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Alhusban AA, Hammad AM, Alzaghari LF. Simple HPLC method for simultaneous quantification of nicotine and cotinine levels in rat plasma after exposure to two different tobacco products. ACTA CHROMATOGR 2022. [DOI: 10.1556/1326.2022.01054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Purpose
Development and validation of a selective analytical method to accurately and precisely quantify nicotine and cotinine levels in rat's plasma after exposure to tobacco cigarettes and tobacco water-pipe.
Methods
An easy HPLC-Photodiode-Array Detection (PDA) method was developed and validated for simultaneous determination of nicotine and cotinine levels in plasma of 15 rats (10 rats after tobacco products exposure and 5 control rats). Nicotine and cotinine were extracted in one step from plasma using acetonitrile and concentrated to lowest volume using nitrogen stream.
Results
The developed method offered a rapid analysis time of 14 min with single step of analytes extraction from rat's plasma with recovery percentage range between 93 and 95% and excellent linearity with correlation factor more than 0.994 with analytical range between 50 and 1000 ng mL−1 and LOD of 25 ng mL−1 and 23 ng mL−1 for nicotine and cotinine, respectively. The analysis of rat's plasma after 28 days of exposure to tobacco cigarettes and tobacco water-pipe revealed that the average concentrations of 376 ng mL−1 for cotinine and 223 ng mL−1 for nicotine were obtained after tobacco cigarettes exposure, and 220 ng mL−1 for cotinine and 192 ng mL−1 for nicotine after tobacco water-pipe exposure.
Conclusion
Higher nicotine and cotinine levels were found in plasma after tobacco cigarettes exposure than water-pipe exposure which may have potential undesirable effects on passive smokers in both cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ala A. Alhusban
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Alaa M. Hammad
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Lujain F. Alzaghari
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
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2
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Jin S, Pang W, Zhao L, Zhao Z, Mei S. Review of HPLC-MS methods for the analysis of nicotine and its active metabolite cotinine in various biological matrices. Biomed Chromatogr 2022; 36:e5351. [PMID: 35106788 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.5351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, tobacco smoking is a risk factor for a series of diseases including cardiovascular diseases, cerebrovascular diseases, and cancers. Nicotine, the primary component of tobacco smoke, is mainly transformed to its active metabolite cotinine, which is often used as biomarker for tobacco exposure for its higher blood concentration and longer residence time than nicotine. Various analytical methods have been developed for the determination of nicotine and cotinine in biological matrices. This article reviewed the HPLC-MS based methods for nicotine and/or cotinine analysis in various biological matrices. The sample preparation, mass and chromatographic conditions and method validation results of these methods have been summarized and analyzed. Sample was mainly pretreated by protein precipitation and/or extraction. Separation was achieved using methanol and/or acetonitrile:water (with or without ammonium acetate) on C18 columns, and acetonitrile:water (with formic acid, ammonium acetate/formate) on HILIC columns. Nicotine-d3, nicotine-d4 and cotinine-d3 were commonly used internal standards. Other non-deuterated IS were also used such as ritonavir, N-ethylnorcotinine, and milrinone. For both nicotine and cotinine, the calibration range was 0.005-35000 ng/mL, the matrix effect was 75.96% - 126.8% and the recovery was 53% - 124.5%. The two analytes were stable at room temperature for 1-10 days, at -80 °C for up to 6 months, and after 3-6 freeze-thaw cycles. Comedications did not affect nicotine and cotinine analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyao Jin
- Clinical Research Center, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, P. R. China.,Department of Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Wenyuan Pang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, P. R. China.,Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Libo Zhao
- Clinical Research Center, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, P. R. China.,Department of Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Zhigang Zhao
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Shenghui Mei
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, P. R. China
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3
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Ishii H, Leung GNW, Yamashita S, Nagata SI, Kushiro A, Sakai S, Toju K, Okada J, Kawasaki K, Kusano K, Kijima-Suda I. Comprehensive metabolic study of nicotine in equine plasma and urine using liquid chromatography/high-resolution mass spectrometry for the identification of unique biomarkers for doping control. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2022; 1190:123100. [PMID: 35032890 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2022.123100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Nicotine is classified as a stimulant, and its use is banned in horse racing and equestrian sports by the International Federation of Horseracing Authorities and the Fédération Équestre Internationale, respectively. Because nicotine is a major alkaloid of tobacco leaves, there is a potential risk that doping control samples may be contaminated by tobacco cigarettes or smoke during sample collection. In order to differentiate the genuine doping and sample contamination with tobacco leaves, it is necessary to monitor unique metabolites as biomarkers for nicotine administration and intake. However, little is known about the metabolic fate of nicotine in horses. This is the first report of comprehensive metabolism study of nicotine in horses. Using liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization high-resolution mass spectrometry, we identified a total of 17 metabolites, including one novel horse-specific metabolite (i.e., 4-hydroxy-4-(3-pyridyl)-N-methylbutanamide), in post-administration urine samples after nasoesophageal administration of nicotine to three thoroughbred mares; eight of these compounds were confirmed based on reference standards. Among these metabolites, N-hydroxymethylnorcotinine was the major urinary metabolite in equine, but it could only be tentatively identified by mass spectral interpretation due to the lack of reference material. In addition, we developed simultaneous quantification methods for the eight target analytes in plasma and urine, and applied them to post-administration samples to establish elimination profiles of nicotine and its metabolites. The quantification results revealed that trans-3'-hydroxycotinine could be quantified for the longest period in both plasma (72 h post-administration) and urine (96 h post-administration). Therefore, this metabolite is the most appropriate monitoring target for nicotine exposure for the purpose of doping control due to its long detection times and the availability of its reference material. Further, we identified trans-3'-hydroxycotinine as a unique biomarker allowing differentiation between nicotine administration and sample contamination with tobacco leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideaki Ishii
- Drug Analysis Department, Laboratory of Racing Chemistry, 1731-2 Tsuruta-machi, Utsunomiya, Tochigi 320-0851, Japan; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University Hospital, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8574, Japan.
| | - Gary Ngai-Wa Leung
- Drug Analysis Department, Laboratory of Racing Chemistry, 1731-2 Tsuruta-machi, Utsunomiya, Tochigi 320-0851, Japan
| | - Shozo Yamashita
- Drug Analysis Department, Laboratory of Racing Chemistry, 1731-2 Tsuruta-machi, Utsunomiya, Tochigi 320-0851, Japan
| | - Shun-Ichi Nagata
- Genetic Analysis Department, Laboratory of Racing Chemistry, 1731-2 Tsuruta-machi, Utsunomiya, Tochigi 320-0851, Japan
| | - Asuka Kushiro
- Equine Research Institute, Research Planning & Coordination Division, JRA, 1400-4, Shiba, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0412, Japan
| | - Satoshi Sakai
- Race Horse Hospital, Miho Training Center, JRA, 2500-2, Oaza-Mikoma, Miho-mura, Inashiki-gun, Ibaraki 300-0493, Japan
| | - Kota Toju
- Race Horse Hospital, Miho Training Center, JRA, 2500-2, Oaza-Mikoma, Miho-mura, Inashiki-gun, Ibaraki 300-0493, Japan
| | - Jun Okada
- Veterinarian Section, Equine Department, JRA, 6-11-1 Roppongi, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-0003, Japan
| | - Kazumi Kawasaki
- Veterinarian Section, Equine Department, JRA, 6-11-1 Roppongi, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-0003, Japan
| | - Kanichi Kusano
- Race Horse Hospital, Ritto Training Center, JRA, 1028, Misono, Ritto, Shiga 520-3085, Japan
| | - Isao Kijima-Suda
- Drug Analysis Department, Laboratory of Racing Chemistry, 1731-2 Tsuruta-machi, Utsunomiya, Tochigi 320-0851, Japan
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Chellian R, Wilks I, Levin B, Xue S, Behnood-Rod A, Wilson R, McCarthy M, Ravula A, Chandasana H, Derendorf H, Bruijnzeel AW. Tobacco smoke exposure enhances reward sensitivity in male and female rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2021; 238:845-855. [PMID: 33410984 PMCID: PMC7914215 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-020-05736-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Systemic administration of the tobacco smoke constituent nicotine stimulates brain reward function in rats. However, it is unknown if the inhalation of tobacco smoke affects brain reward function. OBJECTIVES These experiments investigated if exposure to smoke from high-nicotine SPECTRUM research cigarettes increases reward function and affects the rewarding effects of nicotine in adult male and female Wistar rats. METHODS Reward function after smoke or nicotine exposure was investigated using the intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS) procedure. A decrease in reward thresholds reflects an increase in reward function. In the first experiment, the rats were exposed to tobacco smoke for 40 min/day for 9 days, and the rewarding effects of nicotine (0.03-0.6 mg/kg) were investigated 3 weeks later. In the second experiment, the dose effects of tobacco smoke exposure (40-min sessions, 1-4 cigarettes burnt simultaneously) on reward function were investigated. RESULTS Tobacco smoke exposure did not affect the nicotine-induced decrease in reward thresholds or response latencies in male and female rats. Smoke exposure lowered the brain reward thresholds to a similar degree in males and females and caused a greater decrease in latencies in females. There was a positive relationship between plasma nicotine and cotinine levels and the nicotine content of the SPECTRUM research cigarettes. Similar smoke exposure conditions led to higher plasma nicotine and cotinine levels in female than male rats. CONCLUSION These findings indicate that tobacco smoke exposure enhances brain reward function but does not potentiate the rewarding effects of nicotine in male and female rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranjithkumar Chellian
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Florida, 1149 Newell Dr., Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Isaac Wilks
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Florida, 1149 Newell Dr., Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Brandon Levin
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Florida, 1149 Newell Dr., Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Song Xue
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Florida, 1149 Newell Dr., Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Azin Behnood-Rod
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Florida, 1149 Newell Dr., Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Ryann Wilson
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Florida, 1149 Newell Dr., Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Megan McCarthy
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Florida, 1149 Newell Dr., Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Abhigyan Ravula
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA
| | - Hardik Chandasana
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA
| | - Hartmut Derendorf
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA
| | - Adriaan W Bruijnzeel
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Florida, 1149 Newell Dr., Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA.
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
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Godage NH, Cudjoe E, Neupane R, Boddu SHS, Bolla PK, Renukuntla J, Gionfriddo E. Biocompatible SPME fibers for direct monitoring of nicotine and its metabolites at ultra trace concentration in rabbit plasma following the application of smoking cessation formulations. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1626:461333. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 05/31/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Hubacek JA, Kurcova I, Maresova V, Pankova A, Stepankova L, Zvolska K, Lanska V, Kralikova E. SNPs within CHRNA5-A3-B4 and CYP2A6/B6, nicotine metabolite concentrations and nicotine dependence treatment success in smokers. Biomed Pap Med Fac Univ Palacky Olomouc Czech Repub 2019; 165:84-89. [PMID: 31796940 DOI: 10.5507/bp.2019.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Plasma values of nicotine and its metabolites are highly variable, and this variability has a strong genetic influence. In our study, we analysed the impact of common polymorphisms associated with smoking on the plasma values of nicotine, nicotine metabolites and their ratios and investigated the potential effect of these polymorphisms and nicotine metabolite ratios on the successful treatment of tobacco dependence. METHODS Five variants (rs16969968, rs6474412, rs578776, rs4105144 and rs3733829) were genotyped in a group of highly dependent adult smokers (n=103). All smokers underwent intensive treatment for tobacco dependence; 33 smokers were still abstinent at the 12-month follow-up. RESULTS The rs4105144 (CYP2A6, P<0.005) and rs3733829 (EGLN2, P<0.05) variants were significantly associated with plasma concentrations of 3OH-cotinine and with 3OH-cotinine: cotinine ratios. Similarly, the unweighted gene score was a significant (P<0.05) predictor of both cotinine:nicotine and 3OH-cotinine:cotinine ratios. No associations between the analysed polymorphisms or nicotine metabolite ratios and nicotine abstinence rate were observed. CONCLUSION Although CYP2A6 and EGLN2 polymorphisms were associated with nicotine metabolism ratios, neither these polymorphisms nor the ratios were associated with abstinence rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaroslav A Hubacek
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ivana Kurcova
- Department of Toxicology and Forensic Medicine, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Vera Maresova
- Department of Toxicology and Forensic Medicine, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Alexandra Pankova
- Centre for Tobacco-Dependent, 3rd Department of Medicine - Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and the General University Hospital in Prague, Czech Republic.,Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and the General University Hospital in Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Stepankova
- Centre for Tobacco-Dependent, 3rd Department of Medicine - Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and the General University Hospital in Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Kamila Zvolska
- Centre for Tobacco-Dependent, 3rd Department of Medicine - Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and the General University Hospital in Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Vera Lanska
- Statistical Unit, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Kralikova
- Centre for Tobacco-Dependent, 3rd Department of Medicine - Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and the General University Hospital in Prague, Czech Republic.,Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and the General University Hospital in Prague, Czech Republic
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Liu Y, Zhang D, Du J, Qin Y, Zhao Z, Shi Y, Mei S, Liu Y. Simultaneous determination of plasma nicotine and cotinine by UHPLC–MS/MS in C57BL/6 mice and its application in a pharmacokinetic study. Biomed Chromatogr 2019; 33:e4634. [PMID: 31257625 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.4634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- Laboratory of Tissue Regeneration and Immunology and Department of Periodontics, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function ReconstructionSchool of Stomatology, Capital Medical University 4 Tiantanxili Beijing P. R. China
| | - Dongjie Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Tiantan HospitalCapital Medical University 119 Nansihuan West Road, Fengtai District Beijing P. R. China
| | - Juan Du
- Laboratory of Tissue Regeneration and Immunology and Department of Periodontics, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function ReconstructionSchool of Stomatology, Capital Medical University 4 Tiantanxili Beijing P. R. China
| | - Ying Qin
- Laboratory of Tissue Regeneration and Immunology and Department of Periodontics, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function ReconstructionSchool of Stomatology, Capital Medical University 4 Tiantanxili Beijing P. R. China
| | - Zhigang Zhao
- Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Tiantan HospitalCapital Medical University 119 Nansihuan West Road, Fengtai District Beijing P. R. China
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical SciencesCapital Medical University Beijing P. R. China
| | - Yanjun Shi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical SciencesCapital Medical University Beijing P. R. China
- Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Tongren HospitalCapital Medical University Beijing P. R. China
| | - Shenghui Mei
- Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Tiantan HospitalCapital Medical University 119 Nansihuan West Road, Fengtai District Beijing P. R. China
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical SciencesCapital Medical University Beijing P. R. China
| | - Yi Liu
- Laboratory of Tissue Regeneration and Immunology and Department of Periodontics, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function ReconstructionSchool of Stomatology, Capital Medical University 4 Tiantanxili Beijing P. R. China
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study is to use high-resolution metabolomics (HRM) to identify metabolic pathways and networks associated with tobacco use in military personnel. METHODS Four hundred deidentified samples obtained from the Department of Defense Serum Repository were classified as tobacco users or nonusers according to cotinine content. HRM and bioinformatic methods were used to determine pathways and networks associated with classification. RESULTS Eighty individuals were classified as tobacco users compared with 320 nonusers on the basis of cotinine levels at least 10 ng/mL. Alterations in lipid and xenobiotic metabolism, and diverse effects on amino acid, sialic acid, and purine and pyrimidine metabolism were observed. Importantly, network analysis showed broad effects on metabolic associations not simply linked to well-defined pathways. CONCLUSIONS Tobacco use has complex metabolic effects that must be considered in evaluation of deployment-associated environmental exposures in military personnel.
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Simultaneous, rapid, and sensitive quantification of 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine and cotinine in human urine by on-line solid-phase extraction LC-MS/MS: correlation with tobacco exposure biomarkers NNAL. Anal Bioanal Chem 2016; 408:6295-306. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-016-9741-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Revised: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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10
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Carrizo D, Nerín I, Domeño C, Alfaro P, Nerín C. Direct screening of tobacco indicators in urine and saliva by Atmospheric Pressure Solid Analysis Probe coupled to quadrupole-time of flight mass spectrometry (ASAP-MS-Q-TOF-). J Pharm Biomed Anal 2016; 124:149-156. [PMID: 26950902 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2016.02.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Revised: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A new screening method has been explored for direct analysis of tobacco smoke biomarkers in biological matrices (i.e., saliva and urine). Single run analysis using Atmospheric pressure Solid Analysis Probe (ASAP) and high resolution mass spectrometry with quadrupole and time of flight detector has been applied directly to some biological samples (i.e., urine and saliva), providing a fast, efficient and sensitive method of identification. The method has been applied to saliva and urine samples from heavy tobacco smokers for exposure studies. Nicotine itself, nicotine metabolites (i.e., cotinine, trans-3'-hydroxycotinine, nicotine-N-glucuronide) and other related tobacco smoke toxic compounds (i.e., NNK 4-[methyl(nitroso)amino]-1-(3-pyridinyl)-1-butanone, anatabine) were found in the analyzed samples. The identification of compounds was confirmed by ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography with MS-triple quadrupole detector after sample treatment. Different temporal trends and biomarkers behavior have been found in time series related samples. Both methods are compared for screening of these biological matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Carrizo
- Aragon Institute of Engineering Research (I3A), EINA, Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Zaragoza, María de Luna 3, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Isabel Nerín
- Smoking Cessation Unit, Department of Medicine, Psychiatry and Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Zaragoza, Domingo Miral s/n, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Celia Domeño
- Aragon Institute of Engineering Research (I3A), EINA, Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Zaragoza, María de Luna 3, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Pilar Alfaro
- Aragon Institute of Engineering Research (I3A), EINA, Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Zaragoza, María de Luna 3, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Cristina Nerín
- Aragon Institute of Engineering Research (I3A), EINA, Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Zaragoza, María de Luna 3, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain.
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11
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You G, Rhee J, Park Y, Park S. Determination of Nicotine, Cotinine and Trans-3'-Hydroxycotinine using LC/MS/MS in Forensic Samples of a Nicotine Fatal Case by Oral Ingestion of e-cigarette Liquid. J Forensic Sci 2016; 61:1149-1154. [PMID: 27238766 DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.13083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Revised: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 10/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Nicotine is a potent neurotoxin alkaloid and is used in e-cigarette liquid. The LC/MS/MS method was linear over 0.01-1.0 mg/L (r2 = 0.992-0.995). Limit of detection and limit of quantitation were 0.001 mg/L (S/N = 3) and 0.003 (S/N = 10). The inaccuracy and imprecision were <13.2%. The recoveries were >99.3%. A 39-year-old dentist was found dead lying on the floor under the couch in his dental clinic. The concentration of nicotine, cotinine, and trans-3'-hydroxycotinine (heart blood/peripheral blood) was analyzed as follows: 87.2/85.2 mg/L (ratio 1.0), 1.4/1.1 mg/L (ratio 1.3), and 0.012/0.0089 mg/L (ratio 1.3), respectively. The concentration of nicotine was determined to be 6734.8 mg/kg in gastric contents and 7262.0 mg/L in remaining e-liquid. Only, high concentration of nicotine was detected in the gastric contents as well as the two pieces of evidence collected from the death scene. This fatal case resulted from oral ingestion of e-cigarette liquid. It is estimated that at least 714 mg of nicotine was orally ingested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gundong You
- Drug & Toxicology Division, Forensic Biochemistry Department, National Forensic Service, 10 ipchun-ro, Gangwon-do, 26460, South Korea
| | - Jongsook Rhee
- Drug & Toxicology Division, Forensic Biochemistry Department, National Forensic Service, 10 ipchun-ro, Gangwon-do, 26460, South Korea
| | - Yuran Park
- Drug & Toxicology Division, Forensic Biochemistry Department, National Forensic Service, 10 ipchun-ro, Gangwon-do, 26460, South Korea
| | - Sunhye Park
- Drug & Toxicology Division, Forensic Biochemistry Department, National Forensic Service, 10 ipchun-ro, Gangwon-do, 26460, South Korea
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Antonio AMM, Fagan P, Hamamura FD, Lagua IJN, Liu J, Park DJ, Pokhrel P, Herzog TA, Pagano I, Cassel K, Sy A, Jorgensen D, Lynch T, Kawamoto C, Boushey CJ, Franke A, Clanton MS, Moolchan ET, Alexander LA. Menthol cigarette smoking and obesity in young adult daily smokers in Hawaii. Prev Med Rep 2015; 2:946-52. [PMID: 26844173 PMCID: PMC4721282 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmedr.2015.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigates 1) the relationship between menthol cigarette smoking and obesity and 2) the association of body mass index with the nicotine metabolite ratio among menthol and non-menthol daily smokers aged 18–35 (n = 175). A brief survey on smoking and measures of height and weight, carbon monoxide, and saliva samples were collected from participants from May to December 2013 in Honolulu, Hawaii. Multiple regression was used to estimate differences in body mass index among menthol and non-menthol smokers and the association of menthol smoking with obesity. We calculated the log of the nicotine metabolite ratio to examine differences in the nicotine metabolite ratio among normal, overweight, and obese smokers. Sixty-eight percent of smokers used menthol cigarettes. Results showed that 62% of normal, 54% of overweight, and 91% of obese smokers used menthol cigarettes (p = .000). The mean body mass index was significantly higher among menthol compared with non-menthol smokers (29.4 versus 24.5, p = .000). After controlling for gender, marital status, educational attainment, employment status, and race/ethnicity, menthol smokers were more than 3 times as likely as non-menthol smokers to be obese (p = .04). The nicotine metabolite ratio was significantly lower for overweight menthol smokers compared with non-menthol smokers (.16 versus .26, p = .02) in the unadjusted model, but was not significant after adjusting for the covariates. Consistent with prior studies, our data show that menthol smokers are more likely to be obese compared with non-menthol smokers. Future studies are needed to determine how flavored tobacco products influence obesity among smokers. Young adult menthol smokers had a higher body mass index than non-menthol smokers. Nearly 91% of young adult obese daily smokers used menthol cigarettes. Daily menthol smokers were 3 times as likely to be obese than non-menthol smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa Marie M Antonio
- University of Hawaii Cancer Center, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 701 Ilalo Street, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA
| | - Pebbles Fagan
- University of Hawaii Cancer Center, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 701 Ilalo Street, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA
| | - Faith D Hamamura
- University of Hawaii Cancer Center, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 701 Ilalo Street, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA
| | - Ian Joseph N Lagua
- University of Hawaii Cancer Center, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 701 Ilalo Street, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA
| | - Jenny Liu
- University of Hawaii Cancer Center, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 701 Ilalo Street, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA
| | - Devin J Park
- University of Washington, Box 357630, H375 Health Science Building, Seattle, WA 98195-7630, USA
| | - Pallav Pokhrel
- University of Hawaii Cancer Center, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 701 Ilalo Street, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA
| | - Thaddeus A Herzog
- University of Hawaii Cancer Center, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 701 Ilalo Street, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA
| | - Ian Pagano
- University of Hawaii Cancer Center, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 701 Ilalo Street, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA
| | - Kevin Cassel
- University of Hawaii Cancer Center, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 701 Ilalo Street, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA
| | - Angela Sy
- University of Hawaii at Manoa, School of Nursing and Dental Hygiene, 2528 McCarthy Mall, Webster Hall, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
| | - Dorothy Jorgensen
- University of Hawaii Cancer Center, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 701 Ilalo Street, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA
| | - Tania Lynch
- University of Hawaii Cancer Center, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 701 Ilalo Street, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA
| | - Crissy Kawamoto
- University of Hawaii Cancer Center, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 701 Ilalo Street, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA
| | - Carol J Boushey
- University of Hawaii Cancer Center, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 701 Ilalo Street, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA
| | - Adrian Franke
- University of Hawaii Cancer Center, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 701 Ilalo Street, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA
| | - Mark S Clanton
- TMF Health Quality Institute, 5918 W Courtyard Drive, Austin, TX 78730, USA
| | | | - Linda A Alexander
- University of Kentucky College of Public Health, 151 Bowman Hall 343, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
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Liachenko N, Boulamery A, Simon N. Nicotine and metabolites determination in human plasma by ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry: a simple approach for solving contamination problem and clinical application. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2015; 29:499-509. [DOI: 10.1111/fcp.12132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Revised: 04/26/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Liachenko
- Service de Pharmacologie Clinique; Faculté de Médecine; Aix-Marseille Université; 27 Bd Jean Moulin F-13385 Marseille Cedex 05 Marseille France
| | - Audrey Boulamery
- Service de Pharmacologie Clinique; Faculté de Médecine; Aix-Marseille Université; 27 Bd Jean Moulin F-13385 Marseille Cedex 05 Marseille France
| | - Nicolas Simon
- Service de Pharmacologie Clinique; Faculté de Médecine; Aix-Marseille Université; 27 Bd Jean Moulin F-13385 Marseille Cedex 05 Marseille France
- INSERM U912 (SESSTIM); Aix-Marseille Université; F-13006 Marseille France
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Marks MJ, O'Neill HC, Wynalda-Camozzi KM, Ortiz NC, Simmons EE, Short CA, Butt CM, McIntosh JM, Grady SR. Chronic treatment with varenicline changes expression of four nAChR binding sites in mice. Neuropharmacology 2015; 99:142-55. [PMID: 26192545 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2015.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2014] [Revised: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 07/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Chronic treatment with nicotine is known to increase the α4β2-nAChR sites in brain, to decrease α6β2-nAChR sites and to have minimal effect on α3β4-and α7-nAChR populations. Varenicline is now used as a smoking cessation treatment, with and without continued smoking or nicotine replacement therapy. Varenicline, like nicotine, upregulates the α4β2-nAChR sites; however, it is not known whether varenicline treatment changes expression of the other nAChR subtypes. METHODS Using a mouse model, chronic treatments (10 days) with varenicline (0.12 mg/kg/h) and/or nicotine (1 mg/kg/hr), alone or in combination, were compared for plasma and brain levels of drugs, tolerance to subsequent acute nicotine and expression of four subtypes of nAChR using autoradiography. RESULTS The upregulation of α4β2-nAChR sites elicited by chronic varenicline was very similar to that elicited by chronic nicotine. Treatment with both drugs somewhat increased up-regulation, indicating that these doses were not quite at maximum effect. Similar down-regulation was seen for α6β2-nAChR sites. Varenicline significantly increased both α3β4-and α7-nAChR sites while nicotine had less effect on these sites. The drug combination was similar to varenicline alone for α3β4-nAChR sites, while for α7 sites the drug combination was less effective than varenicline alone. Varenicline had small but significant effects on tolerance to acute nicotine. CONCLUSIONS Effects of varenicline in vivo may not be limited to the α4β2*-nAChR subtype. In addition, smoking cessation treatment with varenicline may not allow receptor numbers to be restored to baseline and may, in addition, change expression of other receptor subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Marks
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA; Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA.
| | - Heidi C O'Neill
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA.
| | | | - Nick C Ortiz
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA.
| | - Emily E Simmons
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA.
| | - Caitlin A Short
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA.
| | | | - J Michael McIntosh
- Departments of Biology and Psychiatry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
| | - Sharon R Grady
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA.
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15
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Recent advances in MS methods for nicotine and metabolite analysis in human matrices: clinical perspectives. Bioanalysis 2015; 6:2171-83. [PMID: 25331861 DOI: 10.4155/bio.14.176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Tobacco smoking is a major global health issue and represents the leading cause of preventable death in the developed countries. Nicotine is a major alkaloid found in tobacco products and its detection with its metabolites in human matrices is generally used for assessing tobacco consumption and second hand exposure. Several analytical techniques have been developed for the detection of nicotine and its metabolites, and MS coupled with chromatography is considered the standard reference method because of its superior sensitivity and specificity. In this work, we reviewed nicotine metabolism, clinical MS and the latest (2009-2014) development of MS-based techniques for measurement of nicotine and metabolites in human matrices. Appropriate biomarker and matrix selection are also critically discussed.
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Fagan P, Pokhrel P, Herzog TA, Pagano IS, Franke AA, Clanton MS, Alexander LA, Trinidad DR, Sakuma KLK, Johnson CA, Moolchan ET. Nicotine Metabolism in Young Adult Daily Menthol and Nonmenthol Smokers. Nicotine Tob Res 2015; 18:437-46. [PMID: 25995160 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntv109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2014] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Menthol cigarette smoking may increase the risk for tobacco smoke exposure and inhibit nicotine metabolism in the liver. Nicotine metabolism is primarily mediated by the enzyme CYP2A6 and the nicotine metabolite ratio (NMR = trans 3' hydroxycotinine/cotinine) is a phenotypic proxy for CYP2A6 activity. No studies have examined differences in this biomarker among young adult daily menthol and nonmenthol smokers. This study compares biomarkers of tobacco smoke exposure among young adult daily menthol and nonmenthol smokers. METHODS Saliva cotinine and carbon monoxide were measured in a multiethnic sample of daily smokers aged 18-35 (n = 186). Nicotine, cotinine, the cotinine/cigarette per day ratio, trans 3' hydroxycotinine, the NMR, and expired carbon monoxide were compared. RESULTS The geometric means for nicotine, cotinine, and the cotinine/cigarette per day ratio did not significantly differ between menthol and nonmenthol smokers. The NMR was significantly lower among menthol compared with nonmenthol smokers after adjusting for race/ethnicity, gender, body mass index, and cigarette smoked per day (0.19 vs. 0.24, P = .03). White menthol smokers had significantly higher cotinine/cigarettes per day ratio than white nonmenthol smokers in the adjusted model. White menthol smokers had a lower NMR in the unadjusted model (0.24 vs. 0.31, P = .05) and the differences remained marginally significant in the adjusted model (0.28 vs. 0.34, P = .06). We did not observe these differences in Native Hawaiians and Filipinos. CONCLUSIONS Young adult daily menthol smokers have slower rates of nicotine metabolism than nonmenthol smokers. Studies are needed to determine the utility of this biomarker for smoking cessation treatment assignments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pebbles Fagan
- Cancer Prevention and Control Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI;
| | - Pallav Pokhrel
- Cancer Prevention and Control Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI
| | - Thaddeus A Herzog
- Cancer Prevention and Control Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI
| | - Ian S Pagano
- Cancer Prevention and Control Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI
| | - Adrian A Franke
- Cancer Prevention and Control Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI
| | | | | | - Dennis R Trinidad
- School of Community and Global Health, Claremont Graduate University, Claremont, CA
| | - Kari-Lyn K Sakuma
- College of Public Health and Human Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR
| | - Carl A Johnson
- School of Community and Global Health, Claremont Graduate University, Claremont, CA
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Fagan P, Moolchan ET, Pokhrel P, Herzog T, Cassel KD, Pagano I, Franke AA, Kaholokula JK, Sy A, Alexander LA, Trinidad DR, Sakuma KL, Johnson CA, Antonio A, Jorgensen D, Lynch T, Kawamoto C, Clanton MS. Biomarkers of tobacco smoke exposure in racial/ethnic groups at high risk for lung cancer. Am J Public Health 2015; 105:1237-45. [PMID: 25880962 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2014.302492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We examined biomarkers of tobacco smoke exposure among Native Hawaiians, Filipinos, and Whites, groups that have different lung cancer risk. METHODS We collected survey data and height, weight, saliva, and carbon monoxide (CO) levels from a sample of daily smokers aged 18-35 (n = 179). Mean measures of nicotine, cotinine, cotinine/cigarettes per day ratio, trans 3' hydroxycotinine, the nicotine metabolite ratio (NMR), and expired CO were compared among racial/ethnic groups. RESULTS The geometric means for cotinine, the cotinine/cigarettes per day ratio, and CO did not significantly differ among racial/ethnic groups in the adjusted models. After adjusting for gender, body mass index, menthol smoking, Hispanic ethnicity, and number of cigarettes smoked per day, the NMR was significantly higher among Whites than among Native Hawaiians and Filipinos (NMR = 0.33, 0.20, 0.19, P ≤ .001). The NMR increased with increasing White parental ancestry. The NMR was not significantly correlated with social-environmental stressors. CONCLUSIONS Racial/ethnic groups with higher rates of lung cancer had slower nicotine metabolism than Whites. The complex relationship between lung cancer risk and nicotine metabolism among racial/ethnic groups needs further clarification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pebbles Fagan
- Pebbles Fagan, Pallav Pokhrel, Thaddeus Herzog, Kevin D. Cassel, Ian Pagano, Adrian A. Franke, Alyssa Antonio, Dorothy Jorgensen, Tania Lynch, and Crissy Kawamoto are with the University of Hawaii Cancer Center, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu. Eric T. Moolchan is an independent consultant, Cambridge, MA. Joseph Keawe'aimoku Kaholokula is with the John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa. Angela Sy is with the School of Nursing and Dental Hygiene, University of Hawaii at Manoa. Linda A. Alexander is with the University of Kentucky College of Public Health, Lexington. Dennis R. Trinidad and C. Anderson Johnson are with the School of Community and Global Health, Claremont Graduate University, CA. Kari-Lyn Sakuma is with the College of Public Health and Human Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis. Mark S. Clanton is with the TMF Health Quality Institute, Austin, TX
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Shastri MD, Lu W, Ferguson SG, Narkowicz CK, Davies NW, Jacobson GA. Determination of Cotinine, 3′-Hydroxycotinine, and Their Glucuronides in Urine by Ultra-high Performance Liquid Chromatography. ANAL LETT 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2014.979363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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19
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Chiadmi F, Schlatter J. Simultaneous determination of cotinine and trans-3-hydroxycotinine in urine by automated solid-phase extraction using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Biomed Chromatogr 2014; 28:453-8. [PMID: 24616054 PMCID: PMC4314699 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.3159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Revised: 12/23/2013] [Accepted: 01/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A gas chromatography–mass spectrometry method was developed and validated for the simultaneous automated solid-phase extraction and quantification of cotinine and trans-3-hydroxycotinine in human urine. Good linearity was observed over the concentration ranges studied (R2 > 0.99). The limit of quantification was 10 ng/mL for both analytes. The limits of detection were 0.06 ng/mL for cotinine (COT) and 0.02 ng/mL for trans-3-hydroxycotinine (OH-COT). Accuracy for COT ranged from 0.98 to 5.28% and the precision ranged from 1.24 to 8.78%. Accuracy for OH-COT ranged from −2.66 to 3.72% and the precision ranged from 3.15 to 7.07%. Mean recoveries for cotinine and trans-3-hydroxycotinine ranged from 77.7 to 89.1%, and from 75.4 to 90.2%, respectively. This analytical method for the simultaneous measurement of cotinine and trans-3-hydroxycotinine in urine will be used to monitor tobacco smoking in pregnant women and will permit the usefulness of trans-3-hydroxycotinine as a specific biomarker of tobacco exposure to be determined. © 2014 The Authors. Biomedical Chromatography published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fouad Chiadmi
- Laboratoire de toxicologie de médecine légale, Hôpital Jean Verdier - APHP, Avenue du 14 juillet, 93140, Bondy, France
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Earla R, Ande A, McArthur C, Kumar A, Kumar S. Enhanced nicotine metabolism in HIV-1-positive smokers compared with HIV-negative smokers: simultaneous determination of nicotine and its four metabolites in their plasma using a simple and sensitive electrospray ionization liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry technique. Drug Metab Dispos 2013; 42:282-93. [PMID: 24301609 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.113.055186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Smoking is approximately three times more prevalent in HIV-1-positive than HIV-negative individuals in the United States. Nicotine, which is the major constituent of tobacco, is rapidly metabolized mainly by cytochrome P450 (CYP2A6) to many metabolites. In this study, we developed a simple, fast, and sensitive electrospray ionization liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method using a strong cation solid phase extraction, and determined the concentration of nicotine and its four major metabolites (cotinine, nornicotine, norcotinine, and trans-3'-hydroxycotinine) in the plasma of HIV-1-positive and HIV-negative smokers. The multiple reaction monitoring transitions for nicotine, cotinine, trans-3'-hydroxycotinine, nornicotine, norcotinine, nicotine-d4, and cotinine-d3 were selected at mass-to-charge ratios of 163.3/117.1, 177.5/80.3, 193.2/80.1, 149.5/132.3, 163.4/80.3, 167.3/121.4, and 180.3/101.2, respectively. The lower limit of quantitation for nicotine and its metabolites was 0.53 ng/ml, which is relatively more sensitive than those previously reported. The concentration of nicotine was detected 5-fold lower in HIV-1-positive smokers (7.17 ± 3.8 ng/ml) than that observed in HIV-negative smokers (33.29 ± 15.4 ng/ml), whereas the concentration of the metabolite nornicotine was 3-fold higher in HIV-1-positive smokers (6.8 ± 2.9 ng/ml) than in HIV-negative smokers (2.3 ± 1.2 ng/ml). Although it was statistically nonsignificant, the concentration of the metabolite cotinine was also higher in HIV-1-positive smokers (85.6 ± 60.5 ng/ml) than in HIV-negative smokers (74.9 ± 40.5 ng/ml). In conclusion, a decrease in the concentration of nicotine and an increase in the concentration of its metabolites in HIV-1-positive smokers compared with HIV-negative smokers support the hypothesis that nicotine metabolism is enhanced in HIV-1-positive smokers compared with HIV-negative smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravinder Earla
- School of Pharmacy, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri (R.E., A.A., A.K., S.K.); and Department of Oral and Craniofacial Science, School of Dentistry, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri (C.M.)
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21
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Mishina EV, Hoffman AC. Clinical Pharmacology Research Strategy for Dissolvable Tobacco Products. Nicotine Tob Res 2013; 16:253-62. [DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntt182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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22
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Yuan C, Kosewick J, Wang S. A simple, fast, and sensitive method for the measurement of serum nicotine, cotinine, and nornicotine by LC-MS/MS. J Sep Sci 2013; 36:2394-400. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201300220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2013] [Revised: 05/17/2013] [Accepted: 05/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chao Yuan
- Department of Clinical Pathology; Cleveland Clinic; Cleveland OH USA
| | - Justin Kosewick
- Department of Clinical Pathology; Cleveland Clinic; Cleveland OH USA
| | - Sihe Wang
- Department of Clinical Pathology; Cleveland Clinic; Cleveland OH USA
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Kailasa SK, Wu HF. Recent Advances in Mass Spectrometry for the Identification of Neuro-chemicals and their Metabolites in Biofluids. Curr Neuropharmacol 2013; 11:436-64. [PMID: 24381533 PMCID: PMC3744906 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x11311040007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2012] [Revised: 04/05/2013] [Accepted: 04/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, mass spectrometric related techniques have been widely applied for the identification and quantification of neurochemicals and their metabolites in biofluids. This article presents an overview of mass spectrometric techniques applied in the detection of neurological substances and their metabolites from biological samples. In addition, the advances of chromatographic methods (LC, GC and CE) coupled with mass spectrometric techniques for analysis of neurochemicals in pharmaceutical and biological samples are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suresh Kumar Kailasa
- Department of Applied Chemistry, S. V. National Institute of Technology, Surat – 395007, India
| | - Hui-Fen Wu
- Department of Chemistry, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, 80424, Taiwan
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, 800, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, 80424, Taiwan
- Doctoral Degree Program in Marine Biotechnology, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan
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Kubica P, Kot-Wasik A, Wasik A, Namieśnik J. "Dilute & shoot" approach for rapid determination of trace amounts of nicotine in zero-level e-liquids by reversed phase liquid chromatography and hydrophilic interactions liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry-electrospray ionization. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1289:13-8. [PMID: 23548207 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.02.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2013] [Revised: 02/21/2013] [Accepted: 02/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Two analytical procedures are proposed where HILIC and RPLC techniques are coupled with tandem mass spectrometry detection for rapid determination of trace amounts of nicotine in zero-level liquids for electronic cigarettes. Samples are prepared on the basis of the approach "dilute & shoot" which makes this important step quick and not complicated. The chromatographic separation was carried out on a Zorbax XDB column (RPLC method) and Ascentis Si column (HILIC mode). Within-run precisions (CVs) measured at three concentration levels were as follows: 0.73%, 0.98% and 1.44% for RPLC method and 1.39%, 1.44% and 0.57% (HILIC mode). Between-run CVs were as follows: 1.94%, 1.02% and 1.22% for RPLC mode and 1.49%, 1.20% and 1.22% for HILIC mode. The detection limits of RPLC and HILIC modes were 4.08 and 3.90 ng/mL respectively. The proposed procedures are rapid, not complicated, sensitive and are suitable for fast determination of trace amounts of nicotine in zero-level liquids for electronic cigarettes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Kubica
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Chemical Faculty, Gdańsk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland.
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De Cremer K, Van Overmeire I, Van Loco J. On-line solid-phase extraction with ultra performance liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry for the detection of nicotine, cotinine and trans-3′-hydroxycotinine in urine to strengthen human biomonitoring and smoking cessation studies. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2013; 76:126-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2012.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2012] [Revised: 10/31/2012] [Accepted: 12/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Rose EJ, Ross TJ, Salmeron BJ, Lee M, Shakleya DM, Huestis MA, Stein EA. Acute nicotine differentially impacts anticipatory valence- and magnitude-related striatal activity. Biol Psychiatry 2013; 73:280-8. [PMID: 22939991 PMCID: PMC9361221 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2012.06.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2011] [Revised: 06/06/2012] [Accepted: 06/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dopaminergic activity plays a role in mediating the rewarding aspects of abused drugs, including nicotine. Nicotine modulates the reinforcing properties of other motivational stimuli, yet the mechanisms of this interaction are poorly understood. This study aimed to ascertain the impact of nicotine exposure on neuronal activity associated with reinforcing outcomes in dependent smokers. METHODS Smokers (n = 28) and control subjects (n = 28) underwent functional imaging during performance of a monetary incentive delay task. Using a randomized, counterbalanced design, smokers completed scanning after placement of a nicotine or placebo patch; nonsmokers were scanned twice without nicotine manipulation. In regions along dopaminergic pathway trajectories, we considered event-related activity for valence (reward/gain vs. punishment/loss), magnitude (small, medium, large), and outcome (successful vs. unsuccessful). RESULTS Both nicotine and placebo patch conditions were associated with reduced activity in regions supporting anticipatory valence, including ventral striatum. In contrast, relative to controls, acute nicotine increased activity in dorsal striatum for anticipated magnitude. Across conditions, anticipatory valence-related activity in the striatum was negatively associated with plasma nicotine concentration, whereas the number of cigarettes daily correlated negatively with loss anticipation activity in the medial prefrontal cortex only during abstinence. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest a partial dissociation in the state- and trait-specific effects of smoking and nicotine exposure on magnitude- and valence-dependent anticipatory activity within discrete reward processing brain regions. Such variability may help explain, in part, nicotine's impact on the reinforcing properties of nondrug stimuli and speak to the continued motivation to smoke and cessation difficulty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Jane Rose
- Neuroimaging Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21228, USA.
| | - Thomas J. Ross
- Neuroimaging Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) – Intramural Research Program (IRP), National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Betty Jo Salmeron
- Neuroimaging Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) – Intramural Research Program (IRP), National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Mary Lee
- Neuroimaging Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) – Intramural Research Program (IRP), National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Diaa M. Shakleya
- Chemistry and Drug Metabolism, NIDA - IRP, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Marilyn A. Huestis
- Chemistry and Drug Metabolism, NIDA - IRP, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Elliot A. Stein
- Neuroimaging Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) – Intramural Research Program (IRP), National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
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NUCHTAVORN N, RYVOLOVA M, BEK F, MACKA M, PHECHKRAJANG C, SUNTORNSUK L. Potential of Capillary Electrophoresis (CE) and Chip-CE with Dual Detection (Capacitively-Coupled Contactless Conductivity Detection (C 4D) and Fluorescence Detection) for Monitoring of Nicotine and Cotinine Derivatization. ANAL SCI 2013; 29:339-44. [DOI: 10.2116/analsci.29.339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nantana NUCHTAVORN
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Siam University
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University
| | - Marketa RYVOLOVA
- National Centre for Sensor Research, Irish Separation Science Cluster and School of Chemical Sciences, Dublin City University
| | | | - Mirek MACKA
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science, School of Chemistry, University of Tasmania
| | | | - Leena SUNTORNSUK
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University
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Paudel KS, Wu J, Hinds BJ, Stinchcomb AL. Programmable transdermal delivery of nicotine in hairless guinea pigs using carbon nanotube membrane pumps. J Pharm Sci 2012; 101:3823-32. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.23240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2012] [Revised: 05/16/2012] [Accepted: 06/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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29
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Li P, Beck WD, Callahan PM, Terry AV, Bartlett MG. Quantitation of cotinine and its metabolites in rat plasma and brain tissue by hydrophilic interaction chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (HILIC-MS/MS). J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2012; 907:117-25. [PMID: 23022114 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2012.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2012] [Revised: 08/30/2012] [Accepted: 09/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In this work, we developed a sensitive method to quantify cotinine (COT), norcotinine (NCOT), trans-3'-hydroxycotinine (OHCOT) and cotinine-N-oxide (COTNO) in rat plasma and brain tissue, using solid phase extraction (SPE), hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) and tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). The linear range was 1-100 ng/mL for each analyte in rat plasma and brain homogenate (3-300 ng/g brain tissue). The method was validated with precision within 15% relative standard deviation (RSD) and accuracy within 15% relative error (RE). Stable isotope-labeled internal standards (IS) were used for all the analytes to achieve good reproducibility, minimizing the influence of recovery and matrix effects. This method can be used in future studies to simultaneously determine the concentrations of COT and three major metabolites in rat plasma and brain tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602-2352, United States
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Analysis of alkaloids from different chemical groups by different liquid chromatography methods. OPEN CHEM 2012. [DOI: 10.2478/s11532-012-0037-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractAlkaloids are biologically active compounds widely used as pharmaceuticals and synthesised as secondary methabolites in plants. Many of these compounds are strongly toxic. Therefore, they are often subject of scientific interests and analysis. Since alkaloids — basic compounds appear in aqueous solutions as ionized and unionized forms, they are difficult for chromatographic separation for peak tailing, poor systems efficiency, poor separation and poor column-to-column reproducibility. For this reason it is necessity searching of more suitable chromatographic systems for analysis of the compounds. In this article we present an overview on the separation of selected alkaloids from different chemical groups by liquid chromatography thus indicating the range of useful methods now available for alkaloid analysis. Different selectivity, system efficiency and peaks shape may be achieved in different LC methods separations by use of alternative stationary phases: silica, alumina, chemically bonded stationary phases, cation exchange phases, or by varying nonaqueous or aqueous mobile phase (containing different modifier, different buffers at different pH, ion-pairing or silanol blocker reagents). Developments in TLC (NP and RP systems), HPLC (NP, RP, HILIC, ion-exchange) are presented and the advantages of each method for alkaloids analysis are discussed.
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da Fonseca B, Moreno I, Magalhães A, Barroso M, Queiroz J, Ravara S, Calheiros J, Gallardo E. Determination of biomarkers of tobacco smoke exposure in oral fluid using solid-phase extraction and gas chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2012; 889-890:116-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2012.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2011] [Revised: 01/18/2012] [Accepted: 02/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Nuchtavorn N, Suntornsuk L. Simultaneous Analysis of Biologically Active Pyridines in Pharmaceutical Formulations by Capillary Zone Electrophoresis. J Chromatogr Sci 2012; 50:151-6. [DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmr037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Dobrinas M, Choong E, Noetzli M, Cornuz J, Ansermot N, Eap CB. Quantification of nicotine, cotinine, trans-3'-hydroxycotinine and varenicline in human plasma by a sensitive and specific UPLC-tandem mass-spectrometry procedure for a clinical study on smoking cessation. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2011; 879:3574-82. [PMID: 22014744 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2011.09.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2011] [Revised: 09/26/2011] [Accepted: 09/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A sensitive and specific ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for the simultaneous quantification of nicotine, its metabolites cotinine and trans-3'-hydroxycotinine and varenicline in human plasma was developed and validated. Sample preparation was realized by solid phase extraction of the target compounds and of the internal standards (nicotine-d4, cotinine-d3, trans-3'-hydroxycotinine-d3 and CP-533,633, a structural analog of varenicline) from 0.5 mL of plasma, using a mixed-mode cation exchange support. Chromatographic separations were performed on a hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography column (HILIC BEH 2.1×100 mm, 1.7 μm). A gradient program was used, with a 10 mM ammonium formate buffer pH 3/acetonitrile mobile phase at a flow of 0.4 mL/min. The compounds were detected on a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer, operated with an electrospray interface in positive ionization mode and quantification was performed using multiple reaction monitoring. Matrix effects were quantitatively evaluated with success, with coefficients of variation inferior to 8%. The procedure was fully validated according to Food and Drug Administration guidelines and to Société Française des Sciences et Techniques Pharmaceutiques. The concentration range was 2-500 ng/mL for nicotine, 1-1000 ng/mL for cotinine, 2-1000 ng/mL for trans-3'-hydroxycotinine and 1-500 ng/mL for varenicline, according to levels usually measured in plasma. Trueness (86.2-113.6%), repeatability (1.9-12.3%) and intermediate precision (4.4-15.9%) were found to be satisfactory, as well as stability in plasma. The procedure was successfully used to quantify nicotine, its metabolites and varenicline in more than 400 plasma samples from participants in a clinical study on smoking cessation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Dobrinas
- Centre for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, CHUV, University of Lausanne, Hospital of Cery, Prilly, Switzerland
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Current status of hyphenated mass spectrometry in studies of the metabolism of drugs of abuse, including doping agents. Anal Bioanal Chem 2011; 402:195-208. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-011-5331-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2011] [Revised: 08/05/2011] [Accepted: 08/06/2011] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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35
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Iwasaki Y, Goto M, Mochizuki K, Terayama E, Ito R, Saito K, Sugino N, Makino T, Nakazawa H. Development and validation of a hydrophilic interaction chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry for quantification of nicotine and its metabolites in human maternal and cord sera. Biomed Chromatogr 2011; 25:503-10. [PMID: 20641043 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.1475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A selective and sensitive HILIC-MS/MS method for the simultaneous quantification of nicotine and its metabolites in human maternal and cord sera was developed and validated. After solid-phase extraction, LC separation was achieved on a hydrophilic interaction chromatography. The validated method is capable of selective identification as well as accurate and sensitive quantification. Analyte recovery ranged from 86.2 to 107.7% and intra- and inter-day assay precision were less than 15% relative standard deviation. This sensitive HILIC-MS/MS method can be used to determine nicotine and its metabolic profile in smokers. This validated method is useful for the determination of nicotine and its metabolites in human serum in future studies of the effects of nicotine exposure on neonatal outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Iwasaki
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hoshi University, Tokyo, Japan
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Gabr RQ, Elsherbiny ME, Somayaji V, Pollak PT, Brocks DR. A liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry method for nicotine and cotinine; utility in screening tobacco exposure in patients taking amiodarone. Biomed Chromatogr 2011; 25:1124-31. [PMID: 21308701 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.1581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2010] [Revised: 10/27/2010] [Accepted: 10/29/2010] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
A liquid chromatographic mass spectrometric (LC-MS) assay for the quantification of nicotine and cotinine in human specimens was developed. Human serum and urine (100 μL) were subjected to liquid-liquid extraction. For glucuronidated cotinine, serum was alkalinized and hydrolyzed before extraction. The dried samples were reconstituted and run using gradient flow reverse-phase liquid chromatography with MS detection. The ions utilized for quantification of nicotine, cotinine and milrinone (internal standard) were 162.8, 176.9 and 211.9 m/z, respectively. The mean recoveries were over 80% for cotinine and nicotine with excellent linearity between nominal concentrations and peak area ratios, over a wide concentration range. The percentage coefficient of variation and mean error of the inter- and intra-day validations were <15% for nicotine and cotinine. Analysis of serum from cardiac patients receiving amiodarone suggested that a number of patients were either active smokers or exposed to second-hand smoke. Significant concentrations of nicotine and cotinine were measured in the urine of a known smoking volunteer. The method was highly specific, sensitive and applicable as a tool in detecting and monitoring the passive exposure to tobacco smoke using small specimen volumes (0.1 mL).
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Affiliation(s)
- Raniah Q Gabr
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
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Jacob P, Yu L, Duan M, Ramos L, Yturralde O, Benowitz NL. Determination of the nicotine metabolites cotinine and trans-3'-hydroxycotinine in biologic fluids of smokers and non-smokers using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry: biomarkers for tobacco smoke exposure and for phenotyping cytochrome P450 2A6 activity. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2011; 879:267-76. [PMID: 21208832 PMCID: PMC3050598 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2010.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2010] [Revised: 12/07/2010] [Accepted: 12/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The nicotine metabolite cotinine is widely used to assess the extent of tobacco use in smokers, and secondhand smoke exposure in non-smokers. The ratio of another nicotine metabolite, trans-3'-hydroxycotinine, to cotinine in biofluids is highly correlated with the rate of nicotine metabolism, which is catalyzed mainly by cytochrome P450 2A6 (CYP2A6). Consequently, this nicotine metabolite ratio is being used to phenotype individuals for CYP2A6 activity and to individualize pharmacotherapies for tobacco addiction. In this paper we describe a highly sensitive liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for determination of the nicotine metabolites cotinine and trans-3'-hydroxycotinine in human plasma, urine, and saliva. Lower limits of quantitation range from 0.02 to 0.1ng/mL. The extraction procedure is straightforward and suitable for large-scale studies. The method has been applied to several thousand biofluid samples for pharmacogenetic studies and for studies of exposure to low levels of secondhand smoke. Concentrations of both metabolites in urine of non-smokers with different levels of secondhand smoke exposure are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peyton Jacob
- Department of Medicine, San Francisco General Hospital Medical Center, 1001 Potrero Avenue, University of California, San Francisco, UCSF Box 1220, San Francisco, CA 94143-1220, USA.
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Sutherland MT, Ross TJ, Shakleya DM, Huestis MA, Stein EA. Chronic smoking, but not acute nicotine administration, modulates neural correlates of working memory. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2011; 213:29-42. [PMID: 20862456 PMCID: PMC3075887 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-010-2013-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2010] [Accepted: 08/23/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Beyond the amelioration of deprivation-induced impairments, and in contrast to effects on attentional processes, the cognitive-enhancing properties of nicotine on working memory (WM) operations remain unclear. OBJECTIVES In an effort to elucidate potential enhancing effects, we explored the impact of transdermal nicotine on neural functioning in minimally deprived smokers and, in addition, assessed differences between smokers and non-smokers using a mixed block/event-related fMRI design that attempted to isolate specific central executive operations (attentional switch events) within general WM function (task blocks). METHODS In task blocks, participants performed a continuous counting paradigm that required the simultaneous maintenance of, and frequent switching of attentional focus between, two running tallies in WM on some trials. Cigarette smokers (n = 30) were scanned twice, once each with a nicotine and placebo patch, while non-smokers (n = 27) were scanned twice with no patch. RESULTS Across both groups, task blocks were associated with bilateral activation, notably in medial and lateral prefrontal cortex (PFC), anterior insula, and parietal regions, whereas individual attentional switch trials were associated with activation in a similar, but predominantly left-lateralized network. Within the smoker group, although nicotine increased heart rate, altered performance and mood, and reduced tobacco cravings, no acute drug (state-like) effect on brain activity was detected for either the task or switch effects. However, relative to non-smokers, smokers showed greater tonic activation in medial superior frontal cortex, right anterior insula, and bilateral anterior PFC throughout task blocks (trait-like effect). CONCLUSIONS These data suggest smokers require recruitment of additional WM and supervisory control operations during task performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew T. Sutherland
- Neuroimaging Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse-Intramural Research Program, NIH/DHHS, 251 Bayview Blvd, Suite 200, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA,
| | - Thomas J. Ross
- Neuroimaging Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse-Intramural Research Program, NIH/DHHS, 251 Bayview Blvd, Suite 200, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Diaá M. Shakleya
- Chemistry and Drug Metabolism Section, National Institute on Drug Abuse-Intramural Research Program, NIH/DHHS, 251 Bayview Blvd, Suite 200, Baltimore 21224 MD, USA
| | - Marilyn A. Huestis
- Chemistry and Drug Metabolism Section, National Institute on Drug Abuse-Intramural Research Program, NIH/DHHS, 251 Bayview Blvd, Suite 200, Baltimore 21224 MD, USA
| | - Elliot A. Stein
- Neuroimaging Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse-Intramural Research Program, NIH/DHHS, 251 Bayview Blvd, Suite 200, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
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Marclay F, Saugy M. Determination of nicotine and nicotine metabolites in urine by hydrophilic interaction chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry: Potential use of smokeless tobacco products by ice hockey players. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:7528-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2010] [Revised: 09/24/2010] [Accepted: 10/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Rapid and sensitive determination of nicotine in formulations and biological fluid using micellar liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2010; 878:2397-402. [PMID: 20732834 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2010.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2010] [Revised: 07/15/2010] [Accepted: 07/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Nicotine can be determined in pharmaceuticals and biological fluids by micellar liquid chromatography (MLC) using a C18 column, a mobile phase containing sodium dodecyl sulphate 0.15M-6% (v/v) pentanol-NaH(2)PO(4) 0.01 M (pH 6)-KCl 0.001 M, with electrochemical detection at 0.8 V. In the optimization step, the influence of the modifiers propanol, butanol and pentanol, and the voltage has been studied. With the proposed method the analysis time is below than 8 min, linearity better than 0.999, limits of detection and quantification (ng/ml) was 4 and 12 respectively, repeatability and intermediate precision below 1.8%, and all these parameters are adequate for the quantification of nicotine in chewing gum, dermal patches, tobacco and serum samples either by a pharmacologist, pathologist or toxicologist.
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Current Awareness in Drug Testing and Analysis. Drug Test Anal 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Miller EI, Norris HRK, Rollins DE, Tiffany ST, Wilkins DG. A novel validated procedure for the determination of nicotine, eight nicotine metabolites and two minor tobacco alkaloids in human plasma or urine by solid-phase extraction coupled with liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2010; 878:725-37. [PMID: 20097626 PMCID: PMC2975562 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2009.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2009] [Revised: 12/02/2009] [Accepted: 12/10/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
A novel validated liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) procedure was developed and fully validated for the simultaneous determination of nicotine-N-beta-D-glucuronide, cotinine-N-oxide, trans-3-hydroxycotinine, norcotinine, trans-nicotine-1'-oxide, cotinine, nornicotine, nicotine, anatabine, anabasine and cotinine-N-beta-D-glucuronide in human plasma or urine. Target analytes and corresponding deuterated internal standards were extracted by solid-phase extraction and analyzed by LC-MS/MS with electrospray ionization (ESI) using multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) data acquisition. Calibration curves were linear over the selected concentration ranges for each analyte, with calculated coefficients of determination (R(2)) of greater than 0.99. The total extraction recovery (%) was concentration dependent and ranged between 52-88% in plasma and 51-118% in urine. The limits of quantification for all analytes in plasma and urine were 1.0 ng/mL and 2.5 ng/mL, respectively, with the exception of cotinine-N-beta-D-glucuronide, which was 50 ng/mL. Intra-day and inter-day imprecision were < or = 14% and < or = 17%, respectively. Matrix effect (%) was sufficiently minimized to < or = 19% for both matrices using the described sample preparation and extraction methods. The target analytes were stable in both matrices for at least 3 freeze-thaw cycles, 24 h at room temperature, 24 h in the refrigerator (4 degrees C) and 1 week in the freezer (-20 degrees C). Reconstituted plasma and urine extracts were stable for at least 72 h storage in the liquid chromatography autosampler at 4 degrees C. The plasma procedure has been successfully applied in the quantitative determination of selected analytes in samples collected from nicotine-abstinent human participants as part of a pharmacokinetic study investigating biomarkers of nicotine use in plasma following controlled low dose (7 mg) transdermal nicotine delivery. Nicotine, cotinine, trans-3-hydroxycotinine and trans-nicotine-1'-oxide were detected in the particular sample presented herein. The urine procedure has been used to facilitate the monitoring of unauthorized tobacco use by clinical study participants at the time of physical examination (before enrollment) and on the pharmacokinetic study day.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleanor I Miller
- University of Utah, Center for Human Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA.
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