1
|
Harkin B, Davies LE, Yates A. Contamination-Focussed Vignettes as an Analogue of Infectious Pandemics: An Experimental Validation using the State Disgust and Anxiety Responses in OCD. Psychol Rep 2024:332941241238208. [PMID: 38462961 DOI: 10.1177/00332941241238208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
Despite infectious pandemics proving particularly detrimental to those with Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD), the investigation of analogous experimental paradigms is lacking. To address this gap, we conducted two studies employing vignettes that depicted contamination-related situations commonly experienced during a pandemic (e.g., Coughing into hands and failing to use hand sanitizer). We manipulated the salience of these vignettes across three levels: high contamination, low contamination, and a neutral control condition. Our examination of state anxiety and disgust responses in all participants revealed the successful manipulation of the vignettes' impact. Specifically, individuals with more severe OCD symptoms reported significantly higher levels of state disgust and anxiety for both high and low contamination vignettes, in contrast to the group with lower symptom severity. No significant differences were observed in the neutral vignette condition between the high- and low-scoring groups. Interestingly, for those with higher OCD symptoms, high salience contamination-focused vignettes resulted in similarly elevated state disgust and anxiety, regardless of whether the vignettes were situated in public (Study 1) or domestic (Study 2) settings. This suggests that the heightened sensitivity to contamination-related scenarios observed in individuals with OCD symptoms in the present study is not confined to a specific context. These findings support the use of contamination-focused vignettes as analogues for studying infectious pandemics and provide valuable insights into OCD models, interventions, and future research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ben Harkin
- Department of Psychology, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
| | - Lucy E Davies
- Department of Psychology, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
| | - Alan Yates
- Department of Psychology, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
DeJesus JM, Venkatesh S, Elmore-Li CR. Food as a key disgust elicitor in infancy and childhood: Previous research and opportunities for future study. Bull Menninger Clin 2023; 87:92-112. [PMID: 37871192 DOI: 10.1521/bumc.2023.87.suppa.92] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
Disliked foods may have important value in the study of the development of disgust. The current review draws from literature across disciplines, including theories of disgust and studies of the development of eating behavior and food preferences, to highlight food as an important category of disgust responses across a wide age range, including children as young as 3 years old and adults. Children's disgust responses to certain types of food are considered to be both innate and culturally constrained behaviors, and their perceptions of other people's food choices indicate potential links between foods and cultural groups. We end by discussing several ongoing and future research areas, including connections between disgust responses and food rejection in infancy and children's food rejection behaviors across cultures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jasmine M DeJesus
- Department of Psychology, University of North Carolina at Greensboro
| | - Shruthi Venkatesh
- Department of Psychology, University of North Carolina at Greensboro
| | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Christensen RE, Lewis M. The Development of Disgust and Its Relationship to Adolescent Psychosocial Functioning. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 2022; 53:1309-1318. [PMID: 34164758 DOI: 10.1007/s10578-021-01208-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Experiences of excessive disgust have been implicated in several psychopathologies. Research, however, has rarely examined disgust and its role in psychosocial functioning from a developmental standpoint. This study examines the relationship between disgust expression in early life and subsequent adolescent psychosocial functioning. Data from 165 children were collected as part of a longitudinal study. Disgust propensity in infancy and childhood was assessed using a facial expressivity task and food aversion task, respectively. Adolescent psychosocial functioning was measured through several self-report measures. Results suggest that there exists a degree of consistency in disgust expression within the first year of life, and that childhood disgust propensity may be related to impairment in early adolescent psychosocial functioning. These findings highlight the potential importance of identifying early disgust expression as a marker for later psychopathology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael Lewis
- Institute for the Study of Child Development, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Brown TA, Menzel JE, Reilly EE, Luo T, Zickgraf H. Exploring the role of disgust sensitivity and propensity in selective eating. Appetite 2022; 174:106018. [PMID: 35364112 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2022.106018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
While disgust is a clinically and theoretically relevant construct for selective eating, limited research has examined how different aspects of disgust relate to selective eating severity in adults. Thus, the present study sought to 1) compare disgust propensity (how easily people are disgusted) and disgust sensitivity (how unpleasant disgust is) across a spectrum of selective eaters, 2) explore the specificity of the associations between disgust sensitivity/propensity and selective eating across selective eating and related phenotypes, and 3) explore whether the relationship between selective eating and disgust is food-specific. Participants were 554 adults recruited on Amazon's Mechanical Turk who completed cross-sectional surveys on study constructs. The sample was recruited to over-represent individuals with high levels of selective eating. Results support that disgust propensity, but not sensitivity, was elevated in the impaired selective eating group compared to non-impaired selective eaters and non-selective eaters. Only the selective eating phenotype was independently associated with both disgust sensitivity and propensity. Correlation results supported that the associations between selective eating and disgust were specific to the disgust elicited by food (i.e., animal protein, fruits, vegetables). Overall, results support that disgust propensity and disgust sensitivity play a role in selective eating. Results imply that disgust sensitivity associated with selective eating appears limited to the food domain and may be more specific to disgust eliciting food itself, rather than signs of food contamination or spoilage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany A Brown
- Department of Psychological Sciences, 226 Thach Hall, Auburn University, AL, 36849, USA; Department of Psychiatry, 4510 Executive Drive, Suite 330, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA.
| | - Jessie E Menzel
- Department of Psychiatry, 4510 Executive Drive, Suite 330, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA.
| | - Erin E Reilly
- Department of Psychology, 210 Hauser Hall, Hofstra University, Hempstead, NY, 11549, USA.
| | | | - Hana Zickgraf
- Department of Psychology, 75 South University Blvd., University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, 36688, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
aan het Rot M, Friederici C, Krause SC, de Jong PJ. Interpersonal responses to facial expressions of disgust, anger, and happiness in individuals with varying levels of social anxiety. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0263990. [PMID: 35390004 PMCID: PMC8989355 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0263990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Facial expression recognition has been studied extensively, including in relation to social anxiety. Nonetheless, a limited number of studies examined recognition of disgust expressions. Results suggest that disgust is perceived as more threatening than anger, and thus may invite more extreme responses. However, few studies have examined responses to facial expressions. These studies have focused on approach-avoidance responses. Our primary aim was to examine to what extent anger and disgust expressions might invite interpersonal responses in terms of quarrelsomeness-agreeableness and dominance-submissiveness. As social anxiety has been previously associated with a heightened sensitivity to anger and disgust expressions, as well as with alterations in quarrelsomeness-agreeableness and dominance-submissiveness, our secondary aim was to examine whether social anxiety would moderate these responses. METHODS Participants were 55 women and 43 men who completed social anxiety measures, including the Brief Fear of Negative Evaluation scale, and two tasks that involved "targets" expressing anger, disgust, or happiness at 0%, 50%, or 100%. Participants first indicated how quarrelsome or agreeable and how dominant or submissive they would be towards each target, and then how much they would avoid or approach each target. RESULTS While 100% disgust and anger expressions invited similar levels of quarrelsomeness and avoidance, 50% disgust invited more quarrelsomeness and stronger avoidance than 50% anger. While these patterns were not meaningfully moderated by social anxiety, individuals with higher BFNE scores showed a relatively strong approach of happy faces. LIMITATIONS Actual interpersonal behaviour in response to facial expressions was not assessed. CONCLUSIONS Findings support the relevance of disgust as an interpersonal signal and suggest that, especially at mild intensity, disgust may have a stronger impact than anger on people's quarrelsomeness and avoidance responses. Findings provided no support for the view that people with social anxiety would be particularly responsive to disgust (or anger) expressions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marije aan het Rot
- Department of Psychology, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Sandra C. Krause
- Department of Psychology, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Peter J. de Jong
- Department of Psychology, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Klein AM, Niekerk RE, Baartmans JM, Rinck M, Becker ES. The spider anxiety and disgust screening for children: Reliability and validity of a screening for children. AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/ajpy.12132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anke M. Klein
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands,
| | - Rianne E. Niekerk
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands,
| | | | - Mike Rinck
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands,
| | - Eni S. Becker
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands,
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Cervin M, Perrin S, Olsson E, Claesdotter-Knutsson E, Lindvall M. Incompleteness, harm avoidance, and disgust: A comparison of youth with OCD, anxiety disorders, and no psychiatric disorder. J Anxiety Disord 2020; 69:102175. [PMID: 31896022 DOI: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2019.102175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Revised: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Psychological models of pediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) place a heavy emphasis on harm avoidance as a maintaining factor and target for treatment. Incompleteness and disgust may also play a role in pediatric OCD but remain understudied. Youth with OCD (n = 100), anxiety disorders (n = 96), and no impairing psychiatric symptoms (n = 25) completed self-report measures of trait-level incompleteness, harm avoidance, and disgust and current symptoms of OCD, anxiety, and depression. Group differences and associations between emotions, symptoms, and pre- to post-treatment change in overall OCD severity were examined. Youth with OCD and anxiety disorders scored higher on harm avoidance and disgust than youth with no psychiatric disorder. Youth with OCD scored higher on incompleteness than youth with anxiety disorders and youth with no psychiatric disorder. Harm avoidance showed unique associations to self-reported symptoms of OCD, anxiety, and depression while incompleteness was uniquely related to OCD and disgust to anxiety. Within the OCD sample, incompleteness and harm avoidance were differentially related to the major OCD symptom dimensions, and change in incompleteness was uniquely related to pre- to post-treatment change in OCD severity. Trait-level incompleteness appears to play a central role in pediatric OCD and studies investigating its direct involvement in symptoms and associations with treatment outcome are needed. The role of disgust in relation to pediatric OCD remains unclear.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matti Cervin
- Lund University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Lund, Sweden; Skåne Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Lund, Sweden.
| | - Sean Perrin
- Lund University, Department of Psychology, Lund, Sweden
| | - Elin Olsson
- Skåne Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Lund, Sweden
| | - Emma Claesdotter-Knutsson
- Lund University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Lund, Sweden; Skåne Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Lund, Sweden
| | - Magnus Lindvall
- Lund University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Lund, Sweden; Skåne Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Lund, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Harris AA, Romer AL, Hanna EK, Keeling LA, LaBar KS, Sinnott-Armstrong W, Strauman TJ, Wagner HR, Marcus MD, Zucker NL. The central role of disgust in disorders of food avoidance. Int J Eat Disord 2019; 52:543-553. [PMID: 30801767 PMCID: PMC6759364 DOI: 10.1002/eat.23047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Revised: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Individuals with extreme food avoidance such as Avoidant Restrictive Food Intake Disorder (ARFID) experience impairing physical and mental health consequences from nutrition of insufficient variety or/and quantity. Identifying mechanisms contributing to food avoidance is essential to develop effective interventions. Anxiety figures prominently in theoretical models of food avoidance; however, there is limited evidence that repeated exposures to foods increases approach behavior in ARFID. Studying disgust, and relationships between disgust and anxiety, may offer novel insights, as disgust is functionally associated with avoidance of contamination from pathogens (as may occur via ingestion) and is largely resistant to extinction. METHOD This exploratory, cross-sectional study included data from 1,644 adults who completed an online questionnaire. Participant responses were used to measure ARFID classification, picky eating, sensory sensitivity, disgust, and anxiety. Structural equation modeling tested a measurement model of latent disgust and anxiety factors as measured by self-reported frequency of disgust and anxiety reactions. Mediational models were used to explore causal ordering. RESULTS A latent disgust factor was more strongly related to severity of picky eating (B ≈ 0.4) and ARFID classification (B ≈ 0.6) than the latent anxiety factor (B ≈ 0.1). Disgust partially mediated the association between anxiety and picky eating and fully mediated the association between anxiety and ARFID. Models testing the reverse causal ordering demonstrated poorer fit. Findings suggest anxiety may be associated with food avoidance in part due to increased disgust. CONCLUSIONS Disgust may play a prominent role in food avoidance. Findings may inform novel approaches to treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Kevin S. LaBar
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke
University
| | - Walter Sinnott-Armstrong
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke
University,Department of Philosophy, Duke University
| | | | - H. Ryan Wagner
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke
University School of Medicine
| | - Marsha D. Marcus
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School
of Medicine
| | - Nancy L. Zucker
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke
University,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke
University School of Medicine
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Knowles KA, Jessup SC, Olatunji BO. Disgust in Anxiety and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorders: Recent Findings and Future Directions. Curr Psychiatry Rep 2018; 20:68. [PMID: 30094516 PMCID: PMC6422162 DOI: 10.1007/s11920-018-0936-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW In the past 20 years, the role of disgust in anxiety disorders and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) has been investigated with increasing precision. In this review, we examine recent evidence implicating disgust in anxiety and OCD, highlighting recent measurement and methodological improvements. Specific emphasis is placed on understanding the mechanisms that may account for the role of disgust in OCD and related disorders. RECENT FINDINGS Recent developments include clarification of the role of distinct disgust-relevant vulnerabilities in the etiology of anxiety and OCD, an improved understanding of the neurobiology of disgust processing in OCD, and an increased focus on disgust-related mechanisms that contribute to psychopathology, such as disgust-based learning and emotion regulation. Disgust proneness is increasingly linked with symptoms of anxiety and OCD. However, further examination of the mechanisms that account for the roles of distinct disgust-relevant vulnerabilities is needed, and studies that directly examine disgust during the course of treatment are limited. Increasingly, the field has moved toward experimental investigation of specific disgust-relevant mechanisms that influence the etiology and treatment of OCD and related anxiety disorders.
Collapse
|
10
|
Shimshoni Y, Silverman WK, Byrne SP, Lebowitz ER. Maternal Acceptance Moderates Fear Ratings and Avoidance Behavior in Children. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 2018; 49:460-467. [PMID: 29188403 PMCID: PMC5871552 DOI: 10.1007/s10578-017-0765-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Avoidance is a hallmark feature of anxiety disorders, and avoidance-related impairment is often key to meeting diagnostic criteria. In children and adolescents with anxiety disorders, levels of avoidance vary considerably. Using a novel motion-tracking measure of avoidance behavior, we examined whether maternal acceptance, characterized by warm and accepting responses to child feelings and behaviors, moderates the association between fear of spiders and behavioral avoidance of spider stimuli in 103 clinically anxious children. As hypothesized, maternal acceptance significantly moderated children's avoidance behavior. Child's fear of spiders was significantly associated with behavioral avoidance when mothers were low in acceptance, as rated by either mothers or children. When mothers were high in acceptance, as rated by either mothers or children, child self-rated fear of spiders was not significantly associated with child avoidance. These are the first results to empirically demonstrate the moderating role of maternal acceptance in anxious children's avoidance behavior.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yaara Shimshoni
- Yale University Child Study Center, 230 S. Frontage Rd., New Haven, CT, 06520, USA.
| | - Wendy K Silverman
- Yale University Child Study Center, 230 S. Frontage Rd., New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Simon P Byrne
- Yale University Child Study Center, 230 S. Frontage Rd., New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Eli R Lebowitz
- Yale University Child Study Center, 230 S. Frontage Rd., New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Olatunji BO, Armstrong T, Elwood L. Is Disgust Proneness Associated With Anxiety and Related Disorders? A Qualitative Review and Meta-Analysis of Group Comparison and Correlational Studies. PERSPECTIVES ON PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2017. [DOI: 10.1177/1745691616688879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Research suggests that disgust may be linked to the etiology of some anxiety-related disorders. The present investigation reviews this literature and employs separate meta-analyses of clinical group comparison and correlational studies to examine the association between disgust proneness and anxiety-related disorder symptoms. Meta-analysis of 43 group comparison studies revealed those high in anxiety disorder symptoms reported significantly more disgust proneness than those low in anxiety symptoms. Although this effect was not moderated by clinical versus analogue studies or type of disorder, larger group differences were observed for those high in anxiety symptoms associated with contagion concerns compared to those high in anxiety symptoms not associated with contagion concerns. Similarly, meta-analysis of correlational data across 83 samples revealed moderate associations between disgust proneness and anxiety-related disorder symptoms. Moderator analysis revealed that the association between disgust proneness and anxiety-related disorder symptoms was especially robust for anxiety symptoms associated with contagion concerns. After controlling for measures of negative affect, disgust proneness continued to be moderately correlated with anxiety-related disorder symptoms. However, negative affect was no longer significantly associated with symptoms of anxiety-related disorders when controlling for disgust proneness. The implications of these findings are discussed in the context of a novel transdiagnostic model.
Collapse
|
12
|
Olatunji BO, Ebesutani C, Kim J, Riemann BC, Jacobi DM. Disgust proneness predicts obsessive-compulsive disorder symptom severity in a clinical sample of youth: Distinctions from negative affect. J Affect Disord 2017; 213:118-125. [PMID: 28222359 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2017.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Revised: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although studies have linked disgust proneness to the etiology and maintenance of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) in adults, there remains a paucity of research examining the specificity of this association among youth. METHOD The present study employed structural equation modeling to examine the association between disgust proneness, negative affect, and OCD symptom severity in a clinical sample of youth admitted to a residential treatment facility (N =471). RESULTS Results indicate that disgust proneness and negative affect latent factors independently predicted an OCD symptom severity latent factor. However, when both variables were modeled as predictors simultaneously, latent disgust proneness remained significantly associated with OCD symptom severity, whereas the association between latent negative affect and OCD symptom severity became nonsignificant. Tests of mediation converged in support of disgust proneness as a significant intervening variable between negative affect and OCD symptom severity. Subsequent analysis showed that the path from disgust proneness to OCD symptom severity in the structural model was significantly stronger among those without a primary diagnosis of OCD compared to those with a primary diagnosis of OCD. LIMITATIONS Given the cross-sectional design, the causal inferences that can be made are limited. The present study is also limited by the exclusive reliance on self-report measures. CONCLUSIONS Disgust proneness may play a uniquely important role in OCD among youth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jingu Kim
- Konkuk University, Republic of Korea
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Nadeau JM, De Nadai AS, Viar-Paxton M, Olatunji BO, Jacobi DM, Eken SC, Kay B, Riemann BC, Storch EA. Further Psychometric Evaluation of the Child Disgust Scale. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 2017; 48:32-39. [PMID: 27215910 PMCID: PMC6167059 DOI: 10.1007/s10578-016-0650-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluated the psychometric properties of the Child Disgust Scale (CDS) among 457 youth (ages 8-17, M = 14.77 ± 1.98 years) initiating residential treatment for obsessive-compulsive disorder and anxiety disorders. Confirmatory factor analysis supported a bifactor model with two distinct factors of Disgust Avoidance and Disgust Affect, in addition to an overall General Disgust factor. Strong internal consistency was observed for the CDS total and factor scores. In addition, CDS scores demonstrated generally modest and positive correlations with child-reported obsessive-compulsive and anxiety symptoms, weaker correlations with parent-reported anxiety and child-rated impairment, and non-significant correlations with parent-rated impairment. Findings suggest that the CDS displays strong psychometric properties and is developmentally appropriate for use in pediatric clinical populations with obsessive-compulsive and anxiety disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua M Nadeau
- Department of Pediatrics, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA.
- Rogers Memorial Hospital, Tampa, FL, USA.
| | - Alessandro S De Nadai
- Department of Pediatrics, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | | | - Bunmi O Olatunji
- Rogers Memorial Hospital, Tampa, FL, USA
- Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | | | | | - Brian Kay
- Rogers Memorial Hospital, Tampa, FL, USA
| | | | - Eric A Storch
- Department of Pediatrics, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
- Rogers Memorial Hospital, Tampa, FL, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
- Department of Health Policy and Management, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
- All Children's Hospital - Johns Hopkins Medicine, St. Petersburg, FL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Ousey K, Roberts D. Exploring nurses' and patients' feelings of disgust associated with malodorous wounds: a rapid review. J Wound Care 2017; 25:438-42. [PMID: 27523655 DOI: 10.12968/jowc.2016.25.8.438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify primary empirical research related specifically to feelings of disgust associated with malodorous chronic cutaneous wounds. METHOD A rapid review of the literature using the key words disgust; wounds; malodour and psychosocial. RESULTS A total of 163 papers were retrieved with seven being included for the final review. Themes emanating from the review were malodour, health-care professionals coping with malodour and disgust. Malodour is a concern to patients, which can sometimes go unreported by nursing staff; although the reasons for this remain unclear. The coping mechanisms developed by nurses in response to 'disgusting' wounds requires further exploration in order for a fuller understanding of these mechanisms to be achieved. This review has identified that both health-care professionals and patients can become distressed at wound odours, yet there is little evidence that is available to guide people as to how to manage these feelings. CONCLUSION Hard-to-heal or chronic cutaneous wounds, such as leg ulcers and diabetic foot ulcers, are an increasing global health-care issue. While some research has been undertaken to explore the psychological impact of living with a fungating carcinoma; much less has been written about the management and mitigation of feelings of disgust for patients and families living with a malodorous wound or how health-care professionals can effectively provide psychosocial care.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Ousey
- Professor and Director for the Institute of Skin Integrity and Infection Prevention, University of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield, UK
| | - D Roberts
- Professor in Nurse Education and Clinical Learning, and Head of the research centre for the School of Social and Life Sciences, Glyndwr University. Plas Coch Campus Mold Road Wrexham
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Oar EL, Farrell LJ, Ollendick TH. One Session Treatment for Specific Phobias: An Adaptation for Paediatric Blood-Injection-Injury Phobia in Youth. Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev 2016; 18:370-94. [PMID: 26374227 DOI: 10.1007/s10567-015-0189-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Blood-injection-injury (BII) phobia is a chronic and debilitating disorder, which has largely been neglected in the child literature. The present paper briefly reviews the aetiology of specific phobias with particular attention to BII and provides an integrated developmental model of this disorder in youth. Evidence-based treatments for child-specific phobias are discussed, and the development of a modified one session treatment (OST) approach to enhance treatment outcomes for BII phobia in children and adolescents is described. This approach is illustrated in two children with a primary diagnosis of BII phobia. The cases illustrate the unique challenges associated with treating BII in youth and the need for a modified intervention. Modifications included addressing the role of pain (e.g., psychoeducation, more graduated exposure steps) and disgust (e.g., disgust eliciting exposure tasks) in the expression of the phobia and fainting in the maintenance of this phobia. Moreover, it is recommended that parents be more actively involved throughout treatment (e.g., education session prior to OST, contingency management training, guidance regarding planning exposure tasks following treatment) and for families to participate in a structured e-therapy maintenance programme post-treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ella L Oar
- School of Applied Psychology, Behavioural Basis of Health and Menzies Health Institute, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Southport, QLD, 4222, Australia.
| | - Lara J Farrell
- School of Applied Psychology, Behavioural Basis of Health and Menzies Health Institute, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Southport, QLD, 4222, Australia
| | - Thomas H Ollendick
- Child Study Centre, Department of Psychology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, 24060, USA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Knowles KA, Viar-Paxton MA, Riemann BC, Jacobi DM, Olatunji BO. Is disgust proneness sensitive to treatment for OCD among youth?: Examination of diagnostic specificity and symptom correlates. J Anxiety Disord 2016; 44:47-54. [PMID: 27744071 DOI: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2016.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Revised: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Although disgust proneness has been implicated in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), there is a paucity of research examining change in disgust proneness during treatment as well as the correlates of such change, especially in children. This study examined the relationship between changes in disgust proneness and disorder-specific symptoms during residential treatment among youth with OCD, anxiety, and mood disorders. Youth ages 12-18 (n=472) completed pre- and post-outcome measures of OCD, anxiety, and mood symptoms and disgust proneness. Results indicate that although disgust proneness decreases during treatment for youth with OCD, anxiety, and mood disorders, youth with primary OCD experienced the greatest decrease in disgust proneness over the course of treatment. Reductions in disgust proneness during treatment were significantly correlated with reductions in multiple symptom measures, with the strongest correlations between reductions in disgust proneness and OCD symptoms. Implications and directions for future research are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kelly A Knowles
- Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.
| | | | | | | | - Bunmi O Olatunji
- Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA; Rogers Memorial Hospital, Oconomowoc, WI, USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Oar EL, Farrell LJ, Waters AM, Ollendick TH. Blood-Injection-Injury Phobia and Dog Phobia in Youth: Psychological Characteristics and Associated Features in a Clinical Sample. Behav Ther 2016; 47:312-24. [PMID: 27157026 DOI: 10.1016/j.beth.2016.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Revised: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Blood-Injection-Injury (BII) phobia is a particularly debilitating condition that has been largely ignored in the child literature. The present study examined the clinical phenomenology of BII phobia in 27 youths, relative to 25 youths with dog phobia-one of the most common and well-studied phobia subtypes in youth. Children were compared on measures of phobia severity, functional impairment, comorbidity, threat appraisals (danger expectancies and coping), focus of fear, and physiological responding, as well as vulnerability factors including disgust sensitivity and family history. Children and adolescents with BII phobia had greater diagnostic severity. In addition, they were more likely to have a comorbid diagnosis of a physical health condition, to report more exaggerated danger expectancies, and to report fears that focused more on physical symptoms (e.g., faintness and nausea) in comparison to youth with dog phobia. The present study advances knowledge relating to this poorly understood condition in youth.
Collapse
|
18
|
Buyukturkoglu K, Roettgers H, Sommer J, Rana M, Dietzsch L, Arikan EB, Veit R, Malekshahi R, Kircher T, Birbaumer N, Sitaram R, Ruiz S. Self-Regulation of Anterior Insula with Real-Time fMRI and Its Behavioral Effects in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: A Feasibility Study. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0135872. [PMID: 26301829 PMCID: PMC4547706 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0135872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a common and chronic condition that can have disabling effects throughout the patient's lifespan. Frequent symptoms among OCD patients include fear of contamination and washing compulsions. Several studies have shown a link between contamination fears, disgust over-reactivity, and insula activation in OCD. In concordance with the role of insula in disgust processing, new neural models based on neuroimaging studies suggest that abnormally high activations of insula could be implicated in OCD psychopathology, at least in the subgroup of patients with contamination fears and washing compulsions. Methods In the current study, we used a Brain Computer Interface (BCI) based on real-time functional magnetic resonance imaging (rtfMRI) to aid OCD patients to achieve down-regulation of the Blood Oxygenation Level Dependent (BOLD) signal in anterior insula. Our first aim was to investigate whether patients with contamination obsessions and washing compulsions can learn to volitionally decrease (down-regulate) activity in the insula in the presence of disgust/anxiety provoking stimuli. Our second aim was to evaluate the effect of down-regulation on clinical, behavioural and physiological changes pertaining to OCD symptoms. Hence, several pre- and post-training measures were performed, i.e., confronting the patient with a disgust/anxiety inducing real-world object (Ecological Disgust Test), and subjective rating and physiological responses (heart rate, skin conductance level) of disgust towards provoking pictures. Results Results of this pilot study, performed in 3 patients (2 females), show that OCD patients can gain self-control of the BOLD activity of insula, albeit to different degrees. In two patients positive changes in behaviour in the EDT were observed following the rtfMRI trainings. Behavioural changes were also confirmed by reductions in the negative valence and in the subjective perception of disgust towards symptom provoking images. Conclusion Although preliminary, results of this study confirmed that insula down-regulation is possible in patients suffering from OCD, and that volitional decreases of insula activation could be used for symptom alleviation in this disorder.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Korhan Buyukturkoglu
- Graduate School of Neural & Behavioural Sciences, International Max Planck Research School, University of Tübingen, Tuebingen, Germany
- Institute for Medical Psychology and Behavioural Neurobiology, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Hans Roettgers
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Jens Sommer
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Mohit Rana
- Graduate School of Neural & Behavioural Sciences, International Max Planck Research School, University of Tübingen, Tuebingen, Germany
- Institute for Medical Psychology and Behavioural Neurobiology, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Leonie Dietzsch
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Ezgi Belkis Arikan
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Ralf Veit
- Institute for Medical Psychology and Behavioural Neurobiology, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Rahim Malekshahi
- Graduate School of Neural & Behavioural Sciences, International Max Planck Research School, University of Tübingen, Tuebingen, Germany
- Institute for Medical Psychology and Behavioural Neurobiology, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Tilo Kircher
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Niels Birbaumer
- Institute for Medical Psychology and Behavioural Neurobiology, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
- Ospedale San Camillo, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Venezia, Italy
| | - Ranganatha Sitaram
- Institute for Medical Psychology and Behavioural Neurobiology, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- * E-mail: (SR); (RS)
| | - Sergio Ruiz
- Institute for Medical Psychology and Behavioural Neurobiology, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
- Departamento de Psiquiatría, Escuela de Medicina, Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencia, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- * E-mail: (SR); (RS)
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Spontaneous EEG theta/beta ratio and delta–beta coupling in relation to attentional network functioning and self-reported attentional control. COGNITIVE AFFECTIVE & BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2015; 15:598-606. [DOI: 10.3758/s13415-015-0351-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
20
|
Viar-Paxton MA, Ebesutani C, Kim EH, Ollendick T, Young J, Olatunji BO. Development and initial validation of the Child Disgust Scale. Psychol Assess 2015; 27:1082-96. [PMID: 25844533 DOI: 10.1037/a0038925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Although disgust sensitivity (DS) has been implicated in the development of anxiety disorders in children, the absence of a measure of DS specifically for children has not allowed for an adequate test of this claim. To fill this important gap in the literature, this investigation presents a series of studies on the development and examination of the psychometric properties (including reliability, validity, and factor structure) of scores on a newly developed Child Disgust Scale (CDS). Exploratory factor analysis in Study 1 (N = 1,500) found that a bifactor model, which allows for a "g" DS factor in addition to 2 distinct factors of Disgust Avoidance and Disgust Affect, was the best fit for the data. Study 2 (N = 573) confirmed a two-factor bifactor model above and beyond a 1-factor model that controlled for method effects due to reverse-worded items. Results from Study 3 (N = 50) provided support for convergent and discriminant validity such that scores on the CDS were significantly correlated with measures of anxiety and fear, but not depression. Finally, Study 4 (N = 86) found that the CDS differentiated children with a diagnosis of specific phobia (n = 43) from a matched nonclinical community sample of children (n = 43), such that those with a specific phobia reported greater DS compared with controls. Results from these studies suggest that the CDS is a developmentally appropriate measure with good psychometric properties that can aid research on the role of disgust sensitivity in anxiety-related disorders in children.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Eun Ha Kim
- Department of Psychology, University of Mississippi
| | - Thomas Ollendick
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University
| | - John Young
- Department of Psychology, University of Mississippi
| | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Schienle A, Leutgeb V, Ille R. Disgust regulation strategies for children: A comparison between reappraisal and expression. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/17405629.2014.947954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
|
22
|
Change in disgust reactions following cognitive-behavioral therapy for childhood anxiety disorders. Int J Clin Health Psychol 2014; 15:1-7. [PMID: 30487816 PMCID: PMC6224794 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijchp.2014.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Disgust, in addition to fear, is a prominent emotional state associated with avoidance of distressing stimuli. While most of the research in disgust has been conducted in relation to Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD), recent data has also implicated disgust in the etiology of anxiety disorders in general. Studies have shown that decreases in disgust are key to symptom reduction in individuals with OCD. However, there has been little empirical work exploring whether these interventions are efficacious for childhood anxiety disorders that present with prominent disgust components. This study examined how disgust propensity in children with anxiety disorders responds to cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) with an emphasis on exposure. Forty-one children, ages 7 to 17, with anxiety disorders were evaluated for disgust propensity and were treated with intensive, weekly, CBT. It was found that disgust levels decreased following treatment across all anxiety disorder diagnoses, where children with primary OCD exhibited significantly greater reductions. Clinical implications and suggestions for further research of the treatment of disgust in relation to childhood anxiety disorders are discussed.
Collapse
|
23
|
Nonverbal and verbal transmission of disgust from mothers to offspring: effects on children's evaluation of a novel animal. Behav Ther 2013; 44:293-301. [PMID: 23611078 DOI: 10.1016/j.beth.2012.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2012] [Revised: 09/14/2012] [Accepted: 10/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This study examined parent-offspring communication of disgust-related information and its effects on children's feelings of disgust and fear towards an animal. Mothers were instructed to provide information about a novel animal to their children (N=60) by studying in secrecy either disgusting or neutral attributes that were allegedly characteristic of this animal. First, mothers were instructed to do this in a nonverbal way; then they were also allowed to use verbal utterances. Results indicated that nonverbal communication of disgust by the mothers failed to produce any effects on offspring's subjective evaluations of the animal. However, verbal information transmission did have a differential impact on children's feelings of disgust and fear. That is, children to whom mothers had verbally communicated about a set of disgusting specimens not only displayed higher levels of disgust (Cohen's d=1.02) but also exhibited higher levels of fear (Cohen's d=.62) towards the novel animal as compared to children to whom mothers had verbally communicated about neutral specimens. The effect on fear was mainly due to the fact that children after the verbal neutral information exhibited a clear decline in fear, whereas children to whom mothers had provided verbal disgust information maintained a similar level of fear towards the animal. The implications of these results for the familial transmission of disgust and fear will be discussed.
Collapse
|
24
|
Muris P, Huijding J, Mayer B, Langkamp M, Reyhan E, Olatunji B. Assessment of disgust sensitivity in children with an age-downward version of the Disgust Emotion Scale. Behav Ther 2012; 43:876-86. [PMID: 23046788 DOI: 10.1016/j.beth.2012.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2011] [Revised: 02/27/2012] [Accepted: 03/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The present study examined the psychometric properties of the Disgust Emotion Scale for Children (DES-C). Principal components analysis of the DES-C data revealed five factors reflecting disgust toward (a) rotting foods, (b) injection and blood, (c) odors, (d) mutilation and death, and (e) animals, which were largely in keeping with the intended subscales. The DES-C showed good reliability, excellent convergent validity (as established by correlations with an alternative self-report index of disgust), fairly good predictive validity (as assessed by correlations with measures of fear/anxiety and a behavioral index of disgust), and acceptable parent-child agreement (in particular with the mothers). Importantly, the DES-C proved to perform better on some psychometric indicators than an age-downward version of the Disgust Scale. These findings indicate that the DES-C should be regarded as the preferred scale for measuring disgust sensitivity and its role in the etiology and maintenance of anxiety problems in children.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Muris
- Clinical Psychological Science, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Watson D, O'Hara MW, Naragon-Gainey K, Koffel E, Chmielewski M, Kotov R, Stasik SM, Ruggero CJ. Development and validation of new anxiety and bipolar symptom scales for an expanded version of the IDAS (the IDAS-II). Assessment 2012; 19:399-420. [PMID: 22822173 DOI: 10.1177/1073191112449857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 255] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The original Inventory of Depression and Anxiety Symptoms (IDAS) contains 11 nonoverlapping scales assessing specific depression and anxiety symptoms. In creating the expanded version of the IDAS (the IDAS-II), our goal was to create new scales assessing other important aspects of the anxiety disorders as well as key symptoms of bipolar disorder. Factor analyses of the IDAS-II item pool led to the creation of seven new scales (Traumatic Avoidance, Checking, Ordering, Cleaning, Claustrophobia, Mania, Euphoria) plus an expanded version of Social Anxiety. These scales are internally consistent and show strong convergent and significant discriminant validity in relation to other self-report and interview-based measures of anxiety, depression, and mania. Furthermore, the scales demonstrate substantial criterion and incremental validity in relation to interview-based measures of DSM-IV (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fourth edition) symptoms and disorders. Thus, the expanded IDAS-II now assesses a broad range of depression, anxiety, and bipolar symptoms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Watson
- University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Fond G, Franc N. [Treating specific childhood phobia in a single session? A systematic review of the literature]. Encephale 2012; 39:109-14. [PMID: 23095586 DOI: 10.1016/j.encep.2012.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2011] [Accepted: 01/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The essential feature of specific phobia is a persistent fear of clearly discernable, circumscribed objects or situations. The DSM-IV distinguishes four subtypes: animal, natural environment, blood-injection-injury, and situational. Specific phobias frequently co-occur. Specific phobia is one of the most common psychiatric disorders with a lifetime prevalence of 12.5% and is about twice as common in women as in men. Most phobias have a childhood onset except for the situational subtype which usually occurs during patients' twenties. It is well known that childhood anxiety increases the risk of psychiatric disorders such as depression and anxiety in later life, as well as the risk of suicide attempts and psychiatric hospitalization. Nonetheless, there are few studies on the psychobiology and pharmacotherapy of specific phobias. Neuroimaging studies have shown that specific phobia seems to be associated with amygdala (more specifically the right amygdala) and anterior cingulate cortex hyperactivation that is reduced after exposure therapy. The aim of this study is to propose the first systematic review of specific phobia treatment among children. METHOD The review follows the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) statement guidelines. Two databases (Medline and Web of Science) were searched combining the search terms: specific phobia and treatment. English and French language were imposed. There were no publication date or publication status limitations. Seventy-four studies met the inclusion criteria and 36 were included. RESULTS The goal of treatment is to achieve habituation and eventual extinction of the phobic reaction. Treatments for children's anxiety have been suggested to work through diverse processes such as counter-conditioning, extinction, habituation, change in catastrophic cognitions, development of coping skills, increased self-efficacy, emotional processing, and changes in expectancies and perceptions of dangerousness. Most phobias respond robustly to in vivo exposure, but this approach is associated with high dropout rates and low treatment acceptance. One Session Treatment, a variant of cognitive-behavioral therapy, combines graduated in vivo exposure, participant modeling, reinforcement, psychoeducation, cognitive challenges, and skills training in an intensive treatment model. The limited data available on medication shows little promise. Finally, relapse is a common phenomenon, and little is known on the long-term outcome of the illness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Fond
- Université Montpellier 1, 34006 Montpellier, France.
| | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Muris P, Huijding J, Mayer B, de Vries H. Does 'Yuck' mean 'Eek'? Fear responses in children after a disgust manipulation. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry 2012; 43:765-9. [PMID: 22104658 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2011.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2011] [Revised: 10/07/2011] [Accepted: 10/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Disgust is a basic emotion that is thought to play a role in the development of animal phobias. This study was conducted to test whether experimentally induced disgust also results in higher levels of fear and interpretation bias. METHODS Children aged 9-13 years (N=94) were asked to inspect a set of specimen characteristic of a novel animal and requested to form themselves an impression of it based on those characteristics. Half of the children were given a set of disgust-eliciting products in relation to the animal, whereas the other half received a set of neutral materials. RESULTS The main results indicated that children in the disgust specimen group exhibited an increase in fear towards the novel animal and a stronger inclination to interpret ambiguous situations involving this animal in a more negative way as compared to children in the neutral specimen group. CONCLUSION These findings confirm that disgust has a fear-promoting effect.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Muris
- Institute of Psychology, Erasmus University Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Leutgeb V, Schäfer A, Köchel A, Schienle A. Exposure therapy leads to enhanced late frontal positivity in 8- to 13-year-old spider phobic girls. Biol Psychol 2012; 90:97-104. [PMID: 22388043 PMCID: PMC3330248 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2012.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2011] [Revised: 02/14/2012] [Accepted: 02/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Neurobiological studies have demonstrated that psychotherapy is able to alter brain function in adults, however little exists on this topic with respect to children. This waiting-list controlled investigation focused on therapy-related changes of the P300 and the late positive potential (LPP) in 8- to 13-year-old spider phobic girls. Thirty-two patients were presented with phobia-relevant, generally disgust-inducing, fear-inducing, and affectively neutral pictures while an electroencephalogram was recorded. Participants received one session of up to 4h of cognitive-behavioral exposure therapy. Treated children showed enhanced amplitudes of the LPP at frontal sites in response to spider pictures. This result is interpreted to reflect an improvement in controlled attentional engagement and is in line with already existing data for adult females. Moreover, the girls showed a therapy-specific reduction in overall disgust proneness, as well as in experienced arousal and disgust when viewing disgust pictures. Thus, exposure therapy seems to have broad effects in children.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Verena Leutgeb
- University of Graz, Department of Clinical Psychology, Austria.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Gaind S, Clarke A, Butler P. The role of disgust emotions in predicting self-management in wound care. J Wound Care 2011; 20:346-50. [DOI: 10.12968/jowc.2011.20.7.346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Gaind
- Professor of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery; 1St George's university of London, UK
| | - A. Clarke
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK
| | - P.E.M. Butler
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Muris P, Field AP. The role of verbal threat information in the development of childhood fear. "Beware the Jabberwock!". Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev 2011; 13:129-50. [PMID: 20198423 PMCID: PMC2882043 DOI: 10.1007/s10567-010-0064-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Rachman's (Behaviour Research and Therapy 15:372-387, 1977; Clinical Psychology Review 11:155-173, 1991) three pathways theory proposed that childhood fears not only arise as a consequence of direct learning experiences, but can also be elicited by means of threat information transmission. This review looks at the scientific evidence for this idea, which has accumulated during the past three decades. We review research on the influences of media exposure on children's fears, retrospective parent and child reports on the role of threat information in fear acquisition, and experimental studies that explored the causal effects of threat information on childhood fears. We also discuss possible mechanisms by which threat information exerts its influence and the processes relevant to understand the role of this type of learning experience in the origins of fear. Finally, implications for the prevention and intervention of childhood fears are briefly explored, and potential leads for future research will be highlighted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Muris
- Institute of Psychology, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Burgemeester Oudlaan 50, Suite T13-37, Postbus, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Muris P, Huijding J, Mayer B, Leemreis W, Passchier S, Bouwmeester S. The effects of verbal disgust- and threat-related information about novel animals on disgust and fear beliefs and avoidance in children. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL CHILD AND ADOLESCENT PSYCHOLOGY 2010; 38:551-63. [PMID: 20183641 DOI: 10.1080/15374410902976379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Disgust is a basic emotion that is thought to play a role in the etiology of certain types of specific phobias, like animal phobias. Two experiments were conducted in which 9- to 14-year-old children were exposed to disgust-related, cleanliness-related, and threat-related information about unknown animals. It was investigated to what extent these types of information influenced children's fear beliefs, feelings of disgust, and avoidance behavior in relation to the animals. Most important, results suggested a bidirectional relationship between disgust and fear. That is, disgust-related information was found to promote fear beliefs, and conversely threat-related information enhanced feelings of disgust. Repercussions of these findings for the role of disgust in the development and maintenance of anxiety pathology are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Muris
- Institute of Psychology, Erasmus University RotterdamRotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Orinstein AJ, Urcelay GP, Miller RR. Expanding the intertrial interval during extinction: response cessation and recovery. Behav Ther 2010; 41:14-29. [PMID: 20171324 PMCID: PMC2841965 DOI: 10.1016/j.beth.2008.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2008] [Revised: 08/30/2008] [Accepted: 11/11/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We examined trial spacing during extinction following a human contingency learning task. Specifically, we assessed if an expanding retrieval practice schedule (Bjork & Bjork, 1992, 2006), in which the spacing between extinction trials was progressively increased, would result in faster immediate extinction and less recovery from extinction than uniformly spaced extinction trials. We used an ABB vs. ABA renewal design and observed that, whereas the expanding group extinguished faster during extinction treatment, the expanding and constant groups showed the same level of extinction with an immediate test in the extinction context (ABB) and the two groups showed equivalent ABA renewal at test in the training context. We conclude that the faster extinction observed in the expanding groups could be misleading in clinical treatment, if the therapist used the absence of fear during extinction as the basis for terminating treatment.
Collapse
|
33
|
Phobic spider fear is associated with enhanced attentional capture by spider pictures: a rapid serial presentation event-related potential study. Neuroreport 2009; 20:445-9. [PMID: 19218869 DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0b013e3283262e26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The early posterior negativity (EPN) reflects early selective visual processing of emotionally significant information. This study explored the association between fear of spiders and the EPN for spider pictures. Fifty women completed a Spider Phobia Questionnaire and watched the random rapid serial presentation of 600 neutral, 600 negatively valenced emotional, and 600 spider pictures (three pictures per second). The EPN was scored as the mean activity in the 225-300-ms time window at lateral occipital electrodes. Participants with higher scores on the phobia questionnaire showed larger (i.e. more negative) EPN amplitudes in response to spider pictures. The results suggest that the attentional capture of spider-related stimuli is an automatic response, which is modulated by the extent of spider fear.
Collapse
|
34
|
Muris P, Mayer B, Huijding J, Konings T. A dirty animal is a scary animal! Effects of disgust-related information on fear beliefs in children. Behav Res Ther 2007; 46:137-44. [PMID: 17959140 DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2007.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2007] [Revised: 08/17/2007] [Accepted: 09/17/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The present study investigated whether disgust-valenced information has an impact on children's fear beliefs about animals. Non-clinical children aged between 9 and 13 years (n=159) were presented with disgust-related and cleanliness-related information about unknown animals (Australian marsupials). Before and after information, beliefs of disgust and fear regarding the animals were assessed. Results showed that disgust-related information not only induced higher levels of disgust but also increased children's fear beliefs in relation to these animals. The other way around, cleanliness-related information decreased levels of disgust and resulted in lower levels of fear. The implications for the role of disgust in the development of animal fear are briefly discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Muris
- Institute of Psychology, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Burgemeester Oudlaan 50, 3000 DR, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|