1
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Dong Y, Jiang M, Zhao J, Zhang F, Ma S, Zhang Y. Adsorption and desorption behavior of Zn 2+ in a flow-through electrosorption reactor. iScience 2024; 27:109514. [PMID: 38595794 PMCID: PMC11001621 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.109514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Abstract
As heavy metal industrial wastewater increases in volume and complexity, we need more efficient, cheaper, and renewable technologies to curb its environmental impact. Compared to advection electrosorption, through-flow electrosorption is a hotspot technique that makes more efficient use of the adsorption capacity of activated carbon fiber mats. A cascade flow-through electrosorption assembly based on activated carbon fiber was used to obtain the best adsorption of Zn2+ in water at a voltage of 2 V, pH value of 8, plate spacing of 3 mm, and temperature of 15°C. The process is more closely fitted to the secondary adsorption kinetic equation and the Langmuir equation. The adsorption capacity of the module decreases at a progressively slower rate with the number of cycles and will eventually retain 75% of its peak value with significant regenerability. The study of this module can provide technical support for treating heavy metal wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusen Dong
- Beijing Institute of Aerospace Testing Technology, Beijing 100074, China
| | - Manci Jiang
- Beijing Institute of Aerospace Testing Technology, Beijing 100074, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- Beijing Institute of Aerospace Testing Technology, Beijing 100074, China
| | - Fei Zhang
- Beijing Institute of Aerospace Testing Technology, Beijing 100074, China
| | - Shaohua Ma
- Beijing Institute of Aerospace Testing Technology, Beijing 100074, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Beijing Institute of Aerospace Testing Technology, Beijing 100074, China
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2
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Yoon H, Min T, Kim SH, Lee G, Oh D, Choi DC, Kim S. Effect of activated carbon electrode material characteristics on hardness control performance of membrane capacitive deionization. RSC Adv 2023; 13:31480-31486. [PMID: 37901265 PMCID: PMC10603821 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra05615e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Capacitive deionization (CDI) is an electrochemical-based water treatment technology that has attracted attention as an effective hardness-control process. However, few systematic studies have reported the criteria for the selection of suitable electrode materials for membrane capacitive deionization (MCDI) to control hardness. In this study, the effect of electrode material characteristics on the MCDI performance for hardness control was quantitatively analyzed. The results showed that the deionization capacity and the deionization rate were affected by the specific capacitance and BET-specific surface area of the activated carbon electrode. In addition, the deionization rate also showed significant relationship with the BET specific surface area. Furthermore, it was observed that the deionization capacity and the deionization rate have a highly significant relationship with the BET specific surface area divided by the wettability performance expressed as the minimum wetting rate (MWR). These findings highlighted that the electrode material should have a large surface area and good wettability to increase the deionization capacity and the deionization rate of MCDI for hardness control. The results of this study are expected to provide effective criteria for selecting MCDI electrode materials aiming hardness control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongsik Yoon
- Department of Sustainable Environment Research, Korea Institute of Machinery & Materials Daejeon 34103 Republic of Korea
| | - Taijin Min
- Department of Sustainable Environment Research, Korea Institute of Machinery & Materials Daejeon 34103 Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Hwan Kim
- Department of Sustainable Environment Research, Korea Institute of Machinery & Materials Daejeon 34103 Republic of Korea
| | - Gunhee Lee
- Department of Sustainable Environment Research, Korea Institute of Machinery & Materials Daejeon 34103 Republic of Korea
| | - Dasom Oh
- EHS Research Center, Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd. Gyeonggi-do 18448 Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Chan Choi
- EHS Research Center, Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd. Gyeonggi-do 18448 Republic of Korea
| | - Seongsoo Kim
- EHS Research Center, Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd. Gyeonggi-do 18448 Republic of Korea
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3
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Mao Y, Qin H, Zhang H, Wu W, Wu D. Unraveling the effect of CDI electrode characteristics on Cs removal from the perspective of ion transfer and energy composition. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 452:131263. [PMID: 36989788 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 03/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Capacitive deionization (CDI) is surprisingly efficient to remove the aqueous Cs ion due to its small hydrated size and low hydration energy. But current experimental techniques fail in investigating deeply into the influence of some key electrode characteristics due to the difficulty in experimentally fabricating the electrodes as desired. This work presents a dynamic transport model of salt ions in a flow-by CDI cell. By using this model, the electrode thickness, macro- and micro-porosity are investigated to evaluate Cs ion removal efficiency and energy efficiency particularly from the aspect of ion transfer by the approach of decomposing energy contribution. The results indicate that the thick electrode coupled with the high current could greatly improve the effluent quality, but reduce the salt adsorption capacity (SAC). The increasement of the current density from 3 A/m2 to 6 A/m2 greatly decreases the SAC from 4.0 mg/g to 0.8 mg/g. Lower current could prolong the charging period, leading to more ions stored in the micropore. Not all the electrical energy is consumed for separating ions from the feed as desired, but some are used for driving ions diffusing in the electrodes. Consequently charging efficiency will be reduced especially when the electrodes are characterized with high porosity. It is highlighted that future work is required to further consider the complex details of porous structure and pore connectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunfeng Mao
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow and Heat Transfer in Power Engineering, Shanghai 200093, China; State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science & Engineering, Tongji University, 200092 Shanghai, China
| | - Huai Qin
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Hua Zhang
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow and Heat Transfer in Power Engineering, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Weidong Wu
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow and Heat Transfer in Power Engineering, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Deli Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science & Engineering, Tongji University, 200092 Shanghai, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China.
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4
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Orozco-Barrera S, Iglesias GR, Delgado ÁV, García-Larios S, Ahualli S. Effects of layer-by-layer coating on activated carbon electrodes for capacitive deionization. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:9482-9491. [PMID: 36938665 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp05682h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2023]
Abstract
Recently, the need for obtaining, reusing, or purifying water has become a crucial issue. The capacitive deionization (CDI) method, which is based on the electric double layer (EDL) concept, can be applied to ion adsorption from an aqueous solution. This process is carried out by applying a potential difference to highly porous electrodes while pumping salty solution between them, partially removing the ions present in the solution and keeping them in the surface of the electrodes. The use of coated carbon electrodes with one polyelectrolyte layer, turning them into "soft electrodes" (SEs), has been proved to improve the efficiency of the system with respect to its original configuration. In this work, we investigate the effect on the ion adsorption and the efficiency of the process when implementing the coating technique known as layer-by-layer (LbL) on the electrode. This consists in successively coating the electrode surfaces with polyelectrolyte layers, alternating their charge polarity in each step. We tested the effect of the number of layers deposited, as well as the impact of this technique by using different carbons. We found that the second polyelectrolyte layer adheres more than the first layer, serving as a support or seed when it is not dense and uniformly distributed. In contrast, if the first layer is well adhered, a third layer is needed to observe improvements in adsorption and process efficiency. The adsorption of the polymer layers depends in any instance on the porosity of the carbon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Orozco-Barrera
- Department of Applied Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain.
| | - Guillermo R Iglesias
- Department of Applied Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain.
| | - Ángel V Delgado
- Department of Applied Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain.
| | - Sergio García-Larios
- Department of Applied Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain.
| | - Silvia Ahualli
- Department of Applied Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain.
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5
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Martinez J, Colán M, Castillón R, Ramos PG, Paria R, Sánchez L, Rodríguez JM. Fabrication of Activated Carbon Decorated with ZnO Nanorod-Based Electrodes for Desalination of Brackish Water Using Capacitive Deionization Technology. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021409. [PMID: 36674925 PMCID: PMC9866127 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Capacitive deionization (CDI) is a promising and cost-effective technology that is currently being widely explored for removing dissolved ions from saline water. This research developed materials based on activated carbon (AC) materials modified with zinc oxide (ZnO) nanorods and used them as high-performance CDI electrodes for water desalination. The as-prepared electrodes were characterized by cyclic voltammetry, and their physical properties were studied through SEM and XRD. ZnO-coated AC electrodes revealed a better specific absorption capacity (SAC) and an average salt adsorption rate (ASAR) compared to pristine AC, specifically with values of 123.66 mg/g and 5.06 mg/g/min, respectively. The desalination process was conducted using a 0.4 M sodium chloride (NaCl) solution with flow rates from 45 mL/min to 105 mL/min under an applied potential of 1.2 V. Furthermore, the energy efficiency of the desalination process, the specific energy consumption (SEC), and the maximum and minimum of the effluent solution concentration were quantified using thermodynamic energy efficiency (TEE). Finally, this work suggested that AC/ZnO material has the potential to be utilized as a CDI electrode for the desalination of saline water.
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6
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Liu R, Wang Y, Wu Y, Ye X, Cai W. Controllable synthesis of nickel–cobalt-doped Prussian blue analogs for capacitive desalination. Electrochim Acta 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2023.141815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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7
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Vos JE, Rodenburg HP, Inder Maur D, Bakker TJW, Siekman H, Erné BH. Three-electrode cell calorimeter for electrical double layer capacitors. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2022; 93:124102. [PMID: 36586924 DOI: 10.1063/5.0129102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
A calorimeter was built to measure the heat from a porous capacitive working electrode connected in a three-electrode configuration. This makes it possible to detect differences between cathodic and anodic heat production. The electrochemical cell contains a large electrolyte solution reservoir, ensuring a constant concentration of the salt solution probed by the reference electrode via a Luggin tube. A heat flux sensor is used to detect the heat, and its calibration as a gauge of the total amount of heat produced by the electrode is done based on the net electrical work performed on the working electrode during a full charging-discharging cycle. In principle, from the measured heat and the electrical work, the change in the internal energy of the working electrode can be determined as a function of the applied potential. Such measurements inform about the potential energy and average electric potential of ions inside the pores, giving insight into the electrical double layer inside electrode micropores. Example measurements of the heat are shown for porous carbon electrodes in an aqueous salt solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joren E Vos
- Van 't Hoff Laboratory for Physical and Colloid Chemistry, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Hendrik P Rodenburg
- Van 't Hoff Laboratory for Physical and Colloid Chemistry, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Danny Inder Maur
- Van 't Hoff Laboratory for Physical and Colloid Chemistry, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ties J W Bakker
- Van 't Hoff Laboratory for Physical and Colloid Chemistry, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Henkjan Siekman
- Instrumentation Department, Utrecht University, Sorbonnelaan 4, 3584 CA Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ben H Erné
- Van 't Hoff Laboratory for Physical and Colloid Chemistry, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
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8
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Vos JE, Inder Maur D, Rodenburg HP, van den Hoven L, Schoemaker SE, de Jongh PE, Erné BH. Electric Potential of Ions in Electrode Micropores Deduced from Calorimetry. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2022; 129:186001. [PMID: 36374685 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.129.186001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The internal energy of capacitive porous carbon electrodes was determined experimentally as a function of applied potential in aqueous salt solutions. Both the electrical work and produced heat were measured. The potential dependence of the internal energy is explained in terms of two contributions, namely the field energy of a dielectric layer of water molecules at the surface and the potential energy of ions in the pores. The average electric potential of the ions is deduced, and its dependence on the type of salt suggests that the hydration strength limits how closely ions can approach the surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joren E Vos
- Van 't Hoff Laboratory for Physical and Colloid Chemistry, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Danny Inder Maur
- Van 't Hoff Laboratory for Physical and Colloid Chemistry, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Hendrik P Rodenburg
- Van 't Hoff Laboratory for Physical and Colloid Chemistry, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, Netherlands
- Materials Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Lennart van den Hoven
- Van 't Hoff Laboratory for Physical and Colloid Chemistry, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Suzan E Schoemaker
- Materials Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Petra E de Jongh
- Materials Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Ben H Erné
- Van 't Hoff Laboratory for Physical and Colloid Chemistry, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, Netherlands
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9
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Theory of bipolar connections in capacitive deionization and principles of structural design. Electrochim Acta 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2022.141066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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10
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Jiang Y, Jin L, Wei D, Alhassan SI, Wang H, Chai L. Energy Consumption in Capacitive Deionization for Desalination: A Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:10599. [PMID: 36078322 PMCID: PMC9517846 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191710599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Revised: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Capacitive deionization (CDI) is an emerging eco-friendly desalination technology with mild operation conditions. However, the energy consumption of CDI has not yet been comprehensively summarized, which is closely related to the economic cost. Hence, this study aims to review the energy consumption performances and mechanisms in the literature of CDI, and to reveal a future direction for optimizing the consumed energy. The energy consumption of CDI could be influenced by a variety of internal and external factors. Ion-exchange membrane incorporation, flow-by configuration, constant current charging mode, lower electric field intensity and flowrate, electrode material with a semi-selective surface or high wettability, and redox electrolyte are the preferred elements for low energy consumption. In addition, the consumed energy in CDI could be reduced to be even lower by energy regeneration. By combining the favorable factors, the optimization of energy consumption (down to 0.0089 Wh·gNaCl-1) could be achieved. As redox flow desalination has the benefits of a high energy efficiency and long lifespan (~20,000 cycles), together with the incorporation of energy recovery (over 80%), a robust future tendency of energy-efficient CDI desalination is expected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxin Jiang
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Linfeng Jin
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Dun Wei
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Sikpaam Issaka Alhassan
- Chemical and Environmental Engineering Department, College of Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Haiying Wang
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
- Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Control and Treatment of Heavy Metal Pollution, Changsha 410083, China
- Water Pollution Control Technology Key Lab of Hunan Province, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Liyuan Chai
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
- Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Control and Treatment of Heavy Metal Pollution, Changsha 410083, China
- Water Pollution Control Technology Key Lab of Hunan Province, Changsha 410083, China
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11
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Alkhadra M, Su X, Suss ME, Tian H, Guyes EN, Shocron AN, Conforti KM, de Souza JP, Kim N, Tedesco M, Khoiruddin K, Wenten IG, Santiago JG, Hatton TA, Bazant MZ. Electrochemical Methods for Water Purification, Ion Separations, and Energy Conversion. Chem Rev 2022; 122:13547-13635. [PMID: 35904408 PMCID: PMC9413246 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Agricultural development, extensive industrialization, and rapid growth of the global population have inadvertently been accompanied by environmental pollution. Water pollution is exacerbated by the decreasing ability of traditional treatment methods to comply with tightening environmental standards. This review provides a comprehensive description of the principles and applications of electrochemical methods for water purification, ion separations, and energy conversion. Electrochemical methods have attractive features such as compact size, chemical selectivity, broad applicability, and reduced generation of secondary waste. Perhaps the greatest advantage of electrochemical methods, however, is that they remove contaminants directly from the water, while other technologies extract the water from the contaminants, which enables efficient removal of trace pollutants. The review begins with an overview of conventional electrochemical methods, which drive chemical or physical transformations via Faradaic reactions at electrodes, and proceeds to a detailed examination of the two primary mechanisms by which contaminants are separated in nondestructive electrochemical processes, namely electrokinetics and electrosorption. In these sections, special attention is given to emerging methods, such as shock electrodialysis and Faradaic electrosorption. Given the importance of generating clean, renewable energy, which may sometimes be combined with water purification, the review also discusses inverse methods of electrochemical energy conversion based on reverse electrosorption, electrowetting, and electrokinetic phenomena. The review concludes with a discussion of technology comparisons, remaining challenges, and potential innovations for the field such as process intensification and technoeconomic optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad
A. Alkhadra
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute
of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Xiao Su
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Matthew E. Suss
- Faculty
of Mechanical Engineering, Technion—Israel
Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel,Wolfson
Department of Chemical Engineering, Technion—Israel
Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel,Nancy
and Stephen Grand Technion Energy Program, Technion—Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Huanhuan Tian
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute
of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Eric N. Guyes
- Faculty
of Mechanical Engineering, Technion—Israel
Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Amit N. Shocron
- Faculty
of Mechanical Engineering, Technion—Israel
Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Kameron M. Conforti
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute
of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - J. Pedro de Souza
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute
of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Nayeong Kim
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Michele Tedesco
- European
Centre of Excellence for Sustainable Water Technology, Wetsus, Oostergoweg 9, 8911 MA Leeuwarden, The Netherlands
| | - Khoiruddin Khoiruddin
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Institut Teknologi
Bandung, Jl. Ganesha no. 10, Bandung, 40132, Indonesia,Research
Center for Nanosciences and Nanotechnology, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Jl. Ganesha no. 10, Bandung 40132, Indonesia
| | - I Gede Wenten
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Institut Teknologi
Bandung, Jl. Ganesha no. 10, Bandung, 40132, Indonesia,Research
Center for Nanosciences and Nanotechnology, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Jl. Ganesha no. 10, Bandung 40132, Indonesia
| | - Juan G. Santiago
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - T. Alan Hatton
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute
of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Martin Z. Bazant
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute
of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States,Department
of Mathematics, Massachusetts Institute
of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States,
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12
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Exploring the polarization window during fluoride electrosorption in two activated carbons with significant differences in their pore-size distribution. Sep Purif Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2022.121360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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13
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Abstract
Severe freshwater shortages and global pollution make selective removal of target ions from solutions of great significance for water purification and resource recovery. Capacitive deionization (CDI) removes charged ions and molecules from water by applying a low applied electric field across the electrodes and has received much attention due to its lower energy consumption and sustainability. Its application field has been expanding in the past few years. In this paper, we report an overview of the current status of selective ion removal in CDI. This paper also discusses the prospects of selective CDI, including desalination, water softening, heavy metal removal and recovery, nutrient removal, and other common ion removal techniques. The insights from this review will inform the implementation of CDI technology.
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14
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Knowledge and Technology Used in Capacitive Deionization of Water. MEMBRANES 2022; 12:membranes12050459. [PMID: 35629785 PMCID: PMC9143758 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12050459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The demand for water and energy in today’s developing world is enormous and has become the key to the progress of societies. Many methods have been developed to desalinate water, but energy and environmental constraints have slowed or stopped the growth of many. Capacitive Deionization (CDI) is a very new method that uses porous carbon electrodes with significant potential for low energy desalination. This process is known as deionization by applying a very low voltage of 1.2 volts and removing charged ions and molecules. Using capacitive principles in this method, the absorption phenomenon is facilitated, which is known as capacitive deionization. In the capacitive deionization method, unlike other methods in which water is separated from salt, in this technology, salt, which is a smaller part of this compound, is separated from water and salt solution, which in turn causes less energy consumption. With the advancement of science and the introduction of new porous materials, the use of this method of deionization has increased greatly. Due to the limitations of other methods of desalination, this method has been very popular among researchers and the water desalination industry and needs more scientific research to become more commercial.
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15
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Jeanmairet G, Rotenberg B, Salanne M. Microscopic Simulations of Electrochemical Double-Layer Capacitors. Chem Rev 2022; 122:10860-10898. [PMID: 35389636 PMCID: PMC9227719 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Electrochemical double-layer
capacitors (EDLCs) are devices allowing
the storage or production of electricity. They function through the
adsorption of ions from an electrolyte on high-surface-area electrodes
and are characterized by short charging/discharging times and long
cycle-life compared to batteries. Microscopic simulations are now
widely used to characterize the structural, dynamical, and adsorption
properties of these devices, complementing electrochemical experiments
and in situ spectroscopic analyses. In this review,
we discuss the main families of simulation methods that have been
developed and their application to the main family of EDLCs, which
include nanoporous carbon electrodes. We focus on the adsorption of
organic ions for electricity storage applications as well as aqueous
systems in the context of blue energy harvesting and desalination.
We finally provide perspectives for further improvement of the predictive
power of simulations, in particular for future devices with complex
electrode compositions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Jeanmairet
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Physico-chimie des Électrolytes et Nanosystèmes Interfaciaux, PHENIX, F-75005 Paris, France.,Réseau sur le Stockage Electrochimique de l'Energie (RS2E), FR CNRS 3459, 80039 Amiens, France
| | - Benjamin Rotenberg
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Physico-chimie des Electrolytes et Nanosystèmes Interfaciaux, PHENIX, F-75005 Paris, France.,Réseau sur le Stockage Électrochimique de l'Énergie (RS2E), FR CNRS 3459, 80039 Amiens, France
| | - Mathieu Salanne
- Réseau sur le Stockage Electrochimique de l'Energie (RS2E), FR CNRS 3459, 80039 Amiens, France.,Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Physico-chimie des Electrolytes et Nanosystèmes Interfaciaux, PHENIX, F-75005 Paris, France.,Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
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16
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Uwayid R, Guyes EN, Shocron AN, Gilron J, Elimelech M, Suss ME. Perfect divalent cation selectivity with capacitive deionization. WATER RESEARCH 2022; 210:117959. [PMID: 34942526 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.117959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Capacitive deionization (CDI) is an emerging membraneless water desalination technology based on storing ions in charged electrodes by electrosorption. Due to unique selectivity mechanisms, CDI has been investigated towards ion-selective separations such as water softening, nutrient recovery, and production of irrigation water. Especially promising is the use of activated microporous carbon electrodes due to their low cost and wide availability at commercial scales. We show here, both theoretically and experimentally, that sulfonated activated carbon electrodes enable the first demonstration of perfect divalent cation selectivity in CDI, where we define "perfect" as significant removal of the divalent cation with zero removal of the competing monovalent cation. For example, for a feedwater of 15 mM NaCl and 3 mM CaCl2, and charging from 0.4 V to 1.2 V, we show our cell can remove 127 μmol per gram carbon of divalent Ca2+, while slightly expelling competing monovalent Na+ (-13.2 μmol/g). This separation can be achieved with excellent efficiency, as we show both theoretically and experimentally a calcium charge efficiency above unity, and an experimental energy consumption of less than 0.1 kWh/m3. We further demonstrate a low-infrastructure technique to measure cation selectivity, using ion-selective electrodes and the extended Onsager-Fuoss model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rana Uwayid
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Eric N Guyes
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Amit N Shocron
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Jack Gilron
- The Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Zuckerberg Institute for Water Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede Boqer Campus, Midreshet Ben-Gurion, Israel
| | - Menachem Elimelech
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, United States
| | - Matthew E Suss
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel; Wolfson Department of Chemical Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel; Grand Technion Energy Program, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel.
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17
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Pelagejcev P, Glatzel F, Härtel A. Extension of the primitive model by hydration shells and its impact on the reversible heat production during the buildup of the electric double layer. J Chem Phys 2022; 156:034901. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0077526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Pelagejcev
- Institute of Physics, University of Freiburg, Hermann-Herder-Str. 3, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Fabian Glatzel
- Institute of Physics, University of Freiburg, Hermann-Herder-Str. 3, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Härtel
- Institute of Physics, University of Freiburg, Hermann-Herder-Str. 3, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
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18
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The optimized flow-electrode capacitive deionization (FCDI) performance by ZIF-8 derived nanoporous carbon polyhedron. Sep Purif Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2021.119345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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19
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20
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Design of zinc oxide nanoparticles and graphene hydrogel co-incorporated activated carbon for efficient capacitive deionization. Sep Purif Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2021.119428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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21
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Wu Q, Liang D, Lu S, Zhang J, Wang H, Xiang Y, Aurbach D. Novel Inorganic Integrated Membrane Electrodes for Membrane Capacitive Deionization. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:46537-46548. [PMID: 34554723 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c10119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In capacitive deionization (CDI), coion repulsion and Faradaic reactions during charging reduce the charge efficiency (CE), thus limiting the salt adsorption capacity (SAC) and energy efficiency. To overcome these issues, membrane CDI (MCDI) based on the enhanced permselectivity of the anode and cathode is proposed using the ion-exchange polymer as the independent membrane or coating. To develop a novel and cost-effective MCDI system, we fabricated an integrated membrane electrode using a thin layer of the inorganic ion-exchange material coated on the activated carbon (AC) electrode, which effectively improves the ion selectivity. Montmorillonite (MT, Al2O9Si3) and hydrotalcite (HT, Mg6Al2(CO3)(OH)16·4H2O) were selected as the main active anion- and cation-exchange materials, respectively, for the cathode and anode. The HT-MT MCDI system employing HT-AC and MT-AC electrodes obtained a CE of 90.5% and an SAC of 15.8 mg g-1 after 100 consecutive cycles (50 h); these values were considerably higher than those of the traditional CDI system employing pristine AC electrodes (initially, a CE of 55% and an SAC of 10.2 mg g-1, which attenuated continuously to zero, and even "inverted work" occurs after 50 h, i.e., desorption during charging and adsorption during discharging). The HT-MT MCDI system showed moderate tolerance to organic matters during desalination and retained 84% SAC and 89% CE after 70 cycles in 50-200 mg L-1 sodium alginate. This study demonstrates a simple and cost-effective method for fabricating high-CE electrodes for desalination with great application potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinghao Wu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bio-inspired Energy Materials and Devices, School of Space and Environment, Beihang University, Beijing 102206, PR China
| | - Dawei Liang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bio-inspired Energy Materials and Devices, School of Space and Environment, Beihang University, Beijing 102206, PR China
| | - Shanfu Lu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bio-inspired Energy Materials and Devices, School of Space and Environment, Beihang University, Beijing 102206, PR China
| | - Jin Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bio-inspired Energy Materials and Devices, School of Space and Environment, Beihang University, Beijing 102206, PR China
| | - Haining Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bio-inspired Energy Materials and Devices, School of Space and Environment, Beihang University, Beijing 102206, PR China
| | - Yan Xiang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bio-inspired Energy Materials and Devices, School of Space and Environment, Beihang University, Beijing 102206, PR China
| | - Doron Aurbach
- Department of Chemistry, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 5290002, Israel
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22
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He Z, Liu S, Lian B, Fletcher J, Bales C, Wang Y, Waite TD. Optimization of constant-current operation in membrane capacitive deionization (MCDI) using variable discharging operations. WATER RESEARCH 2021; 204:117646. [PMID: 34543974 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.117646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Membrane capacitive deionization (MCDI) is an emerging electric field-driven technology for brackish water desalination involving the removal of charged ions from saline source waters. While the desalination performance of MCDI under different operational modes has been widely investigated, most studies have concentrated on different charging conditions without considering discharging conditions. In this study, we investigate the effects of different discharging conditions on the desalination performance of MCDI electrode. Our study demonstrates that low-current discharge (1.0 mA/cm2) can increase salt removal by 20% and decrease volumetric energy consumption by 40% by improving electrode regeneration and increasing energy recovery, respectively, while high-current discharge (3.0 mA/cm2) can improve productivity by 70% at the expense of electrode regeneration and energy recovery. Whether discharging electrodes at the low current or high current is optimal depends on a trade-off between productivity and energy consumption. We also reveal that stopped flow discharge (85%) can achieve higher water recovery than continuous flow discharge (35-59%). However, stopped flow discharge caused a 20-30% decrease in concentration reduction and a 25-50% increase in molar energy consumption, possibly due to the higher ion concentration in the macropores at the end of discharging step. These results reveal that an optimal discharging operation should be obtained from achieving a balance among productivity, water recovery and energy consumption by varying discharging current and flow rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhizhao He
- UNSW Centre for Transformational Environmental Technologies, Yixing, Jiangsu 214206, PR China; School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
| | - Shuai Liu
- UNSW Centre for Transformational Environmental Technologies, Yixing, Jiangsu 214206, PR China.
| | - Boyue Lian
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
| | - John Fletcher
- School of Electrical Engineering and Telecommunications, UNSW Sydney, Sydney 2052, Australia.
| | - Clare Bales
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
| | - Yuan Wang
- UNSW Centre for Transformational Environmental Technologies, Yixing, Jiangsu 214206, PR China; School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
| | - T David Waite
- UNSW Centre for Transformational Environmental Technologies, Yixing, Jiangsu 214206, PR China; School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
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23
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Saleem MW, Imran S, Zafar MN, Usman M, Habib MS, Badshah MA. Steady and controlled desalination via capacitive deionization: performance assessment and optimization of hybrid CV-CC process. SEP SCI TECHNOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/01496395.2020.1757715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Wajid Saleem
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Shahrose Imran
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Nouman Zafar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Usman
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Salman Habib
- Department of Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Mohsin Ali Badshah
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
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24
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Zhang C, Ma J, Wu L, Sun J, Wang L, Li T, Waite TD. Flow Electrode Capacitive Deionization (FCDI): Recent Developments, Environmental Applications, and Future Perspectives. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:4243-4267. [PMID: 33724803 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c06552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
With the increasing severity of global water scarcity, a myriad of scientific activities is directed toward advancing brackish water desalination and wastewater remediation technologies. Flow-electrode capacitive deionization (FCDI), a newly developed electrochemically driven ion removal approach combining ion-exchange membranes and flowable particle electrodes, has been actively explored over the past seven years, driven by the possibility of energy-efficient, sustainable, and fully continuous production of high-quality fresh water, as well as flexible management of the particle electrodes and concentrate stream. Here, we provide a comprehensive overview of current advances of this interesting technology with particular attention given to FCDI principles, designs (including cell architecture and electrode and separator options), operational modes (including approaches to management of the flowable electrodes), characterizations and modeling, and environmental applications (including water desalination, resource recovery, and contaminant abatement). Furthermore, we introduce the definitions and performance metrics that should be used so that fair assessments and comparisons can be made between different systems and separation conditions. We then highlight the most pressing challenges (i.e., operation and capital cost, scale-up, and commercialization) in the full-scale application of this technology. We conclude this state-of-the-art review by considering the overall outlook of the technology and discussing areas requiring particular attention in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changyong Zhang
- UNSW Water Research Centre, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Jinxing Ma
- UNSW Water Research Centre, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Lei Wu
- UNSW Water Research Centre, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Jingyi Sun
- UNSW Water Research Centre, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Tianyu Li
- Beijing Origin Water Membrane Technology Company Limited, Huairou, Beijing 101400, P. R. China
| | - T David Waite
- UNSW Water Research Centre, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
- Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Safety, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, P. R. China
- UNSW Centre for Transformational Environmental Technologies, Yixing, Jiangsu Province 214206, P. R. China
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25
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Honarparvar S, Zhang X, Chen T, Alborzi A, Afroz K, Reible D. Frontiers of Membrane Desalination Processes for Brackish Water Treatment: A Review. MEMBRANES 2021; 11:246. [PMID: 33805438 PMCID: PMC8066301 DOI: 10.3390/membranes11040246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Climate change, population growth, and increased industrial activities are exacerbating freshwater scarcity and leading to increased interest in desalination of saline water. Brackish water is an attractive alternative to freshwater due to its low salinity and widespread availability in many water-scarce areas. However, partial or total desalination of brackish water is essential to reach the water quality requirements for a variety of applications. Selection of appropriate technology requires knowledge and understanding of the operational principles, capabilities, and limitations of the available desalination processes. Proper combination of feedwater technology improves the energy efficiency of desalination. In this article, we focus on pressure-driven and electro-driven membrane desalination processes. We review the principles, as well as challenges and recent improvements for reverse osmosis (RO), nanofiltration (NF), electrodialysis (ED), and membrane capacitive deionization (MCDI). RO is the dominant membrane process for large-scale desalination of brackish water with higher salinity, while ED and MCDI are energy-efficient for lower salinity ranges. Selective removal of multivalent components makes NF an excellent option for water softening. Brackish water desalination with membrane processes faces a series of challenges. Membrane fouling and scaling are the common issues associated with these processes, resulting in a reduction in their water recovery and energy efficiency. To overcome such adverse effects, many efforts have been dedicated toward development of pre-treatment steps, surface modification of membranes, use of anti-scalant, and modification of operational conditions. However, the effectiveness of these approaches depends on the fouling propensity of the feed water. In addition to the fouling and scaling, each process may face other challenges depending on their state of development and maturity. This review provides recent advances in the material, architecture, and operation of these processes that can assist in the selection and design of technologies for particular applications. The active research directions to improve the performance of these processes are also identified. The review shows that technologies that are tunable and particularly efficient for partial desalination such as ED and MCDI are increasingly competitive with traditional RO processes. Development of cost-effective ion exchange membranes with high chemical and mechanical stability can further improve the economy of desalination with electro-membrane processes and advance their future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soraya Honarparvar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA; (S.H.); (X.Z.); (T.C.); (K.A.)
| | - Xin Zhang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA; (S.H.); (X.Z.); (T.C.); (K.A.)
| | - Tianyu Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA; (S.H.); (X.Z.); (T.C.); (K.A.)
| | - Ashkan Alborzi
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Construction Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA;
| | - Khurshida Afroz
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA; (S.H.); (X.Z.); (T.C.); (K.A.)
| | - Danny Reible
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA; (S.H.); (X.Z.); (T.C.); (K.A.)
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Construction Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA;
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26
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Wood AR, Garg R, Cohen-Karni T, Russell AJ, LeDuc P. Toward sustainable desalination using food waste: capacitive desalination with bread-derived electrodes. RSC Adv 2021; 11:9628-9637. [PMID: 35423429 PMCID: PMC8695462 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra10763h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Each year approximately 1.3 billion tons of food is either wasted or lost. One of the most wasted foods in the world is bread. The ability to reuse wasted food in another area of need, such as water scarcity, would provide a tremendous sustainable outcome. To address water scarcity, many areas of the world are now implementing desalination. One desalination technology that could benefit from food waste reuse is capacitive deionization (CDI). CDI has emerged as a powerful desalination technology that essentially only requires a pair of electrodes and a low-voltage power supply. Developing freestanding carbon electrodes from food waste could lower the overall cost of CDI systems and the environmental and economic impact from food waste. We created freestanding CDI electrodes from bread. The electrodes possessed a hierarchical pore structure that enabled both high salt adsorption capacity and one of the highest reported values for hydraulic permeability to date in a flow-through CDI system. We also developed a sustainable technique for electrode fabrication that does not require the use of common laboratory equipment and could be deployed in decentralized locations and developing countries with low-financial resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam R Wood
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University Pittsburgh Pennsylvania 15213 USA +1 412-268-2504
- Department of Engineering, Saint Vincent College, Latrobe Pennsylvania 15650 USA
| | - Raghav Garg
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University Pittsburgh Pennsylvania 15213 USA
| | - Tzahi Cohen-Karni
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University Pittsburgh Pennsylvania 15213 USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University 5000 Forbes Avenue Pittsburgh Pennsylvania 15213 USA +1412-268-9607
| | - Alan J Russell
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University 5000 Forbes Avenue Pittsburgh Pennsylvania 15213 USA +1412-268-9607
- Departments of Chemical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University Pittsburgh Pennsylvania 15213 USA
- Departments of Chemistry Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University Pittsburgh Pennsylvania 15213 USA
| | - Philip LeDuc
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University Pittsburgh Pennsylvania 15213 USA +1 412-268-2504
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University 5000 Forbes Avenue Pittsburgh Pennsylvania 15213 USA +1412-268-9607
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University Pittsburgh Pennsylvania 15213 USA
- Department of Computational Biology, Carnegie Mellon University Pittsburgh Pennsylvania 15213 USA
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27
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Toledo-Carrillo E, Zhang X, Laxman K, Dutta J. Asymmetric electrode capacitive deionization for energy efficient desalination. Electrochim Acta 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2020.136939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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28
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Basis and Prospects of Combining Electroadsorption Modeling Approaches for Capacitive Deionization. PHYSICS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/physics2020016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Electrically driven adsorption, electroadsorption, is at the core of technologies for water desalination, energy production, and energy storage using electrolytic capacitors. Modeling can be crucial for understanding and optimizing these devices, and hence different approaches have been taken to develop multiple models, which have been applied to explain capacitive deionization (CDI) device performances for water desalination. Herein, we first discuss the underlying physics of electroadsorption and explain the fundamental similarities between the suggested models. Three CDI models, namely, the more widely used modified Donnan (mD) model, the Randles circuit model, and the recently proposed dynamic Langmuir (DL) model, are compared in terms of modeling approaches. Crucially, the common physical foundation of the models allows them to be improved by incorporating elements and simulation tools from the other models. As a proof of concept, the performance of the Randles circuit is significantly improved by incorporating a modeling element from the mD model and an implementation tool from the DL model (charge-dependent capacitance and system identification, respectively). These principles are accurately validated using data from reports in the literature showing significant prospects in combining modeling elements and tools to properly describe the results obtained in these experiments.
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Torkamanzadeh M, Wang L, Zhang Y, Budak Ö, Srimuk P, Presser V. MXene/Activated-Carbon Hybrid Capacitive Deionization for Permselective Ion Removal at Low and High Salinity. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:26013-26025. [PMID: 32402190 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c05975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional, layered transition metal carbides (MXenes) are an intriguing class of intercalation-type electrodes for electrochemical applications. The ability for preferred counterion uptake qualifies MXenes as an attractive material for electrochemical desalination. Our work explores Ti3C2Tx-MXene paired with activated carbon in such a way that both electrodes operate in an optimized potential range. This is accomplished by electrode mass balancing and control over the cell voltage. Thereby, we enable effective remediation of saline media with low (brackish) and high (seawater-like) ionic strength by using 20 and 600 mM aqueous NaCl solutions. It is shown that MXene/activated-carbon asymmetric cell design capitalizes on the permselective behavior of MXene in sodium removal, which in turn forces carbon to mirror the same behavior in the removal of chloride ions. This has minimized the notorious co-ion desorption of carbon in highly saline media (600 mM NaCl) and boosted the charge efficiency from 4% in a symmetric activated-carbon/activated-carbon cell to 85% in a membrane-less asymmetric MXene/activated-carbon cell. Stable electrochemical performance for up to 100 cycles is demonstrated, yielding average desalination capacities of 8 and 12 mg/g, respectively, for membrane-less MXene/activated-carbon cells in NaCl solutions of 600 mM (seawater-level) and 20 mM (brackish-water-level). In the case of the 20 mM NaCl solutions, surprising charge efficiency values of over 100% have been obtained, which is attributed to the role of MXene interlayer surface charges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Torkamanzadeh
- INM - Leibniz Institute for New Materials, Campus D2 2, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Saarland University, Campus D2 2, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Lei Wang
- INM - Leibniz Institute for New Materials, Campus D2 2, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Saarland University, Campus D2 2, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Yuan Zhang
- INM - Leibniz Institute for New Materials, Campus D2 2, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Saarland University, Campus D2 2, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Öznil Budak
- INM - Leibniz Institute for New Materials, Campus D2 2, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Saarland University, Campus D2 2, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Pattarachai Srimuk
- INM - Leibniz Institute for New Materials, Campus D2 2, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Volker Presser
- INM - Leibniz Institute for New Materials, Campus D2 2, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Saarland University, Campus D2 2, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
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30
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Lenz M, Wagner R, Hack E, Franzreb M. Object-Oriented Modeling of a Capacitive Deionization Process. FRONTIERS IN CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 2020. [DOI: 10.3389/fceng.2020.00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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31
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Characteristic and model of phosphate adsorption by activated carbon electrodes in capacitive deionization. Sep Purif Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2019.116285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Liu T, Serrano J, Elliott J, Yang X, Cathcart W, Wang Z, He Z, Liu G. Exceptional capacitive deionization rate and capacity by block copolymer-based porous carbon fibers. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eaaz0906. [PMID: 32426453 PMCID: PMC7164930 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aaz0906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Capacitive deionization (CDI) is energetically favorable for desalinating low-salinity water. The bottlenecks of current carbon-based CDI materials are their limited desalination capacities and time-consuming cycles, caused by insufficient ion-accessible surfaces and retarded electron/ion transport. Here, we demonstrate porous carbon fibers (PCFs) derived from microphase-separated poly(methyl methacrylate)-block-polyacrylonitrile (PMMA-b-PAN) as an effective CDI material. PCF has abundant and uniform mesopores that are interconnected with micropores. This hierarchical porous structure renders PCF a large ion-accessible surface area and a high desalination capacity. In addition, the continuous carbon fibers and interconnected porous network enable fast electron/ion transport, and hence a high desalination rate. PCF shows desalination capacity of 30 mgNaCl g-1 PCF and maximal time-average desalination rate of 38.0 mgNaCl g-1 PCF min-1, which are about 3 and 40 times, respectively, those of typical porous carbons. Our work underlines the promise of block copolymer-based PCF for mutually high-capacity and high-rate CDI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyu Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Joel Serrano
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - John Elliott
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Xiaozhou Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - William Cathcart
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Zixuan Wang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Zhen He
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Guoliang Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
- Macromolecules Innovation Institute, and Division of Nanoscience, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
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Shih YJ, Dong CD, Huang YH, Huang CP. Loofah-derived activated carbon supported on nickel foam (AC/Ni) electrodes for the electro-sorption of ammonium ion from aqueous solutions. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 242:125259. [PMID: 31896176 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.125259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Activated carbon (AC), prepared from dried loofah sponge, was supported on nickel foam to fabricate AC/Ni electrodes. The characteristics of ammonium electrosorption on AC/Ni electrodes was studied. Results showed that AC prepared in one-step activation (without pre-pyrolysis), i.e., OAC, had relatively low crystallinity, high mesoporosity, and high specific capacitance compared to those made in two-step carbonation followed by activation. Adsorption and desorption density of NH4+ were measured at constant potential of -1.0 V (vs. Hg/HgO) and +0.1 V (vs. Hg/HgO), respectively. Non-faradaic charging contributed to the electrochemical storage and adsorption of ammonium ions on the AC surface with a maximal charge efficiency of 80%, at an applied potential of -1.0 V (vs. Hg/HgO). Multiple-layer adsorption isotherm better described the electrosorption of ammonium ion on OAC/Ni electrodes yielding a maximum adsorption capacity of 6 mg-N g-1, which was comparable with other similar systems. Overall, results clearly demonstrated the effect of synthesis strategy on the capacitive charging behaviors of AC/Ni electrodes and its relationship to NH4+ electrosorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Jen Shih
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, 804, Taiwan.
| | - Cheng-Di Dong
- Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung, 811, Taiwan
| | - Yao-Hui Huang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Cheng-Kung University, Tainan, 701, Taiwan
| | - C P Huang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA.
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Salamat Y, Hidrovo CH. Significance of the micropores electro-sorption resistance in capacitive deionization systems. WATER RESEARCH 2020; 169:115286. [PMID: 31734390 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2019.115286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 10/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Capacitive Deionization (CDI) is an emerging technology representing a potential alternative to the common, energy-intensive desalination methods for low salinity water streams. In CDI an electrical field is applied to separate ionic species from aqueous solutions and electro-adsorb them into a highly porous material. CDI is a complex multi-scale system which requires robust mathematical models to closely describe its performance. Here, a dynamic two-dimensional model is developed coupling the diffusion and advection of the species in the bulk solution with their diffusion and electro-sorption in the porous electrodes. In this model, the adsorption/desorption resistance between the micropores and macropores along with variable non-electrostatic attractive forces in the micropores are also incorporated. The proposed theory is validated against experiments using a circular CDI cell operating under various conditions, where different transport mechanisms are limiting the total ion removal process. Performance of the CDI systems is also evaluated using inclusive figures of merit. The obtained results accentuate the significant effect of the rate-limited transfer of the ionic species from the macropores into the micropores, especially in systems subject to severe ion starvation, where neglecting this electro-sorption resistance leads to up to 50% and 210% overestimation of the energy efficiency and overall desalination performance, respectively. Furthermore, although the commonly used transport theory describing CDI fails to capture the dynamics of the systems at low initial concentration and high adsorption capacity by assuming fast electro-sorption without any resistance, the presented theory closely models the transport mechanisms in such systems. Moreover, we experimentally and numerically demonstrate a trade-off between the energetic and desalination performance in systems with low and high mass Péclet number.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasamin Salamat
- Mechanical and Industrial Engineering Department, Northeastern University, 334 Snell Engineering Center, 360 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Carlos H Hidrovo
- Mechanical and Industrial Engineering Department, Northeastern University, 334 Snell Engineering Center, 360 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
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Chen L, Mao S, Li Z, Yang Y, Zhao R. Synthesis of cation exchange membranes for capacitive deionization based on crosslinked polyvinyl alcohol with citric acid. WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : A JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION ON WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH 2020; 81:491-498. [PMID: 32385202 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2020.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Constructing new cation exchange membranes (CEM) has been regarded as an easy and effective approach to improving the capacitive deionization (CDI) system. In this study, a new method of fabrication of CEM was introduced by crosslinking sulfosuccinic acid (SSA) and citric acid (CA). The SSA and CA were crosslinked with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) to fabricate CEMs in a series of conditions. The ion transference number for each fabricated membrane was tested to select the optimal recipe. The membrane fabricated by the selected method was then tested in the CDI system and the results show that the total percentage of SSA could be reduced from 5% to 1% by adding 5 g of non-toxic and inexpensive CA. The cost of preparing the membrane also decreased from US$0.18 per square meter to US$0.03. The adsorption capacity and the charge efficiency of membrane capacitive deionization system (MCDI) coated with a PVA/SSA/CA layer (mass ratio 10:1:5) was compared with the normal CDI and the MCDI coated with the original membrane (PVA:SSA = 19:5), which is named O-MCDI). The results show that with the modified membrane, the adsorption capacity and the charge efficiency can be enhanced by 18% and 28% compared with the CDI. In addition, although the cost is reduced, the desalination efficiency is still guaranteed. The adsorption capacity and charge efficiency are still increased by about 3% compared with the O-MCDI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Chen
- Engineering Research Center for Nanophotonics & Advanced Instrument, Ministry of Education, School of Physics and Electronics Science, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, 201100 Shanghai, China E-mail:
| | - Shudi Mao
- Engineering Research Center for Nanophotonics & Advanced Instrument, Ministry of Education, School of Physics and Electronics Science, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, 201100 Shanghai, China E-mail:
| | - Zhe Li
- Engineering Research Center for Nanophotonics & Advanced Instrument, Ministry of Education, School of Physics and Electronics Science, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, 201100 Shanghai, China E-mail:
| | - Ying Yang
- Engineering Research Center for Nanophotonics & Advanced Instrument, Ministry of Education, School of Physics and Electronics Science, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, 201100 Shanghai, China E-mail:
| | - Ran Zhao
- Engineering Research Center for Nanophotonics & Advanced Instrument, Ministry of Education, School of Physics and Electronics Science, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, 201100 Shanghai, China E-mail:
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Tan C, He C, Fletcher J, Waite TD. Energy recovery in pilot scale membrane CDI treatment of brackish waters. WATER RESEARCH 2020; 168:115146. [PMID: 31627136 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2019.115146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 09/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
An energy recovery technique using a high-current bi-directional dc-dc converter for membrane capacitive de-ionization (mCDI) of brackish waters is described and it's performance assessed in a pilot-scale prototype. The energy recovery system is shown to reduce the energy consumption of the pilot-scale mCDI unit, powered by photovoltaics and with battery storage, by between 30 and 40%. Use of a stopped flow process also enables water recovery of up to 87%. The contributions to energy consumption in the system are quantified with the insights gained from this analysis enabling the selection of an optimum voltage range for desorption termination that maximizes the daily recovered energy. The experimental results demonstrate that energy usage by the mCDI process of lower than 0.4 kWh/m3 is achievable with almost 40% of the energy supplied by the batteries recovered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Tan
- School of Electrical Engineering and Telecommunications, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia.
| | - Calvin He
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia.
| | - John Fletcher
- School of Electrical Engineering and Telecommunications, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia.
| | - T David Waite
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia.
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Santos C, García-Quismondo E, Palma J, Anderson MA, Lado JJ. Understanding capacitive deionization performance by comparing its electrical response with an electrochemical supercapacitor: Strategies to boost round-trip efficiency. Electrochim Acta 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2019.135216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Hong SP, Yoon H, Lee J, Kim C, Kim S, Lee J, Lee C, Yoon J. Selective phosphate removal using layered double hydroxide/reduced graphene oxide (LDH/rGO) composite electrode in capacitive deionization. J Colloid Interface Sci 2019; 564:1-7. [PMID: 31896423 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2019.12.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 12/07/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Phosphate removal is a critical issue in water treatment because excess levels of phosphate can cause severe eutrophication. Capacitive deionization (CDI), which has several advantages, such as simple, eco-friendly, and energy efficient operations, has gained attention as a potential alternative over conventional phosphate removal technologies like activated sludge, chemical precipitation, and adsorption processes. However, CDI suffers from a lack of selectivity for phosphate, resulting from non-selective anion removal of positively biased electrodes. Herein, the layered double hydroxide/reduced graphene oxide (LDH/rGO) composite electrode in the CDI process was examined for selective phosphate removal. LDH/rGO showed the selective phosphate removal performance with sustained phosphate removal efficiency even in the presence of excess chloride. In addition, the selective phosphate removal in the CDI process with the LDH/rGO was successfully demonstrated in the simulated water, fabricated by adding a significantly low concentration of phosphate (0.4 mg∙L-1) into real river water matrix (Han River, Seoul, Korea). This result was explained by the high electrochemical selectivity of the LDH/rGO for phosphate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Pil Hong
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Institute of Chemical Processes (ICP), Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hansun Yoon
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Institute of Chemical Processes (ICP), Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaehan Lee
- Department of Biological and Chemical Engineering, College of Science and Technology, Hongik University, Sejong-si 30016, Republic of Korea
| | - Choonsoo Kim
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Institute of Energy/Environment Convergence Technologies, Kongju National University, 1223-24, Cheonan-daero, Cheonan-si 31080, Republic of Korea
| | - Seoni Kim
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Institute of Chemical Processes (ICP), Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiho Lee
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Institute of Chemical Processes (ICP), Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Changha Lee
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Institute of Chemical Processes (ICP), Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeyong Yoon
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Institute of Chemical Processes (ICP), Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; Korea Environment Institute, 370 Sicheong-daero, Sejong-si 30147,Republic of Korea.
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40
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Belhboub A, Lahrar EH, Simon P, Merlet C. On the development of an original mesoscopic model to predict the capacitive properties of carbon-carbon supercapacitors. Electrochim Acta 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2019.135022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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41
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Lee M, Fan CS, Chen YW, Chang KC, Chiueh PT, Hou CH. Membrane capacitive deionization for low-salinity desalination in the reclamation of domestic wastewater effluents. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 235:413-422. [PMID: 31272001 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.06.190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Revised: 06/22/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
This study aims to investigate the feasibility of desalinating secondary effluent from a domestic wastewater treatment plant (DWTP) using membrane capacitive deionization (MCDI) for reclamation purposes. The desalination performance of a MCDI stack with 10 pairs of 20 cm × 20 cm activated carbon electrodes was evaluated in single-pass mode. As evidenced, the MCDI stack outperformed the capacitive deionization stack. The water quality characteristics of the inflows and product water were also analyzed. Our results revealed that MCDI can effectively remove undesired ions such as calcium and nitrate from the DWTP effluent for water reclamation. In particular, the solution conductivity of the product water was observed to be as low as 1.27 μS/cm. Removal of the ions was easily performed by the electrostatic field-assisted deionization process. The use of MCDI for low-salinity wastewater reclamation demonstrated favorable energy performance with a low volumetric energy input and a molar energy input of 0.12 kWh/m3 and 0.03 kWh/mole, respectively; and the energy efficiency of this system is expected to be further improved by energy recovery or incorporation of energy-producing processes. These results are indicative of the benefits of using MCDI as part of the treatment processes for the reclamation of wastewater with low salinity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengshan Lee
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, No.1, Sec. 4. Roosevelt Rd., Taipei 10617, Taiwan; Department of Safety, Health and Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, No. 1, University Rd, Kaohsiung 824, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Shiuan Fan
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, No.1, Sec. 4. Roosevelt Rd., Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Wu Chen
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, No.1, Sec. 4. Roosevelt Rd., Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Kuang-Chih Chang
- Water Resource Agency, Ministry of Economic Affairs in Taiwan, No.41-3, Sec. 3, Xinyi Rd., Da'an Dist., Taipei City 106, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Te Chiueh
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, No.1, Sec. 4. Roosevelt Rd., Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Hung Hou
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, No.1, Sec. 4. Roosevelt Rd., Taipei 10617, Taiwan.
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Kim J, Jain A, Zuo K, Verduzco R, Walker S, Elimelech M, Zhang Z, Zhang X, Li Q. Removal of calcium ions from water by selective electrosorption using target-ion specific nanocomposite electrode. WATER RESEARCH 2019; 160:445-453. [PMID: 31174072 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2019.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Revised: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/05/2019] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Technologies capable of selective removal of target contaminants from water are highly desirable to achieve "fit-for-purpose" treatment. In this study, we developed a simple yet highly effective method to achieve calcium-selective removal in an electrosorption process by coating the cathode with a calcium-selective nanocomposite (CSN) layer using an aqueous phase process. The CSN coating consisted of nano-sized calcium chelating resins with aminophosphonic groups in a sulfonated polyvinyl alcohol hydrogel matrix, which accomplished a Ca2+-over-Na+ selectivity of 3.5-5.4 at Na+:Ca2+ equivalent concentration ratio from 10:1 to 1:1, 94 - 184% greater than the uncoated electrode. The CSN coated electrode exhibited complete reversibility in repeated operation. Mechanistic studies suggested that the CSN coating did not contribute to the adsorption capacity, but rather allowed preferential permeation of Ca2+ and hence increased Ca2+ adsorption on the carbon cathode. The CSN-coated electrode was very stable, showing reproducible performance in 60 repeated cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Kim
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Rice University, 6100 Main Street MS 519, Houston, TX, 77005, USA; Nanosystems Engineering Research Center for Nanotechnology-Enabled Water Treatment, 6100 Main Street MS 6398, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Amit Jain
- Nanosystems Engineering Research Center for Nanotechnology-Enabled Water Treatment, 6100 Main Street MS 6398, Houston, TX, 77005, USA; Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Rice University, 6100 Main Street MS 362, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Kuichang Zuo
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Rice University, 6100 Main Street MS 519, Houston, TX, 77005, USA; Nanosystems Engineering Research Center for Nanotechnology-Enabled Water Treatment, 6100 Main Street MS 6398, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Rafael Verduzco
- Nanosystems Engineering Research Center for Nanotechnology-Enabled Water Treatment, 6100 Main Street MS 6398, Houston, TX, 77005, USA; Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Rice University, 6100 Main Street MS 362, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Shane Walker
- Nanosystems Engineering Research Center for Nanotechnology-Enabled Water Treatment, 6100 Main Street MS 6398, Houston, TX, 77005, USA; Department of Civil Engineering, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, 79968, USA
| | - Menachem Elimelech
- Nanosystems Engineering Research Center for Nanotechnology-Enabled Water Treatment, 6100 Main Street MS 6398, Houston, TX, 77005, USA; Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Zhenghua Zhang
- Graduate School of Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Tsinghua Campus, The University Town, Shenzhen, 518055, PR China
| | - Xihui Zhang
- Graduate School of Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Tsinghua Campus, The University Town, Shenzhen, 518055, PR China
| | - Qilin Li
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Rice University, 6100 Main Street MS 519, Houston, TX, 77005, USA; Nanosystems Engineering Research Center for Nanotechnology-Enabled Water Treatment, 6100 Main Street MS 6398, Houston, TX, 77005, USA; Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Rice University, 6100 Main Street MS 362, Houston, TX, 77005, USA.
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Nordstrand J, Laxman K, Myint MTZ, Dutta J. An Easy-to-Use Tool for Modeling the Dynamics of Capacitive Deionization. J Phys Chem A 2019; 123:6628-6634. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.9b05503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Johan Nordstrand
- Functional Materials, Applied Physics Department, SCI School, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Isafjordsgatan 22, Kista, SE-16440 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Karthik Laxman
- Functional Materials, Applied Physics Department, SCI School, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Isafjordsgatan 22, Kista, SE-16440 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Myo Tay Zar Myint
- Department of Physics, Sultan Qaboos University, P.O. Box 17, Al Khoud, 123 Muscat, Oman
| | - Joydeep Dutta
- Functional Materials, Applied Physics Department, SCI School, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Isafjordsgatan 22, Kista, SE-16440 Stockholm, Sweden
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Ramachandran A, Oyarzun DI, Hawks SA, Stadermann M, Santiago JG. High water recovery and improved thermodynamic efficiency for capacitive deionization using variable flowrate operation. WATER RESEARCH 2019; 155:76-85. [PMID: 30831426 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2019.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Revised: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Water recovery is a measure of the amount of treated water produced relative to the total amount of water processed through the system, and is an important performance metric for any desalination method. Conventional operating methods for desalination using capacitive deionization (CDI) have so far limited water recovery to be about 50%. To improve water recovery for CDI, we here introduce a new operating scheme based on a variable (in time) flow rate wherein a low flow rate during discharge is used to produce a brine volume which is significantly less than the volume of diluent produced. We demonstrate experimentally and study systematically this novel variable flowrate operating scheme in the framework of both constant current and constant voltage charge-discharge modes. We show that the variable flowrate operation can increase water recovery for CDI to very high values of ∼90% and can improve thermodynamic efficiency by about 2- to 3-fold compared to conventional constant flowrate operation. Importantly, this is achieved with minimal performance reductions in salt removal, energy consumption, and volume throughput. Our work highlights that water recovery can be readily improved for CDI at very minimal additional cost using simple flow control schemes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashwin Ramachandran
- Department of Aeronautics & Astronautics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, United States
| | - Diego I Oyarzun
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, United States
| | - Steven A Hawks
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, CA, 94550, United States
| | - Michael Stadermann
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, CA, 94550, United States
| | - Juan G Santiago
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, United States.
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45
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Yoon H, Lee J, Kim S, Yoon J. Review of concepts and applications of electrochemical ion separation (EIONS) process. Sep Purif Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2018.12.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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46
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Influence of various experimental parameters on the capacitive removal of phosphate from aqueous solutions using LDHs/AC composite electrodes. Sep Purif Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2019.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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47
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Wang L, Dykstra JE, Lin S. Energy Efficiency of Capacitive Deionization. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:3366-3378. [PMID: 30802038 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b04858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Capacitive deionization (CDI) as a class of electrochemical desalination has attracted fast-growing research interest in recent years. A significant part of this growing interest is arguably attributable to the premise that CDI is energy efficient and has the potential to outcompete other conventional desalination technologies. In this review, systematic evaluation of literature data reveals that while the absolute energy consumption of CDI is in general low, most existing CDI systems achieve limited energy efficiency from a thermodynamic perspective. We also analyze the causes for the relatively low energy efficiency and discuss factors that may lead to enhanced energy efficiency for CDI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Wang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering , Vanderbilt University , Nashville , Tennessee 37235-1831 , United States
| | - J E Dykstra
- Department of Environmental Technology , Wageningen University , Bornse Weilanden 9 , 6708 WG Wageningen , The Netherlands
| | - Shihong Lin
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering , Vanderbilt University , Nashville , Tennessee 37235-1831 , United States
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering , Vanderbilt University , Nashville , Tennessee 37235-1604 , United States
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48
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Hawks SA, Ramachandran A, Porada S, Campbell PG, Suss ME, Biesheuvel PM, Santiago JG, Stadermann M. Performance metrics for the objective assessment of capacitive deionization systems. WATER RESEARCH 2019; 152:126-137. [PMID: 30665159 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2018.10.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Revised: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/28/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In the growing field of capacitive deionization (CDI), a number of performance metrics have emerged to describe the desalination process. Unfortunately, the separation conditions under which these metrics are measured are often not specified, resulting in optimal performance at minimal removal. Here we outline a system of performance metrics and reporting conditions that resolves this issue. Our proposed system is based on volumetric energy consumption (Wh/m3) and throughput productivity (L/h/m2) reported for a specific average concentration reduction, water recovery, and feed salinity. To facilitate and rationalize comparisons between devices, materials, and operation modes, we propose a nominal standard separation of removing 5 mM from a 20 mM NaCl feed solution at 50% water recovery. We propose this particular separation as a standard, but emphasize that the rationale presented here applies irrespective of separation details. Using our proposed separation, we compare the desalination performance of a flow-through electrode (fte-CDI) cell and a flow between membrane (fb-MCDI) device, showing how significantly different systems can be compared in terms of generally desirable desalination characteristics. In general, we find that performance analysis must be considered carefully so to not allow for ambiguous separation conditions or the maximization of one metric at the expense of another. Additionally, for context and clarity, we discuss a number of important underlying performance indicators and cell characteristics that are not performance measures in and of themselves but can be examined to better understand differences in performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven A Hawks
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, CA, United States
| | - Ashwin Ramachandran
- Department of Aeronautics & Astronautics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, United States
| | - Slawomir Porada
- Wetsus, European Centre of Excellence for Sustainable Water Technology, Oostergoweg 9, 8911 MA, Leeuwarden, The Netherlands; Soft Matter, Fluidics and Interfaces Group, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, Meander ME 314, 7500 AE, Enschede, the Netherlands
| | - Patrick G Campbell
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, CA, United States
| | - Matthew E Suss
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - P M Biesheuvel
- Wetsus, European Centre of Excellence for Sustainable Water Technology, Oostergoweg 9, 8911 MA, Leeuwarden, The Netherlands
| | - Juan G Santiago
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, United States
| | - Michael Stadermann
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, CA, United States.
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49
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Cho Y, Yoo CY, Lee SW, Yoon H, Lee KS, Yang S, Kim DK. Flow-electrode capacitive deionization with highly enhanced salt removal performance utilizing high-aspect ratio functionalized carbon nanotubes. WATER RESEARCH 2019; 151:252-259. [PMID: 30605773 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2018.11.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Revised: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Flow-electrode-based capacitive deionization (FCDI) has attracted much attention owing to its continuous and scalable desalination process without the need for a discharging step, which is required in conventional fixed-electrode capacitive deionization. However, flow electrode slurry is poorly conductive, which restricts desalination performance, but higher carbon mass loading in the slurry could improve salt removal capacity due to enhanced connectivity. However, increased viscosity restricts higher loading of active materials. Herein, we report a significant increase in salt removal performance by introducing functionalized carbon nanotubes (FCNTs) into activated carbon (AC)-based flow electrodes, which led to the generation of conducting bridges between AC particles. The salt removal rate in the presence of 0.25 wt% FCNT with 5 wt% AC improved four-fold from that obtained with only 5 wt% AC, which is the highest value reported in the literature so far (from 1.45 to 5.72 mmol/m2s, at a saline water concentration of 35.0 g/L and applied potential of 1.2 V). Further, FCNTs with a high aspect ratio (∼50,000) can more effectively enhance salt removal than low-aspect ratio FCNTs (∼1300). Electrochemical analysis further confirms that the addition of FCNTs can efficiently form a connecting percolation network, thus enhancing the conductivity of the flow electrode slurry for the practical application of highly efficient desalination systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Younghyun Cho
- Department of Energy Systems, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, 31538, Republic of Korea.
| | - Chung-Yul Yoo
- Energy Efficiency and Materials Research Division, Korea Institute of Energy Research, 152 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 305-343, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Woo Lee
- The George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Hana Yoon
- Energy Efficiency and Materials Research Division, Korea Institute of Energy Research, 152 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 305-343, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Sook Lee
- Energy Efficiency and Materials Research Division, Korea Institute of Energy Research, 152 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 305-343, Republic of Korea
| | - SeungCheol Yang
- Jeju Global Research Center, Korea Institute of Energy Research, 200 Haemajihean-ro, 695-971, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Kook Kim
- Energy Efficiency and Materials Research Division, Korea Institute of Energy Research, 152 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 305-343, Republic of Korea
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Tang W, Liang J, He D, Gong J, Tang L, Liu Z, Wang D, Zeng G. Various cell architectures of capacitive deionization: Recent advances and future trends. WATER RESEARCH 2019; 150:225-251. [PMID: 30528919 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2018.11.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Revised: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Substantial consumption and widespread contamination of the available freshwater resources necessitate a continuing search for sustainable, cost-effective and energy-efficient technologies for reclaiming this valuable life-sustaining liquid. With these key advantages, capacitive deionization (CDI) has emerged as a promising technology for the facile removal of ions or other charged species from aqueous solutions via capacitive effects or Faradaic interactions, and is currently being actively explored for water treatment with particular applications in water desalination and wastewater remediation. Over the past decade, the CDI research field has progressed enormously with a constant spring-up of various cell architectures assembled with either capacitive electrodes or battery electrodes, specifically including flow-by CDI, membrane CDI, flow-through CDI, inverted CDI, flow-electrode CDI, hybrid CDI, desalination battery and cation intercalation desalination. This article presents a timely and comprehensive review on the recent advances of various CDI cell architectures, particularly the flow-by CDI and membrane CDI with their key research activities subdivided into materials, application, operational mode, cell design, Faradaic reactions and theoretical models. Moreover, we discuss the challenges remaining in the understanding and perfection of various CDI cell architectures and put forward the prospects and directions for CDI future development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wangwang Tang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China.
| | - Jie Liang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Di He
- Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Jilai Gong
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Lin Tang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Zhifeng Liu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Dongbo Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Guangming Zeng
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China.
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