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Phillips WT, Schwartz JG. Nasal turbinate lymphatic obstruction: a proposed new paradigm in the etiology of essential hypertension. Front Med (Lausanne) 2024; 11:1380632. [PMID: 39219790 PMCID: PMC11362006 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2024.1380632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 08/07/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Hypertension affects an estimated 1.3 billion people worldwide and is considered the number one contributor to mortality via stroke, heart failure, renal failure, and dementia. Although the physiologic mechanisms leading to the development of essential hypertension are poorly understood, the regulation of cerebral perfusion has been proposed as a primary cause. This article proposes a novel etiology for essential hypertension. Our hypothesis developed from a review of nuclear medicine scans, where the authors observed a significantly abnormal increase in nasal turbinate vasodilation in hypertensive patients using quantitative region of interest analysis. The authors propose that nasal turbinate vasodilation and resultant blood pooling obstruct the flow of cerebrospinal fluid passing through nasal turbinate lymphatics, thereby increasing intracranial pressure. The authors discuss the glymphatic/lymphatic clearance system which is impaired with age, and at which time hypertension also develops. The increased intracranial pressure leads to compensatory hypertension via Cushing's mechanism, i.e., the selfish brain hypothesis. The nasal turbinate vasodilation, due to increased parasympathetic activity, occurs simultaneously along with the well-established increased sympathetic activity of the cardiovascular system. The increased parasympathetic activity is likely due to an autonomic imbalance secondary to the increase in worldwide consumption of processed food. This hypothesis explains the rapid worldwide rise in essential hypertension in the last 50 years and offers a novel mechanism and a new paradigm for the etiology of essential hypertension. This new paradigm offers compelling evidence for the modulation of parasympathetic nervous system activity as a novel treatment strategy, specifically targeting nasal turbinate regulation, to treat diseases such as hypertension, idiopathic intracranial hypertension, and degenerative brain diseases. The proposed mechanism of essential hypertension presented in this paper is a working hypothesis and confirmatory studies will be needed.
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Abd-Eldayem AM, Makram SM, Messiha BAS, Abd-Elhafeez HH, Abdel-Reheim MA. Cyclosporine-induced kidney damage was halted by sitagliptin and hesperidin via increasing Nrf2 and suppressing TNF-α, NF-κB, and Bax. Sci Rep 2024; 14:7434. [PMID: 38548778 PMCID: PMC10978894 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-57300-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Cyclosporine A (CsA) is employed for organ transplantation and autoimmune disorders. Nephrotoxicity is a serious side effect that hampers the therapeutic use of CsA. Hesperidin and sitagliptin were investigated for their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and tissue-protective properties. We aimed to investigate and compare the possible nephroprotective effects of hesperidin and sitagliptin. Male Wistar rats were utilized for induction of CsA nephrotoxicity (20 mg/kg/day, intraperitoneally for 7 days). Animals were treated with sitagliptin (10 mg/kg/day, orally for 14 days) or hesperidin (200 mg/kg/day, orally for 14 days). Blood urea, serum creatinine, albumin, cystatin-C (CYS-C), myeloperoxidase (MPO), and glucose were measured. The renal malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH), catalase, and SOD were estimated. Renal TNF-α protein expression was evaluated. Histopathological examination and immunostaining study of Bax, Nrf-2, and NF-κB were performed. Sitagliptin or hesperidin attenuated CsA-mediated elevations of blood urea, serum creatinine, CYS-C, glucose, renal MDA, and MPO, and preserved the serum albumin, renal catalase, SOD, and GSH. They reduced the expressions of TNF-α, Bax, NF-κB, and pathological kidney damage. Nrf2 expression in the kidney was raised. Hesperidin or sitagliptin could protect the kidney against CsA through the mitigation of oxidative stress, apoptosis, and inflammation. Sitagliptin proved to be more beneficial than hesperidin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed M Abd-Eldayem
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt.
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Merit University, Sohâg, Egypt.
| | | | | | - Hanan H Abd-Elhafeez
- Department of Cell and Tissue, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Mustafa Ahmed Abdel-Reheim
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni Suef, Egypt
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Shaqra University, Shaqra, Saudi Arabia
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Salman UA, Schwartz JG, McMahan AC, Michalek JE, Phillips WT. Rapid Gastric emptying in spontaneously hypertensive rats. J Hypertens 2024; 42:572-578. [PMID: 38088427 DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0000000000003640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the rate of gastric emptying in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and to evaluate rapid gastric emptying as a possible predisposing factor for hypertension. Rapid gastric emptying of carbohydrates, known to elevate postprandial serum glucose, has been reported to occur in many insulin-resistant states, including hypertension. SHR exhibit insulin resistance similar to human hypertensive patients. No prior studies have assessed gastric emptying of an oral glucose solution in SHR as compared with control Wistar Kyoto rats (WKY). METHODS Using scintigraphic imaging, gastric emptying of a physiologic, orally consumed glucose solution was assessed in 12 SHR and 12 control WKY at 5 weeks of age, prior to the development of hypertension, and at 12 weeks of age after hypertension was fully established. RESULTS At 5 weeks, the gastric half-emptying time (GHET) was 67.8 ± 9.8 min for the SHR vs. 109.3 ± 18 ( P = 0.042) minutes for the WKY controls. At 12 weeks, the GHET was 37.29 ± 10.3 min for the SHR vs. 138.53 ± 37.6 ( P = 0.016) min for the WKY controls. CONCLUSION Gastric emptying was significantly more rapid in the SHR before and after the development of hypertension. Even though SHR are known to have increased sympathetic activity associated with their development of hypertension, this increased sympathetic activity does not inhibit gastric emptying. SHR are a promising animal model for investigating therapeutic agents for treating hypertension aimed at slowing the rate of gastric emptying.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Joel E Michalek
- Department of Population Health Sciences, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
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Montaniel KRC, Bucher M, Phillips EA, Li C, Sullivan EL, Kievit P, Rugonyi S, Nathanielsz PW, Maloyan A. Dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibition delays developmental programming of obesity and metabolic disease in male offspring of obese mothers. J Dev Orig Health Dis 2022; 13:727-740. [PMID: 35068408 PMCID: PMC9308839 DOI: 10.1017/s2040174422000010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Maternal obesity programs the offspring to metabolic diseases later in life; however, the mechanisms of programming are yet unclear, and no strategies exist for addressing its detrimental transgenerational effects. Obesity has been linked to dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPPIV), an adipokine, and treatment of obese individuals with DPPIV inhibitors has been reported to prevent weight gain and improve metabolism. We hypothesized that DPPIV plays a role in maternal obesity-mediated programming. We measured plasma DPPIV activity in human maternal and cord blood samples from normal-weight and obese mothers at term. We found that maternal obesity increases maternal and cord blood plasma DPPIV activity but only in male offspring. Using two non-human primate models of maternal obesity, we confirmed the activation of DPPIV in the offspring of obese mothers. We then created a mouse model of maternal high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity, and found an early-life increase in plasma DPPIV activity in male offspring. Activation of DPPIV preceded the progression of obesity, glucose intolerance and insulin resistance in male offspring of HFD-fed mothers. We then administered sitagliptin, DPPIV inhibitor, to regular diet (RD)- and HFD-fed mothers, starting a week prior to breeding and continuing throughout pregnancy and lactation. We found that sitagliptin treatment of HFD-fed mothers delayed the progression of obesity and metabolic diseases in male offspring and had no effects on females. Our findings reveal that maternal obesity dysregulates plasma DPPIV activity in males and provide evidence that maternal inhibition of DPPIV has potential for addressing the transgenerational effects of maternal obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Ramil C. Montaniel
- Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97232, USA
- Physiology and Pharmacology Graduate Program, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97232, USA
| | - Matthew Bucher
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97232, USA
| | - Elysse A. Phillips
- Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97232, USA
| | - Cun Li
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute and Southwest National Primate Research Center, San Antonio, TX, 78227, USA
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, 82071, USA
| | - Elinor L. Sullivan
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, 97006, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, 97006, USA
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97232, USA
| | - Paul Kievit
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, 97006, USA
| | - Sandra Rugonyi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97232, USA
| | - Peter W. Nathanielsz
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute and Southwest National Primate Research Center, San Antonio, TX, 78227, USA
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, 82071, USA
| | - Alina Maloyan
- Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97232, USA
- Physiology and Pharmacology Graduate Program, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97232, USA
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Mohammad BD, Baig MS, Bhandari N, Siddiqui FA, Khan SL, Ahmad Z, Khan FS, Tagde P, Jeandet P. Heterocyclic Compounds as Dipeptidyl Peptidase-IV Inhibitors with Special Emphasis on Oxadiazoles as Potent Anti-Diabetic Agents. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27186001. [PMID: 36144735 PMCID: PMC9502781 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27186001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 09/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Dipeptidyl peptidase-IV (DPP-IV) inhibitors, often known as gliptins, have been used to treat type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). They may be combined with other medications as an additional treatment or used alone as a monotherapy. In addition to insulin, sulfonylureas, thiazolidinediones, and metformin, these molecules appear as possible therapeutic options. Oxadiazole rings have been employed in numerous different ways during drug development efforts. It has been shown that including them in the pharmacophore increases the amount of ligand that may be bound. The exceptional hydrogen bond acceptor properties of oxadiazoles and the distinct hydrocarbon bonding potential of their regioisomers have been established. Beside their anti-diabetic effects, oxadiazoles display a wide range of pharmacological properties. In this study, we made the assumption that molecules containing oxadiazole rings may afford a different approach to the treatment of diabetes, not only for controlling glycemic levels but also for preventing atherosclerosis progression and other complications associated with diabetes. It was observed that oxadiazole fusion with benzothiazole, 5-(2,5,2-trifluoroethoxy) phenyl, β-homophenylalanine, 2-methyl-2-{5-(4-chlorophenyl), diamine-bridged bis-coumarinyl, 5-aryl-2-(6′-nitrobenzofuran-2′-yl), nitrobenzofuran, and/or oxindole leads to potential anti-diabetic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Badrud Duza Mohammad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, G R T Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, GRT Mahalakshmi Nagar, Tiruttani 631209, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Mirza Shahed Baig
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Y. B. Chavan College of Pharmacy, Aurangabad 431001, Maharashtra, India
| | - Neeraj Bhandari
- Arni School of Pharmacy, Arni University, Kathgarh, Indora 176401, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Falak A. Siddiqui
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, N.B.S. Institute of Pharmacy, Ausa 413520, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sharuk L. Khan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, N.B.S. Institute of Pharmacy, Ausa 413520, Maharashtra, India
- Correspondence: (S.L.K.); (P.J.)
| | - Zubair Ahmad
- Unit of Bee Research and Honey Production, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University, P.O. Box 9004, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia
- Biology Department, College of Arts and Sciences, Dehran Al-Junub, King Khalid University, P.O. Box 9004, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia
| | - Farhat S. Khan
- Biology Department, College of Arts and Sciences, Dehran Al-Junub, King Khalid University, P.O. Box 9004, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia
| | - Priti Tagde
- Patel College of Pharmacy, Madhyanchal Professional University, Bhopal 462044, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Philippe Jeandet
- Research Unit Induced Resistance and Plant Bioprotection, University of Reims, USC INRAe 1488, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, 51687 Reims, France
- Correspondence: (S.L.K.); (P.J.)
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GLP-1 Receptor Agonists in Diabetic Kidney Disease: From Physiology to Clinical Outcomes. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10173955. [PMID: 34501404 PMCID: PMC8432108 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10173955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is one of the most common complications in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) and a major cause of morbidity and mortality in diabetes. Despite the widespread use of nephroprotective treatment of T2D, the incidence of DKD is increasing, and it is expected to become the fifth cause of death worldwide within 20 years. Previous studies have demonstrated that GLP-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RA) have improved macrovascular and microvascular outcomes independent of glycemic differences, including DKD. GLP-1Ras’ improvement on kidney physiology is mediated by natriuresis, reduction in hyperfiltration and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) activity and anti-inflammatory properties. These findings translate into improved clinical outcomes such as an enhanced urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio (UACR) and a reduction in renal impairment and the need for renal replacement therapies (RRT). In this article, we review the role of GLP-1RAs on the mechanisms and effect in DKD and their clinical efficacy.
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Abouelkheir M. Evaluation of Dual Inhibitory Effect of Anagliptin, Ramipril, and Lisinopril on Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme and DPP-4 Activities. Curr Mol Pharmacol 2021; 15:582-588. [PMID: 34077352 DOI: 10.2174/1874467214666210601104117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We previously tested two angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and two dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors for dual enzyme inhibitory effect. Only two DPP-4 inhibitors, linagliptin and sitagliptin, were able to inhibit ACE. OBJECTIVE In the present study, we investigated if other inhibitors of ACE or DPP-4 could simultaneously inhibit the activities of both DPP-4 and ACE. METHODS Forty Sprague Dawley rats were used. The control group received saline only. The other three groups were treated with anagliptin, ramipril, or lisinopril. Two different doses were tested, separated with a 6-day drug-free interval. Angiotensin II (ang II) levels, the activities of ACE, and DPP-4 were measured from blood samples at baseline and days 1, 10, and 14. After the oral glucose challenge, levels of the active form of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) were measured. RESULTS Regardless of the dose, anagliptin did not show any inhibitory effect on the activity of ACE or ang II levels. For ramipril and lisinopril, only a high dose of lisinopril was able to produce a modest reduction of the DPP-4 activity, but it was not enough to inhibit the inactivation of GLP-1. CONCLUSION It seems that while most ACE inhibitors cannot affect DPP-4 activity, inhibitors of DPP-4 vary in their effect on ACE activity. The selection of DPP-4 inhibitors under different clinical situations should take into account the action of these drugs on ACE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Abouelkheir
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Jouf University, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia
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8
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Mohsen M, Elberry AA, Mohamed Rabea A, Abdelrahim MEA, Hussein RRS. Saxagliptin and vildagliptin lowered albuminuria in patients with diabetes and hypertension independent on glycaemic control. Int J Clin Pract 2021; 75:e13769. [PMID: 33068301 DOI: 10.1111/ijcp.13769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 09/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Preclinical data illustrated that the dipeptidyl peptidase-4(DPP-4) inhibitors did lower urinary albumin excretion in diabetes-induced rats. We evaluated the effects of saxagliptin and vildagliptin on albuminuria in patients with diabetic nephropathy on top of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) blockade therapy. METHODS This study included 120 patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D), hypertension, and prevalent albuminuria [defined as urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio (UACR) 30-3000mg/g creatinine] on a stable dose of olmesartan as a standard RAAS blocker for diabetic nephropathy. Patients were assigned to receive either of saxagliptin 5mg/day (n = 40), vildagliptin 100mg/day (n = 40), or traditional antidiabetic therapy as control patients (n = 40) for 12 weeks. RESULTS Each of saxagliptin and vildagliptin significantly reduced albuminuria after 12 weeks, with mean percentage changes (%) of -57.9% [95% confidence interval (CI) -66.1 to -49.8], and -55.2% (95% CI -64.9 to -45.4); P < .001, respectively, compared with the control group. Significantly, saxagliptin shifted higher proportions of patients towards lower albuminuria categories (P < .001) compared with vildagliptin despite a similar UACR rate of changes. Results of binary logistic models confirmed that the change in UACR because saxagliptin was independent of changes in systolic blood pressure (SBP), glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c ), estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), or body weight (overall regression: P = .002, R2 = 0.398) vs control. Likewise, vildagliptin reduced UACR independently on other confounders (overall regression: P = .002, R2 = 0.388). Furthermore, no significant correlation was observed between the change in UACR and changes in HbA1c, SBP or eGFR with either saxagliptin or vildagliptin (Pearson coefficients: 0.203, 0.143, -0.190; P > .05, and 0.003, 0.241, 0.019; P > .05, respectively). CONCLUSIONS DPP-4 inhibitors, saxagliptin, and vildagliptin, resulted in substantial reductions in albuminuria in patients with T2D and hypertension on top of RAAS blockade after short term therapy independently on glycaemic or hemodynamic changes. Saxagliptin was superior to vildagliptin in albuminuria-categorical shifting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwa Mohsen
- Clinical Pharmacy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Ahmed A Elberry
- Clinical Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Alaa Mohamed Rabea
- Internal Medicine and Nephrology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Mohamed E A Abdelrahim
- Clinical Pharmacy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Raghda R S Hussein
- Clinical Pharmacy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
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Fan SH, Xiong QF, Wang L, Zhang LH, Shi YW. Glucagon-like peptide 1 treatment reverses vascular remodelling by downregulating matrix metalloproteinase 1 expression through inhibition of the ERK1/2/NF-κB signalling pathway. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2020; 518:111005. [PMID: 32877753 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2020.111005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2020] [Revised: 08/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In addition to serving as an incretin-based treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) can also reverse cardiovascular diseases caused by vascular remodelling. However, a detailed mechanism underlying how GLP-1 reverses vascular remodelling remains unclear. Here, Spontaneous hypertension rats (SHR) were used as an in vivo model of vascular remodelling. Treatment with a GLP-1 receptor (GLP-1R) agonist Liraglutide or dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4) inhibitor Alogliptin decreased systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), thickness of vascular wall, and overall collagen levels in SHR. In vitro vascular remodelling can be induced by exposing rat aortic smooth muscle cells (RASMC) to angiotensin II (Ang II); GLP-1 treatment attenuated AngII induction of RASMC proliferation, migration, and excessive extracellular matrix (ECM) degradation. Downregulation of matrix metalloproteinase 1 (MMP1) enhanced the inhibitory effects of GLP-1, and extracellular regulated protein kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) and nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) signalling participated in these processes. These results provide a new mechanistic understanding of key therapeutic strategies for the treatment of vascular remodelling-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shao-Hua Fan
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering, Ministry of Education, Institute of Biotechnology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, Shanxi province, China
| | - Qian-Feng Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering, Ministry of Education, Institute of Biotechnology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, Shanxi province, China; Department of Cardiology, Fengcheng People's Hospital, Fengcheng, 331100, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering, Ministry of Education, Institute of Biotechnology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, Shanxi province, China
| | - Li-Hui Zhang
- Department of Geriatrics, Shanxi Bethune Hospital Affiliated to Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030006, Shanxi province, China.
| | - Ya-Wei Shi
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering, Ministry of Education, Institute of Biotechnology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, Shanxi province, China.
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Berra C, Manfrini R, Regazzoli D, Radaelli MG, Disoteo O, Sommese C, Fiorina P, Ambrosio G, Folli F. Blood pressure control in type 2 diabetes mellitus with arterial hypertension. The important ancillary role of SGLT2-inhibitors and GLP1-receptor agonists. Pharmacol Res 2020; 160:105052. [PMID: 32650058 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.105052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus and arterial hypertension are major cardiovascular risks factors which shares metabolic and haemodynamic abnormalities as well as pathophysiological mechanisms. The simultaneous presence of diabetes and arterial hypertension increases the risk of left ventricular hypertrophy, congestive heart failure, and stroke, as compared to either condition alone. A number of guidelines recommend lifestyle measures such as salt restriction, weight reduction and ideal body weight mainteinance, regular physical activity and smoking cessation, together with moderation of alcohol consumption and high intake of vegetables and fruits, as the basis for reduction of blood pressure and prevention of CV diseases. Despite the availability of multiple drugs effective for hypertension, BP targets are reached in only 50 % of patients, with even fewer individuals with T2DM-achieving goals. It is established that new emerging classes of type 2 diabetes mellitus treatment, SGLT2 inhibitors and GLP1-receptor agonists, are efficacious on glucose control, and safe in reducing HbA1c significantly, without increasing hypoglycemic episodes. Furthermore, in recent years, many CVOT trials have demonstrated, using GLP1-RA or SGLT2-inihibitors compared to placebo (in combination with the usual diabetes medications) important benefits on reducing MACE (cardio-cerebral vascular events) in the diabetic population. In this hypothesis-driven review, we have examined the anti-hypertensive effects of these novel molecules of the two different classes, in the diabetic population, and suggest that they could have an interesting ancillary role in controlling blood pressure in type 2 diabetic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Berra
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, IRCCS MultiMedica, Sesto San Giovanni, Milan, Italy.
| | - R Manfrini
- Departmental Unit of Diabetes and Metabolic Disease, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, Milan, Italy
| | - D Regazzoli
- Department of Cardiovascular Disease, Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - M G Radaelli
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, IRCCS MultiMedica, Sesto San Giovanni, Milan, Italy
| | - O Disoteo
- Endocrinology and Diabetology Service, ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy
| | - C Sommese
- IRCCS MultiMedica, Sesto San Giovanni, Milan, Italy
| | - P Fiorina
- University of Milano, Milan, Italy; TID International Center, Invernizzi Research Center, Milan, Italy; Endocrinology and Diabetology Unit, ASST Fatebenefratelli-Sacco, Luigi Sacco Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - G Ambrosio
- University of Perugia School of Medicine, Perugia, Italy
| | - F Folli
- Departmental Unit of Diabetes and Metabolic Disease, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, Milan, Italy; University of Milano, Milan, Italy; Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Health Science University of Milano, Italy
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11
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Yaribeygi H, Maleki M, Sathyapalan T, Jamialahmadi T, Sahebkar A. Incretin-based therapies and renin-angiotensin system: Looking for new therapeutic potentials in the diabetic milieu. Life Sci 2020; 256:117916. [PMID: 32534034 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.117916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Incretin-based therapies include pharmacologic agents such as glucagon like peptide-1 receptor agonists and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors which exert potent anti-hyperglycemic effects in the diabetic milieu. They are also shown to have extra-pancreatic effects. Renin-angiotensin system is part of the endocrine system which is widely distributed in the body and is closely involved in water and electrolyte homeostasis as well as renal and cardiovascular functions. Hence the renin-angiotensin system is the main target for treating patients with various renal and cardiovascular disorders. There is growing evidence that incretins have modulatory effects on renin-angiotensin system activity; thereby, can be promising therapeutic agents for the management of renal and cardiovascular disorders. But the exact molecular interactions between incretins and renin-angiotensin system are not clearly understood. In this current study, we have reviewed the possible molecular mechanisms by which incretins modulate renin-angiotensin system activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Habib Yaribeygi
- Research Center of Physiology, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran.
| | - Mina Maleki
- Chronic Kidney Disease Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Thozhukat Sathyapalan
- Academic Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hull York Medical School, University of Hull
| | - Tannaz Jamialahmadi
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Food Science and Technology, Quchan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Quchan, Iran; Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Halal Research Center of IRI, FDA, Tehran, Iran; Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad 9177948564, Iran.
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12
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Abouelkheir M, El-Metwally TH. Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors can inhibit angiotensin converting enzyme. Eur J Pharmacol 2019; 862:172638. [PMID: 31491403 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2019.172638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Revised: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Angiotensin-1 converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) improve insulin sensitivity. Inhibitors of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) are anti-diabetic drugs with several cardio-renal effects. Both ACE and DPP-4 share common features. Thus, we tested if they could be inhibited by one inhibitor. First, in silico screening was used to investigate the ability of different DPP-4 inhibitors or ACEIs to interact with DPP-4 and ACE. The results of screening were then extrapolated into animal study. Fifty Sprague Dawley rats were randomly assigned into 5 groups treated with vehicle, captopril, enalapril, linagliptin or sitagliptin. Both low and high doses of each drug were tested. Baseline blood samples and samples at days 1, 8, 10, 14 were used to measure plasma DPP-4 and ACE activities and angiotensin II levels. Active glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) levels were measured after oral glucose challenge. All tested DPP-4 inhibitors could interact with ACE at a relatively reasonable binding energy while most of the ACEIs only interacted with DPP-4 at a predicted high inhibition constant. In rats, high dose of sitagliptin was able to inhibit ACE activity and reduce angiotensin II levels while linagliptin had only a mild effect. ACEIs did not significantly affect DPP-4 activity or prevent GLP-1 degradation. It seems that some DPP-4 inhibitors could inhibit ACE and this could partially explain the cardio-renal effects of these drugs. Further studies are required to determine if such inhibition could take place in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Abouelkheir
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicines, Jouf University, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia; Pharmacology department, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt.
| | - Tarek H El-Metwally
- Departments of Medical Biochemistry, Jouf University, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia; Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
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13
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Sood A, Swislocki A. Nonglycemic Effects of GLP-1 Agonists: From a Starling to Lizards to People. Metab Syndr Relat Disord 2019; 17:303-313. [PMID: 31145029 DOI: 10.1089/met.2018.0134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
With the approval of exenatide in 2005, physicians had a new class of hypoglycemic agents available for the treatment of type 2 diabetes-the glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (or GLP-1 receptor agonists). As of this writing, there are seven drugs in this class available in the United States. In addition to demonstrating either cardiovascular risk neutrality or overt benefit, as now mandated by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA), many of these drugs have other, unexpected actions. It is our goal to outline these actions, some beneficial, some not. We have reviewed English-language articles in this area, not for an exhaustive study, but rather a broad search to define current understanding and perhaps generate further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajay Sood
- 1Medical Service, VA Northern California Health Care System, Martinez, California.,2Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, UC Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, California
| | - Arthur Swislocki
- 1Medical Service, VA Northern California Health Care System, Martinez, California.,2Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, UC Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, California
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14
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Liakos A, Lambadiari V, Bargiota A, Kitsios K, Avramidis I, Kotsa K, Gerou S, Boura P, Tentolouris N, Dimitriadis G, Tsapas A. Effect of liraglutide on ambulatory blood pressure in patients with hypertension and type 2 diabetes: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Diabetes Obes Metab 2019; 21:517-524. [PMID: 30242948 DOI: 10.1111/dom.13541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Revised: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
AIMS To assess the effect of liraglutide on 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure and heart rate in patients with hypertension (pre- and stage 1 hypertension) and inadequately controlled Type 2 diabetes (glycated haemoglobin 7%-10% [53-86 mmol/mol]). MATERIALS AND METHODS Eligible patients for this investigator-initiated, parallel-group, randomized, double-blind trial were on stable background antihyperglycaemic therapy excluding insulin, glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists and dipeptidyl-peptidase-4 inhibitors. Participants were centrally randomized in a 1:1 ratio to daily liraglutide 0.6 mg, titrated to 1.2 mg after the first week, or placebo for 5 weeks. The primary outcome was change in 24-hour ambulatory systolic blood pressure (SBP), and secondary outcomes included change in ambulatory diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and heart rate. We also assessed renal sodium handling. RESULTS Of 87 patients assessed for eligibility, 62 (66.1% men) with a mean age of 60.2 years were randomized to liraglutide (n = 31) or placebo (n = 31). All participants received background therapy with metformin, whilst 35.5% were treated concomitantly with sulphonylureas and 14.5% with pioglitazone. Compared with placebo, liraglutide reduced 24-hour SBP by -5.73 mm Hg (95% confidence interval [CI] -9.81 to -1.65) and had a neutral effect on 24-hour DBP (mean difference - 1.42 mm Hg; 95% CI -4.25 to 1.40), whilst increasing 24-hour heart rate by 6.16 beats/min (95% CI 3.25 to 9.07). Findings were consistent for daytime and night-time measurements. Liraglutide did not increase urine sodium excretion. CONCLUSION Based on 24-hour ambulatory measurements, short-term treatment with liraglutide had a favourable effect on SBP whilst increasing heart rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aris Liakos
- Second Medical Department, Aristotle University Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Vaia Lambadiari
- Research Institute and Diabetes Center, Second Department of Internal Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Alexandra Bargiota
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, University of Thessaly, Larisa, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Kitsios
- Second Medical Department, Aristotle University Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Iakovos Avramidis
- First Medical Department, G. Papanikolaou General Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Kalliopi Kotsa
- Division of Endocrinology-Diabetes, First Department of Internal Medicine, Aristotle University Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | | | - Panagiota Boura
- Second Medical Department, Aristotle University Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Tentolouris
- First Department of Propedeutic and Internal Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - George Dimitriadis
- Research Institute and Diabetes Center, Second Department of Internal Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Apostolos Tsapas
- Second Medical Department, Aristotle University Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
- Harris Manchester College, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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15
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Abdelrahman AM, Suleimani YA, Za'abi MA, Ashique M, Manoj P, Hartmann C, Nemmar A, Schupp N, Ali BH. The renoprotective effect of the dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor sitagliptin on adenine-induced kidney disease in rats. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 110:667-676. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.11.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2018] [Revised: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
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16
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Tonneijck L, Muskiet MHA, Twisk JW, Kramer MHH, Danser AHJ, Joles JA, Smits MM, van Raalte DH. Lixisenatide Versus Insulin Glulisine on Fasting and Postbreakfast Systemic Hemodynamics in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients. Hypertension 2018; 72:314-322. [PMID: 29915021 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.117.10740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Revised: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The prolonged treatment effects of a short-acting GLP-1RA (glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist), such as lixisenatide, on fasting and postprandial systemic hemodynamics in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients are unknown. In this secondary analysis, we included 34 overweight insulin glargine-treated type 2 diabetes mellitus patients (mean±SD age, 62±7 years; HbA1c, 8.0±0.9%; systolic blood pressure [BP], 133.9±16.1 mm Hg; diastolic BP, 75.4±8.39 mm Hg) that were randomized to once-daily lixisenatide 20 μg or once-daily titrated insulin glulisine for 8 weeks. Systemic hemodynamics (oscillometric device and finger photoplethysmography), arterial stiffness (applanation tonometry), and cardiac sympathovagal balance (heart rate variability) were measured in the fasting state and repetitively (up to minute 175) after a standardized mixed breakfast. Acetaminophen was given orally to estimate gastric emptying rate. Lixisenatide did not affect fasting systemic hemodynamics compared with insulin glulisine from baseline to week 8. Postbreakfast overall, lixisenatide compared with insulin glulisine tended to increase systolic BP by 5.2±2.9 mm Hg (P=0.087) and increased diastolic BP by 5.4±1.4 mm Hg (P<0.001), with respective maximal differences of +10.2±3.7 mm Hg (P=0.007) and +7.2±1.5 mm Hg (P<0.001). Lixisenatide increased systemic vascular resistance (P<0.001) and arterial stiffness (P=0.007). No between-group differences in overall postbreakfast heart rate, cardiac output, or cardiac sympathovagal balance, and circulating catecholamines, angiotensin II, or aldosterone were observed. Both treatments lowered HbA1c similarly, whereas lixisenatide achieved greater reductions in postbreakfast plasma glucose excursions. Lixisenatide slowed gastric emptying rate, which statistically explained changes in postbreakfast BP. Lixisenatide compared with once-daily titrated insulin glulisine for 8 weeks does not affect fasting but increases postbreakfast BP in insulin glargine-treated type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. This effect could, at least in part, be explained by reduced passage rate of nutrients and water and activation of the gastrovascular reflex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lennart Tonneijck
- From the Department of Internal Medicine, Diabetes Center (L.T., M.H.A.M., M.H.H.K., M.M.S., D.H.v.R.)
| | - Marcel H A Muskiet
- From the Department of Internal Medicine, Diabetes Center (L.T., M.H.A.M., M.H.H.K., M.M.S., D.H.v.R.)
| | - Jos W Twisk
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.W.T.)
| | - Mark H H Kramer
- From the Department of Internal Medicine, Diabetes Center (L.T., M.H.A.M., M.H.H.K., M.M.S., D.H.v.R.)
| | - A H Jan Danser
- VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Division of Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands (A.H.J.D.)
| | - Jaap A Joles
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands (J.A.J.)
| | - Mark M Smits
- From the Department of Internal Medicine, Diabetes Center (L.T., M.H.A.M., M.H.H.K., M.M.S., D.H.v.R.)
| | - Daniël H van Raalte
- From the Department of Internal Medicine, Diabetes Center (L.T., M.H.A.M., M.H.H.K., M.M.S., D.H.v.R.)
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17
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Al Suleimani YM, Abdelrahman AM, Karaca T, Manoj P, Ashique M, Nemmar A, Ali BH. The effect of the dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor sitagliptin on gentamicin nephrotoxicity in mice. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 97:1102-1108. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.10.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2017] [Revised: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
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18
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Abstract
The gastrointestinal tract - the largest endocrine network in human physiology - orchestrates signals from the external environment to maintain neural and hormonal control of homeostasis. Advances in understanding entero-endocrine cell biology in health and disease have important translational relevance. The gut-derived incretin hormone glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) is secreted upon meal ingestion and controls glucose metabolism by modulating pancreatic islet cell function, food intake and gastrointestinal motility, amongst other effects. The observation that the insulinotropic actions of GLP-1 are reduced in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) led to the development of incretin-based therapies - GLP-1 receptor agonists and dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP-4) inhibitors - for the treatment of hyperglycaemia in these patients. Considerable interest exists in identifying effects of these drugs beyond glucose-lowering, possibly resulting in improved macrovascular and microvascular outcomes, including in diabetic kidney disease. As GLP-1 has been implicated as a mediator in the putative gut-renal axis (a rapid-acting feed-forward loop that regulates postprandial fluid and electrolyte homeostasis), direct actions on the kidney have been proposed. Here, we review the role of GLP-1 and the actions of associated therapies on glucose metabolism, the gut-renal axis, classical renal risk factors, and renal end points in randomized controlled trials of GLP-1 receptor agonists and DPP-4 inhibitors in patients with T2DM.
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19
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Hypertension in type 2 diabetes: impact of glucose-lowering medications. Cardiovasc Endocrinol 2016. [DOI: 10.1097/xce.0000000000000100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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20
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Tonneijck L, Smits MM, Muskiet MHA, Hoekstra T, Kramer MHH, Danser AHJ, Ter Wee PM, Diamant M, Joles JA, van Raalte DH. Renal Effects of DPP-4 Inhibitor Sitagliptin or GLP-1 Receptor Agonist Liraglutide in Overweight Patients With Type 2 Diabetes: A 12-Week, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial. Diabetes Care 2016; 39:2042-2050. [PMID: 27585605 DOI: 10.2337/dc16-1371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate effects of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor (DPP-4I) sitagliptin or glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist liraglutide treatment on renal hemodynamics, tubular functions, and markers of renal damage in overweight patients with type 2 diabetes without chronic kidney disease (CKD). RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS In this 12-week, randomized, double-blind trial, 55 insulin-naïve patients with type 2 diabetes (mean ± SEM: age 63 ± 7 years, BMI 31.8 ± 4.1 kg/m2, glomerular filtration rate [GFR] 83 ± 16 mL/min/1.73 m2; median [interquartile range]: albumin-to-creatinine ratio (ACR) 1.09 mg/mmol [0.47-3.31]) received sitagliptin (100 mg/day), liraglutide (1.8 mg/day), or matching placebos. GFR (primary end point) and effective renal plasma flow (ERPF) were determined by inulin and para-aminohippuric acid clearance, respectively. Intrarenal hemodynamic variables were estimated. Absolute and fractional excretions of sodium (FENa), potassium, and urea (FEU) and renal damage markers (ACR, neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin [NGAL], and kidney injury molecule-1 [KIM-1]) were measured. Plasma renin concentration (PRC) and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) were assessed. At weeks 2 and 6, estimated GFR and fractional electrolyte excretions were determined. RESULTS At week 12, GFR was not affected by sitagliptin (-6 mL/min/1.73 m2 [95% CI -14 to 3], P = 0.17) or liraglutide (+3 mL/min/1.73 m2 [-5 to 11], P = 0.46), compared with placebo. Sitagliptin modestly reduced estimated glomerular hydraulic pressure (PGLO; P = 0.043). ERPF, other intrarenal hemodynamic variables, renal damage markers, and PRC did not change for both treatments. Both agents reduced HbA1c. Only at week 2, sitagliptin increased FENa and FEU (P = 0.005). CONCLUSIONS Twelve-week treatment with sitagliptin or liraglutide does not affect measured renal hemodynamics. No sustained changes in tubular functions or alteration in renal damage markers were observed. The validity and clinical relevance of the slight sitagliptin-induced PGLO reduction remains speculative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lennart Tonneijck
- Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Mark M Smits
- Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Marcel H A Muskiet
- Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Trynke Hoekstra
- Department of Health Sciences and the EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Mark H H Kramer
- Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - A H Jan Danser
- Division of Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Piet M Ter Wee
- Department of Nephrology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Michaela Diamant
- Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jaap A Joles
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, University Medical Center, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Daniël H van Raalte
- Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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21
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Effects of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors on blood pressure in patients with type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Hypertens 2016; 34:167-75. [PMID: 26682782 DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0000000000000782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
This review was undertaken to assess the effects of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors on blood pressure (BP) in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM). We searched three main databases (PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus) for relevant articles. Randomized controlled trials which reported BP changes from baseline to study endpoint in patients with T2DM receiving treatment of DPP-4 inhibitors were included for analysis. Random effects models were used to measure the mean differences with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Fifteen trials involving 5636 participants were identified. When compared with placebo or nontreatment, DPP-4 inhibitors achieved greater reductions for both SBP (mean difference, -3.04 mmHg; 95% CI, -4.37 to -1.72; P < 0.00001) and DBP (mean difference, -1.47 mmHg; 95% CI, -1.79 to -1.15; P < 0.00001). But the BP-lowering effects of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors were more significant than those of DPP-4 inhibitors for both SBP (mean difference, 4.44 mmHg; 95% CI, 2.67-6.22; P < 0.00001) and DBP (mean difference, 2.15 mmHg; 95% CI, 1.08-3.21; P < 0.00001). No significant differences in BP changes were shown between DPP-4 inhibitors with other antidiabetic agents including glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists, pioglitazone, sulphonylureas, metformin, and α-glucosidase inhibitors. DPP-4 inhibitors may exert modest BP-lowering effects compared with placebo or nontreatment for patients with T2DM, but no significant BP improvement was seen with this drug class when compared with other antidiabetic medications.
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22
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Roca-Rodríguez MM, Muros de Fuentes MT, Piédrola-Maroto G, Quesada-Charneco M, Maraver-Selfa S, Tinahones FJ, Mancha-Doblas I. [Lixisenatide in patients with type 2 diabetes and obesity: Beyond glycaemic control]. Aten Primaria 2016; 49:294-299. [PMID: 27667144 PMCID: PMC6875984 DOI: 10.1016/j.aprim.2016.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Revised: 04/17/2016] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Objetivo Evaluar la tolerancia a lixisenatida y sus efectos sobre el peso y el control metabólico de pacientes con diabetes tipo 2 y obesidad. Diseño Estudio prospectivo. Emplazamiento Consultas de atención especializada de Endocrinología y Nutrición en Almería, Granada y Málaga. Participantes Pacientes con diabetes tipo 2 y obesidad. Intervenciones Respuesta y tolerancia al tratamiento con lixisenatida. Mediciones principales Se analizaron datos clínicos y analíticos con medidas de cambio intrasujeto antes-después del tratamiento. Resultados Evaluamos 104 pacientes (51% mujeres) con diabetes tipo 2 y obesidad (Almería 18,3%; Granada 40,4%; Málaga 41,3%). Edad media 58,4 ± 10,5 años y duración media de diabetes 11,2 ± 6,7 años. El tiempo medio desde la visita basal a la revisión tras inicio de tratamiento con lixisenatida fue de 3,8 ± 1,6 meses. Encontramos mejoría significativa del peso (p < 0,001), índice de masa corporal (p < 0,001), circunferencia de cintura (p = 0,002), presión arterial sistólica (p < 0,001) y diastólica (p = 0,001), glucemia en ayunas (p < 0,001), HbA1c (p = 0,022), colesterol total (p < 0,001), colesterol LDL (p = 0,046) y triglicéridos (p = 0,020). No se observó alteración de cifras de amilasa en relación con el tratamiento con lixisenatida, y el 7,9% no lo toleraron. Conclusiones Lixisenatida consigue: 1) mejoría significativa de parámetros antropométricos y control glucémico (glucemia basal y HbA1c); 2) descenso significativo de la presión arterial y del perfil lipídico, y 3) seguridad y buena tolerancia en la mayoría de los pacientes. Además, encontramos una significativa intensificación del tratamiento antihipertensivo e hipolipemiante.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Mar Roca-Rodríguez
- UGC de Endocrinología y Nutrición, Hospital Universitario Puerta del Mar, Cádiz, España.
| | | | | | | | - Silvia Maraver-Selfa
- UGC de Endocrinología y Nutrición, Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Victoria y Hospital Regional Universitario, Málaga, España
| | - Francisco J Tinahones
- UGC de Endocrinología y Nutrición, Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Victoria y Hospital Regional Universitario, Málaga, España; Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Complejo Hospitalario de Málaga (Virgen de la Victoria)/Universidad de Málaga; CIBER Pathophysiology of Obesity and Nutrition (CB06/03), Málaga, España
| | - Isabel Mancha-Doblas
- UGC de Endocrinología y Nutrición, Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Victoria y Hospital Regional Universitario, Málaga, España
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cardiovascular disease remains the major contributor to morbidity and mortality in diabetes. From the need to reduce cardiovascular risk in diabetes and to ensure that such risk is not exacerbated by drug treatments, governmental regulators and drug manufacturers have focused on clinical trials evaluating cardiovascular outcomes. AREAS COVERED Findings from mechanistic and clinical trials of biguanides, sulfonylureas, thiazolidinediones, dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists, and sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT-2) inhibitors will be reviewed. These drug classes will be compared within the context of available cardiovascular outcomes data. Clinical implications of new study regulations will be examined. EXPERT OPINION Recent cardiovascular studies provide a more comprehensive evaluation of specific anti-diabetes therapy in individuals with high cardiovascular risk. Long-term effects of anti-hyperglycemic agents in patients with lower cardiovascular risk are still speculative. Historical data supports continued use of metformin as a first-line agent. DPP-4 inhibitors and GLP-1 receptor agonists appear to have neutral effects on cardiovascular outcomes. The significantly decreased cardiovascular risk associated with empagliflozin SGLT-2 inhibitor therapy is impressive and may change how practitioners prescribe add-on therapy to metformin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M Younk
- a Department of Medicine , University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore , MD , USA
| | - Elizabeth M Lamos
- b Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition , University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore , MD , USA
| | - Stephen N Davis
- a Department of Medicine , University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore , MD , USA
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Zietek T, Rath E. Inflammation Meets Metabolic Disease: Gut Feeling Mediated by GLP-1. Front Immunol 2016; 7:154. [PMID: 27148273 PMCID: PMC4840214 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic diseases, such as obesity and diabetes, cardiovascular, and inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) share common features in their pathology. Metabolic disorders exhibit strong inflammatory underpinnings and vice versa, inflammation is associated with metabolic alterations. Next to cytokines and cellular stress pathways, such as the unfolded protein response (UPR), alterations in the enteroendocrine system are intersections of various pathologies. Enteroendocrine cells (EEC) have been studied extensively for their ability to regulate gastrointestinal motility, secretion, and insulin release by release of peptide hormones. In particular, the L-cell-derived incretin hormone glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) has gained enormous attention due to its insulinotropic action and relevance in the treatment of type 2 diabetes (T2D). Yet, accumulating data indicate a critical role for EEC and in particular for GLP-1 in metabolic adaptation and in orchestrating immune responses beyond blood glucose control. EEC sense the lamina propria and luminal environment, including the microbiota via receptors and transporters. Subsequently, mediating signals by secreting hormones and cytokines, EEC can be considered as integrators of metabolic and inflammatory signaling. This review focuses on L cell and GLP-1 functions in the context of metabolic and inflammatory diseases. The effects of incretin-based therapies on metabolism and immune system are discussed and the interrelation and common features of metabolic and immune-mediated disorders are highlighted. Moreover, it presents data on the impact of inflammation, in particular of IBD on EEC and discusses the potential role of the microbiota as link between nutrients, metabolism, immunity, and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Zietek
- Department of Nutritional Physiology, Technische Universität München , Freising , Germany
| | - Eva Rath
- Chair of Nutrition and Immunology, Technische Universität München , Freising , Germany
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Hirano T, Mori Y. Anti-atherogenic and anti-inflammatory properties of glucagon-like peptide-1, glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypepide, and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors in experimental animals. J Diabetes Investig 2016; 7 Suppl 1:80-6. [PMID: 27186361 PMCID: PMC4854510 DOI: 10.1111/jdi.12446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 11/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
We reported that native incretins, liraglutide and dipeptidyl peptidase‐4 inhibitors (DPP‐4i) all confer an anti‐atherosclerotic effect in apolipoprotein E‐null (Apoe−/−) mice. We confirmed the anti‐atherogenic property of incretin‐related agents in the mouse wire injury model, in which the neointimal formation in the femoral artery is remarkably suppressed. Furthermore, we showed that DPP‐4i substantially suppresses plaque formation in coronary arteries with a marked reduction in the accumulation of macrophages in cholesterol‐fed rabbits. DPP‐4i showed an anti‐atherosclerotic effect in Apoe−/− mice mainly through the actions of glucagon‐like peptide‐1 and glucose‐dependent insulinotropic polypepide. However, the dual incretin receptor antagonists partially attenuated the suppressive effect of DPP‐4i on atherosclerosis in diabetic Apoe−/− mice, suggesting an incretin‐independent mechanism. Exendin‐4 and glucose‐dependent insulinotropic polypepide elicited cyclic adenosine monophosphate generation, and suppressed the lipopolysaccharide‐induced gene expression of inflammatory molecules, such as interleukin‐1β, interleukin‐6 and tumor necrosis factor‐α, in U937 human monocytes. This suppressive effect, however, was attenuated by an inhibitor of adenylate cyclase and mimicked by 8‐bromo‐cyclic adenosine monophosphate or forskolin. DPP‐4i substantially suppressed the lipopolysaccharide‐induced expression of inflammatory cytokines without affecting cyclic adenosine monophosphate generation or cell proliferation. DPP‐4i more strongly suppressed the lipopolysaccharide‐induced gene expression of inflammatory molecules than incretins, most likely through inactivation of CD26. Glucagon‐like peptide‐1 and glucose‐dependent insulinotropic polypepide suppressed oxidized low‐density lipoprotein‐induced macrophage foam cell formation in a receptor‐dependent manner, which was associated with the downregulation of acyl‐coenzyme A cholesterol acyltransferase‐1 and CD36, as well as the up‐regulation of adenosine triphosphate‐binding cassette transporter A1. Our studies strongly suggest that incretin‐related agents have favorable effects on macrophage‐driven atherosclerosis in experimental animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsutomu Hirano
- Department of Diabetes, Metabolism and Endocrinology Showa University School of Medicine Tokyo Japan
| | - Yusaku Mori
- Department of Diabetes, Metabolism and Endocrinology Showa University School of Medicine Tokyo Japan
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To highlight recent developments in the field of gastroduodenal mucosal defense with emphasis on lumen-gut interactions. RECENT FINDINGS There has been a growing interest in the physiological functions of luminal chemosensors present from tongue to colon that detect organic molecules in the luminal content associated with nutrient ingestion, usually associated with specialized cells, in particular the enteroendocrine cells. These receptors transduce the release of peptide hormones, in particular proglucagon-derived products such as the glucagon-like peptides (GLPs), which have profound effects on gut function and on metabolism. Luminal chemosensors transduce GLP release in response to changes in the cellular environment, as part of the mechanism of nutrient chemosensing. GLP-2 has important trophic effects on the intestinal mucosa, including increasing the proliferation rate of stem cells and reducing transmucosal permeability to ions and small molecules, in addition to increasing the rate of duodenal bicarbonate secretion. GLP-1, although traditionally considered an incretin that enhances the effect of insulin on peripheral tissues, also has trophic effects on the intestinal epithelium. SUMMARY A better understanding of the mechanisms that mediate GLP release can further illuminate the importance of nutrient chemosensing as an important component of the mechanism that mediates the trophic effects of luminal nutrients. GLP-1 and GLP-2 are already in clinical use for the treatment of diabetes and intestinal failure. Improved understanding of the control of their release and their end-organ effects will identify new clinical indications and interventions that enhance their release.
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Mangrum C, Rush E, Shivaswamy V. Genetically Targeted Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 Inhibitor Use in a Patient with a Novel Mutation of MODY type 4. CLINICAL MEDICINE INSIGHTS-ENDOCRINOLOGY AND DIABETES 2015; 8:83-6. [PMID: 26543388 PMCID: PMC4624095 DOI: 10.4137/cmed.s31926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Revised: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Maturity onset diabetes of the young (MODY) is a rare form of diabetes mellitus typically seen in young adults that results from pancreatic beta-cell dysfunction. MODY4 is a rare subtype caused by a PDX1 mutation. In this case, we present a nonobese 26-year-old male with polyuria and polydipsia. Lab work showed a blood glucose of 511 mg/dL, no ketones or antibodies (insulin, islet cell, and glutamic acid decarboxylase [GAD]), C-peptide of 1.6 ng/mL, and A1c 9.3%. Genetic analysis revealed a novel nonsense mutation in the PDX1 gene, consistent with MODY type 4. Given this patient’s particular genetic mutation affecting the incretin pathway, sitagliptin was substituted for glyburide, which led to significant improvement in glycemic control. Our case report identifies a unique mutation in a rare form of MODY and outlines management of ensuing diabetes through targeting its inherent genetic mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Mangrum
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Eric Rush
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA. ; Department of Pediatrics, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Vijay Shivaswamy
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA. ; VA Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
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Lixisenatide clinical experience on patients with type 2 diabetes and obesity in endocrinology offices in Malaga. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 62:512-4. [PMID: 26423184 DOI: 10.1016/j.endonu.2015.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Revised: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Sanchez RA, Sanabria H, Santos CDL, Ramirez AJ. Incretins and selective renal sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors in hypertension and coronary heart disease. World J Diabetes 2015; 6:1186-1197. [PMID: 26380062 PMCID: PMC4564814 DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v6.i11.1186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2014] [Revised: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Hyperglycemia is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease, and the consequences of intensive therapy may depend on the mechanism of the anti-diabetic agent(s) used to achieve a tight control. In animal models, stable analogues of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) were able to reduce body weight and blood pressure and also had favorable effects on ischemia following coronary reperfusion. In a similar way, dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-IV) showed to have favorable effects in animal models of ischemia/reperfusion. This could be due to the fact that DPP-IV inhibitors were able to prevent the breakdown of GLP-1 and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide, but they also decreased the degradation of several vasoactive peptides. Preclinical data for GLP-1, its derivatives and inhibitors of the DPP-IV enzyme degradation suggests that these agents may be able to, besides controlling glycaemia, induce cardio-protective and vasodilator effects. Notwithstanding the many favorable cardiovascular effects of GLP-1/incretins reported in different studies, many questions remain unanswered due the limited number of studies in human beings that aim to examine the effects of GLP-1 on cardiovascular endpoints. For this reason, long-term trials searching for positive cardiovascular effects are now in process, such as the CAROLINA and CARMELINA trials, which are supported by small pilot studies performed in humans (and many more animal studies) with incretin-based therapies. On the other hand, selective renal sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors were also evaluated in the prevention of cardiovascular outcomes in type 2 diabetes. However, it is quite early to draw conclusions, since data on cardiovascular outcomes and cardiovascular death are limited and long-term studies are still ongoing. In this review, we will analyze the mechanisms underlying the cardiovascular effects of incretins and, at the same time, we will present a critical position about the real value of these compounds in the cardiovascular system and its protection.
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Hoang V, Bi J, Mohankumar SM, Vyas AK. Liraglutide improves hypertension and metabolic perturbation in a rat model of polycystic ovarian syndrome. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0126119. [PMID: 26010091 PMCID: PMC4444207 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0126119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is the most common endocrine disorder in women of reproductive age, with a prevalence of 5–8%. Type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease (CVD) are its long-term complications. Targeted therapies addressing both these complications together are lacking. Glucagon like peptide-1 (GLP-1) agonists that are used to treat type 2 diabetes mellitus have beneficial effects on the cardiovascular system. Hence we hypothesized that a GLP-1 agonist would improve both cardiovascular and metabolic outcomes in PCOS. To test this hypothesis, we used an established rat model of PCOS. Prepubertal female Sprague Dawley rats were sham-implanted or implanted s.c. with dihydrotestosterone (DHT) pellets (90 day release; 83μg/day). At 12 wks of age, sham implanted rats received saline injections and the DHT treated animals were administered either saline or liraglutide (0.2mg/kg s.c twice daily) for 4 weeks. Subgroups of rats were implanted with telemeters between 12-13 weeks of age to monitor blood pressure. DHT implanted rats had irregular estrus cycles and were significantly heavier than the control females at 12 weeks (mean± SEM 251.9±3.4 vs 216.8±3.4 respectively; p<0.05) and 4 weeks of treatment with liraglutide in DHT treated rats significantly decreased body weight (mean± SEM 294.75 ±3.2 in DHT+ saline vs 276.25±2.7 in DHT+ liraglutide group respectively; p<0.01). Liraglutide treatment in the DHT implanted rats significantly improved glucose excursion during oral glucose tolerance test (area under the curve: DHT+ saline 28674±310 vs 24990± 420 in DHT +liraglutide p <0.01). DHT rats were hypertensive and liraglutide treatment significantly improved mean arterial pressure. These results suggest that GLP-1 treatment could improve DHT–induced metabolic and blood pressure deficits associated with PCOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Hoang
- Department of Pediatrics and Human Development, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Jiangjiang Bi
- Department of Pediatrics and Human Development, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Sheba M. Mohankumar
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Diagnostic Imaging, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Arpita K. Vyas
- Department of Pediatrics and Human Development, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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