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Nixon RA, Rubinsztein DC. Mechanisms of autophagy-lysosome dysfunction in neurodegenerative diseases. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2024:10.1038/s41580-024-00757-5. [PMID: 39107446 DOI: 10.1038/s41580-024-00757-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024]
Abstract
Autophagy is a lysosome-based degradative process used to recycle obsolete cellular constituents and eliminate damaged organelles and aggregate-prone proteins. Their postmitotic nature and extremely polarized morphologies make neurons particularly vulnerable to disruptions caused by autophagy-lysosomal defects, especially as the brain ages. Consequently, mutations in genes regulating autophagy and lysosomal functions cause a wide range of neurodegenerative diseases. Here, we review the role of autophagy and lysosomes in neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer disease, Parkinson disease and frontotemporal dementia. We also consider the strong impact of cellular ageing on lysosomes and autophagy as a tipping point for the late-age emergence of related neurodegenerative disorders. Many of these diseases have primary defects in autophagy, for example affecting autophagosome formation, and in lysosomal functions, especially pH regulation and calcium homeostasis. We have aimed to provide an integrative framework for understanding the central importance of autophagic-lysosomal function in neuronal health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralph A Nixon
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan Kline Institute, Orangeburg, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Cell Biology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
- Neuroscience Institute, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
| | - David C Rubinsztein
- Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Cambridge, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Cambridge, UK
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2
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Chen XQ, Becker A, Albay R, Nguyen PD, Karachentsev D, Roberts AJ, Rynearson KD, Tanzi RE, Mobley WC. γ-Secretase Modulator BPN15606 Reduced Aβ42 and Aβ40 and Countered Alzheimer-Related Pathologies in a Mouse Model of Down Syndrome. Ann Neurol 2024; 96:390-404. [PMID: 38747498 PMCID: PMC11236496 DOI: 10.1002/ana.26958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Due to increased gene dose for the amyloid precursor protein (APP), elderly adults with Down syndrome (DS) are at a markedly increased risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD), known as DS-AD. How the increased APP gene dose acts and which APP products are responsible for DS-AD is not well understood, thus limiting strategies to target pathogenesis. As one approach to address this question, we used a novel class of γ-secretase modulators that promote γ-site cleavages by the γ-secretase complex, resulting in lower levels of the Aβ42 and Aβ40 peptides. METHODS Ts65Dn mice, which serve as a model of DS, were treated via oral gavage with 10 mg/kg/weekday of BPN15606 (a potent and novel pyridazine-containing γ-secretase modulators). Treatment started at 3 months-of-age and lasted for 4 months. RESULTS Demonstrating successful target engagement, treatment with BPN15606 significantly decreased levels of Aβ40 and Aβ42 in the cortex and hippocampus; it had no effect on full-length APP or its C-terminal fragments in either 2 N or Ts65Dn mice. Importantly, the levels of total amyloid-β were not impacted, pointing to BPN15606-mediated enhancement of processivity of γ-secretase. Additionally, BPN15606 rescued hyperactivation of Rab5, a protein responsible for regulating endosome function, and normalized neurotrophin signaling deficits. BPN15606 treatment also normalized the levels of synaptic proteins and tau phosphorylation, while reducing astrocytosis and microgliosis, and countering cognitive deficits. INTERPRETATION Our findings point to the involvement of increased levels of Aβ42 and/or Aβ40 in contributing to several molecular and cognitive traits associated with DS-AD. They speak to increased dosage of the APP gene acting through heightened levels of Aβ42 and/or Aβ40 as supporting pathogenesis. These findings further the interest in the potential use of γ-secretase modulators for treating and possibly preventing AD in individuals with DS. ANN NEUROL 2024;96:390-404.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu-Qiao Chen
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Ann Becker
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Ricardo Albay
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Phuong D Nguyen
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Dmitry Karachentsev
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Amanda J Roberts
- Animal Models Core Facility, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Kevin D Rynearson
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Rudolph E Tanzi
- Genetics and Aging Research Unit, McCance Center for Brain Health, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - William C Mobley
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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3
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Dolla G, Nicolas S, Dos Santos LR, Bourgeois A, Pardossi-Piquard R, Bihl F, Zaghrini C, Justino J, Payré C, Mansuelle P, Garbers C, Ronco P, Checler F, Lambeau G, Petit-Paitel A. Ectodomain shedding of PLA2R1 is mediated by the metalloproteases ADAM10 and ADAM17. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:107480. [PMID: 38897568 PMCID: PMC11301074 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2024.107480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Phospholipase A2 receptor 1 (PLA2R1) is a 180-kDa transmembrane protein that plays a role in inflammation and cancer and is the major autoantigen in membranous nephropathy, a rare but severe autoimmune kidney disease. A soluble form of PLA2R1 has been detected in mouse and human serum. It is likely produced by proteolytic shedding of membrane-bound PLA2R1 but the mechanism is unknown. Here, we show that human PLA2R1 is cleaved by A Disintegrin And Metalloprotease 10 (ADAM10) and ADAM17 in HEK293 cells, mouse embryonic fibroblasts, and human podocytes. By combining site-directed mutagenesis and sequencing, we determined the exact cleavage site within the extracellular juxtamembrane stalk of human PLA2R1. Orthologs and paralogs of PLA2R1 are also shed. By using pharmacological inhibitors and genetic approaches with RNA interference and knock-out cellular models, we identified a major role of ADAM10 in the constitutive shedding of PLA2R1 and a dual role of ADAM10 and ADAM17 in the stimulated shedding. We did not observe evidence for cleavage by β- or γ-secretase, suggesting that PLA2R1 may not be a substrate for regulated intramembrane proteolysis. PLA2R1 shedding occurs constitutively and can be triggered by the calcium ionophore ionomycin, the protein kinase C activator PMA, cytokines, and lipopolysaccharides, in vitro and in vivo. Altogether, our results show that PLA2R1 is a novel substrate for ADAM10 and ADAM17, producing a soluble form that is increased in inflammatory conditions and likely exerts various functions in physiological and pathophysiological conditions including inflammation, cancer, and membranous nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Dolla
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Inserm, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Sophia Antipolis, Université Côte d'Azur (UniCa), Valbonne, France
| | - Sarah Nicolas
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Inserm, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Sophia Antipolis, Université Côte d'Azur (UniCa), Valbonne, France
| | - Ligia Ramos Dos Santos
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Inserm, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Laboratoire d'Excellence DistALZ, Sophia Antipolis, Université Côte d'Azur (UniCa), Valbonne, France
| | - Alexandre Bourgeois
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Inserm, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Laboratoire d'Excellence DistALZ, Sophia Antipolis, Université Côte d'Azur (UniCa), Valbonne, France
| | - Raphaëlle Pardossi-Piquard
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Inserm, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Laboratoire d'Excellence DistALZ, Sophia Antipolis, Université Côte d'Azur (UniCa), Valbonne, France
| | - Franck Bihl
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Inserm, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Sophia Antipolis, Université Côte d'Azur (UniCa), Valbonne, France
| | - Christelle Zaghrini
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Inserm, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Sophia Antipolis, Université Côte d'Azur (UniCa), Valbonne, France
| | - Joana Justino
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Inserm, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Sophia Antipolis, Université Côte d'Azur (UniCa), Valbonne, France
| | - Christine Payré
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Inserm, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Sophia Antipolis, Université Côte d'Azur (UniCa), Valbonne, France
| | - Pascal Mansuelle
- Plateforme de Protéomique de l'Institut de Microbiologie de la Méditerranée (IMM), Marseille Protéomique (MaP), Aix Marseille Université (AMU), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) FR3479, Marseille, France
| | - Christoph Garbers
- Institute of Clinical Biochemistry, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Pierre Ronco
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), UMR-S1155, Paris, France; Sorbonne Université, Université Pierre et Marie Curie Paris 06, Paris, France
| | - Frédéric Checler
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Inserm, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Laboratoire d'Excellence DistALZ, Sophia Antipolis, Université Côte d'Azur (UniCa), Valbonne, France
| | - Gérard Lambeau
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Inserm, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Sophia Antipolis, Université Côte d'Azur (UniCa), Valbonne, France.
| | - Agnès Petit-Paitel
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Inserm, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Sophia Antipolis, Université Côte d'Azur (UniCa), Valbonne, France.
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Sirisi S, Sánchez-Aced É, Belbin O, Lleó A. APP dyshomeostasis in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease: implications for current drug targets. Alzheimers Res Ther 2024; 16:144. [PMID: 38951839 PMCID: PMC11218153 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-024-01504-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024]
Abstract
The Amyloid precursor protein (APP) is a transmembrane glycoprotein from which amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides are generated after proteolytic cleavage. Aβ peptides are the main constituent of amyloid plaques in Alzheimer's Disease (AD). The physiological functions of APP in the human adult brain are very diverse including intracellular signaling, synaptic and neuronal plasticity, and cell adhesion, among others. There is growing evidence that APP becomes dysfunctional in AD and that this dyshomeostasis may impact several APP functions beyond Aβ generation. The vast majority of current anti-amyloid approaches in AD have focused on reducing the synthesis of Aβ or increasing the clearance of brain Aβ aggregates following a paradigm in which Aβ plays a solo in APP dyshomeostasis. A wider view places APP at the center stage in which Aβ is an important, but not the only, factor involved in APP dyshomeostasis. Under this paradigm, APP dysfunction is universal in AD, but with some differences across different subtypes. Little is known about how to approach APP dysfunction therapeutically beyond anti-Aβ strategies. In this review, we will describe the role of APP dyshomeostasis in AD beyond Aβ and the potential therapeutic strategies targeting APP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sònia Sirisi
- Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Érika Sánchez-Aced
- Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Olivia Belbin
- Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Alberto Lleó
- Sant Pau Memory Unit, Neurology Department and Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Sant Quintí 77, Barcelona, 08041, Spain.
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Vigier M, Uriot M, Djelti-Delbarba F, Claudepierre T, El Hajj A, Yen FT, Oster T, Malaplate C. Increasing the Survival of a Neuronal Model of Alzheimer's Disease Using Docosahexaenoic Acid, Restoring Endolysosomal Functioning by Modifying the Interactions between the Membrane Proteins C99 and Rab5. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:6816. [PMID: 38999927 PMCID: PMC11240902 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25136816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2024] [Revised: 06/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, C22:6 ω3) may be involved in various neuroprotective mechanisms that could prevent Alzheimer's disease (AD). Its influence has still been little explored regarding the dysfunction of the endolysosomal pathway, known as an early key event in the physiopathological continuum triggering AD. This dysfunction could result from the accumulation of degradation products of the precursor protein of AD, in particular the C99 fragment, capable of interacting with endosomal proteins and thus contributing to altering this pathway from the early stages of AD. This study aims to evaluate whether neuroprotection mediated by DHA can also preserve the endolysosomal function. AD-typical endolysosomal abnormalities were recorded in differentiated human SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells expressing the Swedish form of human amyloid precursor protein. This altered phenotype included endosome enlargement, the reduced secretion of exosomes, and a higher level of apoptosis, which confirmed the relevance of the cellular model chosen for studying the associated deleterious mechanisms. Second, neuroprotection mediated by DHA was associated with a reduced interaction of C99 with the Rab5 GTPase, lower endosome size, restored exosome production, and reduced neuronal apoptosis. Our data reveal that DHA may influence protein localization and interactions in the neuronal membrane environment, thereby correcting the dysfunction of endocytosis and vesicular trafficking associated with AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Vigier
- Unité de Recherche Animal et Fonctionnalités des Produits Animaux (UR AFPA), Qualivie Project, UA 3998, USC INRAE 340, Campus INP, University of Lorraine, 54500 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France; (M.V.); (M.U.); (F.D.-D.); (T.C.); (C.M.)
| | - Magalie Uriot
- Unité de Recherche Animal et Fonctionnalités des Produits Animaux (UR AFPA), Qualivie Project, UA 3998, USC INRAE 340, Campus INP, University of Lorraine, 54500 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France; (M.V.); (M.U.); (F.D.-D.); (T.C.); (C.M.)
| | - Fathia Djelti-Delbarba
- Unité de Recherche Animal et Fonctionnalités des Produits Animaux (UR AFPA), Qualivie Project, UA 3998, USC INRAE 340, Campus INP, University of Lorraine, 54500 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France; (M.V.); (M.U.); (F.D.-D.); (T.C.); (C.M.)
| | - Thomas Claudepierre
- Unité de Recherche Animal et Fonctionnalités des Produits Animaux (UR AFPA), Qualivie Project, UA 3998, USC INRAE 340, Campus INP, University of Lorraine, 54500 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France; (M.V.); (M.U.); (F.D.-D.); (T.C.); (C.M.)
| | - Aseel El Hajj
- Unité de Recherche Animal et Fonctionnalités des Produits Animaux (UR AFPA), Qualivie Project, UA 3998, USC INRAE 340, Campus INP, University of Lorraine, 54500 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France; (M.V.); (M.U.); (F.D.-D.); (T.C.); (C.M.)
| | - Frances T. Yen
- Unité de Recherche Animal et Fonctionnalités des Produits Animaux (UR AFPA), Qualivie Project, UA 3998, USC INRAE 340, Campus INP, University of Lorraine, 54500 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France; (M.V.); (M.U.); (F.D.-D.); (T.C.); (C.M.)
| | - Thierry Oster
- Unité de Recherche Animal et Fonctionnalités des Produits Animaux (UR AFPA), Qualivie Project, UA 3998, USC INRAE 340, Campus INP, University of Lorraine, 54500 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France; (M.V.); (M.U.); (F.D.-D.); (T.C.); (C.M.)
| | - Catherine Malaplate
- Unité de Recherche Animal et Fonctionnalités des Produits Animaux (UR AFPA), Qualivie Project, UA 3998, USC INRAE 340, Campus INP, University of Lorraine, 54500 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France; (M.V.); (M.U.); (F.D.-D.); (T.C.); (C.M.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Nutrition, Nancy University Hospital, 54000 Nancy, France
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6
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Bretou M, Sannerud R, Escamilla-Ayala A, Leroy T, Vrancx C, Van Acker ZP, Perdok A, Vermeire W, Vorsters I, Van Keymolen S, Maxson M, Pavie B, Wierda K, Eskelinen EL, Annaert W. Accumulation of APP C-terminal fragments causes endolysosomal dysfunction through the dysregulation of late endosome to lysosome-ER contact sites. Dev Cell 2024; 59:1571-1592.e9. [PMID: 38626765 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2024.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/18/2024]
Abstract
Neuronal endosomal and lysosomal abnormalities are among the early changes observed in Alzheimer's disease (AD) before plaques appear. However, it is unclear whether distinct endolysosomal defects are temporally organized and how altered γ-secretase function or amyloid precursor protein (APP) metabolism contribute to these changes. Inhibiting γ-secretase chronically, in mouse embryonic fibroblast and hippocampal neurons, led to a gradual endolysosomal collapse initiated by decreased lysosomal calcium and increased cholesterol, causing downstream defects in endosomal recycling and maturation. This endolysosomal demise is γ-secretase dependent, requires membrane-tethered APP cytoplasmic domains, and is rescued by APP depletion. APP C-terminal fragments (CTFs) localized to late endosome/lysosome-endoplasmic reticulum contacts; an excess of APP-CTFs herein reduced lysosomal Ca2+ refilling from the endoplasmic reticulum, promoting cholesterol accretion. Tonic regulation by APP-CTFs provides a mechanistic explanation for their cellular toxicity: failure to timely degrade APP-CTFs sustains downstream signaling, instigating lysosomal dyshomeostasis, as observed in prodromal AD. This is the opposite of substrates such as Notch, which require intramembrane proteolysis to initiate signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marine Bretou
- Laboratory for Membrane Trafficking, VIB-Center for Brain and Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ragna Sannerud
- Laboratory for Membrane Trafficking, VIB-Center for Brain and Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Tom Leroy
- Laboratory for Membrane Trafficking, VIB-Center for Brain and Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Céline Vrancx
- Laboratory for Membrane Trafficking, VIB-Center for Brain and Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Zoë P Van Acker
- Laboratory for Membrane Trafficking, VIB-Center for Brain and Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Anika Perdok
- Laboratory for Membrane Trafficking, VIB-Center for Brain and Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Wendy Vermeire
- Laboratory for Membrane Trafficking, VIB-Center for Brain and Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Inge Vorsters
- Laboratory for Membrane Trafficking, VIB-Center for Brain and Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sophie Van Keymolen
- Laboratory for Membrane Trafficking, VIB-Center for Brain and Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Michelle Maxson
- Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Benjamin Pavie
- VIB-BioImaging Core, VIB-Center for Brain and Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Keimpe Wierda
- Electrophysiology Expertise Unit, VIB-Center for Brain and Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Wim Annaert
- Laboratory for Membrane Trafficking, VIB-Center for Brain and Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
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Vincent B, Maitra S. BACE1-dependent metabolism of neuregulin 1: Bridging the gap in explaining the occurrence of schizophrenia-like symptoms in Alzheimer's disease with psychosis? Ageing Res Rev 2023; 89:101988. [PMID: 37331479 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2023.101988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is a neurodegenerative disease mainly characterized by cortico-neuronal atrophy, impaired memory and other cognitive declines. On the other hand, schizophrenia is a neuro-developmental disorder with an overtly active central nervous system pruning system resulting into abrupt connections with common symptoms including disorganised thoughts, hallucination and delusion. Nevertheless, the fronto-temporal anomaly presents itself as a common denominator for the two pathologies. There is even a strong presumption of increased risk of developing co-morbid dementia for schizophrenic individuals and psychosis for Alzheimer's disease patients, overall leading to a further deteriorated quality of life. However, convincing proofs of how these two disorders, although very distant from each other when considering their aetiology, develop coexisting symptoms is yet to be resolved. At the molecular level, the two primarily neuronal proteins β-amyloid precursor protein and neuregulin 1 have been considered in this relevant context, although the conclusions are for the moment only hypotheses. In order to propose a model for explaining the psychotic schizophrenia-like symptoms that sometimes accompany AD-associated dementia, this review projects out on the similar sensitivity shared by these two proteins regarding their metabolism by the β-site APP cleaving enzyme 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Vincent
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Laboratory of Excellence DistALZ, Université Côte d'Azur, INSERM, CNRS, Sophia-Antipolis, 06560 Valbonne, France.
| | - Subhamita Maitra
- Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå University, Umeå 90736, Sweden
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Im E, Jiang Y, Stavrides PH, Darji S, Erdjument-Bromage H, Neubert TA, Choi JY, Wegiel J, Lee JH, Nixon RA. Lysosomal dysfunction in Down syndrome and Alzheimer mouse models is caused by v-ATPase inhibition by Tyr 682-phosphorylated APP βCTF. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadg1925. [PMID: 37494443 PMCID: PMC10371027 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adg1925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
Lysosome dysfunction arises early and propels Alzheimer's disease (AD). Herein, we show that amyloid precursor protein (APP), linked to early-onset AD in Down syndrome (DS), acts directly via its β-C-terminal fragment (βCTF) to disrupt lysosomal vacuolar (H+)-adenosine triphosphatase (v-ATPase) and acidification. In human DS fibroblasts, the phosphorylated 682YENPTY internalization motif of APP-βCTF binds selectively within a pocket of the v-ATPase V0a1 subunit cytoplasmic domain and competitively inhibits association of the V1 subcomplex of v-ATPase, thereby reducing its activity. Lowering APP-βCTF Tyr682 phosphorylation restores v-ATPase and lysosome function in DS fibroblasts and in vivo in brains of DS model mice. Notably, lowering APP-βCTF Tyr682 phosphorylation below normal constitutive levels boosts v-ATPase assembly and activity, suggesting that v-ATPase may also be modulated tonically by phospho-APP-βCTF. Elevated APP-βCTF Tyr682 phosphorylation in two mouse AD models similarly disrupts v-ATPase function. These findings offer previously unknown insight into the pathogenic mechanism underlying faulty lysosomes in all forms of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunju Im
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan S. Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Ying Jiang
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan S. Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Philip H. Stavrides
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan S. Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA
| | - Sandipkumar Darji
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan S. Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA
| | - Hediye Erdjument-Bromage
- Department of Cell Biology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
- Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine at the Skirball Institute, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Thomas A. Neubert
- Department of Cell Biology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
- Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine at the Skirball Institute, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Jun Yong Choi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Queens College, Queens, NY 11367, USA
- Ph.D. Programs in Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Jerzy Wegiel
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, Staten Island, NY 10314, USA
| | - Ju-Hyun Lee
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan S. Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Ralph A. Nixon
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan S. Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
- NYU Neuroscience Institute, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
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9
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Klein M, Hermey G. Converging links between adult-onset neurodegenerative Alzheimer's disease and early life neurodegenerative neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis? Neural Regen Res 2023; 18:1463-1471. [PMID: 36571343 PMCID: PMC10075119 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.361544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Evidence from genetics and from analyzing cellular and animal models have converged to suggest links between neurodegenerative disorders of early and late life. Here, we summarize emerging links between the most common late life neurodegenerative disease, Alzheimer's disease, and the most common early life neurodegenerative diseases, neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses. Genetic studies reported an overlap of clinically diagnosed Alzheimer's disease and mutations in genes known to cause neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses. Accumulating data strongly suggest dysfunction of intracellular trafficking mechanisms and the autophagy-endolysosome system in both types of neurodegenerative disorders. This suggests shared cytopathological processes underlying these different types of neurodegenerative diseases. A better understanding of the common mechanisms underlying the different diseases is important as this might lead to the identification of novel targets for therapeutic concepts, the transfer of therapeutic strategies from one disease to the other and therapeutic approaches tailored to patients with specific mutations. Here, we review dysfunctions of the endolysosomal autophagy pathway in Alzheimer's disease and neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses and summarize emerging etiologic and genetic overlaps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Klein
- Institute for Molecular and Cellular Cognition, Center for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Guido Hermey
- Institute for Molecular and Cellular Cognition, Center for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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10
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Farsi RM. The Role of Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Alzheimer's: Molecular Defects and Mitophagy-Enhancing Approaches. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:life13040970. [PMID: 37109499 PMCID: PMC10142261 DOI: 10.3390/life13040970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2023] [Revised: 04/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), a progressive and chronic neurodegenerative syndrome, is categorized by cognitive and memory damage caused by the aggregations of abnormal proteins, specifically including Tau proteins and β-amyloid in brain tissue. Moreover, mitochondrial dysfunctions are the principal causes of AD, which is associated with mitophagy impairment. Investigations exploring pharmacological therapies alongside AD have explicitly concentrated on molecules accomplished in preventing/abolishing the gatherings of the abovementioned proteins and mitochondria damages. Mitophagy is the removal of dead mitochondria by the autophagy process. Damages in mitophagy, the manner of diversified mitochondrial degeneracy by autophagy resulting in an ongoing aggregation of malfunctioning mitochondria, were also suggested to support AD. Recently, plentiful reports have suggested a link between defective mitophagy and AD. This treaty highlights updated outlines of modern innovations and developments on mitophagy machinery dysfunctions in AD brains. Moreover, therapeutic and nanotherapeutic strategies targeting mitochondrial dysfunction are also presented in this review. Based on the significant role of diminished mitophagy in AD, we suggest that the application of different therapeutic approaches aimed at stimulating mitophagy in AD would be beneficial for targeting or reducing the mitochondrial dysfunction induced by AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reem M Farsi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21462, Saudi Arabia
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11
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Afram E, Lauritzen I, Bourgeois A, El Manaa W, Duplan E, Chami M, Valverde A, Charlotte B, Pardossi-Piquard R, Checler F. The η-secretase-derived APP fragment ηCTF is localized in Golgi, endosomes and extracellular vesicles and contributes to Aβ production. Cell Mol Life Sci 2023; 80:97. [PMID: 36930302 PMCID: PMC10023608 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-023-04737-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
The processing of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) is one of the key events contributing to Alzheimer's disease (AD) etiology. Canonical cleavages by β- and γ-secretases lead to Aβ production which accumulate in amyloid plaques. Recently, the matrix metalloprotease MT5-MMP, referred to as η-secretase, has been identified as a novel APP cleaving enzyme producing a transmembrane fragment, ηCTF that undergoes subsequent cleavages by α- and β-secretases yielding the Aηα and Aηβ peptides, respectively. The functions and contributions of ηCTF and its related fragments to AD pathology are poorly understood. In this study, we designed a novel immunological probe referred to as ηCTF-NTer antibody that specifically interacts with the N-terminal part of ηCTF targeting ηCTF, Aηα, Aηβ but not C99, C83 and Aβ. We examined the fate and localization of ηCTF fragment in various cell models and in mice. We found that overexpressed ηCTF undergoes degradation in the proteasomal and autophagic pathways and accumulates mainly in the Golgi and in endosomes. Moreover, we observed the presence of ηCTF in small extracellular vesicles purified from neuroblastoma cells or from mouse brains expressing ηCTF. Importantly, the expression of ηCTF in fibroblasts devoid on APP leads to Aβ production demonstrating its contribution to the amyloidogenic pathway. Finally, we observed an ηCTF-like immunoreactivity around amyloid plaques and an age-dependent accumulation of ηCTF in the triple-transgenic mouse AD model. Thus, our study suggests that the ηCTF fragment likely contributes to AD pathology by its exosomal spreading and involvement in Aβ production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elissa Afram
- Université Côte d'Azur, INSERM, CNRS, IPMC, UMR7275, Team Labeled "Laboratory of Excellence (Labex) DISTALZ", 660 route des Lucioles, 06560, Sophia-Antipolis, Valbonne, France
| | - Inger Lauritzen
- Université Côte d'Azur, INSERM, CNRS, IPMC, UMR7275, Team Labeled "Laboratory of Excellence (Labex) DISTALZ", 660 route des Lucioles, 06560, Sophia-Antipolis, Valbonne, France
| | - Alexandre Bourgeois
- Université Côte d'Azur, INSERM, CNRS, IPMC, UMR7275, Team Labeled "Laboratory of Excellence (Labex) DISTALZ", 660 route des Lucioles, 06560, Sophia-Antipolis, Valbonne, France
| | - Wejdane El Manaa
- Université Côte d'Azur, INSERM, CNRS, IPMC, UMR7275, Team Labeled "Laboratory of Excellence (Labex) DISTALZ", 660 route des Lucioles, 06560, Sophia-Antipolis, Valbonne, France
| | - Eric Duplan
- Université Côte d'Azur, INSERM, CNRS, IPMC, UMR7275, Team Labeled "Laboratory of Excellence (Labex) DISTALZ", 660 route des Lucioles, 06560, Sophia-Antipolis, Valbonne, France
| | - Mounia Chami
- Université Côte d'Azur, INSERM, CNRS, IPMC, UMR7275, Team Labeled "Laboratory of Excellence (Labex) DISTALZ", 660 route des Lucioles, 06560, Sophia-Antipolis, Valbonne, France
| | - Audrey Valverde
- Université Côte d'Azur, INSERM, CNRS, IPMC, UMR7275, Team Labeled "Laboratory of Excellence (Labex) DISTALZ", 660 route des Lucioles, 06560, Sophia-Antipolis, Valbonne, France
- Fonds de Dotation CLINATEC, 17 rue des Martyrs, Bat 43, 38054, Grenoble, France
| | - Bauer Charlotte
- Université Côte d'Azur, INSERM, CNRS, IPMC, UMR7275, Team Labeled "Laboratory of Excellence (Labex) DISTALZ", 660 route des Lucioles, 06560, Sophia-Antipolis, Valbonne, France
| | - Raphaëlle Pardossi-Piquard
- Université Côte d'Azur, INSERM, CNRS, IPMC, UMR7275, Team Labeled "Laboratory of Excellence (Labex) DISTALZ", 660 route des Lucioles, 06560, Sophia-Antipolis, Valbonne, France.
| | - Frederic Checler
- Université Côte d'Azur, INSERM, CNRS, IPMC, UMR7275, Team Labeled "Laboratory of Excellence (Labex) DISTALZ", 660 route des Lucioles, 06560, Sophia-Antipolis, Valbonne, France.
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12
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Novel Strategy for Alzheimer’s Disease Treatment through Oral Vaccine Therapy with Amyloid Beta. Biologics 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/biologics3010003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a neuropathology characterized by progressive cognitive impairment and dementia. The disease is attributed to senile plaques, which are aggregates of amyloid beta (Aβ) outside nerve cells; neurofibrillary tangles, which are filamentous accumulations of phosphorylated tau in nerve cells; and loss of neurons in the brain tissue. Immunization of an AD mouse model with Aβ-eliminated pre-existing senile plaque amyloids and prevented new accumulation. Furthermore, its effect showed that cognitive function can be improved by passive immunity without side effects, such as lymphocyte infiltration in AD model mice treated with vaccine therapy, indicating the possibility of vaccine therapy for AD. Further, considering the possibility of side effects due to direct administration of Aβ, the practical use of the safe oral vaccine, which expressed Aβ in plants, is expected. Indeed, administration of this oral vaccine to Alzheimer’s model mice reduced Aβ accumulation in the brain. Moreover, almost no expression of inflammatory IgG was observed. Therefore, vaccination prior to Aβ accumulation or at an early stage of accumulation may prevent Aβ from causing AD.
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13
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Ferrer-Raventós P, Puertollano-Martín D, Querol-Vilaseca M, Sánchez-Aced É, Valle-Tamayo N, Cervantes-Gonzalez A, Nuñez-Llaves R, Pegueroles J, Dols-Icardo O, Iulita MF, Aldecoa I, Molina-Porcel L, Sánchez-Valle R, Fortea J, Belbin O, Sirisi S, Lleó A. Amyloid precursor protein 𝛽CTF accumulates in synapses in sporadic and genetic forms of Alzheimer's disease. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2023; 49:e12879. [PMID: 36702749 DOI: 10.1111/nan.12879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Amyloid precursor protein (APP) 𝛽-C-terminal fragment (𝛽CTF) may have a neurotoxic role in Alzheimer's disease (AD). 𝛽CTF accumulates in the brains of patients with sporadic (SAD) and genetic forms of AD. Synapses degenerate early during the pathogenesis of AD. We studied whether the 𝛽CTF accumulates in synapses in SAD, autosomal dominant AD (ADAD) and Down syndrome (DS). METHODS We used array tomography to determine APP at synapses in human AD tissue. We measured 𝛽CTF, A𝛽40, A𝛽42 and phosphorylated tau181 (p-tau181) concentrations in brain homogenates and synaptosomes of frontal and temporal cortex of SAD, ADAD, DS and controls. RESULTS APP colocalised with pre- and post-synaptic markers in human AD brains. APP 𝛽CTF was enriched in AD synaptosomes. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrate that 𝛽CTF accumulates in synapses in SAD, ADAD and DS. This finding might suggest a role for 𝛽CTF in synapse degeneration. Therapies aimed at mitigating 𝛽CTF accumulation could be potentially beneficial in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Ferrer-Raventós
- Department of Neurology, Sant Pau Memory Unit, Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - David Puertollano-Martín
- Department of Neurology, Sant Pau Memory Unit, Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Querol-Vilaseca
- Department of Neurology, Sant Pau Memory Unit, Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Érika Sánchez-Aced
- Department of Neurology, Sant Pau Memory Unit, Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Natalia Valle-Tamayo
- Department of Neurology, Sant Pau Memory Unit, Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alba Cervantes-Gonzalez
- Department of Neurology, Sant Pau Memory Unit, Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Raúl Nuñez-Llaves
- Department of Neurology, Sant Pau Memory Unit, Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Jordi Pegueroles
- Department of Neurology, Sant Pau Memory Unit, Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Oriol Dols-Icardo
- Department of Neurology, Sant Pau Memory Unit, Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria Florencia Iulita
- Department of Neurology, Sant Pau Memory Unit, Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Iban Aldecoa
- Neurological Tissue Bank of the Biobanc-Hospital Clinic-IDIBAPS, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Pathology, Biomedical Diagnostic Center, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Molina-Porcel
- Neurological Tissue Bank of the Biobanc-Hospital Clinic-IDIBAPS, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain.,Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit, Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Raquel Sánchez-Valle
- Neurological Tissue Bank of the Biobanc-Hospital Clinic-IDIBAPS, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain.,Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit, Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Juan Fortea
- Department of Neurology, Sant Pau Memory Unit, Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Olivia Belbin
- Department of Neurology, Sant Pau Memory Unit, Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Sònia Sirisi
- Department of Neurology, Sant Pau Memory Unit, Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Alberto Lleó
- Department of Neurology, Sant Pau Memory Unit, Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
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14
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Takasugi N, Komai M, Kaneshiro N, Ikeda A, Kamikubo Y, Uehara T. The Pursuit of the "Inside" of the Amyloid Hypothesis-Is C99 a Promising Therapeutic Target for Alzheimer's Disease? Cells 2023; 12:cells12030454. [PMID: 36766796 PMCID: PMC9914381 DOI: 10.3390/cells12030454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Aducanumab, co-developed by Eisai (Japan) and Biogen (U.S.), has received Food and Drug Administration approval for treating Alzheimer's disease (AD). In addition, its successor antibody, lecanemab, has been approved. These antibodies target the aggregated form of the small peptide, amyloid-β (Aβ), which accumulates in the patient brain. The "amyloid hypothesis" based therapy that places the aggregation and toxicity of Aβ at the center of the etiology is about to be realized. However, the effects of immunotherapy are still limited, suggesting the need to reconsider this hypothesis. Aβ is produced from a type-I transmembrane protein, Aβ precursor protein (APP). One of the APP metabolites, the 99-amino acids C-terminal fragment (C99, also called βCTF), is a direct precursor of Aβ and accumulates in the AD patient's brain to demonstrate toxicity independent of Aβ. Conventional drug discovery strategies have focused on Aβ toxicity on the "outside" of the neuron, but C99 accumulation might explain the toxicity on the "inside" of the neuron, which was overlooked in the hypothesis. Furthermore, the common region of C99 and Aβ is a promising target for multifunctional AD drugs. This review aimed to outline the nature, metabolism, and impact of C99 on AD pathogenesis and discuss whether it could be a therapeutic target complementing the amyloid hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobumasa Takasugi
- Department of Medicinal Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
- Correspondence:
| | - Masato Komai
- Department of Medicinal Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Nanaka Kaneshiro
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
- Center for RNA Biology and Medicine, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Atsuya Ikeda
- Department of Medicinal Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Yuji Kamikubo
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Takashi Uehara
- Department of Medicinal Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
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15
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The Binding of Different Substrate Molecules at the Docking Site and the Active Site of γ-Secretase Can Trigger Toxic Events in Sporadic and Familial Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24031835. [PMID: 36768156 PMCID: PMC9915333 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24031835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic changes in γ-secretase activity, along with its response to different drugs, can be affected by changes in the saturation of γ-secretase with its substrate. We analyze the saturation of γ-secretase with its substrate using multiscale molecular dynamics studies. We found that an increase in the saturation of γ-secretase with its substrate could result in the parallel binding of different substrate molecules at the docking site and the active site. The C-terminal domain of the substrate bound at the docking site can interact with the most dynamic presenilin sites at the cytosolic end of the active site tunnel. Such interactions can inhibit the ongoing catalytic activity and increase the production of the longer, more hydrophobic, and more toxic Aβ proteins. Similar disruptions in dynamic presenilin structures can be observed with different drugs and disease-causing mutations. Both, C99-βCTF-APP substrate and its different Aβ products, can support the toxic aggregation. The aggregation depends on the substrate N-terminal domain. Thus, the C99-βCTF-APP substrate and β-secretase path can be more toxic than the C83-αCTF-APP substrate and α-secretase path. Nicastrin can control the toxic aggregation in the closed conformation. The binding of the C99-βCTF-APP substrate to γ-secretase can be controlled by substrate channeling between the nicastrin and β-secretase. We conclude that the presented two-substrate mechanism could explain the pathogenic changes in γ-secretase activity and Aβ metabolism in different sporadic and familial cases of Alzheimer's disease. Future drug-development efforts should target different cellular mechanisms that regulate the optimal balance between γ-secretase activity and amyloid metabolism.
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16
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Lardelli M. An Alternative View of Familial Alzheimer's Disease Genetics. J Alzheimers Dis 2023; 96:13-39. [PMID: 37718800 DOI: 10.3233/jad-230313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
Probabilistic and parsimony-based arguments regarding available genetics data are used to propose that Hardy and Higgin's amyloid cascade hypothesis is valid but is commonly interpreted too narrowly to support, incorrectly, the primacy of the amyloid-β peptide (Aβ) in driving Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis. Instead, increased activity of the βCTF (C99) fragment of AβPP is the critical pathogenic determinant altered by mutations in the APP gene. This model is consistent with the regulation of APP mRNA translation via its 5' iron responsive element. Similar arguments support that the pathological effects of familial Alzheimer's disease mutations in the genes PSEN1 and PSEN2 are not exerted directly via changes in AβPP cleavage to produce different ratios of Aβ length. Rather, these mutations likely act through effects on presenilin holoprotein conformation and function, and possibly the formation and stability of multimers of presenilin holoprotein and/or of the γ-secretase complex. All fAD mutations in APP, PSEN1, and PSEN2 likely find unity of pathological mechanism in their actions on endolysosomal acidification and mitochondrial function, with detrimental effects on iron homeostasis and promotion of "pseudo-hypoxia" being of central importance. Aβ production is enhanced and distorted by oxidative stress and accumulates due to decreased lysosomal function. It may act as a disease-associated molecular pattern enhancing oxidative stress-driven neuroinflammation during the cognitive phase of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Lardelli
- Alzheimer's Disease Genetics Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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17
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Mitophagy in Alzheimer's disease: Molecular defects and therapeutic approaches. Mol Psychiatry 2023; 28:202-216. [PMID: 35665766 PMCID: PMC9812780 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-022-01631-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 05/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunctions are central players in Alzheimer's disease (AD). In addition, impairments in mitophagy, the process of selective mitochondrial degradation by autophagy leading to a gradual accumulation of defective mitochondria, have also been reported to occur in AD. We provide an updated overview of the recent discoveries and advancements on mitophagic molecular dysfunctions in AD-derived fluids and cells as well as in AD brains. We discuss studies using AD cellular and animal models that have unraveled the contribution of relevant AD-related proteins (Tau, Aβ, APP-derived fragments and APOE) in mitophagy failure. In accordance with the important role of impaired mitophagy in AD, we report on various therapeutic strategies aiming at stimulating mitophagy in AD and we summarize the benefits of these potential therapeutic strategies in human clinical trials.
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18
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Pan AL, Audrain M, Sakakibara E, Joshi R, Zhu X, Wang Q, Wang M, Beckmann ND, Schadt EE, Gandy S, Zhang B, Ehrlich ME, Salton SR. Dual-Specificity Protein Phosphatase 4 (DUSP4) Overexpression Improves Learning Behavior Selectively in Female 5xFAD Mice, and Reduces β-Amyloid Load in Males and Females. Cells 2022; 11:3880. [PMID: 36497141 PMCID: PMC9737364 DOI: 10.3390/cells11233880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent multiscale network analyses of banked brains from subjects who died of late-onset sporadic Alzheimer's disease converged on VGF (non-acronymic) as a key hub or driver. Within this computational VGF network, we identified the dual-specificity protein phosphatase 4 (DUSP4) [also known as mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) phosphatase 2] as an important node. Importantly, DUSP4 gene expression, like that of VGF, is downregulated in postmortem Alzheimer's disease (AD) brains. We investigated the roles that this VGF/DUSP4 network plays in the development of learning behavior impairment and neuropathology in the 5xFAD amyloidopathy mouse model. We found reductions in DUSP4 expression in the hippocampi of male AD subjects, correlating with increased CDR scores, and in 4-month-old female and 12-18-month-old male 5xFAD hippocampi. Adeno-associated virus (AAV5)-mediated overexpression of DUSP4 in 5xFAD mouse dorsal hippocampi (dHc) rescued impaired Barnes maze performance in females but not in males, while amyloid loads were reduced in both females and males. Bulk RNA sequencing of the dHc from 5-month-old mice overexpressing DUSP4, and Ingenuity Pathway and Enrichr analyses of differentially expressed genes (DEGs), revealed that DUSP4 reduced gene expression in female 5xFAD mice in neuroinflammatory, interferon-gamma (IFNγ), programmed cell death protein-ligand 1/programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-L1/PD-1), and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)/MAPK pathways, via which DUSP4 may modulate AD phenotype with gender-specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allen L. Pan
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Mickael Audrain
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Emmy Sakakibara
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Rajeev Joshi
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Xiaodong Zhu
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Qian Wang
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Mount Sinai Center for Transformative Disease Modeling, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Minghui Wang
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Mount Sinai Center for Transformative Disease Modeling, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Noam D. Beckmann
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Eric E. Schadt
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Sam Gandy
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Bin Zhang
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Mount Sinai Center for Transformative Disease Modeling, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Michelle E. Ehrlich
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Stephen R. Salton
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Brookdale Department of Geriatrics and Palliative Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
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19
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Jordà‐Siquier T, Petrel M, Kouskoff V, Smailovic U, Cordelières F, Frykman S, Müller U, Mulle C, Barthet G. APP accumulates with presynaptic proteins around amyloid plaques: A role for presynaptic mechanisms in Alzheimer's disease? Alzheimers Dement 2022; 18:2099-2116. [PMID: 35076178 PMCID: PMC9786597 DOI: 10.1002/alz.12546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
In Alzheimer's disease (AD), the distribution of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) and its fragments other than amyloid beta, has not been fully characterized. Here, we investigate the distribution of APP and its fragments in human AD brain samples and in mouse models of AD in reference to its proteases, synaptic proteins, and histopathological features characteristic of the AD brain, by combining an extensive set of histological and analytical tools. We report that the prominent somatic distribution of APP observed in control patients remarkably vanishes in human AD patients to the benefit of dense accumulations of extra-somatic APP, which surround dense-core amyloid plaques enriched in APP-Nter. These features are accentuated in patients with familial forms of the disease. Importantly, APP accumulations are enriched in phosphorylated tau and presynaptic proteins whereas they are depleted of post-synaptic proteins suggesting that the extra-somatic accumulations of APP are of presynaptic origin. Ultrastructural analyses unveil that APP concentrates in autophagosomes and in multivesicular bodies together with presynaptic vesicle proteins. Altogether, alteration of APP distribution and its accumulation together with presynaptic proteins around dense-core amyloid plaques is a key histopathological feature in AD, lending support to the notion that presynaptic failure is a strong physiopathological component of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomàs Jordà‐Siquier
- University Bordeaux, CNRS, Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, IINS, UMR 5297BordeauxFrance
| | - Melina Petrel
- University Bordeaux, CNRS, INSERM, Bordeaux Imaging Center, BIC, UMS 3420, US 4BordeauxFrance
| | - Vladimir Kouskoff
- University Bordeaux, CNRS, Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, IINS, UMR 5297BordeauxFrance
| | - Una Smailovic
- Division of Neurogeriatrics, Center for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and SocietyKarolinska InstitutetSolnaSweden
| | - Fabrice Cordelières
- University Bordeaux, CNRS, INSERM, Bordeaux Imaging Center, BIC, UMS 3420, US 4BordeauxFrance
| | - Susanne Frykman
- Division of Neurogeriatrics, Center for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and SocietyKarolinska InstitutetSolnaSweden
| | - Ulrike Müller
- Institute for Pharmacy and Molecular BiotechnologyHeidelbergGermany
| | - Christophe Mulle
- University Bordeaux, CNRS, Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, IINS, UMR 5297BordeauxFrance
| | - Gaël Barthet
- University Bordeaux, CNRS, Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, IINS, UMR 5297BordeauxFrance
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20
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Petit D, Hitzenberger M, Koch M, Lismont S, Zoltowska KM, Enzlein T, Hopf C, Zacharias M, Chávez-Gutiérrez L. Enzyme-substrate interface targeting by imidazole-based γ-secretase modulators activates γ-secretase and stabilizes its interaction with APP. EMBO J 2022; 41:e111084. [PMID: 36121025 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2022111084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis has been linked to the accumulation of longer, aggregation-prone amyloid β (Aβ) peptides in the brain. Γ-secretases generate Aβ peptides from the amyloid precursor protein (APP). Γ-secretase modulators (GSMs) promote the generation of shorter, less-amyloidogenic Aβs and have therapeutic potential. However, poorly defined drug-target interactions and mechanisms of action have hampered their therapeutic development. Here, we investigate the interactions between the imidazole-based GSM and its target γ-secretase-APP using experimental and in silico approaches. We map the GSM binding site to the enzyme-substrate interface, define a drug-binding mode that is consistent with functional and structural data, and provide molecular insights into the underlying mechanisms of action. In this respect, our analyses show that occupancy of a γ-secretase (sub)pocket, mediating binding of the modulator's imidazole moiety, is sufficient to trigger allosteric rearrangements in γ-secretase as well as stabilize enzyme-substrate interactions. Together, these findings may facilitate the rational design of new modulators of γ-secretase with improved pharmacological properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dieter Petit
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain & Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Research Institute for Neuroscience and Disease (LIND), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Manuel Hitzenberger
- Center for Functional Protein Assemblies, Theoretical Biophysics (T38), Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany
| | - Matthias Koch
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain & Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Research Institute for Neuroscience and Disease (LIND), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sam Lismont
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain & Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Research Institute for Neuroscience and Disease (LIND), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Katarzyna Marta Zoltowska
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain & Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Research Institute for Neuroscience and Disease (LIND), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Thomas Enzlein
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain & Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Research Institute for Neuroscience and Disease (LIND), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Center for Mass Spectrometry and Optical Spectroscopy (CeMOS), Mannheim University of Applied Sciences, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Carsten Hopf
- Center for Mass Spectrometry and Optical Spectroscopy (CeMOS), Mannheim University of Applied Sciences, Mannheim, Germany.,Medical Faculty, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Martin Zacharias
- Center for Functional Protein Assemblies, Theoretical Biophysics (T38), Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany
| | - Lucía Chávez-Gutiérrez
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain & Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Research Institute for Neuroscience and Disease (LIND), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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21
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Reducing PDK1/Akt Activity: An Effective Therapeutic Target in the Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease. Cells 2022; 11:cells11111735. [PMID: 35681431 PMCID: PMC9179555 DOI: 10.3390/cells11111735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a common age-related neurodegenerative disease that leads to memory loss and cognitive function damage due to intracerebral neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) and amyloid-β (Aβ) protein deposition. The phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase (PDK1)/protein kinase B (Akt) signaling pathway plays a significant role in neuronal differentiation, synaptic plasticity, neuronal survival, and neurotransmission via the axon–dendrite axis. The phosphorylation of PDK1 and Akt rises in the brain, resulting in phosphorylation of the TNF-α-converting enzyme (TACE) at its cytoplasmic tail (the C-terminal end), changing its internalization as well as its trafficking. The current review aimed to explain the mechanisms of the PDK1/Akt/TACE signaling axis that exerts its modulatory effect on AD physiopathology. We provide an overview of the neuropathological features, genetics, Aβ aggregation, Tau protein hyperphosphorylation, neuroinflammation, and aging in the AD brain. Additionally, we summarized the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/PDK1/Akt pathway-related features and its molecular mechanism that is dependent on TACE in the pathogenesis of AD. This study reviewed the relationship between the PDK1/Akt signaling pathway and AD, and discussed the role of PDK1/Akt in resisting neuronal toxicity by suppressing TACE expression in the cell membrane. This work also provides a perspective for developing new therapeutics targeting PDK1/Akt and TACE for the treatment of AD.
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22
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BAG6 prevents the aggregation of neurodegeneration-associated fragments of TDP43. iScience 2022; 25:104273. [PMID: 35542047 PMCID: PMC9079172 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegeneration is associated with the aggregation of proteins bearing solvent-exposed hydrophobicity as a result of their misfolding and/or proteolytic cleavage. An understanding of the cellular protein quality control mechanisms which prevent protein aggregation is fundamental to understanding the etiology of neurodegeneration. By examining the metabolism of disease-linked C-terminal fragments of the TAR DNA-binding protein 43 (TDP43), we found that the Bcl-2 associated athanogene 6 (BAG6) functions as a sensor of proteolytic fragments bearing exposed hydrophobicity and prevents their intracellular aggregation. In addition, BAG6 facilitates the ubiquitylation of TDP43 fragments by recruiting the Ub-ligase, Ring finger protein 126 (RNF126). Authenticating its role in preventing aggregation, we found that TDP43 fragments form intracellular aggregates in the absence of BAG6. Finally, we found that BAG6 could interact with and solubilize additional neurodegeneration-associated proteolytic fragments. Therefore, BAG6 plays a general role in preventing intracellular aggregation associated with neurodegeneration. Proteolytic cleavage generates protein fragments bearing exposed hydrophobicity BAG6 maintains the solubility and directs the degradation of protein fragments BAG6 prevents intracellular aggregation associated with neurodegeneration
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23
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Checler F, Alves da Costa C. Parkin as a Molecular Bridge Linking Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s Diseases? Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12040559. [PMID: 35454148 PMCID: PMC9026546 DOI: 10.3390/biom12040559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s (AD) and Parkinson’s (PD) diseases are two distinct age-related pathologies that are characterized by various common dysfunctions. They are referred to as proteinopathies characterized by ubiquitinated protein accumulation and aggregation. This accumulation is mainly due to altered lysosomal and proteasomal clearing processes and is generally accompanied by ER stress disturbance, autophagic and mitophagic defects, mitochondrial structure and function alterations and enhanced neuronal cell death. Genetic approaches aimed at identifying molecular triggers responsible for familial forms of AD or PD have helped to understand the etiology of their sporadic counterparts. It appears that several proteins thought to contribute to one of these pathologies are also likely to contribute to the other. One such protein is parkin (PK). Here, we will briefly describe anatomical lesions and genetic advances linked to AD and PD as well as the main cellular processes commonly affected in these pathologies. Further, we will focus on current studies suggesting that PK could well participate in AD and thereby act as a molecular bridge between these two pathologies. In particular, we will focus on the transcription factor function of PK and its newly described transcriptional targets that are directly related to AD- and PD-linked cellular defects.
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24
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Finding New Ways How to Control BACE1. J Membr Biol 2022; 255:293-318. [PMID: 35305135 DOI: 10.1007/s00232-022-00225-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Recently, all applications of BACE1 inhibitors failed as therapeutical targets for Alzheimer´s disease (AD) due to severe side effects. Therefore, alternative ways for treatment development are a hot research topic. The present analysis investigates BACE1 protein-protein interaction networks and attempts to solve the absence of complete knowledge about pathways involving BACE1. A bioinformatics analysis matched the functions of the non-substrate interaction network with Voltage-gated potassium channels, which also appear as top priority protein nodes. Targeting BACE1 interactions with PS1 and GGA-s, blocking of BACE1 access to APP by BRI3 and RTN-s, activation of Wnt signaling and upregulation of β-catenin, and brain delivery of the extracellular domain of p75NTR, are the main alternatives to the use of BACE 1 inhibitors highlighted by the analysis. The pathway enrichment analysis also emphasized substrates and substrate candidates with essential biological functions, which cleavage must remain controlled. They include ephrin receptors, ROBO1, ROBO2, CNTN-s, CASPR-s, CD147, CypB, TTR, APLP1/APLP2, NRXN-s, and PTPR-s. The analysis of the interaction subnetwork of BACE1 functionally related to inflammation identified a connection to three cardiomyopathies, which supports the hypothesis of the common molecular mechanisms with AD. A lot of potential shows the regulation of BACE1 activity through post-translational modifications. The interaction network of BACE1 and its phosphorylation enzyme CSNK1D functionally match the Circadian clock, p53, and Hedgehog signaling pathways. The regulation of BACE1 glycosylation could be achieved through N-acetylglucosamine transferases, α-(1→6)-fucosyltransferase, β-galactoside α-(2→6)-sialyltransferases, galactosyltransferases, and mannosidases suggested by the interaction network analysis of BACE1-MGAT3. The present analysis proposes possibilities for the alternative control of AD pathology.
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25
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Checler F, Valverde A. Aminopeptidase A and dipeptidyl peptidase 4: a pathogenic duo in Alzheimer's disease? Neural Regen Res 2022; 17:2215-2217. [PMID: 35259836 PMCID: PMC9083140 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.335818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Checler
- Université Côte d'Azur, INSERM, CNRS, IPMC, team labelled "Laboratory of Excellence (LABEX) DistAlz", Valbonne, France
| | - Audrey Valverde
- Université Côte d'Azur, INSERM, CNRS, IPMC, team labelled "Laboratory of Excellence (LABEX) DistAlz", Valbonne, France
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26
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Small molecules targeting γ-secretase and their potential biological applications. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 232:114169. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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27
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Vitória JJM, Trigo D, da Cruz E Silva OAB. Revisiting APP secretases: an overview on the holistic effects of retinoic acid receptor stimulation in APP processing. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:101. [PMID: 35089425 PMCID: PMC11073327 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-021-04090-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the leading cause of dementia worldwide and is characterized by the accumulation of the β-amyloid peptide (Aβ) in the brain, along with profound alterations in phosphorylation-related events and regulatory pathways. The production of the neurotoxic Aβ peptide via amyloid precursor protein (APP) proteolysis is a crucial step in AD development. APP is highly expressed in the brain and is complexly metabolized by a series of sequential secretases, commonly denoted the α-, β-, and γ-cleavages. The toxicity of resulting fragments is a direct consequence of the first cleaving event. β-secretase (BACE1) induces amyloidogenic cleavages, while α-secretases (ADAM10 and ADAM17) result in less pathological peptides. Hence this first cleavage event is a prime therapeutic target for preventing or reverting initial biochemical events involved in AD. The subsequent cleavage by γ-secretase has a reduced impact on Aβ formation but affects the peptides' aggregating capacity. An array of therapeutic strategies are being explored, among them targeting Retinoic Acid (RA) signalling, which has long been associated with neuronal health. Additionally, several studies have described altered RA levels in AD patients, reinforcing RA Receptor (RAR) signalling as a promising therapeutic strategy. In this review we provide a holistic approach focussing on the effects of isoform-specific RAR modulation with respect to APP secretases and discuss its advantages and drawbacks in subcellular AD related events.
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Affiliation(s)
- José J M Vitória
- Department of Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Signalling Group, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Diogo Trigo
- Department of Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Signalling Group, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Odete A B da Cruz E Silva
- Department of Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Signalling Group, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal.
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28
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Sandberg AA, Manning E, Wilkins HM, Mazzarino R, Minckley T, Swerdlow RH, Patterson D, Qin Y, Linseman DA. Mitochondrial Targeting of Amyloid-β Protein Precursor Intracellular Domain Induces Hippocampal Cell Death via a Mechanism Distinct from Amyloid-β. J Alzheimers Dis 2022; 86:1727-1744. [PMID: 35253745 PMCID: PMC10084495 DOI: 10.3233/jad-215108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Amyloid-β (Aβ) is a principal cleavage product of amyloid-β protein precursor (AβPP) and is widely recognized as a key pathogenic player in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Yet, there is increasing evidence of a neurotoxic role for the AβPP intracellular domain (AICD) which has been proposed to occur through its nuclear function. Intriguingly, there is a γ-secretase resident at the mitochondria which could produce AICD locally. OBJECTIVE We examined the potential of AICD to induce neuronal apoptosis when targeted specifically to the mitochondria and compared its mechanism of neurotoxicity to that of Aβ. METHODS We utilized transient transfection of HT22 neuronal cells with bicistronic plasmids coding for DsRed and either empty vector (Ires), Aβ, AICD59, or mitochondrial-targeted AICD (mitoAICD) in combination with various inhibitors of pathways involved in apoptosis. RESULTS AICD induced significant neuronal apoptosis only when targeted to the mitochondria. Apoptosis required functional mitochondria as neither Aβ nor mitoAICD induced significant toxicity in cells devoid of mitochondrial DNA. Both glutathione and a Bax inhibitor protected HT22 cells from either peptide. However, inhibition of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore only protected from Aβ, while pan-caspase inhibitors uniquely rescued cells from mitoAICD. CONCLUSION Our results show that AICD displays a novel neurotoxic function when targeted to mitochondria. Moreover, mitoAICD induces apoptosis via a mechanism that is distinct from that of Aβ. These findings suggest that AICD produced locally at mitochondria via organelle-specific γ-secretase could act in a synergistic manner with Aβ to cause mitochondrial dysfunction and neuronal death in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra A. Sandberg
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Denver, 2199 S. University Blvd., Denver, CO, USA
| | - Evan Manning
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Denver, 2199 S. University Blvd., Denver, CO, USA
| | - Heather M. Wilkins
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Denver, 2199 S. University Blvd., Denver, CO, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Kansas Alzheimer’s Disease Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Randall Mazzarino
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Denver, 2199 S. University Blvd., Denver, CO, USA
| | - Taylor Minckley
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Denver, 2199 S. University Blvd., Denver, CO, USA
| | - Russell H. Swerdlow
- Department of Neurology, University of Kansas Alzheimer’s Disease Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - David Patterson
- Knoebel Institute for Healthy Aging and Eleanor Roosevelt Institute, University of Denver, 2155 E. Wesley Ave., Denver, CO, USA
| | - Yan Qin
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Denver, 2199 S. University Blvd., Denver, CO, USA
| | - Daniel A. Linseman
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Denver, 2199 S. University Blvd., Denver, CO, USA
- Knoebel Institute for Healthy Aging and Eleanor Roosevelt Institute, University of Denver, 2155 E. Wesley Ave., Denver, CO, USA
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29
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Velasco-Bolom JL, Domínguez L. Mechanistic regulation of γ-secretase by their substrates. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:19223-19232. [DOI: 10.1039/d2cp01714h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
γ-Secretase (GS) is a transmembrane (TM) enzyme that plays important roles in the processing of approximately 90 substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- José-Luis Velasco-Bolom
- Facultad de Química, Departamento de Fisicoquímica, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
| | - Laura Domínguez
- Facultad de Química, Departamento de Fisicoquímica, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
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30
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Vilar M. Neurotrophin receptοrs, gamma-secretase inhibitors, and neurodegeneration of basal forebrain cholinergic neurons. Neural Regen Res 2021; 17:1493-1494. [PMID: 34916430 PMCID: PMC8771120 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.330607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Marçal Vilar
- Instituto de Biomedicina de València del CSIC, València, Spain
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31
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IKK2/NF-κB Activation in Astrocytes Reduces amyloid β Deposition: A Process Associated with Specific Microglia Polarization. Cells 2021; 10:cells10102669. [PMID: 34685649 PMCID: PMC8534251 DOI: 10.3390/cells10102669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a common neurodegenerative disease that is accompanied by pronounced neuroinflammatory responses mainly characterized by marked microgliosis and astrogliosis. However, it remains open as to how different aspects of astrocytic and microglial activation affect disease progression. Previously, we found that microglia expansion in the spinal cord, initiated by IKK2/NF-κB activation in astrocytes, exhibits stage-dependent beneficial effects on the progression of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Here, we investigated the impact of NF-κB-initiated neuroinflammation on AD pathogenesis using the APP23 mouse model of AD in combination with conditional activation of IKK2/NF-κB signaling in astrocytes. We show that NF-κB activation in astrocytes triggers a distinct neuroinflammatory response characterized by striking astrogliosis as well as prominent microglial reactivity. Immunohistochemistry and Congo red staining revealed an overall reduction in the size and number of amyloid plaques in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus. Interestingly, isolated primary astrocytes and microglia cells exhibit specific marker gene profiles which, in the case of microglia, point to an enhanced plaque clearance capacity. In contrast, direct IKK2/NF-κB activation in microglia results in a pro-inflammatory polarization program. Our findings suggest that IKK2/NF-κB signaling in astrocytes may activate paracrine mechanisms acting on microglia function but also on APP processing in neurons.
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32
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Chen XQ, Xing Z, Chen QD, Salvi RJ, Zhang X, Tycko B, Mobley WC, Yu YE. Mechanistic Analysis of Age-Related Clinical Manifestations in Down Syndrome. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:700280. [PMID: 34276349 PMCID: PMC8281234 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.700280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Down syndrome (DS) is the most common genetic cause of Alzheimer's disease (AD) due to trisomy for all or part of human chromosome 21 (Hsa21). It is also associated with other phenotypes including distinctive facial features, cardiac defects, growth delay, intellectual disability, immune system abnormalities, and hearing loss. All adults with DS demonstrate AD-like brain pathology, including amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles, by age 40 and dementia typically by age 60. There is compelling evidence that increased APP gene dose is necessary for AD in DS, and the mechanism for this effect has begun to emerge, implicating the C-terminal APP fragment of 99 amino acid (β-CTF). The products of other triplicated genes on Hsa21 might act to modify the impact of APP triplication by altering the overall rate of biological aging. Another important age-related DS phenotype is hearing loss, and while its mechanism is unknown, we describe its characteristics here. Moreover, immune system abnormalities in DS, involving interferon pathway genes and aging, predispose to diverse infections and might modify the severity of COVID-19. All these considerations suggest human trisomy 21 impacts several diseases in an age-dependent manner. Thus, understanding the possible aging-related mechanisms associated with these clinical manifestations of DS will facilitate therapeutic interventions in mid-to-late adulthood, while at the same time shedding light on basic mechanisms of aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu-Qiao Chen
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Zhuo Xing
- The Children's Guild Foundation Down Syndrome Research Program, Genetics and Genomics Program and Department of Cancer Genetics and Genomics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Quang-Di Chen
- Department of Communicative Disorders and Sciences and Center for Hearing and Deafness, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Richard J Salvi
- Department of Communicative Disorders and Sciences and Center for Hearing and Deafness, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Xuming Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States
| | - Benjamin Tycko
- Hackensack-Meridian Health Center for Discovery and Innovation, Nutley, NJ, United States.,Georgetown Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Washington, DC, United States
| | - William C Mobley
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Y Eugene Yu
- The Children's Guild Foundation Down Syndrome Research Program, Genetics and Genomics Program and Department of Cancer Genetics and Genomics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, United States.,Genetics, Genomics and Bioinformatics Program, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
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