1
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van Outersterp R, Engelke UF, Merx J, Berden G, Paul M, Thomulka T, Berkessel A, Huigen MC, Kluijtmans LA, Mecinović J, Rutjes FP, van Karnebeek CD, Wevers RA, Boltje TJ, Coene KL, Martens J, Oomens J. Metabolite Identification Using Infrared Ion Spectroscopy─Novel Biomarkers for Pyridoxine-Dependent Epilepsy. Anal Chem 2021; 93:15340-15348. [PMID: 34756024 PMCID: PMC8613736 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c02896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Untargeted liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS)-based metabolomics strategies are being increasingly applied in metabolite screening for a wide variety of medical conditions. The long-standing "grand challenge" in the utilization of this approach is metabolite identification─confidently determining the chemical structures of m/z-detected unknowns. Here, we use a novel workflow based on the detection of molecular features of interest by high-throughput untargeted LC-MS analysis of patient body fluids combined with targeted molecular identification of those features using infrared ion spectroscopy (IRIS), effectively providing diagnostic IR fingerprints for mass-isolated targets. A significant advantage of this approach is that in silico-predicted IR spectra of candidate chemical structures can be used to suggest the molecular structure of unknown features, thus mitigating the need for the synthesis of a broad range of physical reference standards. Pyridoxine-dependent epilepsy (PDE-ALDH7A1) is an inborn error of lysine metabolism, resulting from a mutation in the ALDH7A1 gene that leads to an accumulation of toxic levels of α-aminoadipic semialdehyde (α-AASA), piperideine-6-carboxylate (P6C), and pipecolic acid in body fluids. While α-AASA and P6C are known biomarkers for PDE in urine, their instability makes them poor candidates for diagnostic analysis from blood, which would be required for application in newborn screening protocols. Here, we use combined untargeted metabolomics-IRIS to identify several new biomarkers for PDE-ALDH7A1 that can be used for diagnostic analysis in urine, plasma, and cerebrospinal fluids and that are compatible with analysis in dried blood spots for newborn screening. The identification of these novel metabolites has directly provided novel insights into the pathophysiology of PDE-ALDH7A1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rianne
E. van Outersterp
- Institute
for Molecules and Materials, FELIX Laboratory, Radboud University, Toernooiveld 7, 6525 ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Udo F.H. Engelke
- Department
of Laboratory Medicine, Translational Metabolic Laboratory, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 10, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jona Merx
- Institute
for Molecules and Materials, Synthetic Organic Chemistry, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Giel Berden
- Institute
for Molecules and Materials, FELIX Laboratory, Radboud University, Toernooiveld 7, 6525 ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Mathias Paul
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Cologne, Greinstrasse 4, 50939 Cologne, Germany
| | - Thomas Thomulka
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Cologne, Greinstrasse 4, 50939 Cologne, Germany
| | - Albrecht Berkessel
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Cologne, Greinstrasse 4, 50939 Cologne, Germany
| | - Marleen C.D.G. Huigen
- Department
of Laboratory Medicine, Translational Metabolic Laboratory, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 10, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Leo A.J. Kluijtmans
- Department
of Laboratory Medicine, Translational Metabolic Laboratory, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 10, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jasmin Mecinović
- University
of Southern Denmark, Department of Physics,
Chemistry and Pharmacy, Campusvej 55, 5230 Odense, Denmark
| | - Floris P.J.T. Rutjes
- Institute
for Molecules and Materials, Synthetic Organic Chemistry, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Clara D.M. van Karnebeek
- Department
of Pediatrics-Metabolic Diseases, Radboud Center for Mitochondrial
Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 10, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Ron A. Wevers
- Department
of Laboratory Medicine, Translational Metabolic Laboratory, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 10, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas J. Boltje
- Institute
for Molecules and Materials, Synthetic Organic Chemistry, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Karlien L.M. Coene
- Department
of Laboratory Medicine, Translational Metabolic Laboratory, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 10, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jonathan Martens
- Institute
for Molecules and Materials, FELIX Laboratory, Radboud University, Toernooiveld 7, 6525 ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jos Oomens
- Institute
for Molecules and Materials, FELIX Laboratory, Radboud University, Toernooiveld 7, 6525 ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- van’t
Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University
of Amsterdam, Science
Park 908, 1098XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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2
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Engelke UF, van Outersterp RE, Merx J, van Geenen FA, van Rooij A, Berden G, Huigen MC, Kluijtmans LA, Peters TM, Al-Shekaili HH, Leavitt BR, de Vrieze E, Broekman S, van Wijk E, Tseng LA, Kulkarni P, Rutjes FP, Mecinović J, Struys EA, Jansen LA, Gospe SM, Mercimek-Andrews S, Hyland K, Willemsen MA, Bok LA, van Karnebeek CD, Wevers RA, Boltje TJ, Oomens J, Martens J, Coene KL. Untargeted metabolomics and infrared ion spectroscopy identify biomarkers for pyridoxine-dependent epilepsy. J Clin Invest 2021; 131:e148272. [PMID: 34138754 DOI: 10.1172/jci148272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BackgroundPyridoxine-dependent epilepsy (PDE-ALDH7A1) is an inborn error of lysine catabolism that presents with refractory epilepsy in newborns. Biallelic ALDH7A1 variants lead to deficiency of α-aminoadipic semialdehyde dehydrogenase/antiquitin, resulting in accumulation of piperideine-6-carboxylate (P6C), and secondary deficiency of the important cofactor pyridoxal-5'-phosphate (PLP, active vitamin B6) through its complexation with P6C. Vitamin B6 supplementation resolves epilepsy in patients, but intellectual disability may still develop. Early diagnosis and treatment, preferably based on newborn screening, could optimize long-term clinical outcome. However, no suitable PDE-ALDH7A1 newborn screening biomarkers are currently available.MethodsWe combined the innovative analytical methods untargeted metabolomics and infrared ion spectroscopy to discover and identify biomarkers in plasma that would allow for PDE-ALDH7A1 diagnosis in newborn screening.ResultsWe identified 2S,6S-/2S,6R-oxopropylpiperidine-2-carboxylic acid (2-OPP) as a PDE-ALDH7A1 biomarker, and confirmed 6-oxopiperidine-2-carboxylic acid (6-oxoPIP) as a biomarker. The suitability of 2-OPP as a potential PDE-ALDH7A1 newborn screening biomarker in dried bloodspots was shown. Additionally, we found that 2-OPP accumulates in brain tissue of patients and Aldh7a1-knockout mice, and induced epilepsy-like behavior in a zebrafish model system.ConclusionThis study has opened the way to newborn screening for PDE-ALDH7A1. We speculate that 2-OPP may contribute to ongoing neurotoxicity, also in treated PDE-ALDH7A1 patients. As 2-OPP formation appears to increase upon ketosis, we emphasize the importance of avoiding catabolism in PDE-ALDH7A1 patients.FundingSociety for Inborn Errors of Metabolism for Netherlands and Belgium (ESN), United for Metabolic Diseases (UMD), Stofwisselkracht, Radboud University, Canadian Institutes of Health Research, Dutch Research Council (NWO), and the European Research Council (ERC).
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Affiliation(s)
- Udo Fh Engelke
- Translational Metabolic Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | | | - Jona Merx
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Synthetic Organic Chemistry, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | | | - Arno van Rooij
- Translational Metabolic Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Giel Berden
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, FELIX Laboratory and
| | - Marleen Cdg Huigen
- Translational Metabolic Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Leo Aj Kluijtmans
- Translational Metabolic Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Tessa Ma Peters
- Translational Metabolic Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands.,Department of Neurology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Hilal H Al-Shekaili
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, British Columbia Children's Hospital Research Institute, Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Blair R Leavitt
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, British Columbia Children's Hospital Research Institute, Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Erik de Vrieze
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Sanne Broekman
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Erwin van Wijk
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Laura A Tseng
- Department of Pediatrics, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Purva Kulkarni
- Translational Metabolic Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Floris Pjt Rutjes
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Synthetic Organic Chemistry, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Jasmin Mecinović
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Synthetic Organic Chemistry, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands.,Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Eduard A Struys
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, location VU Medical Centre, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Laura A Jansen
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Sidney M Gospe
- Departments of Neurology and Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Saadet Mercimek-Andrews
- Division of Clinical and Metabolic Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Medical Genetics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Keith Hyland
- Medical Neurogenetics Laboratories, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Michèl Aap Willemsen
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Levinus A Bok
- Department of Pediatrics, Máxima Medical Centre, Veldhoven, Netherlands
| | - Clara Dm van Karnebeek
- Department of Pediatrics, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Pediatrics-Metabolic Diseases, Radboud Center for Mitochondrial Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands.,United for Metabolic Diseases (UMD), Netherlands
| | - Ron A Wevers
- Translational Metabolic Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Thomas J Boltje
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Synthetic Organic Chemistry, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Jos Oomens
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, FELIX Laboratory and.,Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - Karlien Lm Coene
- Translational Metabolic Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
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3
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Boehm T, Hubmann H, Petroczi K, Mathis D, Klavins K, Fauler G, Plecko B, Struys E, Jilma B. Condensation of delta-1-piperideine-6-carboxylate with ortho-aminobenzaldehyde allows its simple, fast, and inexpensive quantification in the urine of patients with antiquitin deficiency. J Inherit Metab Dis 2020; 43:891-900. [PMID: 31930735 PMCID: PMC7384183 DOI: 10.1002/jimd.12214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Antiquitin (ATQ) deficiency leads to tissue, plasma, and urinary accumulation of alpha-aminoadipic semialdehyde (AASA) and its Schiff base delta-1-piperideine-6-carboxylate (P6C). Although genetic testing of ALDH7A1 is the most definitive diagnostic method, quantifications of pathognomonic metabolites are important for the diagnosis and evaluation of therapeutic and dietary interventions. Current metabolite quantification methods use laborious, technically highly complex, and expensive liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectro-metry, which is available only in selected laboratories worldwide. Incubation of ortho-aminobenzaldehyde (oABA) with P6C leads to the formation of a triple aromatic ring structure with characteristic absorption and fluorescence properties. The mean concentration of P6C in nine urine samples from seven ATQ-deficient patients under standard treatment protocols was statistically highly significantly different (P < .001) compared to the mean of 74 healthy controls aged between 2 months and 57 years. Using this limited data set the specificity and sensitivity is 100% for all tested age groups using a P6C cut-off of 2.11 μmol/mmol creatinine, which represents the 99% prediction interval of the P6C concentrations in 17 control urine samples from children below 6 years of age. Plasma P6C concentrations were only elevated in one ATQ subject, possibly because P6C is trapped by pyridoxal-5-phosphate (PLP) blocking fusing with oABA. Nevertheless, both urine and plasma samples were amenable to the quantification of exogenous P6C with high response rates. The P6C quantification method using fusion of oABA with P6C is fast, simple, and inexpensive and might be readily implemented into routine clinical diagnostic laboratories for the early diagnosis of neonatal pyridoxine-dependent epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Boehm
- Department of Clinical PharmacologyMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Holger Hubmann
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Division of General PediatricsMedical University of GrazGrazAustria
| | - Karin Petroczi
- Department of Clinical PharmacologyMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Déborah Mathis
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and BiochemistryUniversity Children's Hospital ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Kristaps Klavins
- CeMM Research Centre for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of SciencesViennaAustria
| | - Guenter Fauler
- Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory DiagnosticsMedical University of GrazGrazAustria
| | - Barbara Plecko
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Division of General PediatricsMedical University of GrazGrazAustria
| | - Eduard Struys
- Department of Clinical ChemistryAmsterdam University Medical Centers, location VUmcAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Bernd Jilma
- Department of Clinical PharmacologyMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
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4
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Jiao X, Xue J, Gong P, Wu Y, Zhang Y, Jiang Y, Yang Z. Clinical and genetic features in pyridoxine-dependent epilepsy: a Chinese cohort study. Dev Med Child Neurol 2020; 62:315-321. [PMID: 31737911 DOI: 10.1111/dmcn.14385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
AIM To characterize the clinical and genetic characteristics of a large cohort of patients with pyridoxine-dependent epilepsy (PDE). METHOD We retrospectively collected clinical and genetic information of 33 (15 males, 18 females; mean [SD] age 4y 11mo [2y 5mo]; 1y 3mo-10y 4mo) patients with PDE from 31 unrelated families at a single centre. RESULTS There were many types of seizures, with focal seizures in 32 cases. Dravet syndrome was suspected clinically in two patients. Electroencephalogram (EEG) was normal in seven patients at the initial stage and then in 17 patients during pyridoxine maintenance therapy. Genetic studies revealed 26 kinds of variants in ALDH7A1 and four in PLPBP with 18 variants unreported previously, and 48 ALDH7A1 variants were located in exon 11, 12, 14, and 17 or intron 9 and 11. In addition, three patients carried different exons deletion. Among these, seizures could be controlled for several years in one patient by levetiracetam monotherapy. Another patient remained seizure free for up to 7 months without therapy. All patients received oral pyridoxine treatment, with only one case (with exon 8-13 deletion) showing poor control. INTERPRETATION This study illustrates the range of clinical presentations and genetic causes in PDE, as well as responsiveness to antiepileptic drugs. A relationship between EEG and pyridoxine therapy could be seen in many cases. Seizure control was seen in all with pyridoxine monotherapy except for one patient. WHAT THIS PAPER ADDS There is a parallel relationship between electroencephalogram and pyridoxine therapy in many patients. Patients with pyridoxine-dependent epilepsy may respond well to low-dose pyridoxine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianru Jiao
- Department of Pediatrics, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jiao Xue
- Department of Pediatrics, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Pan Gong
- Department of Pediatrics, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Ye Wu
- Department of Pediatrics, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yuehua Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yuwu Jiang
- Department of Pediatrics, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Zhixian Yang
- Department of Pediatrics, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
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5
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Ma N, Yang Y, Liu X, Li S, Qin Z, Li J. Plasma metabonomics and proteomics studies on the anti-thrombosis mechanism of aspirin eugenol ester in rat tail thrombosis model. J Proteomics 2019; 215:103631. [PMID: 31891783 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2019.103631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Aspirin eugenol eater (AEE), a new drug compound, was synthesized through the combination of aspirin and eugenol. Antithrombotic effects of AEE have been confirmed in carrageenan-induced rat tail thrombosis model. However, its mechanism is unclear. With the application of integrated approach combining proteomics and metabolomics, the profilings of protein and metabolite in plasma were examined in thrombosis rat pretreated with AEE, aspirin and eugenol, respectively. A clear separation of the plasma metabolic profiles from different groups was found in score plots. 15 metabolites related with the metabolism of fatty acid, energy and amino acid were found. A total of 144, 38, 41 and 54 differentially abundant proteins (DAPs) were identified in control, AEE, aspirin and eugenol group, respectively. Proteomic results showed that aspirin modulated 7 proteins in amino acid metabolism and 4 proteins in complement system; eugenol regulated the 8 proteins related with coagulation cascades and fibrinogen; AEE improved 3 proteins in TCA cycle and 3 in lipid metabolism. Integrated analysis suggested that AEE improved fatty acid, energy and lipid metabolism to against thrombosis. Results of this study indicated AEE had different action mechanism on thrombosis from aspirin and eugenol, and contribute to understanding the mechanisms of AEE on thrombosis. SIGNIFICANCE: Thrombosis is a threat to human health, and there is an urgent need for new drug. In this study, compared with the model group, plasma metabolic profiles in AEE-treated rats were clearly separated; 15 metabolites and 38 proteins were picked out. These metabolites and proteins may assist in understanding the action mechanism of AEE on thrombosis. The results of plasma metabonomics and proteomics also revealed the different action mechanism among AEE, aspirin and eugenol on thrombosis. This study established the foundation to further evaluate the druggability of AEE on thrombosis treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Ma
- Key Lab of New Animal Drug Project of Gansu Province, Key Lab of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Science of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730050, PR China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding, Hebei 071000, PR China
| | - Yajun Yang
- Key Lab of New Animal Drug Project of Gansu Province, Key Lab of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Science of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730050, PR China
| | - Xiwang Liu
- Key Lab of New Animal Drug Project of Gansu Province, Key Lab of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Science of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730050, PR China
| | - Shihong Li
- Key Lab of New Animal Drug Project of Gansu Province, Key Lab of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Science of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730050, PR China
| | - Zhe Qin
- Key Lab of New Animal Drug Project of Gansu Province, Key Lab of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Science of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730050, PR China
| | - Jianyong Li
- Key Lab of New Animal Drug Project of Gansu Province, Key Lab of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Science of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730050, PR China.
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Biomarker profiling of vitamin responsive seizures: a potential tool to detect pediatric seizures of unknown aetiology. Bioanalysis 2019; 12:111-124. [PMID: 31854203 DOI: 10.4155/bio-2019-0121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: Certain rare inborn errors of metabolism clinically present with intractable seizures that readily respond to vitamin therapy. If identified early, brain damage due to seizures can be prevented. Methodology: A LC-MS method was developed and validated for the simultaneous quantification of the biomarkers in selected vitamin responsive pediatric seizures from dried blood spots. Results: Application of the validated method to a seizure cohort of 46 patients indicated strong agreement of the method for clinical validity. Reference intervals for these biomarkers in dried blood spots were also determined for the population, after screening 956 neonates. Conclusion: The developed method was seen to be sensitive, linear, accurate and precise for testing vitamin responsive pediatric seizures.
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7
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Simultaneous quantification of alpha-aminoadipic semialdehyde, piperideine-6-carboxylate, pipecolic acid and alpha-aminoadipic acid in pyridoxine-dependent epilepsy. Sci Rep 2019; 9:11371. [PMID: 31388081 PMCID: PMC6684619 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-47882-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The measurements of lysine metabolites provide valuable information for the rapid diagnosis of pyridoxine-dependent epilepsy (PDE). Here, we aimed to develop a sensitive method to simultaneously quantify multiple lysine metabolites in PDE, including α-aminoadipic semialdehyde (a-AASA), piperideine-6-carboxylate (P6C), pipecolic acid (PA) and α-aminoadipic acid (α-AAA) in plasma, serum, dried blood spots (DBS), urine and dried urine spots (DUS). Fifteen patients with molecularly confirmed PDE were detected using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method. Compared to the control groups, the concentrations of a-AASA, P6C and the sum of a-AASA and P6C (AASA-P6C) in all types of samples from PDE patients were markedly elevated. The PA and a-AAA concentrations ranges overlapped partially between PDE patients and control groups. The concentrations of all the analytes in plasma and serum, as well as in urine and DUS were highly correlated. Our study provided more options for the diverse sample collection in the biochemical tests according to practical requirements. With treatment modality of newly triple therapy investigated, biomarker study might play important role not only on diagnosis but also on treatment monitoring and fine tuning the diet. The persistently elevated analytes with good correlation between plasma and DBS, as well as urine and DUS made neonatal screening using DBS and DUS possible.
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8
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Wempe MF, Kumar A, Kumar V, Choi YJ, Swanson MA, Friederich MW, Hyland K, Yue WW, Van Hove JLK, Coughlin CR. Identification of a novel biomarker for pyridoxine-dependent epilepsy: Implications for newborn screening. J Inherit Metab Dis 2019; 42:565-574. [PMID: 30663059 DOI: 10.1002/jimd.12059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Pyridoxine-dependent epilepsy (PDE) is often characterized as an early onset epileptic encephalopathy with dramatic clinical improvement following pyridoxine supplementation. Unfortunately, not all patients present with classic neonatal seizures or respond to an initial pyridoxine trial, which can result in the under diagnosis of this treatable disorder. Restriction of lysine intake and transport is associated with improved neurologic outcomes, although treatment should be started in the first year of life to be effective. Because of the documented diagnostic delay and benefit of early treatment, we aimed to develop a newborn screening method for PDE. Previous studies have demonstrated the accumulation of Δ1 -piperideine-6-carboxylate and α-aminoadipic semialdehyde in individuals with PDE, although these metabolites are unstable at room temperature (RT) limiting their utility for newborn screening. As a result, we sought to identify a biomarker that could be applied to current newborn screening paradigms. We identified a novel metabolite, 6-oxo-pipecolate (6-oxo-PIP), which accumulates in substantial amounts in blood, plasma, urine, and cerebral spinal fluid of individuals with PDE. Using a stable isotope-labeled internal standard, we developed a nonderivatized liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry-based method to quantify 6-oxo-PIP. This method replicates the analytical techniques used in many laboratories and could be used with few modifications in newborn screening programs. Furthermore, 6-oxo-PIP was measurable in urine for 4 months even when stored at RT. Herein, we report a novel biomarker for PDE that is stable at RT and can be quantified using current newborn screening techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael F Wempe
- School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Amit Kumar
- School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Vijay Kumar
- School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Yu J Choi
- School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Michael A Swanson
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Clinical Genetics and Metabolism, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Marisa W Friederich
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Clinical Genetics and Metabolism, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Keith Hyland
- Medical Neurogenetics Laboratories, LLC, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Wyatt W Yue
- Structural Genomics Consortium, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Johan L K Van Hove
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Clinical Genetics and Metabolism, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Curtis R Coughlin
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Clinical Genetics and Metabolism, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
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9
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Wang J, Xue J, Gong P, Wu M, Yang W, Jiang S, Wu Y, Jiang Y, Zhang Y, Yuzyuk T, Li H, Yang Z. The Effects of a Single Oral Dose of Pyridoxine on Alpha-Aminoadipic Semialdehyde, Piperideine-6-Carboxylate, Pipecolic Acid, and Alpha-Aminoadipic Acid Levels in Pyridoxine-Dependent Epilepsy. Front Pediatr 2019; 7:337. [PMID: 31508398 PMCID: PMC6718124 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2019.00337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: To evaluate the effects of a single oral dose of pyridoxine on lysine metabolites including α-aminoadipic semialdehyde (a-AASA), piperideine-6-carboxylate (P6C), the sum of AASA and P6C (AASA-P6C), pipecolic acid (PA), and α-aminoadipic acid (α-AAA) in PDE patients. Methods: The lysine metabolites of 15 patients with molecularly confirmed PDE were detected before and 4 h after taking a single oral dose of pyridoxine, respectively, using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method. Five types of samples were freshly prepared, including plasma, serum, dried blood spots (DBS), urine, and dried urine spots (DUS). Results: All the patients had been treated with long-term oral pyridoxine for several months to years, with doses of 30-360 mg/d. The concentrations of a-AASA, P6C, AASA-P6C, PA, and a-AAA before and after taking a single oral dose of pyridoxine for the same analyte detected in the same type of sample varied among patients. The mean concentrations increased in almost all the metabolites after taking an oral dose of pyridoxine, with or without statistical significance. Whereas, the metabolites concentrations might increase or decrease among different patients, or in different samples of the same patient, without a regular tendency. There was no statistical correlation between the concentrations before and after taking pyridoxine in the same type of sample for most metabolites. Conclusions: No obvious relationship between the metabolite levels or concentration differences and the age, pyridoxine dose (a single oral dose and long-term maintenance dose), duration of treatment, or neurodevelopmental phenotype was found at present study. The large individual differences among patients, probably affected by various genotypes, leading to quite different effects of pyridoxine on the change degree of metabolites concentrations. Our study suggested that long-term pyridoxine treatment could control seizures rather than getting toxic lysine metabolites such as a-AASA and P6C back to normal. In the future, more therapies should be focused to alleviate the metabolites accumulation and further improve the prognosis of PDE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjuan Wang
- Department of Epidemiology & Bio-Statistics, Zhejiang University School of Public Health, Zhejiang, China.,Zhejiang Biosan Biochemical Technologies Co., Ltd., Zhejiang, China
| | - Jiao Xue
- Department of Pediatrics, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Pan Gong
- Department of Pediatrics, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Minhang Wu
- Zhejiang Biosan Biochemical Technologies Co., Ltd., Zhejiang, China
| | - Wenshuang Yang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Shiju Jiang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Ye Wu
- Department of Pediatrics, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yuwu Jiang
- Department of Pediatrics, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yuehua Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Tatiana Yuzyuk
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake, UT, United States.,ARUP Laboratories, ARUP Institute for Clinical and Experimental Pathology, Salt Lake, UT, United States
| | - Hong Li
- Department of Human Genetics, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Zhixian Yang
- Department of Pediatrics, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
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Biomarker Profiling for Pyridoxine Dependent Epilepsy in Dried Blood Spots by HILIC-ESI-MS. Int J Anal Chem 2018; 2018:2583215. [PMID: 30154848 PMCID: PMC6093012 DOI: 10.1155/2018/2583215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2018] [Revised: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Pyridoxine dependent epilepsy is a condition where the affected infant or child has prolonged seizures (status epilepticus), which are nonresponsive to anticonvulsant therapy but can be treated with pharmacological doses of pyridoxine. If identified earlier and treated prophylactically with pyridoxine, severe brain damage due to seizures can be prevented. Alpha-amino adipic semialdehyde (AASA), piperidine-6-carboxylic acid (P6C), and pipecolic acid (PA) are known biomarkers of pyridoxine dependent epilepsy. We report the development and validation of a hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) hyphenated with mass spectroscopy for the quantification of the above analytes from dried blood spot samples. The samples were extracted using methanol and analysed on a iHILIC fusion plus column with formic acid buffer (pH 2.5): acetonitrile (20:80) at a flow rate of 0.5 mL/min within 3 minutes. The method demonstrated a LOD of 10 ng/mL, LOQ of 50 ng/mL, linearity of r2 ≥ 0.990, and recovery of 92-101.98% for all analytes. The intra- and interday precision CVs were < 8% and 6%, respectively. Extensive stability studies demonstrated that the analytes were stable in stock solution and in matrix when stored at -80°C. We performed method comparison studies of the developed method with the literature reported method using normal samples and matrix matched spiked samples at pathological concentrations to mimic clinical validity. The Bland-Altman analysis for comparison of the analytical suitability of the method for the biomarkers in healthy and spiked samples with the literature reported method revealed a bias which suggested that the method was comparable. The newly developed method involves no derivatisation and has a simple sample preparation and a low run time enabling it to be easily automated with a high sample throughput in a cost-effective manner.
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Pena IA, MacKenzie A, Van Karnebeek CDM. Current knowledge for pyridoxine-dependent epilepsy: a 2016 update. Expert Rev Endocrinol Metab 2017; 12:5-20. [PMID: 30058881 DOI: 10.1080/17446651.2017.1273107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Pyridoxine-dependent epilepsy (PDE) is a rare genetic condition characterized by intractable and recurrent neonatal seizures that are uniquely alleviated by high doses of pyridoxine (vitamin B6). This recessive disease is caused by mutations in ALDH7A1, a gene encoding Antiquitin, an enzyme central to lysine degradation. This results in the pathogenic accumulation of the lysine intermediates Aminoadipate Semialdehyde (AASA) and its cyclic equilibrium form Piperideine-6-carboxylate (P6C) in body fluids; P6C reacts with pyridoxal-5'-phosphate (PLP, the active form of vitamin B6) causing its inactivation and leading to pyridoxine-dependent seizures. While PDE is responsive to pharmacological dosages of pyridoxine, despite lifelong supplementation, neurodevelopment delays are observed in >75% of PDE cases. Thus, adjunct treatment strategies are emerging to both improve seizure control and moderate the delays in cognition. These adjunctive therapies, lysine restriction and arginine supplementation, separately or in combination (with pyridoxine thus termed 'triple therapy'), have shown promising results and are recommended in all PDE patients. Other new therapeutic strategies currently in preclinical phase of study include antisense therapy and substrate reduction therapy. We present here a comprehensive review of current treatment options as well as PDE phenotype, differential diagnosis, current management and views upon the future of PDE research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izabella Agostinho Pena
- a Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario (CHEO) Research Institute , Ottawa , ON , Canada
- b Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine , University of Ottawa , Ottawa , ON , Canada
| | - Alex MacKenzie
- a Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario (CHEO) Research Institute , Ottawa , ON , Canada
- b Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine , University of Ottawa , Ottawa , ON , Canada
| | - Clara D M Van Karnebeek
- c Department of Pediatrics, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics , University of British Columbia , Vancouver BC , Canada
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Yuzyuk T, Thomas A, Viau K, Liu A, De Biase I, Botto LD, Pasquali M, Longo N. Effect of dietary lysine restriction and arginine supplementation in two patients with pyridoxine-dependent epilepsy. Mol Genet Metab 2016; 118:167-172. [PMID: 27324284 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2016.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2016] [Revised: 04/27/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Pyridoxine-Dependent Epilepsy (PDE) is a recessive disorder caused by deficiency of α-aminoadipic semialdehyde dehydrogenase in the catabolic pathway of lysine. It is characterized by intractable seizures controlled by the administration of pharmacological doses of vitamin B6. Despite seizure control with pyridoxine, intellectual disability and developmental delays are still observed in some patients with PDE, likely due to the accumulation of toxic intermediates in the lysine catabolic pathway: alpha-aminoadipic semialdehyde (AASA), delta-1-piperideine-6-carboxylate (P6C), and pipecolic acid. Here we evaluate biochemical and clinical parameters in two PDE patients treated with a lysine-restricted diet and arginine supplementation (100-150mg/kg), aimed at reducing the levels of PDE biomarkers. Lysine restriction resulted in decreased accumulation of PDE biomarkers and improved development. Plasma lysine but not plasma arginine, directly correlated with plasma levels of AASA-P6C (p<0.001, r(2)=0.640) and pipecolic acid (p<0.01, r(2)=0.484). In addition, plasma threonine strongly correlated with the levels of AASA-P6C (p<0.0001, r(2)=0.732) and pipecolic acid (p<0.005, r(2)=0.527), suggesting extreme sensitivity of threonine catabolism to pyridoxine availability. Our results further support the use of dietary therapies in combination with pyridoxine for the treatment of PDE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Yuzyuk
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA; ARUP Laboratories, Salt Lake City, UT, USA; ARUP Institute for Clinical and Experimental Pathology, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
| | - Amanda Thomas
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA; ARUP Laboratories, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Krista Viau
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Aiping Liu
- ARUP Institute for Clinical and Experimental Pathology, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Irene De Biase
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA; ARUP Laboratories, Salt Lake City, UT, USA; ARUP Institute for Clinical and Experimental Pathology, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Lorenzo D Botto
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Marzia Pasquali
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA; ARUP Laboratories, Salt Lake City, UT, USA; ARUP Institute for Clinical and Experimental Pathology, Salt Lake City, UT, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Nicola Longo
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA; ARUP Laboratories, Salt Lake City, UT, USA; ARUP Institute for Clinical and Experimental Pathology, Salt Lake City, UT, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
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