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Sventeckis AM, Surowiec RK, Fuchs RK, Warden SJ. Cross-sectional size, shape, and estimated strength of the tibia, fibula and second metatarsal in female collegiate-level cross-country runners and soccer players. Bone 2024; 188:117233. [PMID: 39127437 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2024.117233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2024] [Revised: 07/15/2024] [Accepted: 08/07/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024]
Abstract
Bone stress injuries (BSIs) frequently occur in the leg and foot long bones of female distance runners. A potential means of preventing BSIs is to participate in multidirectional sports when younger to build a more robust skeleton. The current cross-sectional study compared differences in tibia, fibula, and second metatarsal diaphysis size, shape, and strength between female collegiate-level athletes specialized in cross-country running (RUN, n = 16) and soccer (SOC, n = 16). Assessments were performed using high-resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography and outcomes corrected for measures at the radius diaphysis to control for selection bias and systemic differences between groups. The tibia in SOC had a 7.5 % larger total area than RUN, with a 29.4 % greater minimum second moment of area (IMIN) and 8.2 % greater estimated failure load (all p ≤ 0.02). Tibial values in SOC exceeded reference data indicating positive adaptation. In contrast, values in RUN were similar to reference data suggesting running induced limited tibial adaptation. RUN did have a larger ratio between their maximum second moment of area (IMAX) and IMIN than both SOC and reference values. This suggests the unidirectional loading associated with running altered tibial shape with material distributed more in the anteroposterior (IMAX) direction as opposed to the mediolateral (IMIN) direction. Comparatively, SOC had a similar IMAX/IMIN ratio to reference data suggesting the larger tibia in SOC resulted from multiplane adaptation. In addition to enhanced size and strength of their tibia, SOC had enhanced structure and strength of their fibula and second metatarsal. At both sites, polar moment of inertia was approximately 25 % larger in SOC compared to RUN (all p = 0.03). These data support calls for young female athletes to delay specialization in running and participate in multidirectional sports, like soccer, to build a more robust skeleton that is potentially more protected against BSIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Austin M Sventeckis
- Department of Physical Therapy, School of Health and Human Sciences, Indiana University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, United States of America
| | - Rachel K Surowiec
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, Indianapolis, IN, United States of America; Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, United States of America
| | - Robyn K Fuchs
- Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, United States of America; Tom and Julie Wood College of Osteopathic Medicine, Marian University, Indianapolis, IN, United States of America
| | - Stuart J Warden
- Department of Physical Therapy, School of Health and Human Sciences, Indiana University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, United States of America; Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, United States of America.
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Freitas L, Bezerra A, Boppre G, Amorim T, Fernandes RJ, Fonseca H. Does Swimming Exercise Impair Bone Health? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Comparing the Evidence in Humans and Rodent Models. Sports Med 2024:10.1007/s40279-024-02052-x. [PMID: 38900358 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-024-02052-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The effect of swimming on bone health remains unclear, namely due to discrepant findings between studies in humans and animal models. OBJECTIVE The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis is to identify the available evidence on the effects of swimming on bone mass, geometry and microarchitecture at the lumbar spine, femur and tibia in both humans and rodent animal models. METHODS The study followed PRISMA guidelines and was registered at PROSPERO (CRD4202236347 and CRD42022363714 for human and animal studies). Two different systematic literature searches were conducted in PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science, retrieving 36 and 16 reports for humans and animal models, respectively. RESULTS In humans, areal bone mineral density (aBMD) was similar between swimmers and non-athletic controls at the lumbar spine, hip and femoral neck. Swimmers' tibia diaphysis showed a higher cross-sectional area but lower cortical thickness. Inconsistent findings at the femoral neck cortical thickness were found. Due to the small number of studies, trabecular microarchitecture in human swimmers was not assessed. In rodent models, aBMD was found to be lower at the tibia, but similar at the femur. Inconsistent findings in femur diaphysis cross-sectional area were observed. No differences in femur and tibia trabecular microarchitecture were found. CONCLUSION Swimming seems to affect bone health differently according to anatomical region. Studies in both humans and rodent models suggest that tibia cortical bone is negatively affected by swimming. There was no evidence of a negative effect of swimming on other bone regions, both in humans and animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Freitas
- Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure (CIAFEL), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Plácido Costa 91, 4200-450, Porto, Portugal.
- Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health (ITR), Porto, Portugal.
| | - Andrea Bezerra
- Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure (CIAFEL), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Plácido Costa 91, 4200-450, Porto, Portugal
- Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health (ITR), Porto, Portugal
| | - Giorjines Boppre
- Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure (CIAFEL), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Plácido Costa 91, 4200-450, Porto, Portugal
- Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health (ITR), Porto, Portugal
- Nucleus of Research in Human Movement Science, Universidad Adventista de Chile, Chillán, Chile
| | - Tânia Amorim
- Fame Laboratory, Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, University of Thessaly, Trikala, Greece
| | - Ricardo J Fernandes
- Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport (CIFI2D), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Porto Biomechanics Laboratory (LABIOMEP), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Hélder Fonseca
- Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure (CIAFEL), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Plácido Costa 91, 4200-450, Porto, Portugal
- Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health (ITR), Porto, Portugal
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Faienza MF, Urbano F, Chiarito M, Lassandro G, Giordano P. Musculoskeletal health in children and adolescents. Front Pediatr 2023; 11:1226524. [PMID: 38161439 PMCID: PMC10754974 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2023.1226524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this narrative review was to investigate the key determinants of musculoskeletal health in childhood and adolescence, with particular attention to the role of physical activity. First, we examined the importance of bone modeling and remodeling in maintaining the bone health and the integrity and mechanical characteristic of the skeleton. In addition, we reported the evidence on an appropriate calcium and vitamin D intake, as well as local load variation in achieving proper peak bone mass. Proteomic and transcriptomic studies identified the skeletal muscle "secretoma", consisting of several myokines involved in endocrine and paracrine functions. Among these, we explored the role of irisin, a myokine involved in the muscle-bone crosstalk, and in the regulation of metabolic pathways. It is known that physical activity during growing positively impacts on skeleton and can protect by bone loss in adulthood. However, there are still concerns about the optimal interval duration and exercise intensity, particularly at the pubertal growth spurt which represents a window of opportunity to increase skeletal strength. We reported data from clinical trials performed in the last 5 years analyzing the impact of the type and timing of physical activity during childhood on skeletal development. Finally, we reported recent data on the significance of physical activity in some rare diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Felicia Faienza
- Pediatric Unit, Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Bari, Italy
| | | | - Mariangela Chiarito
- Pediatric Unit, Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Bari, Italy
| | | | - Paola Giordano
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Bari, Italy
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Finianos B, Pinti A, ElHage R. The effects of a 1-year recreational football protocol on bone health parameters in a group of healthy inactive 50-year-old men. J Clin Densitom 2023; 26:101368. [PMID: 37002003 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocd.2023.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
The main aim of the current study was to explore the effects of a 1-year recreational football protocol on bone health parameters (bone mineral content (BMC), bone mineral density (BMD), femoral neck geometry and composite indices of femoral neck strength) in a group of healthy inactive 50-year-old men. 51 middle-aged men voluntarily participated in this study, but only 41 of them completed it. Thus, the study population included 11 former football (FF) players and 30 inactive men. Inactive men were assigned to 3 different groups: controls (n=10), recreational football 30 (RF30; n=10) and recreational football 60 (RF60; n=10). The RF30 group performed two sessions of recreational football per week; the duration of each session was 30 minutes. The RF60 group performed two sessions of recreational football per week; the duration of each session was 60 minutes. The current study has demonstrated that whole body (WB) BMC, femoral neck BMD, cross-sectional moment of inertia, compression strength index, bending strength index and impact strength index increased in both experimental groups (RF30 and RF60) but not in the control group. The percentages of variations in bone health parameters were not significantly different between RF30 and RF60. In conclusion, this study suggests that recreational football is an effective method to improve bone health parameters in middle-aged men. In the studied population, most of the bone health benefits occurred after a low volume training protocol (2 * 30 minutes of recreational football per week).
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Affiliation(s)
- Boutros Finianos
- Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, University of Balamand, Kelhat El-Koura, Lebanon
| | - Antonio Pinti
- Université Polytechnique Hauts-de-France, INSA Hauts-de-France, LARSH - Laboratoire de Recherche Sociétés & Humanités, F-59313 Valenciennes, France
| | - Rawad ElHage
- Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, University of Balamand, Kelhat El-Koura, Lebanon.
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Bezerra A, Freitas L, Maciel L, Fonseca H. Bone Tissue Responsiveness To Mechanical Loading-Possible Long-Term Implications of Swimming on Bone Health and Bone Development. Curr Osteoporos Rep 2022; 20:453-468. [PMID: 36401774 DOI: 10.1007/s11914-022-00758-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To revisit the bone tissue mechanotransduction mechanisms behind the bone tissue response to mechanical loading and, within this context, explore the possible negative influence of regular swimming practice on bone health, particularly during the growth and development period. RECENT FINDINGS Bone is a dynamic tissue, responsive to mechanical loading and unloading, being these adaptative responses more intense during the growth and development period. Cross-sectional studies usually report a lower bone mass in swimmers compared to athletes engaged in weigh-bearing sports. However, studies with animal models show contradictory findings about the effect of swimming on bone health, highlighting the need for longitudinal studies. Due to its microgravity characteristics, swimming seems to impair bone mass, but mostly at the lower limbs. It is unkown if there is a causal relationship between swimming and low BMD or if other confounding factors, such as a natural selection whithin the sport, are the cause.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andréa Bezerra
- Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure (CIAFEL), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto (FADE/UP), 4200-450, Porto, Portugal.
- Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health (ITR), 4050-600, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Laura Freitas
- Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure (CIAFEL), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto (FADE/UP), 4200-450, Porto, Portugal
- Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health (ITR), 4050-600, Porto, Portugal
| | - Leonardo Maciel
- Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure (CIAFEL), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto (FADE/UP), 4200-450, Porto, Portugal
- Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health (ITR), 4050-600, Porto, Portugal
- Department of Physiotherapy, Federal University of Sergipe, Campus Lagarto, Lagarto, Brazil
| | - Hélder Fonseca
- Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure (CIAFEL), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto (FADE/UP), 4200-450, Porto, Portugal
- Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health (ITR), 4050-600, Porto, Portugal
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Freitas L, Bezerra A, Amorim T, Fernandes RJ, Duarte J, Fonseca H. Is competitive swimming training a risk factor for osteoporosis? A systematic review of the literature and quality of evidence. GERMAN JOURNAL OF EXERCISE AND SPORT RESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12662-022-00849-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Murray AA, Erlandson MC. Tibial cortical and trabecular variables together can pinpoint the timing of impact loading relative to menarche in premenopausal females. Am J Hum Biol 2021; 34:e23711. [PMID: 34878660 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.23711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Though relationships between limb bone structure and mechanical loading have provided fantastic opportunities for understanding the lives of prehistoric adults, the lives of children remain poorly understood. Our aim was to determine whether or not adult tibial skeletal variables retain information about childhood/adolescent loading, through assessing relationships between cortical and trabecular bone variables and the timing of impact loading relative to menarche in premenopausal adult females. METHODS Peripheral quantitative computed tomography was used to quantify geometric and densitometric variables from the proximal tibial diaphysis (66% location) and distal epiphysis (4% location) among 81 nulliparous young adult female controls and athletes aged 19-33 years grouped according to intensity of impact loading both pre- and post-menarche: (1) Low:Low (Controls); (2) High:Low; (3) High:High; (4) Moderate:Moderate; (5) Low:Moderate. ANCOVA was used to compare properties among the groups adjusted for age, stature, and body mass. RESULTS Significant increases in diaphyseal total cross-sectional area and strength-strain index were documented among groups with any pre-menarcheal impact loading relative to groups with none, regardless of post-menarcheal loading history (p < .01). In contrast, significantly elevated distal trabecular volumetric bone mineral density was only documented among groups with recent post-menarcheal loading relative to groups with none, regardless of pre-menarcheal impact loading history (p < .01). CONCLUSIONS The consideration of diaphyseal cortical bone geometric and epiphyseal trabecular bone densitometric variables together within the tibia can identify variation in pre-menarcheal and post-menarcheal impact loading histories among premenopausal adult females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison A Murray
- Department of Anthropology, University of Victoria, Victoria, Canada
| | - Marta C Erlandson
- College of Kinesiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
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Denova-Gutiérrez E, Rivera-Paredez B, Velázquez-Cruz R, Muñoz-Aguirre P, Ramírez-Palacios P, Clark P, Ferretti JL, Salmerón J, Cointry GR. Relationship between physical activity, lean body mass, and bone mass in the Mexican adult population. Arch Osteoporos 2021; 16:94. [PMID: 34105036 DOI: 10.1007/s11657-021-00936-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED We evaluated the association between leisure-time physical activity (LTPA), bone mineral content (BMC), and lean mass (LM) in whole body (wb) and limbs of the Mexican adult population. Our results demonstrate that some types of LTPA with relatively high/medium impact on bones such as football, basketball, tennis, and weightlifting improve BMC and LM. PURPOSE To evaluate the effect of different kinds of leisure-time physical activity (LTPA) on bone mass values and its association with lean mass (LM) in the whole body (wb) and limbs of a large sample of Mexican men and premenopausal (pre-MP) women. METHODS We conducted a cross-sectional analysis of data from the Health Workers Cohort Study. Bone mineral content (BMC, kg), bone area (cm2), and LM (kg) were measured with DXA. The LTPA level and the "sedentary" condition were determined using a validated questionnaire adapted for the Mexican population. One-way ANOVA tests evaluated the differences in weight, height, body mass index, and wb, lower limb (ll) and upper limb (ul) BMC and LM between the active (those who engaged in LTPA) and sedentary group. Relationships between BMC and LM values were analyzed. Slopes of the curves and Z scores of LTPA groups with respect to the sedentary group were compared. RESULTS In men, both wb-BMC and ll-BMC were significantly higher in the groups performing basketball, football, tennis, weightlifting, and running, and all wb-LM, ll-LM, and ul-LM were higher in running, weightlifting, football, and basketball groups with respect to the sedentary group. Both the Z scores and the slopes of BMC-vs-LM relationships were higher than the controls, but only in the ll of male basketball and football players. CONCLUSION Our findings demonstrate that some types of LTPA with relatively high/medium impact on bones, such as football, basketball, tennis, and weightlifting, improve both BMC and LM compared to sedentary individuals. Finally, this relationship is stronger for the bones found in the legs and it seems that women are less sensitive to this effect, possibly due to hormonal, dietary, and pharmacological reasons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edgar Denova-Gutiérrez
- Centro de Investigación en Nutrición y Salud, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuernavaca, México.
| | - Berenice Rivera-Paredez
- Unidad Académica de Investigación Epidemiológica, Centro de Investigación en Políticas, Población y Salud, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Rafael Velázquez-Cruz
- Laboratorio de Genómica del Metabolismo Óseo, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Paloma Muñoz-Aguirre
- CONACYT - Centro de Investigación en Salud Poblacional, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuernavaca, México
| | - Paula Ramírez-Palacios
- Unidad de Investigación Epidemiológica y en Servicios de Salud, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Cuernavaca, México
| | - Patricia Clark
- Unidad de Investigación en Epidemiología Clínica, Hospital Infantil de México "Federico Gómez", Ciudad de México, México
| | - Jose Luis Ferretti
- Centro de Estudios de Metabolismo Fosfocálcico, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Jorge Salmerón
- Unidad Académica de Investigación Epidemiológica, Centro de Investigación en Políticas, Población y Salud, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Gustavo Roberto Cointry
- Centro de Estudios de Metabolismo Fosfocálcico, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina.
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Krahenbühl T, Barros-Filho ADA, Barbeta CJDO, Guerra-Júnior G, Gonçalves EM. Geometric indices of femur bone strength in female handball players. Women Health 2020; 60:1118-1128. [PMID: 32752949 DOI: 10.1080/03630242.2020.1802637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The practice of sports during the growth phase has a positive influence on bone mineral accrual. However, the effects of different sports are still not fully understood. The aim of this study was to evaluate the bone geometry in adolescent handball players. This is a cross-sectional study in which 53 female adolescents (12-17 years old) were divided into two groups: handball players (HG: n = 26), who must have had at least six months of participation in official competitions, and a control group (CG: n = 27). Bone geometry properties, such as cross-sectional area (CSA), cross-sectional moment of inertia (CSMI), section modulus (Z), and femoral strength index (FSI) were measured using DXA. Tanner's sexual maturity, menarche, peak height velocity, sun exposure, and calcium intake were assessed. An unpaired Student's t test or the Mann-Whitney test and multivariate analyzes were used to compare variables differences between groups. The HG group showed a significantly higher body mass index, weight and lean mass (LST), CSA, CSMI, Z, and FSI than the CG group. When the values were adjusted for LST, the differences disappeared. The LST has been shown to be relevant to the strength and bone stiffness of the femurs of female adolescents, and the competitive practice in handball may have contributed to its increase.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Gil Guerra-Júnior
- School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas , Campinas, Brazil
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Geometric and "True" Densitometric Characteristics of Bones in Athletes with Stress Fracture and Menstrual Disturbances: A Systematic Review. Sports Med 2020; 49:1059-1078. [PMID: 31041601 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-019-01109-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stress fractures can lead to short- and long-term consequences, impacting participation in sport and general health. Recognizing which skeletal characteristics render bones susceptible to stress fracture may aid stress-fracture prevention. Menstrual disturbances among exercising women are a known risk factor for stress fracture; therefore, assessing skeletal commonalities between women with stress fractures and women with menstrual disturbances may increase our understanding of why menstrual disturbances put athletes at greater risk for stress fracture. Three-dimensional (3D) bone imaging tools provide detailed information about volumetric bone mineral density (vBMD) and bone structure that cannot be obtained using traditional two-dimensional (2D) techniques. OBJECTIVES This systematic review serves to: (1) evaluate the current literature available on vBMD, bone geometry, and bone structure in exercising women with menstrual disturbances and exercising women with stress fractures, and (2) assess the common skeletal characteristics between both conditions. Our aim is to reveal bone properties beyond 2D areal BMD that may indicate increased susceptibility to stress fracture among exercising women with menstrual disturbances. SEARCH METHODS A search of the PubMed/Medline database was completed in May 2018. ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA Eligible articles included those that reported vBMD, bone geometry, or bone structure obtained from 3D imaging techniques or estimated from 2D imaging techniques. Only studies conducted in premenopausal exercising women and girls who had a stress fracture, a menstrual disturbance, or both were included. RESULTS Twenty-four articles met the inclusion criteria. Bone area and cortical thickness at the tibia were identified as altered both in women with menstrual disturbances and in women with stress fractures; however, there was inconsistency in the results observed for all bone parameters. The majority of skeletal parameters of the lower extremities were not significantly different between exercising women with and without stress fractures and between those with and without menstrual disturbances. DISCUSSION Most studies were moderate or low quality based on study design, and only one article combined both conditions to explore vBMD and bone geometry in athletes with menstrual disturbances and a history of stress fracture. These findings highlight the need for more skeletal research on the intersection of these health conditions in exercising women. The lack of observed differences in skeletal parameters suggests that risk factors other than bone geometry and structure may be the primary causes of stress fracture in these women.
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Adamczyk P, Pluskiewicz W. Karate Training Improves Skeletal Status Assessed by Quantitative Ultrasound in Girls and Premenopausal Women. J Clin Densitom 2020; 23:314-321. [PMID: 30131276 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocd.2018.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2018] [Revised: 07/14/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of the study was to assess the influence of regular karate training on the skeletal status evaluated by quantitative ultrasound (QUS) in females. METHODS A group of 132 karate training girls and women at mean age 19.57 (standard deviation [SD] 7.64) yr (range 7.3-45.3 yr) and 322 age-, sex- and body size-matched controls were enrolled into the study. Mean training duration in the karate group was 7.52 (SD 5.05) yr and mean training frequency was 2.97 (SD 1.21) per wk. The QUS measurements were performed at hand proximal phalanges, using a DBM Sonic 1200 (IGEA, Carpi, Italy) sonographic device, which measures amplitude-dependent speed of sound (Ad-SoS [m/s]). RESULTS The results of Ad-SoS obtained in karatekas were generally higher than in controls with significant difference for prepubertal girls (1966.2 [SD 46.2] vs 1942.7 [SD 38.4]; p < 0.05) and for adult women (2124.4 [SD 48.0] vs 2105.3 [SD 54.0]; p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Regular karate training is a factor that is positively associated with results of the QUS measurements at hand phalanges in exercising females and its impact is most strongly pronounced in prepuberty and adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Adamczyk
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine with the Division of Dentistry in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland.
| | - W Pluskiewicz
- Department of Internal Medicine, Diabetology and Nephrology-Metabolic Bone Diseases Unit, School of Medicine with the Division of Dentistry in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
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Lanhers C, Courteix D, Valente-Dos-Santos J, Ferry B, Gracia-Marco L, Pereira B, Borda IM, Lespessailles E, Duclos M. Gonadal hormones may predict structural bone fragility in elite female soccer player. J Sports Sci 2020; 38:827-837. [PMID: 32149566 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2020.1735982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: This study determined the impact of menstrual status on bone tissue in elite post-pubertal female soccer players over an entire season.Methods: Fifty-one elite female soccer players participated. At baseline, forty-one were assigned to the low hormonal androgenic profile (low-HAPL) and 10 to the high hormonal androgenic profile (high-HAPL).Results: An 8-month training program led to increased bone mineral density content (p<0.05). The low-HAPL athletes improved the Narrow neck average cortical thickness (ACT) by 1.4% and reduced the corresponding Buckling ratio (BR) by 2.6%, thus decreasing the fracture risk (p<0.05). The high-HAPL athletes decreased the Narrow neck ACT by 5.4% and increased the BR by 2.6%, increasing fracture risk (p<0.05). Differences were assigned as being "very likely beneficial" for the low-HAPL athletes, supported by very large (d=3.41) and large (d=1.58) effect sizes for the Narrow neck ACT and BR, respectively.Conclusion: A season of soccer training has induced bone geometry improvements in adolescent females. Bone health parameters improved in the two clusters. However, high-HAPL athletes decreased its resistance to loading compare to low-HAPL athletes. Even if female players do not present clinical symptoms related to their hormonal status, sport medicine physicians should pay attention to their structural bone fragility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Lanhers
- Sport Medicine and Functional Explorations, University Hospital of Clermont-Ferrand (CHU), Clermont-Ferrand, France.,Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University Hospital of Clermont-Ferrand (CHU), Clermont-Ferrand, France.,Unité De Nutrition Humaine (UNH), Université Clermont Auvergne, INRA, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Daniel Courteix
- Laboratory of Metabolic Adaptations to Exercise in Physiological and Pathological Conditions (AME2P), University Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - João Valente-Dos-Santos
- Research Unity for Sport and Physical Activity (CIDAF, UID/DTP/04213/2016), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,FCT, Foundation for Science and Technology, Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (SFRH/BPD/100470/2014), Lisbon, Portugal.,Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Life Sciences (IBILI), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Lusófona University of Humanities and Technologies, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Beatrice Ferry
- I3MTO, University of Orléans, Orléans, France.,Rheumatology, CHR Orléans, Orléans, France
| | - Luis Gracia-Marco
- Growth, Exercise, NUtrition and Development (GENUD) Research Group, Universidad De Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain.,PROmoting FITness and Health through Physical Activity (PROFITH) Research Group, Department of Physical Education and Sports, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Bruno Pereira
- Department of Clinical Research and Innovation (DRCI), University Hospital of Clermont-Ferrand (CHU), Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Ileana Monica Borda
- Clinical Rehabilitation Hospital, University of Medicine and Pharmacy "Luliu Hatieganu", Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Eric Lespessailles
- I3MTO, University of Orléans, Orléans, France.,Rheumatology, CHR Orléans, Orléans, France
| | - Martine Duclos
- Sport Medicine and Functional Explorations, University Hospital of Clermont-Ferrand (CHU), Clermont-Ferrand, France.,Unité De Nutrition Humaine (UNH), Université Clermont Auvergne, INRA, Clermont-Ferrand, France
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Bellver M, Del Rio L, Jovell E, Drobnic F, Trilla A. Bone mineral density and bone mineral content among female elite athletes. Bone 2019; 127:393-400. [PMID: 31271933 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2019.06.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Revised: 06/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Exercise is a protective factor for the appearance of osteoporosis, but not all physical activities have the same effect on bones. Low-impact sports, like swimming, may a have a negative or no effect. The aim of the present study is to evaluate bone mineral density (BMD, g/cm2) and bone mineral content (BMC, kg) among female high performance athletes from aquatic and non-aquatic sports and to assess possible differences with sedentary controls. METHODS Participants are elite female athletes over 18 years, from the Spanish Olympic teams, with at least 12-15 h of weekly training on aquatic sports: swimming (n = 19), synchronized swimming (n = 24) and water polo (n = 14), and elite female athletes from non-aquatic sports: professional football players of Futbol Club Barcelona team (n = 92), Spanish national volleyball (n = 26) and field hockey teams (n = 29) as well as sedentary controls (n = 126). Bone mineral density scans was performed using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry for whole body, segmental analysis, proximal femur and lumbar spine. RESULTS Non-aquatic female athletes have total and segments BMC and BMD values higher than those of aquatic athletes, that in turn show similar BMD values compared to controls. BMD in lumbar spine and proximal femur was higher in non-aquatic sports compared to aquatic sports athletes and both were higher than controls. CONCLUSION BMD is not negatively compromised by the practice of aquatic sports at a highly competitive level. However, non-aquatic female athletes show a higher BMD. Time training out of the water improves BMD. Our findings suggest that swimming and synchronized swimming should be combined with weight-bearing, impact or strength activities, as they do not seem to be osteogenic sports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Montse Bellver
- Centro de Alto Rendimiento (CAR), Av. Alcalde Barnils s/n, 08173 Sant Cugat del Valles, Barcelona, Spain; Consorcio Sanitario de Terrassa, Carretera de Torrebonica s/n, 08227 Terrassa, Spain.
| | - Luis Del Rio
- CETIR Centre Medic, c/Londres, 6, 08029 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Esther Jovell
- Consorcio Sanitario de Terrassa, Carretera de Torrebonica s/n, 08227 Terrassa, Spain
| | - Franchek Drobnic
- Centro de Alto Rendimiento (CAR), Av. Alcalde Barnils s/n, 08173 Sant Cugat del Valles, Barcelona, Spain; Futbol Club Barcelona (FCB), Av. Onze de Setembre, s/n, 08970 Sant Joan Despí, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antoni Trilla
- Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, c/Villarroel 170, 08036 Barcelona, (Spain)
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14
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Abstract
The aims of this study were to assess bone mass in children and adolescent soccer players and to evaluate the influence of both gender and pubertal status on bone mass. A total of 110 soccer players (75 males / 35 females; 12.73 ± 0.65 / 12.76 ± 0.59 years) participated in this cross-sectional study. They were divided into two groups according to their pubertal status. Bone and lean masses were measured with Dual-energy X-ray Absorptiometry. An independent t-test and an adjusted by subtotal lean and training experience multivariate analysis of covariance were used to analyse the differences in bone mass values between genders and maturity status. Female soccer players presented higher bone mass values than their male counterparts in most of the measured weight-bearing sites. Moreover, when stratifying by pubertal status, peripubertal and postpubertal females had higher subtotal body and lumbar spine bone mass than males. Comparing between pubertal status groups before adjustment, both male and female postpubertal players showed higher bone mass than their pubertal counterparts. After adjusting, these differences disappeared and, in fact results were inverted as bone mass at the femoral neck was higher in both male and female peripubertal soccer players than in postpubertal players. Bone mass seems to be more intensely stimulated by playing soccer in female than male players, particularly in the lumbar spine. The results of peripubertal players showing higher bone mass at the femoral neck after adjusting suggest that playing soccer during the peripubertal stage could be an effective activity to achieve optimal bone mass values.
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15
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de Avila JA, Melloni MAS, Pascoa MA, Cirolini VX, Barbeta CJDO, de Avila RA, Gonçalves EM, Guerra-Junior G. Effect of 7 Months of Physical Training and Military Routine on the Bone Mass of Young Adults. Mil Med 2019; 184:e353-e359. [PMID: 30793203 DOI: 10.1093/milmed/usz001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Revised: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Physical activity (PA) has a great influence on bone mineral density (BMD) and bone mineral content (BMC), however longitudinal studies that seek to relate bone mass to physical activity are scarce and have a small sample size. The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the effect of 7 months of military physical training (MPT), impact sports (IS), and swimming in the bone mass of young military adults. MATERIALS AND METHODS A prospective study was conducted with 213 military school students (male and aged 19.2 ± 1.2 years) divided into three groups: MPT (n = 144), IS (n = 56), and Swimming (n = 13). Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry was used to determine body composition (percentage of fat, fat mass, and fat-free mass) and bone mass (BMD, BMD Z-Score, total BMC, arm BMC, leg BMC, and trunk BMC), at the beginning of the military service and after 7 months of training. RESULTS It was observed a significant increase in BMD, BMD Z-Score, total BMC and BMC of all segments analyzed for all groups (p < 0.01). There was a significantly greater variation in BMD of the IS group in relation to the MPT group (p < 0.01), and in the arm BMC of the MPT group in relation to the IS group (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION After 7 months of training, there were significant increases in BMC and BMD of all the groups evaluated. The bone response was associated with the muscular group used in the physical exercise and the IS group showed greater gain in BMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josiel Almeida de Avila
- Growth and Body Composition Lab, Center for Investigation in Pediatrics, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), 126 Tessália Vieira de Camargo Rue, Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz, 13083-887 - Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mauro Augusto Schreiter Melloni
- Growth and Body Composition Lab, Center for Investigation in Pediatrics, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), 126 Tessália Vieira de Camargo Rue, Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz, 13083-887 - Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mauro Alexandre Pascoa
- Growth and Body Composition Lab, Center for Investigation in Pediatrics, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), 126 Tessália Vieira de Camargo Rue, Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz, 13083-887 - Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vagner Xavier Cirolini
- Growth and Body Composition Lab, Center for Investigation in Pediatrics, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), 126 Tessália Vieira de Camargo Rue, Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz, 13083-887 - Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Camila Justino de Oliveira Barbeta
- Growth and Body Composition Lab, Center for Investigation in Pediatrics, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), 126 Tessália Vieira de Camargo Rue, Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz, 13083-887 - Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rafael Almeida de Avila
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), 1000 Roraima Avenue, Cidade Universitária, Camobi, 97105-900 - Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Ezequiel Moreira Gonçalves
- Growth and Body Composition Lab, Center for Investigation in Pediatrics, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), 126 Tessália Vieira de Camargo Rue, Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz, 13083-887 - Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gil Guerra-Junior
- Growth and Body Composition Lab, Center for Investigation in Pediatrics, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), 126 Tessália Vieira de Camargo Rue, Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz, 13083-887 - Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
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16
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Gomez-Bruton A, Gonzalez-Aguero A, Matute-Llorente A, Lozano-Berges G, Gomez-Cabello A, Moreno LA, Casajus JA, Vicente-Rodríguez G. The muscle-bone unit in adolescent swimmers. Osteoporos Int 2019; 30:1079-1088. [PMID: 30729250 DOI: 10.1007/s00198-019-04857-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Most researchers adjust bone by lean mass when comparing swimmers with controls. This adjustment is done under the assumption that lean affects bone similarly in both groups. Nonetheless, we found that the muscle-bone association is uncoupled in swimmers, and consequently, researchers should avoid this adjustment when evaluating swimmers' bone. INTRODUCTION To examine the functional and structural muscle-bone unit in adolescent swimmers. METHODS Sixty-five swimmers (34 girls/31 boys) and 119 controls (51 girls/68 boys) participated in the study. Muscle cross-sectional area (MCSA), bone mineral content (BMC), and polar strength-strain index (SSIPOL) were measured in the non-dominant radius by peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT). Subtotal BMC and lean mass were evaluated with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Handgrip and isometric knee extension (IKE) tests were performed to determine muscle force. The effect of MCSA, lean and force on SSIPOL, and BMC were tested, and the functional and structural muscle-bone ratios of swimmers and controls were compared. RESULTS Both muscle size (MCSA and lean) and muscle force (handgrip and IKE) influenced BMC and SSIPOL in swimmers and controls similarly. Swimmers presented normal MCSA and lean values for their height, but when compared with controls, swimmers presented a higher amount of lean and MCSA for the same BMC or SSIPOL (structural muscle-bone unit). For the functional muscle-bone unit, different results were found for the lower and upper limbs, as no differences were found for the upper limbs, while for the lower limbs, swimmers presented higher muscle force for the same amount of BMC. CONCLUSIONS The contradictory results regarding BMC in swimmers found in previous studies could partly be explained with the findings of the present study that reinforce the idea that swimming is not an effective sport to practice regarding bone mass and that the muscle-bone unit is different in swimmers than in controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Gomez-Bruton
- GENUD (Growth, Exercise, NUtrition and Development) Research Group, Zaragoza, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Madrid, Spain
- EXERNET red de investigación en ejercicio físico y salud para poblaciones especiales, Madrid, Spain
- Faculty of Health and Sport Science (FCSD), Department of Physiatry and Nursing, Universidad de Zaragoza, Ronda Misericordia 5, 22001, Huesca, Spain
| | - A Gonzalez-Aguero
- GENUD (Growth, Exercise, NUtrition and Development) Research Group, Zaragoza, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Madrid, Spain
- EXERNET red de investigación en ejercicio físico y salud para poblaciones especiales, Madrid, Spain
- Faculty of Health and Sport Science (FCSD), Department of Physiatry and Nursing, Universidad de Zaragoza, Ronda Misericordia 5, 22001, Huesca, Spain
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón (IA2), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - A Matute-Llorente
- GENUD (Growth, Exercise, NUtrition and Development) Research Group, Zaragoza, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Madrid, Spain
- EXERNET red de investigación en ejercicio físico y salud para poblaciones especiales, Madrid, Spain
- Faculty of Health and Sport Science (FCSD), Department of Physiatry and Nursing, Universidad de Zaragoza, Ronda Misericordia 5, 22001, Huesca, Spain
| | - G Lozano-Berges
- GENUD (Growth, Exercise, NUtrition and Development) Research Group, Zaragoza, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Madrid, Spain
- EXERNET red de investigación en ejercicio físico y salud para poblaciones especiales, Madrid, Spain
- Faculty of Health and Sport Science (FCSD), Department of Physiatry and Nursing, Universidad de Zaragoza, Ronda Misericordia 5, 22001, Huesca, Spain
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón (IA2), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - A Gomez-Cabello
- GENUD (Growth, Exercise, NUtrition and Development) Research Group, Zaragoza, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Madrid, Spain
- EXERNET red de investigación en ejercicio físico y salud para poblaciones especiales, Madrid, Spain
- Centro Universitario de la Defensa, Zaragoza, Spain
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón (IA2), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - L A Moreno
- GENUD (Growth, Exercise, NUtrition and Development) Research Group, Zaragoza, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Madrid, Spain
- Faculty of Health Science (FCS), Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón (IA2), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - J A Casajus
- GENUD (Growth, Exercise, NUtrition and Development) Research Group, Zaragoza, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Madrid, Spain
- EXERNET red de investigación en ejercicio físico y salud para poblaciones especiales, Madrid, Spain
- Faculty of Health Science (FCS), Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón (IA2), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - G Vicente-Rodríguez
- GENUD (Growth, Exercise, NUtrition and Development) Research Group, Zaragoza, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Madrid, Spain.
- EXERNET red de investigación en ejercicio físico y salud para poblaciones especiales, Madrid, Spain.
- Faculty of Health and Sport Science (FCSD), Department of Physiatry and Nursing, Universidad de Zaragoza, Ronda Misericordia 5, 22001, Huesca, Spain.
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón (IA2), Zaragoza, Spain.
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Ubago-Guisado E, Vlachopoulos D, Barker AR, Christoffersen T, Metcalf B, Gracia-Marco L. Effect of maturational timing on bone health in male adolescent athletes engaged in different sports: The PRO-BONE study. J Sci Med Sport 2019; 22:253-258. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2018.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Revised: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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18
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Hussain D, Han SM, Kim TS. Automatic hip geometric feature extraction in DXA imaging using regional random forest. JOURNAL OF X-RAY SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2019; 27:207-236. [PMID: 30594942 DOI: 10.3233/xst-180434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hip fracture is considered one of the salient disability factors across the global population. People with hip fractures are prone to become permanently disabled or die from complications. Although currently the premier determiner, bone mineral density has some notable limitations in terms of hip fracture risk assessment. OBJECTIVES To learn more about bone strength, hip geometric features (HGFs) can be collected. However, organizing a hip fracture risk study for a large population using a manual HGFs collection technique would be too arduous to be practical. Thus, an automatic HGFs extraction technique is needed. METHOD This paper presents an automated HGFs extraction technique using regional random forest. Regional random forest localizes landmark points from femur DXA images using local constraints of hip anatomy. The local region constraints make random forest robust to noise and increase its performance because it processes the least number of points and patches. RESULTS The proposed system achieved an overall accuracy of 96.22% and 95.87% on phantom data and real human scanned data respectively. CONCLUSION The proposed technique's ability to measure HGFs could be useful in research on the cause and facts of hip fracture and could help in the development of new guidelines for hip fracture risk assessment in the future. The technique will reduce workload and improve the use of X-ray devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dildar Hussain
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Electronics and Information, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Moo Han
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Electronics and Information, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Seong Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Electronics and Information, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Republic of Korea
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19
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Jian QL, HuangFu WC, Lee YH, Liu IH. Age, but not short-term intensive swimming, affects chondrocyte turnover in zebrafish vertebral cartilage. PeerJ 2018; 6:e5739. [PMID: 30294512 PMCID: PMC6171498 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.5739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Both age and intensive exercise are generally considered critical risk factors for osteoarthritis. In this work, we intend to establish zebrafish models to assess the role of these two factors on cartilage homeostasis. We designed a swimming device for zebrafish intensive exercise. The body measurements, bone mineral density (BMD) and the histology of spinal cartilages of 4- and 12-month-old zebrafish, as well the 12-month-old zebrafish before and after a 2-week exercise were compared. Our results indicate that both age and exercise affect the body length and body weight, and the micro-computed tomography reveals that both age and exercise affect the spinal BMD. However, quantitative analysis of immunohistochemistry and histochemistry indicate that short-term intensive exercise does not affect the extracellular matrix (ECM) of spinal cartilage. On the other hand, the cartilage ECM significantly grew from 4 to 12 months of age with an increase in total chondrocytes. dUTP nick end labeling staining shows that the percentages of apoptotic cells significantly increase as the zebrafish grows, whereas the BrdU labeling shows that proliferative cells dramatically decrease from 4 to 12 months of age. A 30-day chase of BrdU labeling shows some retention of labeling in cells in 4-month-old spinal cartilage but not in cartilage from 12-month-old zebrafish. Taken together, our results suggest that zebrafish chondrocytes are actively turned over, and indicate that aging is a critical factor that alters cartilage homeostasis. Zebrafish vertebral cartilage may serve as a good model to study the maturation and homeostasis of articular cartilage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quan-Liang Jian
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Chun HuangFu
- The Ph.D. Program for Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Hua Lee
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - I-Hsuan Liu
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Research Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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20
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Valente-Dos-Santos J, Tavares ÓM, Duarte JP, Sousa-E-Silva PM, Rama LM, Casanova JM, Fontes-Ribeiro CA, Marques EA, Courteix D, Ronque ERV, Cyrino ES, Conde J, Coelho-E-Silva MJ. Total and regional bone mineral and tissue composition in female adolescent athletes: comparison between volleyball players and swimmers. BMC Pediatr 2018; 18:212. [PMID: 29970045 PMCID: PMC6031185 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-018-1182-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Exploring the osteogenic effect of different bone-loading sports is particular relevant to understand the interaction between skeletal muscle and bone health during growth. This study aimed to compare total and regional bone and soft-tissue composition between female adolescent swimmers (n=20, 15.71±0.93 years) and volleyball players (n=26, 16.20±0.77 years). Methods Dietary intake was obtained using food frequency questionnaires. Body size was given by stature, sitting height, and body mass. Six skinfolds were measured. Bone mineral content (BMC) and density (BMD), lean soft tissue, and fat tissue were assessed using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Pearson’s product moment correlation coefficients were calculated to examine the relationships among variables, by type of sport. Comparisons between swimmers and volleyball players were performed using student t-tests for independent samples and multivariate analysis of covariance (controlling for age, training history and body size). Results Swimmers (BMC: 2328±338 g) and volleyball players (BMC: 2656±470 g) exceeded respectively by 2.1 and 2.8 standard deviation scores the average of international standards for whole body BMC of healthy adolescents. Years of training in swimmers were positively related to the upper limbs BMC (r=+0.49, p<0.05). In volleyball players, years of training correlated significantly with lower limbs BMD (r=+0.43, p<0.05). After adjustments for potential confounders, moderate differences (ES-r=0.32) between swimmers and volleyball players were noted in BMD at the lower limbs (volleyball players: +0.098 g∙cm-2, +7.8%). Conclusions Youth female athletes who participate in high-intensity weight-loading activities such as volleyball exhibit moderately higher levels of BMD at the lower limbs compared to non-loading sports such as swimming. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12887-018-1182-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Valente-Dos-Santos
- CIDAF (UID/DTP/04213/2016), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (SFRH/BPD/100470/2014), Lisbon, Portugal.,Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Life Sciences (IBILI), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Lusófona University of Humanities and Technologies, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Óscar M Tavares
- Department of Medical Imaging and Radiation Therapy, School of Health and Technology, Polytechnical Institute of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - João P Duarte
- CIDAF (UID/DTP/04213/2016), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Faculty of Sports Sciences and Physical Education, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (SFRH/BD/101083/2014), Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Paulo M Sousa-E-Silva
- CIDAF (UID/DTP/04213/2016), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Faculty of Sports Sciences and Physical Education, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Luís M Rama
- CIDAF (UID/DTP/04213/2016), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Faculty of Sports Sciences and Physical Education, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - José M Casanova
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Carlos A Fontes-Ribeiro
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Life Sciences (IBILI), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC), Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Life Sciences (IBILI), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Elisa A Marques
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), University Institute of Maia (ISMAI), Maia, Portugal
| | - Daniel Courteix
- Laboratory of Metabolic Adaptations to Exercise in Physiological and Pathological conditions (AME2P), Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France.,School of Exercise Science, Faculty of Health, Australian Catholic University, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Enio R V Ronque
- Metabolism, Nutrition, and Exercise Laboratory (GEPEMENE), State University of Londrina (UEL), Londrina, Brazil
| | - Edilson S Cyrino
- Metabolism, Nutrition, and Exercise Laboratory (GEPEMENE), State University of Londrina (UEL), Londrina, Brazil
| | - Jorge Conde
- School of Health and Technology, Polytechnical Institute of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Manuel J Coelho-E-Silva
- CIDAF (UID/DTP/04213/2016), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal. .,Faculty of Sports Sciences and Physical Education, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
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21
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Bone Health Considerations for the Adolescent Female Athlete. CURRENT PEDIATRICS REPORTS 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s40124-018-0160-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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22
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Lozano-Berges G, Matute-Llorente Á, Gómez-Bruton A, González-Agüero A, Vicente-Rodríguez G, Casajús JA. Bone geometry in young male and female football players: a peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT) study. Arch Osteoporos 2018; 13:57. [PMID: 29737414 DOI: 10.1007/s11657-018-0472-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The present study shows that football practice during growth may improve bone geometry in male and female football players. However, only females had better bone strength in comparison with controls. PURPOSE The aim of this study was to compare bone geometry in adolescent football players and controls. METHODS A total of 107 football players (71 males/36 females; mean age 12.7 ± 0.6/12.7 ± 0.6 years) and 42 controls (20 males/22 females; mean age 13.1 ± 1.4/12.7 ± 1.3 years) participated in this study. Total and trabecular volumetric bone mineral content (Tt.BMC/Tb.BMC), cross-sectional area (Tt.Ar/Tb.Ar), and bone strength index (BSI) were measured at 4% site of the non-dominant tibia by peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT). Moreover, Tt.BMC, cortical BMC (Ct.BMC), Tt.Ar, cortical Ar (Ct.Ar), cortical thickness (Ct.Th), periosteal circumference (PC), endosteal circumference (EC), fracture load in X-axis, and polar strength strain index (SSIp) were measured at 38% site of the tibia. Multivariate analyses of covariance were used to compare bone pQCT variables between football players and controls using the tibia length and maturity offset as covariates. RESULTS Female football players demonstrated 13.8-16.4% higher BSI, Ct.Th, fracture load in X-axis, and SSIp than controls (p < .0036). Males showed no significant differences in bone strength when compared to controls (p > .0036). In relation to bone mineral content and area, male football players showed 8.8% higher Tt.Ar and Tb.Ar at the 4% site of the tibia when compared to controls; whereas 13.8-15.8% higher Tt.BMC, Ct.BMC, and Ct.Ar at the 38% site of the tibia were found in female football players than controls (p < .0036). CONCLUSIONS In this study, female adolescent football players presented better bone geometry and strength values than controls. In contrast, only bone geometry was higher in male football players than controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Lozano-Berges
- GENUD (Growth, Exercise, NUtrition and Development) Research Group, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain.,Faculty of Health and Sport Science (FCSD), Department of Physiatry and Nursing, Universidad de Zaragoza, Huesca, Spain.,Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2-(Universidad de Zaragoza -CITA), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Ángel Matute-Llorente
- GENUD (Growth, Exercise, NUtrition and Development) Research Group, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain.,Faculty of Health and Sport Science (FCSD), Department of Physiatry and Nursing, Universidad de Zaragoza, Huesca, Spain.,Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2-(Universidad de Zaragoza -CITA), Zaragoza, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Madrid, Spain
| | - Alejandro Gómez-Bruton
- GENUD (Growth, Exercise, NUtrition and Development) Research Group, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain.,Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2-(Universidad de Zaragoza -CITA), Zaragoza, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Madrid, Spain.,Universidad Isabel I, Burgos, Spain
| | - Alex González-Agüero
- GENUD (Growth, Exercise, NUtrition and Development) Research Group, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain.,Faculty of Health and Sport Science (FCSD), Department of Physiatry and Nursing, Universidad de Zaragoza, Huesca, Spain.,Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2-(Universidad de Zaragoza -CITA), Zaragoza, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Madrid, Spain
| | - Germán Vicente-Rodríguez
- GENUD (Growth, Exercise, NUtrition and Development) Research Group, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain.,Faculty of Health and Sport Science (FCSD), Department of Physiatry and Nursing, Universidad de Zaragoza, Huesca, Spain.,Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2-(Universidad de Zaragoza -CITA), Zaragoza, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Madrid, Spain
| | - José A Casajús
- GENUD (Growth, Exercise, NUtrition and Development) Research Group, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain. .,Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2-(Universidad de Zaragoza -CITA), Zaragoza, Spain. .,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Madrid, Spain. .,Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Physiatry and Nursing, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain.
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Soccer helps build strong bones during growth: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Pediatr 2018; 177:295-310. [PMID: 29282554 DOI: 10.1007/s00431-017-3060-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2016] [Revised: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The aim of this study was to analyze the effects of soccer practice on bone in male and female children and adolescents. MEDLINE, PubMed, SPORTDiscus and Web of Science databases were searched for scientific articles published up to and including October 2016. Twenty-seven studies were included in this systematic review (13 in the meta-analysis). The meta-analysis was performed by using OpenMeta[Analyst] software. It is well documented that soccer practice during childhood provides positive effects on bone mineral content (BMC) and density (BMD) compared to sedentary behaviors and other sports, such as tennis, weightlifting, or swimming. Furthermore, soccer players present higher BMC and BMD in most weight-bearing sites such as the whole body, lumbar spine, hip, and legs. Moreover, bone differences were minimized between groups during prepuberty. Therefore, the maturity status should be considered when evaluating bone. According to meta-analysis results, soccer practice was positively associated with whole-body BMD either in males (mean difference 0.061; 95%CI, 0.042-0.079) or in females (mean difference 0.063; 95%CI, 0.026-0.099). CONCLUSION Soccer may be considered a sport that positively affects bone mass during growth. Pubertal soccer players presented increased bone mass compared to controls or other athletes; however, these bone differences are minimized during the prepubertal stage. What is known: • It has been described that childhood and adolescence are important periods for bone mass and structure. • Previous studies have demonstrated that soccer participation improves bone mass in male and female children and adolescents. What is new: • The differences between soccer players and controls are more marked during puberty than prepuberty. • Weight-bearing sites such as lumbar spine, hip, femoral neck, trochanter, intertrochanteric region and both legs are particularly sensitive to soccer actions.
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Krahenbühl T, Guimarães RDF, Barros Filho ADA, Gonçalves EM. BONE GEOMETRY AND PHYSICAL ACTIVITY IN CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS: SYSTEMATIC REVIEW. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 36:230-237. [PMID: 29412432 PMCID: PMC6038793 DOI: 10.1590/1984-0462/;2018;36;2;00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2017] [Accepted: 04/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To perform a systematic review on the practice of physical activity and/or sports in health and its influence on bone geometry of healthy children and adolescents. DATA SOURCE The method used as reference was the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA). Databases searched for articles published from 2006 to 2016, with "Bone geometry" AND (Sport* OR Exercise* OR "Physical Activity") as descriptors, were PubMed, BIREME/LILACS and SciELO. DATA SYNTHESES After the selection, 21 articles were included. Most studies stated that practice of physical activity and/or sports was beneficial for bone geometry and bone mineral density. Only two studies presented values of bone parameters for control individuals better than those of swimmers. Physical activities and sports studied were: gymnastics (n=7), rhythmic gymnastics (n=2), tennis (n=1), soccer (n=3), capoeira (n=1), swimming (n=4), cycling (n=0), jumping activities (n=2), studies relating physical activity with isokinetic peak torque (n=1), physical activity measured by questionnaire (n=4), and additional physical education classes (n=2). CONCLUSIONS Among the sports and physical activities found, gymnastics, soccer, and more intense physical activity assessed by questionnaires were mentioned along with better results in bone geometry compared to the absence of physical activity, whereas swimming and jumping exercises did not influence it. Therefore, sports activities with weight bearing and those practiced more frequently and intensively are beneficial for bone geometry.
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25
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Naderi A, Zagatto AM, Akbari F, Sakinepoor A. Body composition and lipid profile of regular recreational table tennis participants: a cross-sectional study of older adult men. SPORT SCIENCES FOR HEALTH 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11332-017-0422-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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26
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Gomez-Bruton A, Gonzalez-Aguero A, Matute-Llorente A, Gomez-Cabello A, Casajus JA, Vicente-Rodríguez G. Longitudinal effects of swimming on bone in adolescents: a pQCT and DXA study. Biol Sport 2017; 34:361-370. [PMID: 29472739 PMCID: PMC5819466 DOI: 10.5114/biolsport.2017.69824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Revised: 02/26/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The aims of the present study were, firstly, to evaluate areal bone mineral density (aBMD), bone strength and structure during a swimming season and compare them to those of normo-active controls (CG), and secondly to ascertain whether practising an additional weight-bearing sport other than swimming might improve bone. Twenty-three swimmers who only swam (SWI-PURE; 14 males, 9 females), 11 swimmers who combined swimming with an additional weight-bearing sport (SWI-SPORT; 8 males, 3 females) and 28 controls (CG; 16 males, 12 females) participated in the present study. aBMD was assessed with dual energy X-ray (DXA). Bone mass, area, structure and strength of the non-dominant tibia and radius were measured with peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT). Measurements were performed at the beginning of the swimming season and 8 months later. The only difference among groups for DXA and pQCT variables was found for arm aBMD, which was higher in the SWI-SPORT than in the CG group at both pre- and post-evaluation. Group by time interactions (GxT) were found for trochanter aBMD when comparing SWI-SPORT to CG and SWI-SPORT to SWI-PURE, favouring in both cases SWI-SPORT. No GxT were found for the radius. For the tibia, GxT were found between SWI-SPORT and CG and between SWI-PURE and CG, in both cases favouring the swimmers. A season of swimming does not confer any additional benefits to aBMD, but may confer minor benefits to structure and mass. Complementing swimming with a weight-bearing activity is beneficial to bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Gomez-Bruton
- GENUD (Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development) Research Group, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
- Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences (FCSD), Department of Physiatry and Nursing, University of Zaragoza, Ronda Misericordia 5, 22001-Huesca, Spain
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2-(Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn)
| | - Alejandro Gonzalez-Aguero
- GENUD (Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development) Research Group, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
- Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences (FCSD), Department of Physiatry and Nursing, University of Zaragoza, Ronda Misericordia 5, 22001-Huesca, Spain
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2-(Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn)
| | - Angel Matute-Llorente
- GENUD (Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development) Research Group, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
- Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences (FCSD), Department of Physiatry and Nursing, University of Zaragoza, Ronda Misericordia 5, 22001-Huesca, Spain
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2-(Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn)
| | - Alba Gomez-Cabello
- GENUD (Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development) Research Group, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
- Centro Universitario de la Defensa, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Jose A Casajus
- GENUD (Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development) Research Group, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
- Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences (FCSD), Department of Physiatry and Nursing, University of Zaragoza, Ronda Misericordia 5, 22001-Huesca, Spain
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2-(Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn)
| | - German Vicente-Rodríguez
- GENUD (Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development) Research Group, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
- Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences (FCSD), Department of Physiatry and Nursing, University of Zaragoza, Ronda Misericordia 5, 22001-Huesca, Spain
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2-(Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn)
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27
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Gómez-Bruton A, González-Agüero A, Matute-Llorente A, Julián C, Lozano-Berges G, Gómez-Cabello A, Casajús JA, Vicente-Rodríguez G. Do 6 months of whole-body vibration training improve lean mass and bone mass acquisition of adolescent swimmers? Arch Osteoporos 2017; 12:69. [PMID: 28733931 DOI: 10.1007/s11657-017-0362-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Swimming has little effect on bone mass. Therefore, adolescent swimmers should complement their water training with a short and intense weight-bearing training, aiming to increase their bone acquisition. Forty swimmers performed a six-month whole-body vibration (WBV) training. WBV had no effect on adolescent swimmers' bone mass or lean mass. PURPOSE The aims of the present study were to evaluate the effects of a whole-body vibration (WBV) intervention on bone mineral density (BMD), bone mineral content (BMC) and lean mass (LM) in adolescent swimmers. METHODS Forty male and female adolescent swimmers (VIB; mean age 14.2 ± 1.9 years) completed the WBV protocol that consisted of 15 min of training 3 days per week during a 6-month period (ranging from 3.6 to 11.6 g), while 23 swimmers (SWI; mean age 15.0 ± 2.2 years) continued with their regular swimming training alone. VIB were divided into tertiles according to training compliance in order to evaluate if any dose-effect relation existed. BMD, BMC and LM were measured longitudinally by dual energy X-ray at the whole body, lumbar-spine and hip. RESULTS No group by time interactions and no differences in change percentage were found for BMD, BMC or LM in any of the measured variables. The mean change percentage of the subtotal body (whole body minus the head) for VIB and SWI, respectively, was 2.3 vs. 2.4% for BMD, 5.7 vs 5.7% for BMC and 7.3 vs. 8.0% for lean mass. Moreover, no indication for dose-response was observed. CONCLUSIONS The proposed WBV protocol had no effect on BMD, BMC and LM in adolescent swimmers. Other types of training should be used in this population to improve both bone and lean mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Gómez-Bruton
- GENUD (Growth, Exercise, NUtrition and Development) Research Group, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Zaragoza, Grupo GENUD Edificio SAI 2ª planta, Zaragoza, Spain.,Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences (FCSD), Department of Physiatry and Nursing, University of Zaragoza, Ronda Misericordia 5, 22001, Huesca, Spain.,Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón (IA2), Zaragoza, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Madrid, Spain
| | - A González-Agüero
- GENUD (Growth, Exercise, NUtrition and Development) Research Group, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Zaragoza, Grupo GENUD Edificio SAI 2ª planta, Zaragoza, Spain.,Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences (FCSD), Department of Physiatry and Nursing, University of Zaragoza, Ronda Misericordia 5, 22001, Huesca, Spain.,Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón (IA2), Zaragoza, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Madrid, Spain
| | - A Matute-Llorente
- GENUD (Growth, Exercise, NUtrition and Development) Research Group, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Zaragoza, Grupo GENUD Edificio SAI 2ª planta, Zaragoza, Spain.,Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences (FCSD), Department of Physiatry and Nursing, University of Zaragoza, Ronda Misericordia 5, 22001, Huesca, Spain.,Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón (IA2), Zaragoza, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Madrid, Spain
| | - C Julián
- GENUD (Growth, Exercise, NUtrition and Development) Research Group, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Zaragoza, Grupo GENUD Edificio SAI 2ª planta, Zaragoza, Spain.,Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences (FCSD), Department of Physiatry and Nursing, University of Zaragoza, Ronda Misericordia 5, 22001, Huesca, Spain.,Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón (IA2), Zaragoza, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Madrid, Spain
| | - G Lozano-Berges
- GENUD (Growth, Exercise, NUtrition and Development) Research Group, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Zaragoza, Grupo GENUD Edificio SAI 2ª planta, Zaragoza, Spain.,Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences (FCSD), Department of Physiatry and Nursing, University of Zaragoza, Ronda Misericordia 5, 22001, Huesca, Spain.,Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón (IA2), Zaragoza, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Madrid, Spain
| | - A Gómez-Cabello
- GENUD (Growth, Exercise, NUtrition and Development) Research Group, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Zaragoza, Grupo GENUD Edificio SAI 2ª planta, Zaragoza, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Madrid, Spain.,Centro Universitario de la Defensa, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - J A Casajús
- GENUD (Growth, Exercise, NUtrition and Development) Research Group, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Zaragoza, Grupo GENUD Edificio SAI 2ª planta, Zaragoza, Spain.,Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences (FCSD), Department of Physiatry and Nursing, University of Zaragoza, Ronda Misericordia 5, 22001, Huesca, Spain.,Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón (IA2), Zaragoza, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Madrid, Spain
| | - G Vicente-Rodríguez
- GENUD (Growth, Exercise, NUtrition and Development) Research Group, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Zaragoza, Grupo GENUD Edificio SAI 2ª planta, Zaragoza, Spain. .,Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences (FCSD), Department of Physiatry and Nursing, University of Zaragoza, Ronda Misericordia 5, 22001, Huesca, Spain. .,Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón (IA2), Zaragoza, Spain. .,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Madrid, Spain.
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28
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The Impact of Training Load on Bone Mineral Density of Adolescent Swimmers: A Structural Equation Modeling Approach. Pediatr Exerc Sci 2017; 29:520-528. [PMID: 28605234 DOI: 10.1123/pes.2017-0008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the mediating effect of muscle mass on the relationship between training load and bone density in adolescent swimmers. METHODS A cross-sectional study involving 87 control and 22 swimmers aged 10-19 years (overall sample: n = 109). Swimmers had a minimum of 1 year of competition in regional and national championships, and control adolescents reported 1 year without any organized sport. Bone density was the main outcome (dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry), which was measured in upper limbs, lower limbs, spine, and whole body. Monthly training load was the independent variable, while the mediation effect of lean soft tissue was assessed. Maturity offset, age, inflammation, and vitamin D intake were treated as covariates. RESULTS Swimmers had lower bone density than controls; there was a significant and positive relationship between training load and muscle mass. In boys, training load presented a negative correlation with bone density in lower limbs [r = -.293; 95% confidence interval (CI), -.553 to -.034]. In girls, training load was negatively related to bone mineral density in lower limbs (r = .563; 95% CI, -.770 to -.356) and whole body (r = -.409; 95% CI, -.609 to -.209). CONCLUSION Training load had a negative relationship on bone density of swimmers of both sexes, independently of the positive effect of lean soft tissue on bone density.
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29
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Vlachopoulos D, Barker AR, Ubago-Guisado E, Fatouros IG, Knapp KM, Williams CA, Gracia-Marco L. Longitudinal Adaptations of Bone Mass, Geometry, and Metabolism in Adolescent Male Athletes: The PRO-BONE Study. J Bone Miner Res 2017; 32:2269-2277. [PMID: 28685886 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.3206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Revised: 06/24/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Adolescence is a crucial period for bone development, and exercise can enhance bone acquisition during this period of life. However, it is not known how the different loading sports practiced can affect bone acquisition in adolescent male athletes. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to determine the 1-year longitudinal bone acquisition among adolescent males involved in osteogenic (football) and non-osteogenic (swimming and cycling) sports and to compare with active controls. A total of 116 adolescent males aged 12 to 14 years at baseline were followed for 1 year: 37 swimmers, 37 footballers, 28 cyclists, and 14 active controls. Bone mineral content (BMC) was assessed using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA); cross-sectional area (CSA), cross-sectional moment of inertia (CSMI), and section modulus (Z) at the femoral neck was assessed using hip structural analysis (HSA); and bone texture of the lumbar spine was assessed using trabecular bone score (TBS). Serum N-terminal propeptide of procollagen type I (PINP), isomer of the Carboxi-terminal telopeptide of type 1 collagen (CTX-I), total serum calcium, and 25 hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] were analyzed. Footballers had significantly higher adjusted BMC at the lumbar spine (7.0%) and femoral neck (5.0%) compared with cyclists, and significantly greater BMC at the lumbar spine (6.9%) compared with swimmers. Footballers presented significantly greater TBS (4.3%) compared with swimmers, and greater CSMI (10.2%), CSA (7.1%), Z (8.9%) and TBS (4.2%) compared with cyclists. No differences were noted between cyclists and swimmers, both groups had similar bone acquisition compared with controls. PINP was significantly higher in footballers and controls compared with cyclists and swimmers (3.3% to 6.0%), and 25(OH)D was significantly higher in footballers and cyclists compared with swimmers and controls (9.9% to 13.1%). These findings suggest that bone acquisition is higher in adolescent male footballers compared with swimmers and cyclists at the femoral neck and lumbar spine sites of the skeleton. © 2017 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitris Vlachopoulos
- Children's Health and Exercise Research Centre, Sport and Health Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Alan R Barker
- Children's Health and Exercise Research Centre, Sport and Health Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Esther Ubago-Guisado
- Children's Health and Exercise Research Centre, Sport and Health Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK.,IGOID Research Group, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
| | - Ioannis G Fatouros
- Department of Kinesiology, Institute for Research and Technology, Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Thessaly, Trikala, Greece
| | | | - Craig A Williams
- Children's Health and Exercise Research Centre, Sport and Health Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Luis Gracia-Marco
- Children's Health and Exercise Research Centre, Sport and Health Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK.,Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development Research Group, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
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30
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Vlachopoulos D, Barker AR, Ubago-Guisado E, Ortega FB, Krustrup P, Metcalf B, Castro Pinero J, Ruiz JR, Knapp KM, Williams CA, Moreno LA, Gracia-Marco L. The effect of 12-month participation in osteogenic and non-osteogenic sports on bone development in adolescent male athletes. The PRO-BONE study. J Sci Med Sport 2017; 21:404-409. [PMID: 28886923 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2017.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Revised: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Research investigating the longitudinal effects of the most popular sports on bone development in adolescent males is scarce. The aim is to investigate the effect of 12-month participation in osteogenic and non-osteogenic sports on bone development. DESIGN A 12-month study was conducted in adolescent males involved in football, swimming and cycling and compared with an active control group. METHODS 116 adolescent males (13.1±0.1years at baseline): 37 footballers, 37 swimmers, 28 cyclists and 14 active controls were followed for 12 months. Bone mineral content (BMC) was measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, and bone stiffness was measured by quantitative ultrasound. Bone outcomes at 12 months were adjusted for baseline bone status, age, height, lean mass and moderate to vigorous physical activity. RESULTS Footballers had higher improvement in adjusted BMC at the total body, total hip, shaft, Ward's triangle, legs and bone stiffness compared to cyclists (6.3-8.0%). Footballers had significantly higher adjusted BMC at total body, shaft and legs compared to swimmers (5.4-5.6%). There was no significant difference between swimmers and cyclists for any bone outcomes. Swimming and cycling participation resulted in non-significant lower bone development at most sites of the skeleton compared to controls (-4.3 to -0.6%). CONCLUSIONS Football participation induces significantly greater improvements in BMC and bone stiffness over 12 months compared to cycling and swimming. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION ISRCTN17982776.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitris Vlachopoulos
- Children's Health and Exercise Research Centre, Sport and Health Sciences, University of Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Alan R Barker
- Children's Health and Exercise Research Centre, Sport and Health Sciences, University of Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Esther Ubago-Guisado
- Children's Health and Exercise Research Centre, Sport and Health Sciences, University of Exeter, United Kingdom; IGOID Research Group, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Spain
| | - Francisco B Ortega
- PROFITH "PROmoting FITness and Health Through Physical Activity" Research Group, Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Spain
| | - Peter Krustrup
- Children's Health and Exercise Research Centre, Sport and Health Sciences, University of Exeter, United Kingdom; Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Denmark
| | - Brad Metcalf
- Children's Health and Exercise Research Centre, Sport and Health Sciences, University of Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Jose Castro Pinero
- GALENO Research Group, Department of Physical Education, School of Education, University of Cadiz, Spain
| | - Jonatan R Ruiz
- PROFITH "PROmoting FITness and Health Through Physical Activity" Research Group, Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Spain
| | | | - Craig A Williams
- Children's Health and Exercise Research Centre, Sport and Health Sciences, University of Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Luis A Moreno
- Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development Research Group, University of Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Luis Gracia-Marco
- Children's Health and Exercise Research Centre, Sport and Health Sciences, University of Exeter, United Kingdom; PROFITH "PROmoting FITness and Health Through Physical Activity" Research Group, Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Spain; Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development Research Group, University of Zaragoza, Spain.
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Ubago-Guisado E, Mata E, Sánchez-Sánchez J, Plaza-Carmona M, Martín-García M, Gallardo L. Influence of different sports on fat mass and lean mass in growing girls. JOURNAL OF SPORT AND HEALTH SCIENCE 2017; 6:213-218. [PMID: 30356674 PMCID: PMC6189267 DOI: 10.1016/j.jshs.2015.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Revised: 05/20/2015] [Accepted: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to analyze and compare the effects of different sports (swimming, football, basketball, and handball) on fat mass and lean mass in prepubertal and pubertal girls. METHODS Two hundred girls (10.6 ± 1.5 years old, Tanner stages I-III) participated in the study and were divided into 5 groups: 40 swimmers, 40 football players, 40 basketball players, 40 handball players, and 40 controls. Fat and lean masses at whole body, arms, trunk, and legs were measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Pubertal status was determined using Tanner test. Effects of different sports on fat and lean masses were assessed through analysis of covariance with height as covariates. Analyses were performed separately in 2 groups depending on the Tanner stage (prepubertal and pubertal). RESULTS The girls of the control group had less lean mass and more fat mass compared to the girls who play sports (p < 0.05). There were differences in body fat between sports. The swimmers and football players had less body fat (p < 0.05). On the other hand, handball players showed the highest values in lean mass (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION Impact sports (football, basketball, and handball) and low-impact sports (swimming) provide an appropriate development of lean mass in growing girls. We can conclude that people practicing sports at early ages ensure a lower fat mass and higher lean mass compared to those who do not practice. These results may be useful as a preventive method of adult obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Esmeralda Mata
- GENUD Toledo Research Group, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo 45071, Spain
| | | | | | - María Martín-García
- GENUD Toledo Research Group, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo 45071, Spain
| | - Leonor Gallardo
- IGOID Research Group, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo 45071, Spain
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Agostinete RR, Ito IH, Kemper H, Pastre CM, Rodrigues-Júnior MA, Luiz-de-Marco R, Fernandes RA. Somatic maturation and the relationship between bone mineral variables and types of sports among adolescents: cross-sectional study. SAO PAULO MED J 2017; 135:253-259. [PMID: 28746660 PMCID: PMC10019843 DOI: 10.1590/1516-3180.2016.0270210217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE: Peak height velocity (PHV) is an important maturational event during adolescence that affects skeleton size. The objective here was to compare bone variables in adolescents who practiced different types of sports, and to identify whether differences in bone variables attributed to sports practice were dependent on somatic maturation status. DESIGN AND SETTING: Cross-sectional study, São Paulo State University (UNESP). METHODS: The study was composed of 93 adolescents (12 to 16.5 years old), divided into three groups: no-sport group (n = 42), soccer/basketball group (n = 26) and swimming group (n = 25). Bone mineral density and content were measured using dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry and somatic maturation was estimated through using peak height velocity. Data on training load were provided by the coaches. RESULTS: Adolescents whose PHV occurred at an older age presented higher bone mineral density in their upper limbs (P = 0.018). After adjustments for confounders, such as somatic maturation, the swimmers presented lower values for bone mineral density in their lower limbs, spine and whole body. Only the bone mineral density in the upper limbs was similar between the groups. There was a negative relationship between whole-body bone mineral content and the weekly training hours (β: -1563.967; 95% confidence interval, CI: -2916.484 to -211.450). CONCLUSION: The differences in bone variables attributed to sport practice occurred independently of maturation, while high training load in situations of hypogravity seemed to be related to lower bone mass in swimmers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Ribeiro Agostinete
- MSc. Postgraduate Student, Postgraduate Program on Physical Therapy, Laboratory for Exercise Investigation (LIVE), Department of Physical Education, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Presidente Prudente (SP), Brazil.
| | - Igor Hideki Ito
- MSc. Postgraduate Student, Postgraduate Program on Kinesiology, Laboratory for Exercise Investigation (LIVE), Department of Physical Education, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Presidente Prudente (SP), Brazil.
| | - Han Kemper
- PhD. Emeritus Professor, Department of Occupational Health, EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
| | - Carlos Marcelo Pastre
- PhD. Associate Professor, Department of Physical Therapy, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Presidente Prudente (SP), Brazil.
| | - Mário Antônio Rodrigues-Júnior
- MSc. Postgraduate Student, Postgraduate Program on Kinesiology, Laboratory for Exercise Investigation (LIVE), Department of Physical Education, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Presidente Prudente (SP), Brazil.
| | - Rafael Luiz-de-Marco
- MSc. Postgraduate Student, Laboratory for Exercise Investigation (LIVE), Department of Physical Education, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Presidente Prudente (SP), Brazil.
| | - Rômulo Araújo Fernandes
- PhD. Assistant Professor, Laboratory for Exercise Investigation (LIVE), Department of Physical Education, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Presidente Prudente (SP), Brazil.
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Lynch KR, Kemper HCG, Turi-Lynch B, Agostinete RR, Ito IH, Luiz-De-Marco R, Rodrigues-Junior MA, Fernandes RA. Impact sports and bone fractures among adolescents. J Sports Sci 2016; 35:2421-2426. [PMID: 28026207 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2016.1272708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to investigate the effects of different sports on stress fractures among adolescents during a 9-month follow-up period. The sample was composed of 184 adolescents divided into three groups (impact sports [n = 102]; swimming [n = 35]; non-sports [n = 47]). The occurrence of stress fracture was reported by participants and coaches. As potential confounders we considered age, sex, resistance training, body composition variables and age at peak of height velocity. There were 13 adolescents who reported fractures during the 9-month period. Bone mineral density values were higher in adolescents engaged in impact sports (P-value = 0.002). Independently of confounders, the risk of stress fracture was lower in adolescents engaged in impact sports than in non-active adolescents (hazard ratio [HR] = 0.23 [95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.05 to 0.98]), while swimming practice was not associated to lower risk of fracture (HR = 0.49 [95% CI = 0.09 to 2.55]). In conclusion, the findings from this study indicate the importance of sports participation among adolescents in the reduction of stress fracture risk, especially with impact sports. More importantly, these results could be relevant for recognising adolescents in danger of not reaching their potential for peak bone mass and later an increased risk of fractures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle R Lynch
- a Laboratory of InVestigation in Exercise (LIVE), Department of Physical Education , Sao Paulo State University (UNESP) , Presidente Prudente , Brazil.,b Post-Graduation Program in Kinesiology, Institute of Biosciences , Sao Paulo State University (UNESP) , Rio Claro , Brazil
| | - Han C G Kemper
- c Department of Occupational Health, EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research , VU University Medical Center , Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Bruna Turi-Lynch
- a Laboratory of InVestigation in Exercise (LIVE), Department of Physical Education , Sao Paulo State University (UNESP) , Presidente Prudente , Brazil.,b Post-Graduation Program in Kinesiology, Institute of Biosciences , Sao Paulo State University (UNESP) , Rio Claro , Brazil
| | - Ricardo R Agostinete
- a Laboratory of InVestigation in Exercise (LIVE), Department of Physical Education , Sao Paulo State University (UNESP) , Presidente Prudente , Brazil.,d Post-Graduation Program in Physical Therapy, Department of Physical Therapy , Sao Paulo State University (UNESP) , Presidente Prudente , Brazil
| | - Igor H Ito
- a Laboratory of InVestigation in Exercise (LIVE), Department of Physical Education , Sao Paulo State University (UNESP) , Presidente Prudente , Brazil.,b Post-Graduation Program in Kinesiology, Institute of Biosciences , Sao Paulo State University (UNESP) , Rio Claro , Brazil
| | - Rafael Luiz-De-Marco
- a Laboratory of InVestigation in Exercise (LIVE), Department of Physical Education , Sao Paulo State University (UNESP) , Presidente Prudente , Brazil
| | - Mario A Rodrigues-Junior
- a Laboratory of InVestigation in Exercise (LIVE), Department of Physical Education , Sao Paulo State University (UNESP) , Presidente Prudente , Brazil.,b Post-Graduation Program in Kinesiology, Institute of Biosciences , Sao Paulo State University (UNESP) , Rio Claro , Brazil
| | - Rômulo A Fernandes
- a Laboratory of InVestigation in Exercise (LIVE), Department of Physical Education , Sao Paulo State University (UNESP) , Presidente Prudente , Brazil.,b Post-Graduation Program in Kinesiology, Institute of Biosciences , Sao Paulo State University (UNESP) , Rio Claro , Brazil.,d Post-Graduation Program in Physical Therapy, Department of Physical Therapy , Sao Paulo State University (UNESP) , Presidente Prudente , Brazil
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The Effect of Swimming During Childhood and Adolescence on Bone Mineral Density: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Sports Med 2016; 46:365-79. [PMID: 26607734 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-015-0427-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The effects of swimming on bone mineral density (BMD) have been studied by several researchers, with inconsistent results. AIM This meta-analysis aims to determine whether systematic swimming training may influence BMD during childhood and adolescence. METHODS A systematic search was performed in PubMed, SPORTDiscus and ClinicalTrials.gov from the earliest possible year to March 2015, with data extraction and quality assessment performed independently by two researchers following the PRISMA methodology. Swimmers were compared to sedentary controls and to athletes performing highly osteogenic sports. Therefore, a total of two meta-analyses were developed. RESULTS Fourteen studies met the inclusion criteria and were included in the meta-analyses. Swimmers presented similar BMD values to sedentary controls and lower than other high-impact athletes. Femoral neck and lumbar spine BMD differences between swimmers and sedentary controls and between swimmers and athletes practicing osteogenic sports appeared to increase with age and favored the non-swimming groups. There were no differences by sex. CONCLUSION While swimming is associated with several health benefits, it does not appear to be an effective sport for improving BMD. Swimmers might be in need of additional osteogenic exercises for increasing BMD values.
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Mantovani AM, Lima MCS, Agostinete RR, Ito IH, Codogno JS, Lynch KR, Fernandes RA. Sports Practice and Bone Mass in Prepubertal Adolescents and Young Adults: A Cross-sectional Analysis. MOTRIZ: REVISTA DE EDUCACAO FISICA 2016. [DOI: 10.1590/s1980-6574201600040018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Madia Mantovani
- Laboratory of InVestigation in Exercise – LIVE; Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho, Brasil
| | | | - Ricardo Ribeiro Agostinete
- Laboratory of InVestigation in Exercise – LIVE; Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho, Brasil
| | - Igor Hideki Ito
- Laboratory of InVestigation in Exercise – LIVE; Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho, Brasil
| | - Jamile Sanches Codogno
- Laboratory of InVestigation in Exercise – LIVE; Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho, Brasil
| | - Kyle Robinson Lynch
- Laboratory of InVestigation in Exercise – LIVE; Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho, Brasil
| | - Rômulo Araújo Fernandes
- Laboratory of InVestigation in Exercise – LIVE; Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho, Brasil; Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho, Brasil
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Mautalen
- Osteopatías médicas, Mautalen Salud e Investigación, Azcuenaga 1860, Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, C1128AAF, Argentina.
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Ribeiro-Dos-Santos MR, Lynch KR, Agostinete RR, Maillane-Vanegas S, Turi-Lynch B, Ito IH, Luiz-de-Marco R, Rodrigues-Junior MA, Fernandes RA. Prolonged Practice of Swimming Is Negatively Related to Bone Mineral Density Gains in Adolescents. J Bone Metab 2016; 23:149-55. [PMID: 27622179 PMCID: PMC5018608 DOI: 10.11005/jbm.2016.23.3.149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Revised: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The practice of swimming in "hypogravity" conditions has potential to decrease bone formation because it decreases the time engaged in weight-bearing activities usually observed in the daily activities of adolescents. Therefore, adolescents competing in national levels would be more exposed to these deleterious effects, because they are engaged in long routines of training during most part of the year. To analyze the effect of swimming on bone mineral density (BMD) gain among adolescents engaged in national level competitions during a 9-month period. METHODS Fifty-five adolescents; the control group contained 29 adolescents and the swimming group was composed of 26 athletes. During the cohort study, BMD, body fat (BF) and fat free mass (FFM) were assessed using a dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry scanner. Body weight was measured with an electronic scale, and height was assessed using a stadiometer. RESULTS During the follow-up, swimmers presented higher gains in FFM (Control 2.35 kg vs. Swimming 5.14 kg; large effect size [eta-squared (ES-r)=0.168]) and BMD-Spine (Swimming 0.087 g/cm(2) vs. Control 0.049 g/cm(2); large effect size [ES-r=0.167]) compared to control group. Male swimmers gained more FFM (Male 10.63% vs. Female 3.39%) and BMD-Spine (Male 8.47% vs. Female 4.32%) than females. Longer participation in swimming negatively affected gains in upper limbs among males (r=-0.438 [-0.693 to -0.085]), and in spine among females (r=-0.651 [-0.908 to -0.036]). CONCLUSIONS Over a 9-month follow-up, BMD and FFM gains were more evident in male swimmers, while longer engagement in swimming negatively affected BMD gains, independently of sex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo R Ribeiro-Dos-Santos
- Department of Physical Education, Laboratory of InVestigation in Exercise (LIVE), São Paulo State University (UNESP), Presidente Prudente, Brazil
| | - Kyle R Lynch
- Department of Physical Education, Laboratory of InVestigation in Exercise (LIVE), São Paulo State University (UNESP), Presidente Prudente, Brazil.; Post-Graduation Program in Kinesiology, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rio Claro, Brazil
| | - Ricardo R Agostinete
- Department of Physical Education, Laboratory of InVestigation in Exercise (LIVE), São Paulo State University (UNESP), Presidente Prudente, Brazil.; Department of Physical Therapy, Post-Graduation Program in Physical Therapy, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Presidente Prudente, Brazil
| | - Santiago Maillane-Vanegas
- Department of Physical Education, Laboratory of InVestigation in Exercise (LIVE), São Paulo State University (UNESP), Presidente Prudente, Brazil.; Department of Physical Therapy, Post-Graduation Program in Physical Therapy, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Presidente Prudente, Brazil
| | - Bruna Turi-Lynch
- Department of Physical Education, Laboratory of InVestigation in Exercise (LIVE), São Paulo State University (UNESP), Presidente Prudente, Brazil.; Post-Graduation Program in Kinesiology, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rio Claro, Brazil
| | - Igor H Ito
- Department of Physical Education, Laboratory of InVestigation in Exercise (LIVE), São Paulo State University (UNESP), Presidente Prudente, Brazil.; Post-Graduation Program in Kinesiology, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rio Claro, Brazil
| | - Rafael Luiz-de-Marco
- Department of Physical Education, Laboratory of InVestigation in Exercise (LIVE), São Paulo State University (UNESP), Presidente Prudente, Brazil
| | - Mario A Rodrigues-Junior
- Department of Physical Education, Laboratory of InVestigation in Exercise (LIVE), São Paulo State University (UNESP), Presidente Prudente, Brazil.; Post-Graduation Program in Kinesiology, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rio Claro, Brazil
| | - Rômulo A Fernandes
- Department of Physical Education, Laboratory of InVestigation in Exercise (LIVE), São Paulo State University (UNESP), Presidente Prudente, Brazil.; Post-Graduation Program in Kinesiology, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rio Claro, Brazil.; Department of Physical Therapy, Post-Graduation Program in Physical Therapy, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Presidente Prudente, Brazil
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Ubago-Guisado E, García-Unanue J, López-Fernández J, Sánchez-Sánchez J, Gallardo L. Association of different types of playing surfaces with bone mass in growing girls. J Sports Sci 2016; 35:1484-1492. [DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2016.1223328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Agostinete RR, Lynch KR, Gobbo LA, Lima MCS, Ito IH, Luiz-de-Marco R, Rodrigues-Junior MA, Fernandes RA. Basketball Affects Bone Mineral Density Accrual in Boys More Than Swimming and Other Impact Sports: 9-mo Follow-Up. J Clin Densitom 2016; 19:375-81. [PMID: 27174316 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocd.2016.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Revised: 04/02/2016] [Accepted: 04/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to analyze the effect of different sports on bone mineral density (BMD) accrual among male adolescents during a 9-mo follow-up. The sample was composed of 82 boys (control [n = 13], basketball [n = 14], karate [n = 9], soccer [n = 18], judo [n = 12], and swimming [n = 16]) who were followed up for 9 mo (from October 2013 to August 2014). BMD (gram per square centimeter) was assessed at baseline and follow-up using a dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry scanner, whereas somatic maturation was estimated through the use of the peak height velocity. Vitamin D consumption was assessed by questionnaire. After 9 mo of follow-up, all groups (including the control group) presented significant BMD accrual (overall sample: 4.5% in the whole body). On the other hand, the basketball group presented higher BMD accrual in the upper limbs (17.6%) than the control group (7.2%). A similar difference was observed in whole-body BMD (control group: 4.1% vs basketball group: 7.1%). The basketball group had significantly higher BMD gains than the control group and other sports groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo R Agostinete
- Department of Physical Education, Laboratory of Investigation in Exercise (LIVE), São Paulo State University (UNESP), Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Physical Therapy, Post-Graduation Program in Physical Therapy, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Kyle R Lynch
- Department of Physical Education, Laboratory of Investigation in Exercise (LIVE), São Paulo State University (UNESP), Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, Brazil; Post-Graduation Program in Kinesiology, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rio Claro, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luís A Gobbo
- Post-Graduation Program in Kinesiology, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rio Claro, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Manoel Carlos Spiguel Lima
- Department of Physical Education, Laboratory of Investigation in Exercise (LIVE), São Paulo State University (UNESP), Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Igor H Ito
- Department of Physical Education, Laboratory of Investigation in Exercise (LIVE), São Paulo State University (UNESP), Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, Brazil; Post-Graduation Program in Kinesiology, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rio Claro, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rafael Luiz-de-Marco
- Department of Physical Education, Laboratory of Investigation in Exercise (LIVE), São Paulo State University (UNESP), Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mario A Rodrigues-Junior
- Department of Physical Education, Laboratory of Investigation in Exercise (LIVE), São Paulo State University (UNESP), Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, Brazil; Post-Graduation Program in Kinesiology, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rio Claro, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Romulo A Fernandes
- Department of Physical Education, Laboratory of Investigation in Exercise (LIVE), São Paulo State University (UNESP), Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Physical Therapy, Post-Graduation Program in Physical Therapy, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, Brazil; Post-Graduation Program in Kinesiology, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rio Claro, São Paulo, Brazil
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Ito IH, Mantovani AM, Agostinete RR, Costa P, Zanuto EF, Christofaro DGD, Ribeiro LP, Fernandes RA. Practice of martial arts and bone mineral density in adolescents of both sexes. REVISTA PAULISTA DE PEDIATRIA (ENGLISH EDITION) 2016. [PMID: 27017002 PMCID: PMC4917273 DOI: 10.1016/j.rppede.2015.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Abrahin O, Rodrigues RP, Marçal AC, Alves EAC, Figueiredo RC, de Sousa EC. Swimming and cycling do not cause positive effects on bone mineral density: a systematic review. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE REUMATOLOGIA 2016; 56:345-51. [PMID: 27476628 DOI: 10.1016/j.rbre.2016.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoporosis is considered a common metabolic bone disease and its prevalence is increasing worldwide. In this context, physical activity has been used as a non-pharmacological tool for prevention and auxiliary treatment of this disease. The aim of this systematic review was to evaluate the effects of cycling and swimming practice on bone mineral density (BMD). This research was conducted in accordance with the recommendations outlined by the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses. The studies were consulted in the period from 2004 to 2014, through major electronic databases: PubMed(®), SciELO(®) and LILACS(®). Ten studies evaluated the effects of cycling on BMD, and the results showed that nine studies have linked the practice of professional cycling with low levels of BMD. Another 18 studies have reported that swimming has no positive effects on bone mass. We conclude that cycling and swimming do not cause positive effects on BMD; thus, these are not the most suitable exercises for prevention and treatment of osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Odilon Abrahin
- Postgraduate Program in Physical Education, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, São Cristóvão, SE, Brazil; Resistive Exercise and Health Laboratory (Leres), Universidade do Estado do Pará, Belém, PA, Brazil.
| | - Rejane Pequeno Rodrigues
- Postgraduate Program in Physical Education, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, São Cristóvão, SE, Brazil; Resistive Exercise and Health Laboratory (Leres), Universidade do Estado do Pará, Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - Anderson Carlos Marçal
- Postgraduate Program in Physical Education, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, São Cristóvão, SE, Brazil
| | | | - Rosa Costa Figueiredo
- Resistive Exercise and Health Laboratory (Leres), Universidade do Estado do Pará, Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - Evitom Corrêa de Sousa
- Resistive Exercise and Health Laboratory (Leres), Universidade do Estado do Pará, Belém, PA, Brazil
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Ito IH, Mantovani AM, Agostinete RR, Costa Junior P, Zanuto EF, Christofaro DGD, Ribeiro LP, Fernandes RA. [Practice of martial arts and bone mineral density in adolescents of both sexes]. REVISTA PAULISTA DE PEDIATRIA 2016; 34:210-5. [PMID: 27017002 DOI: 10.1016/j.rpped.2015.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Revised: 09/03/2015] [Accepted: 09/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to analyze the relationship between martial arts practice (judo, karate and kung-fu) and bone mineral density in adolescents. METHODS The study was composed of 138 (48 martial arts practitioners and 90 non-practitioners) adolescents of both sexes, with an average age of 12.6 years. Bone mineral density was measured using Dual-Energy X-ray Absorptiometry in arms, legs, spine, trunk, pelvis and total. Weekly training load and previous time of engagement in the sport modality were reported by the coach. Partial correlation tested the association between weekly training load and bone mineral density, controlled by sex, chronological age, previous practice and somatic maturation. Analysis of covariance was used to compare bone mineral density values according to control and martial arts groups, controlled by sex, chronological age, previous practice and somatic maturation. Significant relationships between bone mineral density and muscle mass were inserted into a multivariate model and the slopes of the models were compared using the Student t test (control versus martial art). RESULTS Adolescents engaged in judo practice presented higher values of bone mineral density than the control individuals (p-value=0.042; Medium Effect size [Eta-squared=0.063]), while the relationship between quantity of weekly training and bone mineral density was significant among adolescents engaged in judo (arms [r=0.308] and legs [r=0.223]) and kung-fu (arms [r=0.248] and spine [r=0.228]). CONCLUSIONS Different modalities of martial arts are related to higher bone mineral density in different body regions among adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Hideki Ito
- Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho (Unesp), Rio Claro, SP, Brasil.
| | - Alessandra Madia Mantovani
- Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho (Unesp), Rio Claro, SP, Brasil
| | | | - Paulo Costa Junior
- Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho (Unesp), Presidente Prudente, SP, Brasil
| | - Edner Fernando Zanuto
- Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho (Unesp), Presidente Prudente, SP, Brasil
| | | | | | - Rômulo Araújo Fernandes
- Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho (Unesp), Presidente Prudente, SP, Brasil
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Abrahin O, Rodrigues RP, Marçal AC, Alves EAC, Figueiredo RC, Sousa ECD. Swimming and cycling do not cause positive effects on bone mineral density: a systematic review. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE REUMATOLOGIA 2016; 56:S0482-5004(16)00026-7. [PMID: 26949150 DOI: 10.1016/j.rbr.2015.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Revised: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteoporosis is considered a common metabolic bone disease and its prevalence is increasing worldwide. In this context, physical activity has been used as a non-pharmacological tool for prevention and auxiliary treatment of this disease. The aim of this systematic review was to evaluate the effects of cycling and swimming practice on bone mineral density (BMD). This research was conducted in accordance with the recommendations outlined by the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses. The studies were consulted in the period from 2004 to 2014, through major electronic databases: PubMed®, SciELO® and LILACS®. Ten studies evaluated the effects of cycling on BMD, and the results showed that nine studies have linked the practice of professional cycling with low levels of BMD. Another 18 studies have reported that swimming has no positive effects on bone mass. We conclude that cycling and swimming do not cause positive effects on BMD; thus, these are not the most suitable exercises for prevention and treatment of osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Odilon Abrahin
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Educação Física, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, São Cristóvão, SE, Brasil; Laboratório de Exercício Resistido e Saúde (Leres), Universidade do Estado do Pará, Belém, PA, Brasil.
| | - Rejane Pequeno Rodrigues
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Educação Física, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, São Cristóvão, SE, Brasil; Laboratório de Exercício Resistido e Saúde (Leres), Universidade do Estado do Pará, Belém, PA, Brasil
| | - Anderson Carlos Marçal
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Educação Física, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, São Cristóvão, SE, Brasil
| | | | - Rosa Costa Figueiredo
- Laboratório de Exercício Resistido e Saúde (Leres), Universidade do Estado do Pará, Belém, PA, Brasil
| | - Evitom Corrêa de Sousa
- Laboratório de Exercício Resistido e Saúde (Leres), Universidade do Estado do Pará, Belém, PA, Brasil
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Vlachopoulos D, Barker AR, Williams CA, Knapp KM, Metcalf BS, Gracia-Marco L. Effect of a program of short bouts of exercise on bone health in adolescents involved in different sports: the PRO-BONE study protocol. BMC Public Health 2015; 15:361. [PMID: 25884762 PMCID: PMC4424564 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-015-1633-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Osteoporosis is a skeletal disease associated with high morbidity, mortality and increased economic costs. Early prevention during adolescence appears to be one of the most beneficial practices. Exercise is an effective approach for developing bone mass during puberty, but some sports may have a positive or negative impact on bone mass accrual. Plyometric jump training has been suggested as a type of exercise that can augment bone, but its effects on adolescent bone mass have not been rigorously assessed. The aims of the PRO-BONE study are to: 1) longitudinally assess bone health and its metabolism in adolescents engaged in osteogenic (football), non-osteogenic (cycling and swimming) sports and in a control group, and 2) examine the effect of a 9 month plyometric jump training programme on bone related outcomes in the sport groups. METHODS/DESIGN This study will recruit 105 males aged 12-14 years who have participated in sport specific training for at least 3 hours per week during the last 3 years in the following sports groups: football (n = 30), cycling (n = 30) and swimming (n = 30). An age-matched control group (n = 15) that does not engage in these sports more than 3 hours per week will also be recruited. Participants will be measured on 5 occasions: 1) at baseline; 2) after 12 months of sport specific training where each sport group will be randomly allocated into two sub-groups: intervention group (sport + plyometric jump training) and sport group (sport only); 3) exactly after the 9 months of intervention; 4) 6 months following the intervention; 5) 12 months following the intervention. Body composition (dual energy X-ray absorptiometry, air displacement plethysmography and bioelectrical impedance), bone stiffness index (ultrasounds), physical activity (accelerometers), diet (24 h recall questionnaire), pubertal maturation (Tanner stage), physical fitness (cardiorespiratory and muscular), bone turnover markers and vitamin D will be measured at each visit. DISCUSSION The PRO-BONE study is designed to investigate the impact of osteogenic and non-osteogenic sports on bone development in adolescent males during puberty, and how a plyometric jump training programme is associated with body composition parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitris Vlachopoulos
- Children's Health and Exercise Research Centre. Sport and Health Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK.
| | - Alan R Barker
- Children's Health and Exercise Research Centre. Sport and Health Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK.
| | - Craig A Williams
- Children's Health and Exercise Research Centre. Sport and Health Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK.
| | - Karen M Knapp
- Department of Medical Imaging, College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK. .,University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK.
| | - Brad S Metcalf
- Children's Health and Exercise Research Centre. Sport and Health Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK. .,University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK.
| | - Luis Gracia-Marco
- Children's Health and Exercise Research Centre. Sport and Health Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK. .,Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development Research Group, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain.
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Zouch M, Zribi A, Alexandre C, Chaari H, Frere D, Tabka Z, Vico L. Soccer increases bone mass in prepubescent boys during growth: a 3-yr longitudinal study. J Clin Densitom 2015; 18:179-86. [PMID: 25592396 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocd.2014.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2014] [Revised: 10/13/2014] [Accepted: 10/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine the effect of 3-yr soccer practice on bone acquisition in prepubescent boys. We investigated 65 boys (aged 10-13 yr, Tanner stage I) at baseline, among which only 40 boys (Tanner stages II and III) have continued the 3-yr follow-up: 23 soccer players (F) completed 2-5 h of training plus 1 competition game per week and 17 controls (C). Bone mineral density (BMD, g/cm(2)) and bone mineral content (BMC, g) were measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry at different sites. At baseline, BMD was higher in soccer players than in controls in the whole body and legs. In contrast, there was nonsignificant difference BMD in head, femoral neck, arms, and BMC in all measured sites between groups. At 3-yr follow-up, soccer players were found to have higher BMD and BMC at all sites than controls, except for head BMD and BMC and arms BMC in which the difference was nonsignificant between groups. During the 3-yr follow-up, the soccer players were found to gain significantly more in lumbar spine (31.2% ± 2.9% vs 23.9% ± 2.1%; p < 0.05), femoral neck (24.1% ± 1.8% vs 11.4% ± 1.9%; p < 0.001), whole body (16.5% ± 1.4% vs 11.8% ± 1.5%; p < 0.05), and nondominant arm BMD (18.2% ± 1.4% vs 13.6% ± 1.7%; p < 0.05) as well as lumbar spine (62.5% ± 20.1% vs 39.5% ± 20.1%; p < 0.001), femoral neck, (37.7% ± 14.2% vs 28.9% ± 12.8%; p < 0.05) and nondominant arm BMC (68.6% ± 22.9% vs 50.1% ± 22.4%; p < 0.05) than controls. In contrast, soccer players have less %BMD and %BMC changes in the head than controls. A nonsignificant difference was found in legs, dominant arm, head %BMD and %BMC changes, and whole-body %BMC changes between groups. In summary, we suggest that soccer has an osteogenic effect BMD and BMC in loaded sites in pubertal soccer players. The increased bone mass induced by soccer training in the stressed sites was associated to a decreased skull bone mass after 3 yr of follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Zouch
- INSERM, Research Unit UMR, University of Lyon, Saint-Etienne, France; Laboratory of Cardio-Circulatory, Respiratory, Metabolic, and Hormonal Adaptations to the Muscular Exercise, Faculty of Medicine Ibn-El-Jazzar, University of Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia.
| | - Anis Zribi
- Laboratory of Cardio-Circulatory, Respiratory, Metabolic, and Hormonal Adaptations to the Muscular Exercise, Faculty of Medicine Ibn-El-Jazzar, University of Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia
| | | | - Hamada Chaari
- Laboratory of Cardio-Circulatory, Respiratory, Metabolic, and Hormonal Adaptations to the Muscular Exercise, Faculty of Medicine Ibn-El-Jazzar, University of Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Delphine Frere
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital of Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Zouhair Tabka
- Laboratory of Cardio-Circulatory, Respiratory, Metabolic, and Hormonal Adaptations to the Muscular Exercise, Faculty of Medicine Ibn-El-Jazzar, University of Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Laurence Vico
- INSERM, Research Unit UMR, University of Lyon, Saint-Etienne, France
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Ubago-Guisado E, Gómez-Cabello A, Sánchez-Sánchez J, García-Unanue J, Gallardo L. Influence of different sports on bone mass in growing girls. J Sports Sci 2015; 33:1710-8. [DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2015.1004639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Tenforde AS, Lynn Sainani K, Carter Sayres L, Milgrom C, Fredericson M. Participation in Ball Sports May Represent a Prehabilitation Strategy to Prevent Future Stress Fractures and Promote Bone Health in Young Athletes. PM R 2014; 7:222-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pmrj.2014.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2014] [Revised: 09/16/2014] [Accepted: 09/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Zouch M, Vico L, Frere D, Tabka Z, Alexandre C. Young male soccer players exhibit additional bone mineral acquisition during the peripubertal period: 1-year longitudinal study. Eur J Pediatr 2014; 173:53-61. [PMID: 23918297 DOI: 10.1007/s00431-013-2115-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2013] [Revised: 06/17/2013] [Accepted: 07/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine whether soccer could have different bone benefits in prepubescent and pubescent boys. We investigated 76 boys aged 10 to 13 years during a 1-year study. All boys were prepubescent at the beginning of the study (T0); pubescent status was determined by a complete 24-h urine hormonal assay of FSH-LH, with LH ≤ 0.31 IU/24 h and FSH ≤ 2.19 IU/24 h corresponding to prepubescent Tanner stage I and with 0.31 < LH < 0.95 IU/24 h and 1.57 < FSH < 3.77 IU/24 h corresponding to pubescent Tanner stage II. At the end of the study (T1), 35 boys remained prepubescent (22 soccer players (F1) and 13 controls (C1)), and 41 boys had entered puberty (26 soccer players (F2) and 15 controls (C2)). Soccer players completed 2 to 5 h of training plus one competition game per week during the school year, and controls only had physical education at school. Bone mineral content (BMC) was measured at T0 and T1 by DPX in the lumbar spine, total hip, and whole body (WB) for a comparison between soccer players and controls. At T0, no BMC difference was found between F1 and C1, but BMC was higher in F2 than C2 in WB and weight-bearing sites. At T1, BMC was higher in WB and weight-bearing sites in both F1 and F2 compared to their respective controls. Between T0 and T1, soccer induced a BMC gain at weight-bearing sites in both F1 and F2 compared to C1 and C2, respectively. The soccer-related bone gain was greater in WB and weight-bearing (the lumbar spine, total hip, and supporting leg) and non-weight-bearing bones (dominant arm and nondominant arm) in boys who became pubescent than in boys who remained prepubescent. In conclusion, 1-year study in young male soccer players demonstrates that the process of bone accretion at the very early phase of puberty is more intensely stimulated by the combination of physical exercise and sexual impregnation than by one of these factors alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Zouch
- INSERM, Research Unit UMR 1059, University of Lyon, 42023, Saint-Etienne, France,
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Al-Shaar L, Nabulsi M, Maalouf J, El-Rassi R, Vieth R, Beck TJ, El-Hajj Fuleihan G. Effect of vitamin D replacement on hip structural geometry in adolescents: a randomized controlled trial. Bone 2013; 56:296-303. [PMID: 23810841 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2013.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2012] [Revised: 06/12/2013] [Accepted: 06/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We have shown in a randomized controlled trial that vitamin D increases bone mass, lean mass and bone area in adolescent girls, but not boys. These increments may translate into improvements in bone geometry and therefore bone strength. This study investigated the impact of vitamin D on hip geometric dimensions from DXA-derived hip structural analyses in adolescents who participated in the trial. METHODS 167 girls (mean age 13.1 years) and 171 boys (mean age 12.7 years) were randomly assigned to receive weekly placebo oil or vitamin D3, at doses of 1400 IU or 14,000 IU, in a double blind placebo-controlled 1-year trial. DXA images were obtained at baseline and one year, and hip images were analyzed using the hip structural analysis (HSA) software to derive parameters of bone geometry. These include outer diameter (OD), cross sectional area (CSA), section modulus (Z), and buckling ratio (BR) at the narrow neck (NN), intertrochanteric (IT), and shaft (S) regions. Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) was used to examine group differences for changes of bone structural parameters. RESULTS In the overall group of girls, vitamin D supplementation increased aBMD (7.9% and 6.8% in low and high doses, versus 4.2% in placebo) and reduced the BR of NN (6.1% and 2.4% in low and high doses, versus 1.9% in placebo). It also improved aBMD (7.9% and 5.2% versus 3.6%) and CSA (7.5% and 5.1% versus 4.1%) of the IT and OD of the S (2.4% and 2.5% versus 0.8% respectively). Significant changes in the OD and BR of the NN, in the overall group of girls remained, after adjusting for lean mass, and were unaffected with further adjustments for lifestyle, pubertal status, and height measures. Conversely, boys did not exhibit any significant changes in any parameters of interest. A dose effect was not detected and subgroup analyses revealed no beneficial effect of vitamin D by pubertal stage. CONCLUSIONS Vitamin D supplementation improved bone mass and several DXA-derived structural bone parameters, in adolescent girls, but not boys. This occurred at a critical site, the femoral neck, and if maintained through adulthood could improve bone strength and lower the risk of hip fractures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laila Al-Shaar
- Calcium Metabolism and Osteoporosis Program, Department of Medicine, Lebanon
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50
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Gómez-Bruton A, Gónzalez-Agüero A, Gómez-Cabello A, Casajús JA, Vicente-Rodríguez G. Is bone tissue really affected by swimming? A systematic review. PLoS One 2013; 8:e70119. [PMID: 23950908 PMCID: PMC3737199 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0070119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2013] [Accepted: 06/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Swimming, a sport practiced in hypogravity, has sometimes been associated with decreased bone mass. Aim This systematic review aims to summarize and update present knowledge about the effects of swimming on bone mass, structure and metabolism in order to ascertain the effects of this sport on bone tissue. Methods A literature search was conducted up to April 2013. A total of 64 studies focusing on swimmers bone mass, structure and metabolism met the inclusion criteria and were included in the review. Results It has been generally observed that swimmers present lower bone mineral density than athletes who practise high impact sports and similar values when compared to sedentary controls. However, swimmers have a higher bone turnover than controls resulting in a different structure which in turn results in higher resistance to fracture indexes. Nevertheless, swimming may become highly beneficial regarding bone mass in later stages of life. Conclusion Swimming does not seem to negatively affect bone mass, although it may not be one of the best sports to be practised in order to increase this parameter, due to the hypogravity and lack of impact characteristic of this sport. Most of the studies included in this review showed similar bone mineral density values in swimmers and sedentary controls. However, swimmers present a higher bone turnover than sedentary controls that may result in a stronger structure and consequently in a stronger bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Gómez-Bruton
- GENUD “Growth, Exercise, NUtrition and Development” Research Group, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Alejandro Gónzalez-Agüero
- GENUD “Growth, Exercise, NUtrition and Development” Research Group, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, United Kingdom
| | - Alba Gómez-Cabello
- GENUD “Growth, Exercise, NUtrition and Development” Research Group, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - José A. Casajús
- GENUD “Growth, Exercise, NUtrition and Development” Research Group, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
- Faculty of Health and Sport Science (FCSD), Department of Physiatry and Nursing, Universidad de Zaragoza, Huesca, Spain
| | - Germán Vicente-Rodríguez
- GENUD “Growth, Exercise, NUtrition and Development” Research Group, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
- Faculty of Health and Sport Science (FCSD), Department of Physiatry and Nursing, Universidad de Zaragoza, Huesca, Spain
- * E-mail:
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