar up to November 2023 identified relevant studies. After excluding non-English articles, case reports, reviews, ongoing trials, and studies combining other therapies, five studies qualified for inclusion. Data extraction and statistical analyses were performed using Excel and Comprehensive Meta-Analysis software, respectively. Results from a subgroup analysis indicated that the incidence of hepatitis was comparable among patients treated with PD-1 monotherapy, PDL-1 monotherapy, and combination PD-1 and CTLA-4 therapy, with rates of 2.6%, 2.2%, and 1.7% for any grade and 2.1%, 2.2%, and 1.7% for grade ≥3 hepatitis, respectively. Naive-treated mCRC patients exhibited higher hepatitis rates than those previously treated (3.2% vs 1.6% and 2.6% vs 1.6% for any grade and grade ≥3, respectively). This study underscores the similar risk of hepatitis across different ICI therapies, with an increased incidence in naive-treated mCRC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakditad Saowapa
- Department of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, Texas, USA
| | - Natchaya Polpichai
- Department of Internal Medicine, Weiss Memorial Hospital, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Manasawee Tanariyakul
- Department of Medicine, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA
| | - Chalothorn Wannaphut
- Department of Medicine, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA
| | | | - Pojsakorn Danpanichkul
- Department of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, Texas, USA
| | | | - Narathorn Kulthamrongsri
- Department of Medicine, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA
| | - Pharit Siladech
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Lukman Tijani
- Hematology and Oncology Department, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, Texas, USA
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3
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Rajagopal D, MacLeod E, Corogeanu D, Vessillier S. Immune-related adverse events of antibody-based biological medicines in cancer therapy. J Cell Mol Med 2024; 28:e18470. [PMID: 38963257 PMCID: PMC11223167 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.18470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Revised: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Recombinant antibodies (Abs) are an integral modality for the treatment of multiple tumour malignancies. Since the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval of rituximab as the first monoclonal antibody (mAb) for cancer treatment, several mAbs and antibody (Ab)-based therapies have been approved for the treatment of solid tumour malignancies and other cancers. These Abs function by either blocking oncogenic pathways or angiogenesis, modulating immune response, or by delivering a conjugated drug. The use of Ab-based therapy in cancer patients who could benefit from the treatment, however, is still limited by associated toxicity profiles which may stem from biological features and processes related to target binding, alongside biochemical and/or biophysical characteristics of the therapeutic Ab. A significant immune-related adverse event (irAE) associated with Ab-based therapies is cytokine release syndrome (CRS), characterized by the development of fever, rash and even marked, life-threatening hypotension, and acute inflammation with secondary to systemic uncontrolled increase in a range of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Here, we review irAEs associated with specific classes of approved, Ab-based novel cancer immunotherapeutics, namely immune checkpoint (IC)-targeting Abs, bispecific Abs (BsAbs) and Ab-drug-conjugates (ADCs), highlighting the significance of harmonization in preclinical assay development for safety assessment of Ab-based biotherapeutics as an approach to support and refine clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepa Rajagopal
- Immunotherapy, Biotherapeutics and Advanced Therapies Division, Science, Research, and Innovation Group, Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA)HertfordshireUK
| | - Elliot MacLeod
- Immunotherapy, Biotherapeutics and Advanced Therapies Division, Science, Research, and Innovation Group, Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA)HertfordshireUK
- Present address:
Gilead Sciences, Winchester HouseOxfordUK
| | - Diana Corogeanu
- Immunotherapy, Biotherapeutics and Advanced Therapies Division, Science, Research, and Innovation Group, Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA)HertfordshireUK
- Present address:
East Sussex Healthcare NHS Trust, Conquest HospitalEast SussexUK
| | - Sandrine Vessillier
- Immunotherapy, Biotherapeutics and Advanced Therapies Division, Science, Research, and Innovation Group, Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA)HertfordshireUK
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4
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Scullion KM, MacIntyre IM, Sloan-Dennison S, Clark B, Fineran P, Mair J, Creasey D, Rathmell C, Faulds K, Graham D, Webb DJ, Dear JW. Cytokeratin-18 is a sensitive biomarker of alanine transaminase increase in a placebo-controlled, randomized, crossover trial of therapeutic paracetamol dosing (PATH-BP biomarker substudy). Toxicol Sci 2024; 199:203-209. [PMID: 38521541 PMCID: PMC11131027 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfae031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is a challenge in clinical medicine and drug development. Highly sensitive novel biomarkers have been identified for detecting DILI following a paracetamol overdose. The study objective was to evaluate biomarker performance in a 14-day trial of therapeutic dose paracetamol. The PATH-BP trial was a double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study. Individuals (n = 110) were randomized to receive 1 g paracetamol 4× daily or matched placebo for 2 weeks followed by a 2-week washout before crossing over to the alternate treatment. Blood was collected on days 0 (baseline), 4, 7, and 14 in both arms. Alanine transaminase (ALT) activity was measured in all patients. MicroRNA-122 (miR-122), cytokeratin-18 (K18), and glutamate dehydrogenase (GLDH) were measured in patients who had an elevated ALT on paracetamol treatment (≥50% from baseline). ALT increased in 49 individuals (45%). All 3 biomarkers were increased at the time of peak ALT (K18 paracetamol arm: 18.9 ± 9.7 ng/ml, placebo arm: 11.1 ± 5.4 ng/ml, ROC-AUC = 0.80, 95% CI 0.71-0.89; miR-122: 15.1 ± 12.9fM V 4.9 ± 4.7fM, ROC-AUC = 0.83, 0.75-0.91; and GLDH: 24.6 ± 31.1U/l V 12.0 ± 11.8U/l, ROC-AUC = 0.66, 0.49-0.83). All biomarkers were correlated with ALT (K18 r = 0.68, miR-122 r = 0.67, GLDH r = 0.60). To assess sensitivity, biomarker performance was analyzed on the visit preceding peak ALT (mean 3 days earlier). K18 identified the subsequent ALT increase (K18 ROC-AUC = 0.70, 0.59-0.80; miR-122 ROC-AUC = 0.60, 0.49-0.72, ALT ROC-AUC = 0.59, 0.48-0.70; GLDH ROC-AUC = 0.70, 0.50-0.90). Variability was lowest for ALT and K18. In conclusion, K18 was more sensitive than ALT, miR-122, or GLDH and has potential significant utility in the early identification of DILI in trials and clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen M Scullion
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Iain M MacIntyre
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Sian Sloan-Dennison
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Technology and Innovation Centre, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1RD, UK
| | - Benjamin Clark
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Technology and Innovation Centre, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1RD, UK
| | - Paul Fineran
- Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, Institute for Regeneration and Repair, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, UK
| | - Joanne Mair
- Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, Institute for Regeneration and Repair, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, UK
| | - David Creasey
- Wasatch Photonics, Morrisville, North Carolina 27560, USA
| | | | - Karen Faulds
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Technology and Innovation Centre, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1RD, UK
| | - Duncan Graham
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Technology and Innovation Centre, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1RD, UK
| | - David J Webb
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - James W Dear
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
- Centre for Precision Cell Therapy for the Liver, Lothian Health Board, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
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5
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Weber S. [Drug-induced autoimmune-like liver injury]. INNERE MEDIZIN (HEIDELBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 65:334-339. [PMID: 38374310 DOI: 10.1007/s00108-024-01669-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is a rare yet potentially life-threatening disease. Besides intrinsic DILI, which is mainly caused by paracetamol overdosing and which is dose-dependent and predictable, there is idiosyncratic DILI-an unpredictable and dose-independent injury of the liver caused by certain medications that only occurs in a minority of patients taking this drug. The reason why some patients react with DILI towards a specific drug is still unknown. However, the immune system plays a central role, which is underlined by the association of certain human leukocyte antigen (HLA) polymorphisms and DILI caused by specific drug classes. Due to the immunological processes that lead to the liver injury in DILI, there are great overlaps regarding laboratory and histological parameters between DILI and autoimmune hepatitis (AIH). Differentiating DILI and AIH can therefore be challenging, especially at the time of presentation. In addition, there are other immunologically mediated DILI phenotypes, in particular the newly defined drug-induced autoimmune-like hepatitis (DI-ALH) and liver injuries caused by checkpoint inhibitors (CPI). DI-ALH is characterized by autoimmune features and good responses towards corticosteroids, with the difference that DI-ALH mostly does not relapse after discontinuation of corticosteroids. CPI-induced liver injury has become more frequent with the rising use of those drugs and is characterized by a distinct histopathological pattern with granulomatous hepatitis and infiltration dominated by cytotoxic T cells. Similarly, the recently recognized liver injury following vaccinations also shows an autoimmune phenotype; however, in contrast to AIH, cytotoxic T cells seem to dominate the inflammatory infiltrates in the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Weber
- LMU Klinikum München, Marchioninistr. 15, 81377, München, Deutschland.
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6
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Merz M, Fettiplace A, Marcinak J, Tillmann HL, Rockey DC, Kullak-Ublick GA. Liver toxicity in oncology trials and beyond: a simplified concept for management of hepatocellular drug-induced liver injury in patients with abnormal baseline liver tests. Expert Opin Drug Saf 2024; 23:527-537. [PMID: 38482670 DOI: 10.1080/14740338.2024.2327509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Management of side effects in clinical trials has to balance generation of meaningful data with risk for patients. A toxicity area requiring detailed management guidelines is drug-induced liver injury (DILI). In oncology trials, patients are often included despite baseline liver test abnormalities, for whom there is no consensus yet on levels of liver test changes that should trigger action, such as drug interruption or discontinuation. METHODS We provide an innovative approach to manage hepatocellular DILI in oncology trials for patients with abnormal baseline alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels. The algorithm proposed is based on mathematical derivation of action thresholds from those generally accepted for patients with normal baselines. RESULTS The resulting algorithm is grouped by level of baseline abnormality and avoids calculation of baseline multiples. Suggested layered action levels are 4, 6, and 11 × Upper Limit of Normal (ULN) for patients with baseline ALT between 1.5 and 3 × ULN, and 6, 8, and 12 × ULN for patients with baseline ALT between 3 and 5 × ULN, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Our concept and resulting algorithm are consistent, transparent, and easy to follow, and the method for derivation from consensus-based thresholds may also be applicable to other drug toxicity areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Merz
- Michael Merz Consulting, Freiburg, Germany
- Mechanistic Safety, Patient Safety and Pharmacovigilance, Global Drug Development, Novartis, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - John Marcinak
- Medical Safety Evaluation, Pharmacovigilance and Patient Safety, AbbVie, North Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Hans L Tillmann
- Division Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition, Department of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
| | - Don C Rockey
- Digestive Disease Research Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Gerd A Kullak-Ublick
- Mechanistic Safety, Patient Safety and Pharmacovigilance, Global Drug Development, Novartis, Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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7
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Shojaie L, Bogdanov JM, Alavifard H, Mohamed MG, Baktash A, Ali M, Mahov S, Murray S, Kanel GC, Liu ZX, Ito F, In GK, Merchant A, Stohl W, Dara L. Innate and adaptive immune cell interaction drives inflammasome activation and hepatocyte apoptosis in murine liver injury from immune checkpoint inhibitors. Cell Death Dis 2024; 15:140. [PMID: 38355725 PMCID: PMC10866933 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-024-06535-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Immune checkpoints (CTLA4 & PD-1) are inhibitory pathways that block aberrant immune activity and maintain self-tolerance. Tumors co-opt these checkpoints to avoid immune destruction. Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) activate immune cells and restore their tumoricidal potential, making them highly efficacious cancer therapies. However, immunotolerant organs such as the liver depend on these tolerogenic mechanisms, and their disruption with ICI use can trigger the unintended side effect of hepatotoxicity termed immune-mediated liver injury from ICIs (ILICI). Learning how to uncouple ILICI from ICI anti-tumor activity is of paramount clinical importance. We developed a murine model to recapitulate human ILICI using CTLA4+/- mice treated with either combined anti-CTLA4 + anti-PDL1 or IgG1 + IgG2. We tested two forms of antisense oligonucleotides to knockdown caspase-3 in a total liver (parenchymal and non-parenchymal cells) or in a hepatocyte-specific manner. We also employed imaging mass cytometry (IMC), a powerful multiplex modality for immunophenotyping and cell interaction analysis in our model. ICI-treated mice had significant evidence of liver injury. We detected cleaved caspase-3 (cC3), indicating apoptosis was occurring, as well as Nod-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome activation, but no necroptosis. Total liver knockdown of caspase-3 worsened liver injury, and induced further inflammasome activation, and Gasdermin-D-mediated pyroptosis. Hepatocyte-specific knockdown of caspase-3 reduced liver injury and NLRP3 inflammasome activation. IMC-generated single-cell data for 77,692 cells was used to identify 22 unique phenotypic clusters. Spatial analysis revealed that cC3+ hepatocytes had significantly closer interactions with macrophages, Kupffer cells, and NLRP3hi myeloid cells than other cell types. We also observed zones of three-way interaction between cC3+ hepatocytes, CD8 + T-cells, and macrophages. Our work is the first to identify hepatocyte apoptosis and NLRP3 inflammasome activation as drivers of ILICI. Furthermore, we report that the interplay between adaptive and innate immune cells is critical to hepatocyte apoptosis and ILICI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Layla Shojaie
- Division of Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, 2011 Zonal Avenue HMR 101, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Jacob M Bogdanov
- Division of Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, 2011 Zonal Avenue HMR 101, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Helia Alavifard
- Division of Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, 2011 Zonal Avenue HMR 101, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
- Research Center for Liver Disease, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, 2011 Zonal Avenue HMR 101, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Mahmoud G Mohamed
- Division of Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, 2011 Zonal Avenue HMR 101, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
- Research Center for Liver Disease, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, 2011 Zonal Avenue HMR 101, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Aria Baktash
- Division of Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, 2011 Zonal Avenue HMR 101, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
- Research Center for Liver Disease, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, 2011 Zonal Avenue HMR 101, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Myra Ali
- Division of Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, 2011 Zonal Avenue HMR 101, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Simeon Mahov
- Division of Hematology and Cellular Therapy, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 127 S. San Vicente Boulevard Pavilion A8700, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA
| | - Sue Murray
- Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Inc, 2855 Gazelle Ct, Carlsbad, CA, 92010, USA
| | - Gary C Kanel
- Research Center for Liver Disease, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, 2011 Zonal Avenue HMR 101, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
- Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, 2011 Zonal Avenue HMR 211, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Zhang-Xu Liu
- Translational Research Laboratory (TRLab), Alfred E. Mann School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences of the University of Southern California, 1985 Zonal Avenue, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Fumito Ito
- Department of Surgery, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, 1441 Eastlake Avenue, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Gino K In
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, 1441 Eastlake Avenue, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Akil Merchant
- Division of Hematology and Cellular Therapy, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 127 S. San Vicente Boulevard Pavilion A8700, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA
| | - William Stohl
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, 2011 Zonal Avenue HMR 711, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Lily Dara
- Division of Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, 2011 Zonal Avenue HMR 101, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA.
- Research Center for Liver Disease, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, 2011 Zonal Avenue HMR 101, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA.
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8
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Kumar A, Acharya SK, Singh SP, Duseja A, Madan K, Shukla A, Arora A, Anand AC, Bahl A, Soin AS, Sirohi B, Dutta D, Jothimani D, Panda D, Saini G, Varghese J, Kumar K, Premkumar M, Panigrahi MK, Wadhawan M, Sahu MK, Rela M, Kalra N, Rao PN, Puri P, Bhangui P, Kar P, Shah SR, Baijal SS, Shalimar, Paul SB, Gamanagatti S, Gupta S, Taneja S, Saraswat VA, Chawla YK. 2023 Update of Indian National Association for Study of the Liver Consensus on Management of Intermediate and Advanced Hepatocellular Carcinoma: The Puri III Recommendations. J Clin Exp Hepatol 2024; 14:101269. [PMID: 38107186 PMCID: PMC10724697 DOI: 10.1016/j.jceh.2023.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) presents significant treatment challenges despite considerable advancements in its management. The Indian National Association for the Study of the Liver (INASL) first published its guidelines to aid healthcare professionals in the diagnosis and treatment of HCC in 2014. These guidelines were subsequently updated in 2019. However, INASL has recognized the need to revise its guidelines in 2023 due to recent rapid advancements in the diagnosis and management of HCC, particularly for intermediate and advanced stages. The aim is to provide healthcare professionals with evidence-based recommendations tailored to the Indian context. To accomplish this, a task force was formed, and a two-day round table discussion was held in Puri, Odisha. During this event, experts in their respective fields deliberated and finalized consensus statements to develop these updated guidelines. The 2023 INASL guidelines offer a comprehensive framework for the diagnosis, staging, and management of intermediate and advanced HCC in India. They represent a significant step forward in standardizing clinical practices nationwide, with the primary objective of ensuring that patients with HCC receive the best possible care based on the latest evidence. The guidelines cover various topics related to intermediate and advanced HCC, including biomarkers of aggressive behavior, staging, treatment options, and follow-up care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashish Kumar
- Institute of Liver Gastroenterology & Pancreatico Biliary Sciences, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, Rajinder Nagar, New Delhi, 110060, India
| | - Subrat K. Acharya
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, KIIT University, Patia, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 751 024, India
| | - Shivaram P. Singh
- Department of Gastroenterology, SCB Medical College, Cuttack, Dock Road, Manglabag, Cuttack, Odisha, 753 007, India
| | - Ajay Duseja
- Department of Hepatology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, 160 012, India
| | - Kaushal Madan
- Clinical Hepatology, Max Hospitals, Saket, New Delhi, India
| | - Akash Shukla
- Department of Gastroenterology, Seth GSMC & KEM Hospital, Mumbai, 400022, India
| | - Anil Arora
- Institute of Liver Gastroenterology & Pancreatico Biliary Sciences, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, Rajinder Nagar, New Delhi, 110060, India
| | - Anil C. Anand
- Department of Gastroenterology, Kalinga Institute of Medical Sciences (KIMS), Kushabhadra Campus (KIIT Campus-5), Patia, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 751 024, India
| | - Ankur Bahl
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fortis Memorial Research Institute, Sector - 44, Opp. HUDA City Center, Gurugram, 122002, India
| | - Arvinder S. Soin
- Medanta Institute of Liver Transplantation and Regenerative Medicine, Medanta The Medicity, CH Baktawar Singh Road, Sector 38, Gurugram, Haryana, 122 001, India
| | - Bhawna Sirohi
- Medical Oncology, BALCO Medical Centre, Raipur Chattisgarh, 493661, India
| | - Debnarayan Dutta
- Radiation Oncology, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Ponekkara, AIMS (P.O.), Kochi, 682041, India
| | - Dinesh Jothimani
- Department of Hepatology, Dr. Rela Institute & Medical Centre, #7, CLC Works Road, Chromepet, Chennai, 600044, India
| | - Dipanjan Panda
- Department of Medical Oncology, Apollo Cancer Centre, Indraprastha Apollo Hospital, Sarita Vihar, New Delhi, 110076, India
| | - Gagan Saini
- Radiation Oncology, Max Institute of Cancer Care, Max Super-Speciality Hospital, W-3, Ashok Marg, near Radisson Blu Hotel, Sector-1, Vaishali, Ghaziabad, 201012, India
| | - Joy Varghese
- Department of Hepatology & Transplant Hepatology, Gleneagles Global Health City, 439, Cheran Nagar, Perumbakkam, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600100, India
| | - Karan Kumar
- Department of HPB Sciences and Liver Transplantation, Mahatma Gandhi Medical College and Hospital, RIICO Institutional Area, Sitapura, Tonk Road, Jaipur, 302022, Rajasthan, India
| | - Madhumita Premkumar
- Department of Hepatology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, 160 012, India
| | - Manas K. Panigrahi
- Department of Gastroenterology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, 751019, Odisha, India
| | - Manav Wadhawan
- Liver & Digestive Diseases Institute, Institute of Liver & Digestive Diseases, BLK Max Hospital, Delhi, 110 005, India
| | - Manoj K. Sahu
- Department of Medical Gastroenterology, IMS & SUM Hospital, K8 Kalinga Nagar, Shampur, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751 003, India
| | - Mohamed Rela
- The Institute of Liver Disease & Transplantation, Dr. Rela Institute & Medical Centre, #7, CLC Works Road, Chromepet, Chennai, 600044, India
| | - Naveen Kalra
- Department of Radio Diagnosis and Imaging, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, 160 012, India
| | - Padaki N. Rao
- Department of Medical Gastroenterology, Asian Institute of Gastroenterology, No. 6-3-661, Punjagutta Road, Somajiguda, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500 082, India
| | - Pankaj Puri
- Fortis Escorts Liver & Digestive Diseases Institute (FELDI), Fortis Escorts Heart Institute & Research Centre, Okhla Road, New Delhi, 110025, India
| | - Prashant Bhangui
- Medanta Institute of Liver Transplantation and Regenerative Medicine, Medanta The Medicity, CH Baktawar Singh Road, Sector 38, Gurugram, Haryana, 122 001, India
| | - Premashis Kar
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Max Super Speciality Hospital, Vaishali, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, 201 012, India
| | - Samir R. Shah
- Department of Hepatology and Liver Intensive Care, Institute of Liver Disease, HPB Surgery and Transplant Global Hospitals, Dr E Borges Road, Parel, Mumbai, 400012, India
| | - Sanjay S. Baijal
- Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Medanta The Medicity, CH Baktawar Singh Road, Sector 38, Gurugram, Haryana, 122 001, India
| | - Shalimar
- Department of Gastroenterology and Human Nutrition, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, 110 029, India
| | - Shashi B. Paul
- Department of Radiodiagnosis, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, 110 029, India
| | - Shivanand Gamanagatti
- Fortis Escorts Liver & Digestive Diseases Institute (FELDI), Fortis Escorts Heart Institute & Research Centre, Okhla Road, New Delhi, 110025, India
| | - Subash Gupta
- Centre for Liver & Biliary Sciences, Liver Transplant and Biliary Sciences, Robotic Surgery, Max Super Speciality Hospital, No. 1, 2, Press Enclave Road, Mandir Marg, Saket Institutional Area, Saket, New Delhi, Delhi, 110017, India
| | - Sunil Taneja
- Department of Hepatology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, 160 012, India
| | - Vivek A. Saraswat
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mahatma Gandhi Medical College and Hospital, RIICO Institutional Area, Sitapura, Tonk Road, Jaipur, 302022, Rajasthan, India
| | - Yogesh K. Chawla
- Department of Gastroenterology, Kalinga Institute of Medical Sciences (KIMS), Kushabhadra Campus (KIIT Campus-5), Patia, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 751 024, India
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9
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Velarde-Ruiz Velasco JA, Tapia Calderón DK, Cerpa-Cruz S, Velarde-Chávez JA, Uribe Martínez JF, García Jiménez ES, Aldana Ledesma JM, Díaz-González Á, Crespo J. Immune-mediated hepatitis: Basic concepts and treatment. REVISTA DE GASTROENTEROLOGIA DE MEXICO (ENGLISH) 2024; 89:106-120. [PMID: 38485561 DOI: 10.1016/j.rgmxen.2023.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
Immunotherapy with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) has revolutionized advanced cancer management. Nevertheless, the generalized use of these medications has led to an increase in the incidence of adverse immune-mediated events and the liver is one of the most frequently affected organs. Liver involvement associated with the administration of immunotherapy is known as immune-mediated hepatitis (IMH), whose incidence and clinical characteristics have been described by different authors. It often presents as mild elevations of amino transferase levels, seen in routine blood tests, that spontaneously return to normal, but it can also manifest as severe transaminitis, possibly leading to the permanent discontinuation of treatment. The aim of the following review was to describe the most up-to-date concepts regarding the epidemiology, diagnosis, risk factors, and progression of IMH, as well as its incidence in different types of common cancers, including hepatocellular carcinoma. Treatment recommendations according to the most current guidelines are also provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Velarde-Ruiz Velasco
- Servicio de Gastroenterología, Hospital Civil de Guadalajara Fray Antonio Alcalde, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico; Departamento de Clínicas Médicas, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico.
| | | | - S Cerpa-Cruz
- Servicio de Reumatología, Hospital Civil de Guadalajara Fray Antonio Alcalde, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - J A Velarde-Chávez
- Servicio de Medicina Interna, Hospital Civil de Guadalajara Juan I. Menchaca, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - J F Uribe Martínez
- Servicio de Reumatología, Hospital Civil de Guadalajara Fray Antonio Alcalde, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - E S García Jiménez
- Servicio de Gastroenterología, Hospital Civil de Guadalajara Fray Antonio Alcalde, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - J M Aldana Ledesma
- Servicio de Gastroenterología, Hospital Civil de Guadalajara Fray Antonio Alcalde, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Á Díaz-González
- Servicio de Gastroenterología y Hepatología, Grupo de Investigación Clínica y Traslacional en Enfermedades Digestivas, Instituto de Investigación Valdecilla (IDIVAL), Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla, Santander, Spain
| | - J Crespo
- Servicio de Gastroenterología y Hepatología, Grupo de Investigación Clínica y Traslacional en Enfermedades Digestivas, Instituto de Investigación Valdecilla (IDIVAL), Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla, Santander, Spain
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10
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Marquez L, Raheja R, Chan-Liston M, Marcinak J, Estilo A, Pineda Salgado L, Jiang J, Chang C, Beninger P. Industry Review of Best Practices for Risk Management of Drug-Induced Liver Injury from Development to Real-World Use. Drug Saf 2024; 47:1-22. [PMID: 37874451 DOI: 10.1007/s40264-023-01360-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
The relative treatment benefit of a drug for patients during development, marketing authorization review, or after approval includes an assessment of the risk of drug-induced liver injury (DILI). In this article, the Pharmacovigilance and Risk Mitigation Working Group of the IQ-DILI Initiative launched in June 2016 within the International Consortium for Innovation and Quality in Pharmaceutical Development presents and reviews three key topics for essential risk management activities to identify, characterize, monitor, mitigate, and communicate DILI risk associated with small molecules during drug development. The three topics are: (1) Current best practices for characterizing the DILI phenotype and the severity and incidence of DILI in the treatment population, including DILI identification, prediction and recovery. (2) Characterization of the relative treatment benefit for patients who will be exposed to a drug and the attendant risk of DILI in conjunction with existing global risk mitigation strategies. (3) Implementation of risk mitigation strategies during drug development highlighting patient factors, healthcare settings and site of product administration, and prescriber and healthcare provider factors. Industry guidance is provided for assessing whether the product labeling is sufficient to minimize the risk of DILI or whether a United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Risk Evaluation and Mitigation Strategy (REMS) or European Medicines Agency (EMA) Risk Management Plan (RMP) with additional Risk Minimization Measures (aRMM) is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loreta Marquez
- Janssen Research and Development, LLC, Raritan, NJ, USA.
| | | | | | | | - Alvin Estilo
- Otsuka Pharmaceutical Development, Inc. (OPDC), Princeton, NJ, USA
| | | | - Jason Jiang
- Daiichi Sankyo, Inc., Basking Ridge, NJ, USA
| | | | - Paul Beninger
- Public Health and Community Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine, 136 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA, 02111, USA
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11
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Parlati L, Sakka M, Retbi A, Bouam S, Hassani L, Meritet JF, Rufat P, Bonnefont-Rousselot D, Batista R, Terris B, Bellanger A, Thabut D, Vozy A, Spano JP, Coriat R, Goldwasser F, Aractingi S, Sogni P, Pol S, Mallet V. Burden of grade 3 or 4 liver injury associated with immune checkpoint inhibitors. JHEP Rep 2023; 5:100880. [PMID: 38074948 PMCID: PMC10701119 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhepr.2023.100880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/01/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS There is concern about the burden of liver injury in patients with cancer exposed to immune checkpoints inhibitors (ICIs). METHODS In a retrospective cohort study, we evaluated the likelihood of grade 3/4 liver injury, of grade 3/4 cholestatic liver injury, and of liver failure, as per the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE) version 5, following treatment with ICIs. We compared these occurrences with a group of cancer patients who were propensity-matched and treated with conventional chemotherapy. For all ICI patients experiencing grade 3/4 liver injury, we conducted a causality assessment using the RUCAM method and examined patient outcomes. RESULTS Among 952 patients (median [IQR] age 66 [57-73] years, 64% males) who were treated with ICI between January 1, 2015, and December 31, 2019, a total of 86 (9%) progressed to grade 3/4 liver injury, and liver failure was not observed. Anti-PD-(L)1/anti-CTLA-4 antibodies combinations (adjusted hazard ratio 3.36 [95% CI: 1.67-6.79]; p <0.001), and chronic hepatitis B (adjusted hazard ratio 5.48 [95% CI: 1.62-18.5]; p = 0.006], were independent risk factors. Liver injury was attributed to ICI treatment in 19 (2.0%) patients. Patients with ICI toxicity typically presented with granulomatous hepatitis or cholangiocyte inflammation. ICI withdrawal was associated with cancer progression and mortality. Re-introduction of ICI was not associated with recurrent grade 3/4 liver injury. Compared with matched patients treated with conventional, non-ICI-based chemotherapy, anti-PD-(L)1/anti-CTLA-4 combinations (p <0.001) and anti-PD-(L)1 monotherapies (p = 0.053) increased the risk of grade 3/4 liver injury and of grade 3/4 cholestatic liver injury, respectively. CONCLUSIONS An increased risk of grade 3/4 liver injury under anti-PD-(L)1/anti-CTLA-4 antibodies was observed, whereas no substantial increase in the likelihood of liver failure occurred even after treatment reintroduction. IMPACT AND IMPLICATIONS There is concern about liver injury in patients with cancer exposed to immune checkpoints inhibitors (ICIs). We investigated the burden of grade 3/4 liver injury after treatment with ICIs in a multicentric cohort of patients with cancer. Overall, a 9% incidence of grade 3/4 liver injury was detected after ICIs, and direct ICI hepatotoxicity was demonstrated in 2% of patients. Anti-PD-(L)1/Anti-CTLA-4 antibody combinations, and chronic HBV infection were independent risk factors. ICI withdrawal for grade 3/4 liver injury was associated with cancer progression. Re-introduction of ICI treatment was not associated with recurrent grade 3/4 liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Parlati
- Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Service de Maladies du foie, AP-HP.Centre, DMU Cancérologie et Spécialités Médico-Chirurgicales, Groupe Hospitalier Cochin Port Royal, Paris, France
| | - Mehdi Sakka
- Service de Biochimie Métabolique, AP-HP.Sorbonne Université, Hôpitaux Universitaires Pitié Salpêtrière–Charles Foix, Paris, France
| | - Aurelia Retbi
- Département d’Information Médicale, AP-HP.Sorbonne Université, DMU Esprit, Hôpitaux Universitaires Pitié Salpêtrière–Charles Foix, Paris, France
| | - Samir Bouam
- Unité d’Information Médicale, AP-HP.Centre, DMU Prime, Groupe Hospitalier Cochin Port Royal, Paris, France
| | - Lamia Hassani
- Pharmacie à Usage Intérieur, AP-HP.Sorbonne Université, Hôpitaux Universitaires Pitié Salpêtrière–Charles Foix, Paris, France
| | - Jean-François Meritet
- Service de Virologie, AP-HP.Centre, DMU Biophygen, Groupe Hospitalier Cochin Port Royal, Paris, France
| | - Pierre Rufat
- Département d’Information Médicale, AP-HP.Sorbonne Université, DMU Esprit, Hôpitaux Universitaires Pitié Salpêtrière–Charles Foix, Paris, France
| | - Dominique Bonnefont-Rousselot
- Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Service de Biochimie Métabolique, AP-HP.Sorbonne Université, Hôpitaux Universitaires Pitié Salpêtrière–Charles Foix, Paris, France
- CNRS, INSERM, UTCBS, Paris, France
| | - Rui Batista
- Pharmacie Clinique, AP-HP.Centre, DMU Prime, Groupe Hospitalier Cochin Port Royal, Paris, France
| | - Benoit Terris
- Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Service d’Anatomopathologie, AP-HP.Centre, DMU Prime, Groupe Hospitalier Cochin Port Royal, Paris, France
| | - Agnès Bellanger
- Département d’Information Médicale, AP-HP.Sorbonne Université, DMU Esprit, Hôpitaux Universitaires Pitié Salpêtrière–Charles Foix, Paris, France
| | - Dominique Thabut
- Université Paris-Sorbonne, Paris, France
- Service d’Hépatogastroentérologie, AP-HP.Sorbonne Université, DMU Sapere, Hôpitaux Universitaires Pitié Salpêtrière–Charles Foix, Paris, France
| | - Aurore Vozy
- Université Paris-Sorbonne, Paris, France
- Service d’Oncologie Médicale, AP-HP.Sorbonne Université, DMU Orphe, Hôpitaux Universitaires Pitié Salpêtrière–Charles Foix, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Philippe Spano
- Université Paris-Sorbonne, Paris, France
- Service d’Oncologie Médicale, AP-HP.Sorbonne Université, DMU Orphe, Hôpitaux Universitaires Pitié Salpêtrière–Charles Foix, Paris, France
| | - Romain Coriat
- Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Service de Gastroentérologie et Oncologie Digestive, AP-HP.Centre, DMU Cancérologie et Spécialités Médico-Chirurgicales, Groupe Hospitalier Cochin Port Royal, Paris, France
| | - François Goldwasser
- Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Service de Cancérologie, AP-HP.Centre, DMU Cancérologie et Spécialités Médico-Chirurgicales, Groupe Hospitalier Cochin Port Royal, Paris, France
| | - Selim Aractingi
- Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Département de Dermatologie, AP-HP.Centre, DMU Endromed, Groupe Hospitalier Cochin Port Royal, Paris, France
| | - Philippe Sogni
- Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Service de Maladies du foie, AP-HP.Centre, DMU Cancérologie et Spécialités Médico-Chirurgicales, Groupe Hospitalier Cochin Port Royal, Paris, France
| | - Stanislas Pol
- Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Service de Maladies du foie, AP-HP.Centre, DMU Cancérologie et Spécialités Médico-Chirurgicales, Groupe Hospitalier Cochin Port Royal, Paris, France
| | - Vincent Mallet
- Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Service de Maladies du foie, AP-HP.Centre, DMU Cancérologie et Spécialités Médico-Chirurgicales, Groupe Hospitalier Cochin Port Royal, Paris, France
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12
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Niu H, Ma J, Medina-Caliz I, Robles-Diaz M, Bonilla-Toyos E, Ghabril M, Lucena MI, Alvarez-Alvarez I, Andrade RJ. Potential benefit and lack of serious risk from corticosteroids in drug-induced liver injury: An international, multicentre, propensity score-matched analysis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2023; 57:886-896. [PMID: 36547393 DOI: 10.1111/apt.17373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/11/2022] [Indexed: 03/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The use of corticosteroids to treat patients with idiosyncratic drug-induced liver injury (DILI) relies on empirical clinical decisions. AIM To investigate the relationship between corticosteroids and risk of acute liver failure (ALF) in patients with DILI and to assess if corticosteroid therapy was associated with improved outcomes in DILI patients. METHODS We analysed bona fide idiosyncratic DILI cases from the Spanish DILI Registry and Indiana University School of Medicine. Patients treated with corticosteroids were compared to those who did not receive any treatment. Nearest neighbour propensity score matching analyses were conducted. RESULTS We enrolled 724 patients, 106 under corticosteroid therapy, in whom there was over-representation of more severe injury and autoimmune features, and 618 who did not receive any treatment. In an analysis of 80 pairs of propensity score-matched patients, corticosteroid administration was not associated with an increased risk of developing ALF (odds ratio = 0.65; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.18-2.40; p = 0.518). Furthermore, in an additional analysis, a Cox regression model that included 41 propensity score-matched pairs showed that patients receiving corticosteroids had a significantly higher normalisation rate of liver enzymes than untreated patients (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.84; 95% CI: 1.02-3.32; p = 0.043), particularly in patients with serious injury who did not resolve within 30 days (HR = 2.79; 95% CI: 1.20-6.50; p = 0.018). CONCLUSION Corticosteroid therapy did not worsen outcome in DILI patients. Indeed, corticosteroid administration was associated with a greater rate of normalisation of liver enzymes in patients with serious DILI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Niu
- Servicios de Aparato Digestivo y Farmacología Clínica, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga y Plataforma en Nanomedicina-IBIMA Plataforma BIONAND, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
- Biomedical Research Network Center for Hepatic and Digestive Diseases (CIBERehd), Carlos III Health Institute, Madrid, Spain
- Platform for Clinical Research and Clinical Trials IBIMA, Plataforma ISCIII de Investigación Clínica, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jiayi Ma
- Division of Gastroenterology/Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Inmaculada Medina-Caliz
- Servicios de Aparato Digestivo y Farmacología Clínica, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga y Plataforma en Nanomedicina-IBIMA Plataforma BIONAND, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Mercedes Robles-Diaz
- Servicios de Aparato Digestivo y Farmacología Clínica, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga y Plataforma en Nanomedicina-IBIMA Plataforma BIONAND, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
- Biomedical Research Network Center for Hepatic and Digestive Diseases (CIBERehd), Carlos III Health Institute, Madrid, Spain
| | - Elvira Bonilla-Toyos
- Servicios de Aparato Digestivo y Farmacología Clínica, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga y Plataforma en Nanomedicina-IBIMA Plataforma BIONAND, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
- Platform for Clinical Research and Clinical Trials IBIMA, Plataforma ISCIII de Investigación Clínica, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marwan Ghabril
- Division of Gastroenterology/Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Mª Isabel Lucena
- Servicios de Aparato Digestivo y Farmacología Clínica, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga y Plataforma en Nanomedicina-IBIMA Plataforma BIONAND, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
- Biomedical Research Network Center for Hepatic and Digestive Diseases (CIBERehd), Carlos III Health Institute, Madrid, Spain
- Platform for Clinical Research and Clinical Trials IBIMA, Plataforma ISCIII de Investigación Clínica, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ismael Alvarez-Alvarez
- Servicios de Aparato Digestivo y Farmacología Clínica, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga y Plataforma en Nanomedicina-IBIMA Plataforma BIONAND, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
- Biomedical Research Network Center for Hepatic and Digestive Diseases (CIBERehd), Carlos III Health Institute, Madrid, Spain
- Platform for Clinical Research and Clinical Trials IBIMA, Plataforma ISCIII de Investigación Clínica, Madrid, Spain
| | - Raul J Andrade
- Servicios de Aparato Digestivo y Farmacología Clínica, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga y Plataforma en Nanomedicina-IBIMA Plataforma BIONAND, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
- Biomedical Research Network Center for Hepatic and Digestive Diseases (CIBERehd), Carlos III Health Institute, Madrid, Spain
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13
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Hosack T, Damry D, Biswas S. Drug-induced liver injury: a comprehensive review. Therap Adv Gastroenterol 2023; 16:17562848231163410. [PMID: 36968618 PMCID: PMC10031606 DOI: 10.1177/17562848231163410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) remains a challenge in clinical practice and is
still a diagnosis of exclusion. Although it has a low incidence amongst the
general population, DILI accounts for most cases of acute liver failure with a
fatality rate of up to 50%. While multiple mechanisms of DILI have been
postulated, there is no clear causal relationship between drugs, risk factors
and mechanisms of DILI. Current best practice relies on a combination of high
clinical suspicion, thorough clinical history of risk factors and timeline, and
extensive hepatological investigations as supported by the international Roussel
Uclaf Causality Assessment Method criteria, the latter considered a key
diagnostic algorithm for DILI. This review focuses on DILI classification, risk
factors, clinical evaluation, future biomarkers and management, with the aim of
facilitating physicians to correctly identify DILI early in presentation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Djamil Damry
- Department of Gastroenterology &
Hepatology, Stoke Mandeville Hospital, Buckinghamshire Health NHS Trust,
Aylesbury, Buckinghamshire, UK
| | - Sujata Biswas
- Department of Gastroenterology &
Hepatology, Stoke Mandeville Hospital, Buckinghamshire Health NHS Trust,
Aylesbury, Buckinghamshire, UK
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14
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Roberto M, Panebianco M, Aschelter AM, Buccilli D, Cantisani C, Caponnetto S, Cortesi E, d’Amuri S, Fofi C, Ierinò D, Maestrini V, Marchetti P, Marignani M, Stigliano A, Vivona L, Santini D, Tomao S. The value of the multidisciplinary team in metastatic renal cell carcinoma: Paving the way for precision medicine in toxicities management. Front Oncol 2023; 12:1026978. [PMID: 36713496 PMCID: PMC9879059 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.1026978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The new landscape of treatments for metastatic clear cell renal carcinoma (mRCC) is constantly expanding, but it is associated with the emergence of novel toxicities, adding to up to those observed in the tyrosine-kinase inhibitor (TKI) era. Indeed, the introduction of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) alone or in combination has been associated with the development of immune-related adverse events (irAEs) involving multiple-organ systems which, even if rarely, had led to fatal outcomes. Moreover, due to the relatively recent addition of ICIs to the previously available treatments, the potential additive adverse effects of these combinations are still unknown. A prompt recognition and management of these toxicities currently represents a fundamental issue in oncology, since it correlates with the outcome of cancer patients. Even if clinical guidelines provide indications for the management of irAEs, no specific protocol to evaluate the individual risk of developing an adverse event during therapy is currently available. A multidisciplinary approach addressing appropriate interventions aimed at reducing the risk of any insidious, severe, and/or dose-limiting toxicity might represent the most efficacious strategy to timely prevent and manage severe irAEs, allowing indirectly to improve both patients' cancer-specific survival and quality of life. In this review, we reported a five-case series of toxicity events that occurred at our center during treatment for mRCC followed by the remarks of physicians from different specialties, pinpointing the relevant role of an integrated and extended multidisciplinary team in a modern model of mRCC patient management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Roberto
- Department of Radiological, Oncological and Anatomo-Pathological Sciences, Medical Oncology Unit A, Policlinico Umberto I Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Martina Panebianco
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Oncology Unit, Sant’ Andrea University Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy,*Correspondence: Martina Panebianco,
| | - Anna Maria Aschelter
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Oncology Unit, Sant’ Andrea University Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Dorelsa Buccilli
- Department of Radiological, Oncological and Anatomo-Pathological Sciences, Medical Oncology Unit A, Policlinico Umberto I Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Carmen Cantisani
- Department of Dermatology, Complex Operative Unit (UOC) of Dermatology, Policlinico Umberto I Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Salvatore Caponnetto
- Department of Radiological, Oncological and Anatomo-Pathological Sciences, Medical Oncology Unit B, Policlinico Umberto I Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Enrico Cortesi
- Department of Radiological, Oncological and Anatomo-Pathological Sciences, Medical Oncology Unit B, Policlinico Umberto I Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Sara d’Amuri
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Oncology Unit, Sant’ Andrea University Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Claudia Fofi
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Nephrology and Dialysis Unit, Sant’ Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Debora Ierinò
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Oncology Unit, Sant’ Andrea University Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Viviana Maestrini
- Department of Clinical, Internal, Anesthesiological and Cardiovascular Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Marchetti
- Scientific Direction, Istituto Dermopatico dell’Immacolata (IDI-IRCCS), Rome, Italy
| | - Massimo Marignani
- Head Liver Disease Section, Digestive and Liver Diseases Department, Sant’ Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Stigliano
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Endocrinology Unit, Sant ‘Andrea University Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Luca Vivona
- Department of Radiological, Oncological and Anatomo-Pathological Sciences, Medical Oncology Unit A, Policlinico Umberto I Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Daniele Santini
- Complex Operative Unit (UOC) Oncologia Medica, Sapienza University, Polo Pontino, Latina, Italy
| | - Silverio Tomao
- Department of Radiological, Oncological and Anatomo-Pathological Sciences, Medical Oncology Unit A, Policlinico Umberto I Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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15
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Kaneko S, Asahina Y, Nakagawa M, Murakawa M, Miyazaki Y, Asakage T, Fukuda S, Namiki T, Kano Y, Nagata M, Tsuchiya J, Miyoshi M, Kitahata-Kawai F, Nitta S, Itsui Y, Kakinuma S, Okamoto R. Factors associated with liver injury and prognosis in advanced cancer patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors. Hepatol Res 2023; 53:450-459. [PMID: 36626292 DOI: 10.1111/hepr.13878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
AIM The use of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) has increased remarkably, and immune-related adverse events (irAEs) have also increased. This study aimed to identify factors associated with immune-related liver injury (irLI), and the relationship between the grades of irLI and overall survival (OS) in patients treated with ICIs. METHODS A total of 571 patients who had been treated for advanced malignancies with ICIs between January 2015 and March 2022 were retrospectively recruited. The presence of liver injury was determined by the aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase elevation. The irLI grading was based on Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events version 5.0. RESULTS A total of 50 (8.8%) patients had grade ≥2 irLI and 24 (4.2%) had grade ≥3 irLI. Treatment with anti-cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein-4 agents and baseline grade 1 aspartate aminotransferase/alanine aminotransferase elevation were independent predictive factors of grade ≥2 irLI. Treatment with anti-cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein-4 was the only independent predictive factor of grade ≥3 irLI. The median OS for patients who experienced any irAEs was significantly longer than of those without irAEs (hazard ratio 0.503, 95% CI 0.398-0.636, p < 0.001). The median OS in patients with grade ≥2 irLI was significantly longer (HR 0.570, 95% CI 0.387-0.838, p = 0.022). There was no significant difference between the median OS in patients with grade ≥3 irLI and the others (p = 0.11). CONCLUSION The incidence of irLI was significantly higher in patients treated with anti-cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein-4 agents. Even in patients with pre-existing grade 1 aspartate aminotransferase/alanine aminotransferase elevation, appropriate follow-up and control of the irLI can improve the prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun Kaneko
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Asahina
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Liver Disease Control, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mina Nakagawa
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Miyako Murakawa
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasunari Miyazaki
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takahiro Asakage
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shohei Fukuda
- Department of Urology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takeshi Namiki
- Department of Dermatology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshihito Kano
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masashi Nagata
- Department of Pharmacy, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jun Tsuchiya
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masato Miyoshi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Fukiko Kitahata-Kawai
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sayuri Nitta
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Itsui
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sei Kakinuma
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryuichi Okamoto
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
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Liu Z, Zhu Y, Xie H, Zou Z. Immune-mediated hepatitis induced by immune checkpoint inhibitors: Current updates and future perspectives. Front Pharmacol 2023; 13:1077468. [PMID: 36699050 PMCID: PMC9868416 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1077468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, cancer immunotherapy has made remarkable achievements. Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have been used successfully in several types of cancer in the past decade. However, expanded indication and increased use of Immune checkpoint inhibitors have resulted in increased reports of toxicity called immune-related adverse events (irAEs). Due to the unique immunological characteristics of the liver, a hepatic immune-related adverse events has also been reported, which is usually termed Immune-mediated hepatitis (IMH). So far, it is generally considered that the mechanism of IMH induced by Immune checkpoint inhibitors is mainly the overactivation of T cells. It has been reported that the incidence of IMH ranges from 1% to 15%. Because of the lack of specific markers, a diagnosis of exclusion of IMH is critical. Although most IMH is mild and recoverable, several death cases have been reported, which has been increasingly concerned. This review summarizes the current understanding of the pathophysiology, epidemiology, diagnosis, management and prognosis of IMH caused by Immune checkpoint inhibitors. It also discusses the controversial issues in IMH, such as the role of liver biopsy, grading criteria, risk factors, rational treatment strategies with steroids, and the timing of Immune checkpoint inhibitors rechallenging, which may provide helpful information for IMH in future clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zherui Liu
- Senior Department of Hepatology, the Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China,Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Yun Zhu
- Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Huan Xie
- Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Zhengsheng Zou
- Senior Department of Hepatology, the Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China,Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing, China,*Correspondence: Zhengsheng Zou,
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17
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Miao K, Zhang L. Incidence rate and treatment strategy of immune checkpoint inhibitor mediated hepatotoxicity: A systematic review. CANCER PATHOGENESIS AND THERAPY 2023; 1:46-55. [PMID: 38328612 PMCID: PMC10846339 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpt.2022.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Background A hepatic adverse event (HAE) is defined as a liver injury that occurs following immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) administration in oncology Patients. Immune-mediated hepatotoxicity (IMH) is a type of HAE directly caused by ICI and is associated with immune system hyperactivation. HAE incidence varies across different clinical studies. This study aimed to explore the risk factors of HAE and establish a personalized IMH treatment strategy. Methods Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) on ICIs and case reports related to IMH were collected and summarized separately. Meta-analysis was performed using Review Manager (version 5.0), whereas correlation analysis and linear regression were performed using SPSS (version 24.0) to evaluate any correlations between the two variables. Results Overall, 36 RCTs containing 18,515 patients and 39 case reports met our inclusion criteria. The ICI administration increased the HAE risk (risk ratio [RR] = 1.40) as well as severe HAE (RR = 2.55). The overall HAE incidence and severe incidence were about 15.3% and 4.3%, respectively. Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4) inhibitors have a higher incidence of HAE than programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) and programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) inhibitors. Finally, we found a positive correlation between the onset time of IMH and the recovery time of liver injury. Conclusions ICI administration increased the incidence risk of HAE, especially in patients treated with CTLA-4 inhibitors. Regarding IMH treatment, the glucocorticoid dosage must be individually reduced according to the severity and onset time of HAE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Miao
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Peking Union Medical Collage Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Peking Union Medical Collage Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
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18
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Treatment of Drug-Induced Liver Injury. Biomedicines 2022; 11:biomedicines11010015. [PMID: 36672522 PMCID: PMC9855719 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11010015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Current pharmacotherapy options of drug-induced liver injury (DILI) remain under discussion and are now evaluated in this analysis. Needless to say, the use of the offending drug must be stopped as soon as DILI is suspected. Normal dosed drugs may cause idiosyncratic DILI, and drugs taken in overdose commonly lead to intrinsic DILI. Empirically used but not substantiated regarding efficiency by randomized controlled trials (RCTs) is the intravenous antidote treatment with N-acetylcysteine (NAC) in patients with intrinsic DILI by N-acetyl-p-aminophenol (APAP) overdose. Good data recommending pharmacotherapy in idiosyncratic DILI caused by hundreds of different drugs are lacking. Indeed, a recent analysis revealed that just eight RCTs have been published, and in only two out of eight trials were DILI cases evaluated for causality by the worldwide used Roussel Uclaf Causality Assessment Method (RUCAM), representing overall a significant methodology flaw, as results of DILI RCTs lacking RUCAM are misleading since many DILI cases are known to be attributable erroneously to nondrug alternative causes. In line with these major shortcomings and mostly based on anecdotal reports, glucocorticoids (GCs) and other immuno-suppressants may be given empirically in carefully selected patients with idiosyncratic DILI exhibiting autoimmune features or caused by immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), while some patients with cholestatic DILI may benefit from ursodeoxycholic acid use; in other patients with drug-induced hepatic sinusoidal obstruction syndrome (HSOS) and coagulopathy risks, the indication for anticoagulants should be considered. In view of many other mechanistic factors such as the hepatic microsomal cytochrome P450 with a generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), ferroptosis with toxicity of intracellular iron, and modification of the gut microbiome, additional therapy options may be available in the future. In summation, stopping the offending drug is still the first line of therapy for most instances of acute DILI, while various therapies are applied empirically and not based on good data from RCTs awaiting further trials using the updated RUCAM that asks for strict exclusion and inclusion details like liver injury criteria and provides valid causality rankings of probable and highly probable grades.
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19
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Immunotherapy for Cancer: Common Gastrointestinal, Liver, and Pancreatic Side Effects and Their Management. Am J Gastroenterol 2022; 117:1917-1932. [PMID: 36455219 DOI: 10.14309/ajg.0000000000001983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Cancer cells can block the activation of T lymphocytes by deploying inhibitory signals to cell surface receptors that downregulate the immune response. Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) are monoclonal antibodies that regulate the immune response by acting on these receptors. The use of ICI has been successful for cancer types that do not respond well to conventional chemotherapy, showing clinical benefit in various advanced and metastatic cancers and supporting the promise of cancer immunotherapy. However, in some cases, these treatments are associated with immune-related adverse events, many of which affect the digestive system. The treatment of immune-related adverse events depends on the affected organ and the severity of symptoms. Here, we review the commonly used US FDA-approved ICI and briefly outline their mechanism of action. We also describe the resulting collateral effects on the gastrointestinal tract, liver, and pancreas and discuss their management and prognosis.
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20
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Swanson LA, Kassab I, Tsung I, Schneider BJ, Fontana RJ. Liver injury during durvalumab-based immunotherapy is associated with poorer patient survival: A retrospective analysis. Front Oncol 2022; 12:984940. [PMID: 36353563 PMCID: PMC9637844 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.984940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Durvalumab is approved for the treatment of lung cancer, advanced biliary tract cancers, and is also being evaluated in many other solid organ tumors. The aim of our study is to define the incidence, etiology, and outcomes of liver injury in consecutive patients receiving durvalumab-based immunotherapy. Patients and methods Durvalumab treated patients between 1/2016 - 7/2020 were identified from the electronic medical record. Liver injury was defined as serum AST or ALT ≥ 5x upper limit of normal (ULN), ALP ≥ 2x ULN, bilirubin ≥ 2.5 mg/dl, or INR ≥ 1.5. Potential drug induced liver injury (DILI) cases were adjudicated using expert opinion scoring and confirmed with Roussel Uclaf Causality Assessment Method (RUCAM). Results Amongst 112 patients, 58 (52%) had non-small cell lung cancer, the median age was 65 years, and 60% were male. The 21 (19%) liver injury patients were significantly more likely to harbor hepatic metastases (52% vs 17%, p=<0.001), experience tumor progression (67% vs 32%, p=0.01) or die (48% vs 11%, p<0.001) during follow-up compared to the 91 without liver injury. Using multivariate regression analysis, the development of liver injury during treatment as well as baseline hepatic metastases were independently associated with mortality during follow-up. Six of the 21 (29%) liver injury cases were adjudicated as probable DILI with four attributed to durvalumab and two due to other drugs (paclitaxel, pembrolizumab). Durvalumab was permanently discontinued in two DILI patients, three received corticosteroids, and one was successfully rechallenged. Only one patient with DILI developed jaundice, and none required hospitalization. Liver biochemistries normalized in all 6 DILI cases, while they only normalized in 27% of the 15 non-DILI cases (p=0.002). The 6 DILI patients also had a trend towards improved survival compared to those with other causes of liver injury. Conclusion Liver injury was observed in 19% of durvalumab-treated patients and is associated with a greater likelihood of tumor progression and death during follow-up. The four durvalumab DILI cases were mild and self-limited, highlighting the importance of causality assessment to determine the cause of liver injury in oncology patients receiving immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linnea A. Swanson
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Ihab Kassab
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Irene Tsung
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Bryan J. Schneider
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Robert J. Fontana
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
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21
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Lewis JH, Khaldoyanidi SK, Britten CD, Wei AH, Subklewe M. Clinical Significance of Transient Asymptomatic Elevations in Aminotransferase (TAEAT) in Oncology. Am J Clin Oncol 2022; 45:352-365. [PMID: 35848749 PMCID: PMC9311471 DOI: 10.1097/coc.0000000000000932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Monitoring for liver injury remains an important aspect of drug safety assessment, including for oncotherapeutics. When present, drug-induced liver injury may limit the use or result in the discontinuation of these agents. Drug-induced liver injury can exhibit with a wide spectrum of clinical and biochemical manifestations, ranging from transient asymptomatic elevations in aminotransferases (TAEAT) to acute liver failure. Numerous oncotherapeutics have been associated with TAEAT, with published reports indicating a phenomenon in which patients may be asymptomatic without overt liver injury despite the presence of grade ≥3 aminotransferase elevations. In this review, we discuss the occurrence of TAEAT in the context of oncology clinical trials and clinical practice, as well as the clinical relevance of this phenomenon as an adverse event in response to oncotherapeutics and the related cellular and molecular mechanisms that may underlie its occurrence. We also identify several gaps in knowledge relevant to the diagnosis and the management of TAEAT in patients receiving oncotherapeutics, and identify areas warranting further study to enable the future development of consensus guidelines to support clinical decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Andrew H. Wei
- The Alfred Hospital and Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Marion Subklewe
- University Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
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22
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James A, Gary P, Gallo De Moraes A. 43-Year-Old Woman With Painful Jaundice. Mayo Clin Proc 2022; 97:1369-1374. [PMID: 35787864 DOI: 10.1016/j.mayocp.2022.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amy James
- Resident in Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic School of Graduate Medical Education, Rochester, MN
| | - Phillip Gary
- Fellow in Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Mayo Clinic School of Graduate Medical Education, Rochester, MN
| | - Alice Gallo De Moraes
- Advisor to resident and fellow and Consultant in Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN.
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23
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Hercun J, Vincent C, Bilodeau M, Lapierre P. Immune-Mediated Hepatitis During Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor cancer Immunotherapy: Lessons From Autoimmune Hepatitis and Liver Immunology. Front Immunol 2022; 13:907591. [PMID: 35844534 PMCID: PMC9280269 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.907591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) are being increasingly used to successfully treat several types of cancer. However, due to their mode of action, these treatments are associated with several immune-related adverse events (irAEs), including immune-mediated autoimmune-like hepatitis in 5 to 10% of cases. The specific immune mechanism responsible for the development of immune-mediated liver injury caused by immune checkpoint inhibitors (ILICI) is currently unknown. This review summarizes the current knowledge on hepatic irAEs during cancer immunotherapy. It also addresses the clinical management of ILICI and how it is becoming an increasingly important clinical issue. Clinical, histological, and laboratory features of autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) and ILICI are compared, and their shared and distinctive traits are discussed in an effort to better understand the development of hepatic irAEs. Finally, based on the current knowledge of liver immunology and AIH pathogenesis, we propose a series of events that could trigger the observed liver injury in ICI-treated patients. This model could be useful in the design of future studies aiming to identify the specific immune mechanism(s) at play in ILICI and improve immune checkpoint inhibitor cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Hercun
- Département de médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Centre de recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Catherine Vincent
- Département de médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Centre de recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Marc Bilodeau
- Département de médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Centre de recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Pascal Lapierre
- Département de médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Centre de recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
- *Correspondence: Pascal Lapierre,
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Kim C, Zhu S, Kouros-Mehr H, Khaldoyanidi S. Incidence of Elevated Aminotransferases With or Without Bilirubin Elevation During Treatment With Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors: A Retrospective Study of Patients From Community Oncology Clinics in the United States. Cureus 2022; 14:e24053. [PMID: 35573501 PMCID: PMC9095812 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.24053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The elevation of aminotransferase levels is regarded as an indicator of hepatocellular injury. The objective of this study was to describe real-world incidence of elevated aminotransferase levels with or without bilirubin elevation among patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) for solid tumors. Methods This retrospective cohort study used an electronic health record database representing > 1.5 million active United States (US) cancer patients and included patients diagnosed with any cancer between January 1, 2014 and March 31, 2019, and treated with one or more ICIs such as ipilimumab, tremelimumab, nivolumab, pembrolizumab, atezolizumab, durvalumab, and avelumab. The frequency, onset, duration, management of grade ≥ 3 elevation of aminotransferase levels with or without bilirubin elevation events, progression rate from isolated elevation of aminotransferase levels (IAT) to elevated aminotransferase levels with elevated bilirubin (ATWB), and mortality were described. Results Overall, 69,140 patients received 85,433 treatment courses. A total of 1,799 (2.11%) IAT and 441 (0.52%) ATWB events were observed during treatment courses. The median onset was 51 and 42 days for IAT and ATWB, respectively, across treatment courses, and the median duration of both was approximately seven days. Approximately 5% (n=96) of IAT events progressed to ATWB in a median time of 11 days. The proportion of patients who received corticosteroids after elevated aminotransferase levels with or without bilirubin was ~37% (n=671/1,799 of IAT and n=147/441 of ATWB) and ~8% discontinued ICI treatment (n=118/1,799 of IAT and n=43/441 of ATWB). About 46% (n=68/147) of ATWB and and 25% (n=172/671) of IAT events treated with steroids led to death within 45 days. Similarly, 49% (n=21/43) of ATWB and 35% (n=42/118) of IAT events leading to treatment discontinuation led to death within 45 days. Conclusions Real-world data from oncology clinics in US suggest low incidence of grade ≥ 3 elevated aminotransferase levels with or without bilirubin elevation following treatment with ICIs. In most cases, ICI treatment was not discontinued and management of elevated aminotransferases consisted of corticosteroid treatment in one-third of cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Kim
- Center for Observational Research, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, USA
| | - Shao Zhu
- Biostatistics, Simulstat Inc., San Diego, USA
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Swanson L, Kassab I, Tsung I, Worden FP, Fontana RJ. Infrequent liver injury from cemiplimab in patients with advanced cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma. Immunotherapy 2022; 14:409-418. [PMID: 35232282 DOI: 10.2217/imt-2021-0191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: To describe the incidence and outcomes of liver injury in patients with advanced cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) receiving cemiplimab. Methods: Charts of cSCC patients receiving cemiplimab between 28 September 2018 and 14 July 2020 were reviewed. Liver injury was determined using laboratory criteria, and causality assessment was completed. Results: Of 39 cemiplimab-treated patients, four (10.3%) developed liver injury. Two cases of hepatotoxicity were attributed to immune-mediated liver injury caused by cemiplimab and the two other cases were attributed to other causes. The four patients with liver injury had tumor responses and survival similar to those of the patients without liver injury. Conclusion: Liver injury arising during cemiplimab therapy is mild and infrequent in cSCC patients. Due to its favorable safety profile, cemiplimab should be considered in patients with cSCC and pre-existing liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linnea Swanson
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Ihab Kassab
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Irene Tsung
- Division of Hematology & Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Francis P Worden
- Division of Hematology & Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Robert J Fontana
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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Neoadjuvant Sintilimab and Chemotherapy for Resectable Stage IIIA Non-small-cell Lung Cancer. Ann Thorac Surg 2022; 114:949-958. [PMID: 35176262 DOI: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2022.01.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evidence of neoadjuvant chemoimmunotherapy for locally advanced non-small-cell-lung-cancer remains investigational and requires prospective validation. This phase II trial (ChiCTR1900023758) aimed to investigate the safety and effectiveness of neoadjuvant PD-1 inhibitor, sintilimab, in addition to chemotherapy in the management of resectable stage IIIA non-small-cell-lung-cancer. METHODS Eligible patients received two to four 21-day-cycles of neoadjuvant therapy: sintilimab (200mg) and carboplatin (area under the curve5) on day1, gemcitabine (1000mg/m2) on day1 and day8 for squamous-cell-carcinoma or pemetrexed (500mg/m2) on day1 for adenocarcinoma and non-small-cell-lung-cancer-not otherwise specified. The primary endpoints were adverse events and major pathological response. The secondary endpoint was disease-free-survival at 1 year. RESULTS Fifty patients were enrolled, and 23 (46%) achieved partial response after neoadjuvant chemoimmunotherapy. Four (8%) patients experienced grade 3-5 adverse events. Thirty patients received surgery, none of whom experienced treatment-related-surgery-delays, and 13 (13/30, 43.3%) patients achieved major pathological response (viable tumor ≤10%). With a median follow-up of 13.6 months, 85.3% of patients were disease-free at 1 year (N=50). CONCLUSIONS Neoadjuvant sintilimab with platinum-containing dual-agent chemotherapy was feasible and safe for patients with resectable stage IIIA non-small-cell-lung-cancer.
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Delire B, De Martin E, Meunier L, Larrey D, Horsmans Y. Immunotherapy and Gene Therapy: New Challenges in the Diagnosis and Management of Drug-Induced Liver Injury. Front Pharmacol 2022; 12:786174. [PMID: 35126126 PMCID: PMC8807695 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.786174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last 5 years, the landscape of oncologic treatment has been deeply modified with the development and use of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) that exert their antitumoral effect by reverting the exhausted phenotype of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes. This innovative therapeutic strategy has widely changed the prognosis of some advanced neoplastic diseases such as melanoma and lung cancer, providing durable remission for a significant number of patients. Unfortunately, immune-related adverse events (irAEs), especially ICI-induced hepatitis, may be very severe in some cases, impairing the prognosis of the patient. Guidelines available today on the diagnosis and management of ICI-induced hepatitis are mainly based on expert opinions and case series. This lack of large data is explained not only by the low incidence of hepatic adverse events but also by their clinical heterogeneity and variable severity. In this article, we will review the clinical, biological, and histological characteristics of ICI-induced liver injury. We will discuss the current knowledge on their pathological mechanisms and their therapeutic strategy based on immunosuppressive treatment for more severe cases. Regarding severity assessment, we will discuss the gap between the oncologist and the hepatologist's point of view, highlighting the need for multidisciplinary management. While initially developed for notably less frequent diseases than neoplastic ones, gene therapy is going to be a revolution for the treatment of diseases not responding to pharmacological therapy. Limited but growing data describe liver injury after the administration of such therapy whose exact physiopathology remains unknown. In this article, we will discuss the available data supporting the role of gene therapies in the onset of drug-induced liver injury and related mechanisms. We will describe the clinical context, the biological and histological features, and the management currently proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bénédicte Delire
- Department of Gastroenterology, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc et Institut de Recherche Clinique (IREC), Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Eleonora De Martin
- AP-HP Hôpital Paul-Brousse, Centre Hépato-Biliaire, INSERM Unit 1193, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
| | - Lucy Meunier
- Liver Unit, Saint-Eloi Hospital, INSERM 1183, Montpellier School of Medicine, Montpellier, France
| | - Dominique Larrey
- Liver Unit, Saint-Eloi Hospital, INSERM 1183, Montpellier School of Medicine, Montpellier, France
| | - Yves Horsmans
- Department of Gastroenterology, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc et Institut de Recherche Clinique (IREC), Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
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Shojaie L, Ali M, Iorga A, Dara L. Mechanisms of immune checkpoint inhibitor-mediated liver injury. Acta Pharm Sin B 2021; 11:3727-3739. [PMID: 35024302 PMCID: PMC8727893 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2021.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune checkpoints, cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4) and programmed cell death protein-1/ligand-1 (PD-1/PD-L1) are vital contributors to immune regulation and tolerance. Recently immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have revolutionized cancer therapy; however, they come with the cost of immune related adverse events involving multiple organs such as the liver. Due to its constant exposure to foreign antigens, the liver has evolved a high capacity for immune tolerance, therefore, blockade of the immune checkpoints can result in aberrant immune activation affecting the liver in up to 20% of patients depending on the agent(s) used and underlying factors. This type of hepatotoxicity is termed immune mediated liver injury from checkpoint inhibitors (ILICI) and is more common when CTLA4 and PD-1/PD-L1 are used in combination. The underlying mechanisms of this unique type of hepatotoxicity are not fully understood; however, the contribution of CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes, various CD4+ T cells populations, cytokines, and the secondary activation of the innate immune system leading to liver injury have all been suggested. This review summarizes our current understanding of the underlying mechanisms of liver injury in immunotherapy using animal models of ILICI and available patient data from clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Layla Shojaie
- Division of Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
- Research Center for Liver Disease, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Myra Ali
- Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Andrea Iorga
- Division of Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
- Research Center for Liver Disease, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Devices and Radiological Health, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
- UMBC Center for Accelerated Real Time Analytics, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA
| | - Lily Dara
- Division of Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
- Research Center for Liver Disease, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
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McShane C, Kiat C, Rigby J, Crosbie Ó. The mRNA COVID-19 vaccine - A rare trigger of autoimmune hepatitis? J Hepatol 2021; 75:1252-1254. [PMID: 34245804 PMCID: PMC8264276 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2021.06.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cathy McShane
- Department of Hepatology, Cork University Hospital, Cork, Ireland.
| | - Clifford Kiat
- Department of Hepatology, Cork University Hospital, Cork, Ireland
| | - Jonathan Rigby
- Department of Histopathology, Cork University Hospital, Cork, Ireland
| | - Órla Crosbie
- Department of Hepatology, Cork University Hospital, Cork, Ireland
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30
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Björnsson ES. Clinical management of patients with drug-induced liver injury (DILI). United European Gastroenterol J 2021; 9:781-786. [PMID: 35084797 PMCID: PMC8435256 DOI: 10.1002/ueg2.12113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) should be considered in all patients with recent elevation of liver tests without obvious etiology and normal hepatobiliary imaging. There is currently no biomarker that is helpful in diagnosis which relies on clinical and laboratory findings. Diagnosis is dependent on temporal relationship with a recently started drug or herbal and dietary supplement and elevated liver tests with exclusion of competing etiologies. The implicated agent should be discontinued and the patient should be observed closely. This is particularly important in patients with jaundice who have approximately 10% risk of liver related mortality and/or need for liver transplantation. There is no specific therapy for DILI which is only symptomatic such as for itching. Patients with jaundice and coagulopathy usually require hospitalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Einar S. Björnsson
- Faculty of MedicineUniversity of IcelandReykjavikIceland
- Division of Gastroenterology and HepatologyDepartment of Internal MedicineThe National University Hospital of IcelandReykjavikIceland
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Wang T, Yeh MM, Avigan MI, Pelosof L, Feldman GM. Deciphering the Dynamic Complexities of the Liver Microenvironment - Toward a Better Understanding of Immune-Mediated liver Injury Caused by Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors (ILICI). AAPS JOURNAL 2021; 23:99. [PMID: 34401948 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-021-00629-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) represent a promising therapy for many types of cancer. However, only a portion of patients respond to this therapy and some patients develop clinically significant immune-mediated liver injury caused by immune checkpoint inhibitors (ILICI), an immune-related adverse event (irAE) that may require the interruption or termination of treatment and administration of systemic corticosteroids or other immunosuppressive agents. Although the incidence of ILICI is lower with monotherapy, the surge in combining ICIs with chemotherapy, targeted therapy, and combination of different ICIs has led to an increase in the incidence and severity of ILICI - a major challenge for development of effective and safe ICI therapy. In this review, we highlight the importance and contribution of the liver microenvironment to ILICI by focusing on the emerging roles of resident liver cells in modulating immune homeostasis and hepatocyte regeneration, two important decisive factors that dictate the initiation, progression, and recovery from ILICI. Based on the proposed contribution of the liver microenvironment on ICILI, we discuss the clinical characteristics of ILICI in patients with preexisting liver diseases, as well as the challenges of identifying prognostic biomarkers to guide the clinical management of severe ILICI. A better understanding of the liver microenvironment may lead to novel strategies and identification of novel biomarkers for effective management of ILICI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wang
- Office of Biotechnology Products, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Ave, Silver Spring, Maryland, 20993, USA.
| | - Matthew M Yeh
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, 98195, USA
| | - Mark I Avigan
- Office of Surveillance and Epidemiology, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, 20993, USA
| | - Lorraine Pelosof
- Office of New Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, 20993, USA
| | - Gerald M Feldman
- Office of Biotechnology Products, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Ave, Silver Spring, Maryland, 20993, USA
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32
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ACG Clinical Guideline: Diagnosis and Management of Idiosyncratic Drug-Induced Liver Injury. Am J Gastroenterol 2021; 116:878-898. [PMID: 33929376 DOI: 10.14309/ajg.0000000000001259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Idiosyncratic drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is common in gastroenterology and hepatology practices, and it can have multiple presentations, ranging from asymptomatic elevations in liver biochemistries to hepatocellular or cholestatic jaundice, liver failure, or chronic hepatitis. Antimicrobials, herbal and dietary supplements, and anticancer therapeutics (e.g., tyrosine kinase inhibitors or immune-checkpoint inhibitors) are the most common classes of agents to cause DILI in the Western world. DILI is a diagnosis of exclusion, and thus, careful assessment for other etiologies of liver disease should be undertaken before establishing a diagnosis of DILI. Model for end-stage liver disease score and comorbidity burden are important determinants of mortality in patients presenting with suspected DILI. DILI carries a mortality rate up to 10% when hepatocellular jaundice is present. Patients with DILI who develop progressive jaundice with or without coagulopathy should be referred to a tertiary care center for specialized care, including consideration for potential liver transplantation. The role of systemic corticosteroids is controversial, but they may be administered when a liver injury event cannot be distinguished between autoimmune hepatitis or DILI or when a DILI event presents with prominent autoimmune hepatitis features.
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33
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De Keukeleire SJ, Vermassen T, Nezhad ZM, Kerre T, Kruse V, Vlierberghe HV, Vermaelen K, Rottey S. Managing viral hepatitis in cancer patients under immune checkpoint inhibitors: should we take the risk? Immunotherapy 2021; 13:409-418. [PMID: 33487052 DOI: 10.2217/imt-2020-0273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
More patients with chronic hepatitis B and C infection are being exposed to immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), but the safety and efficacy of ICIs in patients with chronic viral hepatitis are still poorly described. To explore this interaction, we identified eight studies of cancer patients with viral hepatitis treated with one or more ICIs, formally assessed tumor responses and safety by grading liver dysfunction. ICIs appear to be relatively safe in HBV/HCV-infected patients, and hepatitis related to viral reactivation is rare. In some patients, viral load regressed during ICI treatment, so immune checkpoints may play a role in viral clearance. HBV/HCV do not appear to be a contraindication to ICIs, although careful clinical and biochemical follow-up is recommended and, whenever necessary, antiviral therapy commenced.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tijl Vermassen
- Drug Research Unit Ghent, Ghent University Hospital, Gent 9000, Belgium
| | - Zahra M Nezhad
- Drug Research Unit Ghent, Ghent University Hospital, Gent 9000, Belgium
| | - Tessa Kerre
- Department of Hematology, Ghent University Hospital, Gent 9000, Belgium
| | - Vibeke Kruse
- Department of Lung Diseases-Thoracic Oncology, Gent University Hospital, Gent 9000, Belgium
| | | | - Karim Vermaelen
- Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Ghent University Hospital, Gent 9000, Belgium
| | - Sylvie Rottey
- Department of Medical Oncology, Ghent University Hospital, Gent 9000, Belgium.,Drug Research Unit Ghent, Ghent University Hospital, Gent 9000, Belgium
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Mondal R, Lahiri D, Deb S, Bandyopadhyay D, Shome G, Sarkar S, Paria SR, Thakurta TG, Singla P, Biswas SC. COVID-19: Are we dealing with a multisystem vasculopathy in disguise of a viral infection? J Thromb Thrombolysis 2020; 50:567-579. [PMID: 32627126 PMCID: PMC7335630 DOI: 10.1007/s11239-020-02210-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
After the emergence of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) in the last two decades, the world is facing its new challenge in Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic with unprecedented global response. With the expanding domain of presentations in COVID-19 patients, the full range of manifestations is yet to unfold. The classical clinical symptoms for SARS-CoV-2 affected patients are dry cough, high fever, dyspnoea, lethal pneumonia whereas many patients have also been found to be associated with a few additional signs and clinical manifestations of isolated vasculopathy. Albeit a deep and profound knowledge has been gained on the clinical features and management of COVID-19, less clear association has been provided on SARS-CoV-2 mediated direct or indirect vasculopathy and its possible correlation with disease prognosis. The accumulative evidences suggest that novel coronavirus, apart from its primary respiratory confinement, may also invade vascular endothelial cells of several systems including cerebral, cardio-pulmonary as well as renal microvasculature, modulating multiple visceral perfusion indices. Here we analyse the phylogenetic perspective of SARS-CoV-2 along with other strains of β-coronaviridae from a standpoint of vasculopathic derangements. Based on the existing case reports, literature and open data bases, we also analyse the differential pattern of vasculopathy related changes in COVID-19 positive patients. Besides, we debate the need of modulation in clinical approach from a hemodynamical point of view, as a measure towards reducing disease transmission, morbidity and mortality in SARS-CoV-2 affected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritwick Mondal
- Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research, SSKM Hospital, 52/1A, S.N. Pandit Street, Kolkata, 700025, India
| | - Durjoy Lahiri
- Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research, SSKM Hospital, 52/1A, S.N. Pandit Street, Kolkata, 700025, India.
| | - Shramana Deb
- S.N. Pradhan Centre for Neuroscience, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, India
| | - Deebya Bandyopadhyay
- Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research, SSKM Hospital, 52/1A, S.N. Pandit Street, Kolkata, 700025, India
| | - Gourav Shome
- Department of Microbiology, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, India
| | - Sukanya Sarkar
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
| | - Sudeb R Paria
- Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research, SSKM Hospital, 52/1A, S.N. Pandit Street, Kolkata, 700025, India
| | | | - Pratibha Singla
- Gian Sagar Medical College and Hospital, Patiala, Punjab, India
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