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Costello L, Dare J, Dontje M, Lambert C, Straker L. Applying the 4Ps of social marketing to retain and engage participants in longitudinal cohort studies: generation 2 Raine study participant perspectives. BMC Med Res Methodol 2022; 22:288. [PMID: 36335312 PMCID: PMC9636764 DOI: 10.1186/s12874-022-01778-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Investigations of participant retention in longitudinal health and medical research, document strategies that work best but overlook social marketing’s capacity to influence participant retention. After applying the social marketing framework: the idea that determining what longitudinal participants ‘buy’ (product), at what cost (price), in what location (place) and through which communication channels (promotion), this paper aims to inform and enhance retention efforts. Methods This qualitative study was conducted through in-depth interviews with participants from the Raine Study that began in Western Australia in 1989. The Generation 2 participants, initially enrolled into the Raine Study as babies by their parents (Generation 1), are now young adults invited to attend follow-up studies and tests every few years. Our study defined ‘active’ participants (n = 17) as those who agreed to attend their 27 year follow-up, and ‘inactive’ (n = 12) participants as those who had attended neither of the past two follow-ups (22 and 27 years). Results Raine Study participants experienced core, actual and augmented product benefits. Inactive participants focused on the costs (price) associated with participation, and were more likely to suggest tele-health (place) strategies to overcome barriers to follow-up attendance. Both active and inactive participants found professional processes and friendly staff made the Raine Study environment appealing, suggested that social media (promotion) was underutilised, and offered novel ideas to enhance engagement. Conclusions Social marketing can support the development of differentiated strategies addressing the unique needs and wants of active and inactive participants. Sophisticated cohort segmentation can reach participants in a more meaningful way, reinforce the study ‘brand’ and guard against attrition. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12874-022-01778-4.
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Carter A, Butler A, Willoughby M, Janca E, Kinner SA, Southalan L, Fazel S, Borschmann R. Interventions to reduce suicidal thoughts and behaviours among people in contact with the criminal justice system: A global systematic review. EClinicalMedicine 2022; 44:101266. [PMID: 35072018 PMCID: PMC8763634 DOI: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.101266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND People who experience incarceration die by suicide at a higher rate than those who have no prior criminal justice system contact, but little is known about the effectiveness of interventions in other criminal justice settings. We aimed to synthesise evidence regarding the effectiveness of interventions to reduce suicide and suicide-related behaviours among people in contact with the criminal justice system. METHODS We searched Embase, PsycINFO, MEDLINE, and grey literature databases for articles published between 1 January 2000 and 1 June 2021. The protocol was registered with PROSPERO (CRD42020185989). FINDINGS Thirty-eight studies (36 primary research articles, two grey literature reports) met our inclusion criteria, 23 of which were conducted in adult custodial settings in high-income, Western countries. Four studies were randomised controlled trials. Two-thirds of studies (n=26, 68%) were assessed as medium quality, 11 (29%) were assessed as high quality, and one (3%) was assessed as low quality. Most had considerable methodological limitations and very few interventions had been rigorously evaluated; as such, drawing robust conclusions about the efficacy of interventions was difficult. INTERPRETATION More high-quality evidence from criminal justice settings other than adult prisons, particularly from low- and middle-income countries, should be considered a priority for future research. FUNDING This work was funded by the Australian government's National Suicide Prevention Taskforce. RB is supported by a National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) Emerging Leader Investigator Grant (EL2; GNT2008073). MW is supported by a NHMRC Postgraduate Scholarship (GNT1151103). SF was funded by the NIHR HTA Programme (HTA Project:16/159/09).
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Affiliation(s)
- Annie Carter
- Justice Health Unit, Centre for Health Equity; Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Amanda Butler
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Melissa Willoughby
- Justice Health Unit, Centre for Health Equity; Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Centre for Adolescent Health; Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Emilia Janca
- Justice Health Unit, Centre for Health Equity; Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Stuart A. Kinner
- Justice Health Unit, Centre for Health Equity; Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Mater Research Institute-UQ, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Griffith Criminology Institute, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Louise Southalan
- Justice Health Unit, Centre for Health Equity; Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Seena Fazel
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford; Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Rohan Borschmann
- Justice Health Unit, Centre for Health Equity; Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Centre for Adolescent Health; Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford; Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences; The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Corresponding Author: A/Prof. Rohan Borschmann, PhD DClinPsych BBSc PG-Dip (Psych) MAPS, Dame Kate Campbell Senior Research Fellow / Psychologist, Justice Health Unit, Centre for Health Equity; Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Level 4, 207 Bouverie street, Carlton, 3010, VIC Australia. Tel: +61 3 8344 0093; Fax: +61 3 8341 6212.
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Jin X, Kinner SA, Hopkins R, Stockings E, Courtney RJ, Shakeshaft A, Petrie D, Dobbins T, Puljevic C, Chang S, Dolan K. A randomised controlled trial of motivational interview for relapse prevention after release from smoke-free prisons in Australia. Int J Prison Health 2021; 17:462-476. [PMID: 38902896 DOI: 10.1108/ijph-01-2020-0003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This paper aims to determine whether a single session of a motivational interview (MI) reduces smoking relapse amongst people released from smoke-free prisons. DESIGN/METHODOLOGY/APPROACH This study sought to recruit 824 ex-smokers from 2 smoke-free prisons in the Northern Territory, Australia. Participants were randomised to receive either one session (45-60 min) face-to-face MI intervention 4-6 weeks prior to release or usual care (UC) without smoking advice. The primary outcome was continuous smoking abstinence verified by exhaled carbon monoxide test (<5 ppm) at three months post-release. Secondary outcomes included seven-day point-prevalence, time to the first cigarette and the daily number of cigarettes smoked after release. FINDINGS From April 2017 to March 2018, a total of 557 participants were randomised to receive the MI (n = 266) or UC (n = 291), with 75% and 77% being followed up, respectively. There was no significant between-group difference in continuous abstinence (MI 8.6% vs UC 7.4%, risk ratio = 1.16, 95%CI 0.67∼2.03). Of all participants, 66.9% relapsed on the day of release and 90.2% relapsed within three months. On average, participants in the MI group smoked one less cigarette daily than those in the UC within the three months after release (p < 0.01). RESEARCH LIMITATIONS/IMPLICATIONS A single-session of MI is insufficient to reduce relapse after release from a smoke-free prison. However, prison release remains an appealing time window to build on the public health benefit of smoke-free prisons. Further research is needed to develop both pre- and post-release interventions that provide continuity of care for relapse prevention. ORIGINALITY/VALUE This study is the first Australian randomised controlled trial to evaluate a pre-release MI intervention on smoking relapse prevention amongst people released from smoke-free prisons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingzhong Jin
- Centre for Big Data Research in Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Stuart Alistair Kinner
- Centre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Robyn Hopkins
- Northern Territory Correctional Services, Darwin, Australia
| | - Emily Stockings
- National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Ryan James Courtney
- National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Anthony Shakeshaft
- National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Dennis Petrie
- Centre for Health Economics, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Timothy Dobbins
- School of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Cheneal Puljevic
- Centre for Health Services Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Shuai Chang
- National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Kate Dolan
- National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
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Stewart AC, Cossar R, Walker S, Wilkinson AL, Quinn B, Dietze P, Winter R, Kirwan A, Curtis M, Ogloff JRP, Kinner S, Aitken C, Butler T, Woods E, Stoové M. Strategies to maximise study retention and limit attrition bias in a prospective cohort study of men reporting a history of injecting drug use released from prison: the prison and transition health study. BMC Med Res Methodol 2021; 21:185. [PMID: 34511067 PMCID: PMC8436457 DOI: 10.1186/s12874-021-01380-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background There are significant challenges associated with studies of people released from custodial settings, including loss to follow-up in the community. Interpretation of findings with consideration of differences between those followed up and those not followed up is critical in the development of evidence-informed policies and practices. We describe attrition bias in the Prison and Transition Health (PATH) prospective cohort study, and strategies employed to minimise attrition. Methods PATH involves 400 men with a history of injecting drug use recruited from three prisons in Victoria, Australia. Four interviews were conducted: one pre-release (‘baseline’) and three interviews at approximately 3, 12, and 24 months post-release (‘follow-up’). We assessed differences in baseline characteristics between those retained and not retained in the study, reporting mean differences and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs). Results Most participants (85%) completed at least one follow-up interview and 162 (42%) completed all three follow-up interviews. Retained participants were younger than those lost to follow-up (mean diff − 3.1 years, 95% CI -5.3, − 0.9). There were no other statistically significant differences observed in baseline characteristics. Conclusion The high proportion of participants retained in the PATH cohort study via comprehensive follow-up procedures, coupled with extensive record linkage to a range of administrative datasets, is a considerable strength of the study. Our findings highlight how strategic and comprehensive follow-up procedures, frequent contact with participants and secondary contacts, and established working relationships with the relevant government departments can improve study retention and potentially minimise attrition bias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashleigh Cara Stewart
- Behaviours and Health Risks, Burnet Institute, 85 Commercial Road, Melbourne, 3004, Australia. .,School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, 85 Commercial Road, Melbourne, 3004, Australia.
| | - Reece Cossar
- Behaviours and Health Risks, Burnet Institute, 85 Commercial Road, Melbourne, 3004, Australia.,Centre for Forensic Behavioural Science, Swinburne University of Technology and Forensicare, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Shelley Walker
- Behaviours and Health Risks, Burnet Institute, 85 Commercial Road, Melbourne, 3004, Australia
| | - Anna Lee Wilkinson
- Behaviours and Health Risks, Burnet Institute, 85 Commercial Road, Melbourne, 3004, Australia.,School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, 85 Commercial Road, Melbourne, 3004, Australia
| | - Brendan Quinn
- Behaviours and Health Risks, Burnet Institute, 85 Commercial Road, Melbourne, 3004, Australia.,School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, 85 Commercial Road, Melbourne, 3004, Australia
| | - Paul Dietze
- Behaviours and Health Risks, Burnet Institute, 85 Commercial Road, Melbourne, 3004, Australia.,School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, 85 Commercial Road, Melbourne, 3004, Australia.,National Drug Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
| | - Rebecca Winter
- Behaviours and Health Risks, Burnet Institute, 85 Commercial Road, Melbourne, 3004, Australia.,Department of Gastroenterology, St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Amy Kirwan
- Behaviours and Health Risks, Burnet Institute, 85 Commercial Road, Melbourne, 3004, Australia
| | - Michael Curtis
- Behaviours and Health Risks, Burnet Institute, 85 Commercial Road, Melbourne, 3004, Australia.,School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, 85 Commercial Road, Melbourne, 3004, Australia.,Monash Addiction Research Centre, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - James R P Ogloff
- Centre for Forensic Behavioural Science, Swinburne University of Technology and Forensicare, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Stuart Kinner
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, 85 Commercial Road, Melbourne, 3004, Australia.,Justice Health Unit, School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.,Centre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia.,Griffith Criminology Institute, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia.,Mater Research Institute-UQ, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Campbell Aitken
- Behaviours and Health Risks, Burnet Institute, 85 Commercial Road, Melbourne, 3004, Australia.,School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, 85 Commercial Road, Melbourne, 3004, Australia
| | - Tony Butler
- School of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Emma Woods
- Behaviours and Health Risks, Burnet Institute, 85 Commercial Road, Melbourne, 3004, Australia
| | - Mark Stoové
- Behaviours and Health Risks, Burnet Institute, 85 Commercial Road, Melbourne, 3004, Australia.,School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, 85 Commercial Road, Melbourne, 3004, Australia
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5
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Nijdam-Jones A, McNiel DE. Prospective study of mental health court and life satisfaction. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LAW AND PSYCHIATRY 2020; 73:101643. [PMID: 33099161 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijlp.2020.101643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Many communities have created specialized mental health courts (MHCs) to reduce unnecessary criminal justice involvement of persons with mental disorders. Although MHCs have shown favorable public safety outcomes, such as reducing risk for criminal recidivism and violent behavior, there has been little study of issues important to consumers, such as life satisfaction. This study prospectively evaluated the association between MHC participation and life satisfaction using data from 140 participants in a quasi-experimental research project on the San Francisco MHC. A fixed-effects regression model was used to examine whether MHC involvement predicted life satisfaction at 6-month follow-up while controlling for baseline life satisfaction, age, gender, and schizophrenia diagnosis. MHC involvement, baseline life satisfaction, and schizophrenia diagnosis significantly predicted life satisfaction at 6-months. Although the public safety benefits of MHCs are important, the present study also shows the potential for MHC to enhance important outcomes such as life satisfaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Nijdam-Jones
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Dale E McNiel
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
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6
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Godinho A, Schell C, Cunningham JA. How one small text change in a study document can impact recruitment rates and follow-up completions. Internet Interv 2019; 18:100284. [PMID: 31890631 PMCID: PMC6926325 DOI: 10.1016/j.invent.2019.100284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Revised: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The validity and reliability of longitudinal research is highly dependent on the recruitment and retention of representative samples. Various strategies have been developed and tested for improving recruitment and follow-up rates into health-behavioural research, but few have examined the role of linguistic choices and study document readability on participation rates. This study examined the impact of one small text change, assigning an inappropriate or grade-8 reading level password for intervention access, on participation rates and attrition in an online alcohol intervention trial. METHODS Participants were recruited into an online alcohol intervention study using Amazon's Mechanical Turk via a multi-step recruitment process which required participants to log into a study portal using a pre-assigned password. Passwords were qualitatively coded as grade-8 and/or inappropriate for use within a professional setting. Separate logistic regressions examined which demographic, clinical characteristics, and password categorizations were most strongly associated with recruitment rates and follow-up completions. RESULTS Inappropriate passwords were a barrier for recruitment among participants with post-secondary education as compared to those with less education (p = 0.044), while grade-8 passwords appeared to significantly facilitate the completion of 6-month follow-ups (p = 0.005). CONCLUSIONS Altogether, these findings suggest that some linguistic choices may play an important role in recruitment, while others, such as readability, may have longer-term effects on follow-up rates and attrition. Possible explanations for the findings, as well as, sample selection biases during recruitment and follow-up are discussed. Limitations of the study are stated and recommendations for researchers are provided. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02977026. Registered 27 Nov 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Godinho
- Institute of Mental Health and Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada
| | - Christina Schell
- Institute of Mental Health and Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada
| | - John A. Cunningham
- Institute of Mental Health and Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada,Australian National University, Canberra, Australia,Corresponding author at: Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 33 Russell St., Toronto, Ontario M5S 2S1, Canada.
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7
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Young JT, Puljević C, Love AD, Janca EK, Segan CJ, Baird D, Whiffen R, Pappos S, Bell E, Kinner SA. Staying Quit After Release (SQuARe) trial protocol: a randomised controlled trial of a multicomponent intervention to maintain smoking abstinence after release from smoke-free prisons in Victoria, Australia. BMJ Open 2019; 9:e027307. [PMID: 31167867 PMCID: PMC6561422 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2018-027307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Revised: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Smoke-free policies have been introduced in prisons internationally. However, high rates of relapse to smoking after release from prison indicate that these policies typically result in short-term smoking cessation only. These high rates of relapse, combined with a lack of investment in relapse prevention, highlight a missed opportunity to improve the health of a population who smoke tobacco at two to six times the rate of the general population. This paper describes the rationale and design of a randomised controlled trial, testing the effectiveness of a caseworker-delivered intervention promoting smoking cessation among former smokers released from smoke-free prisons in Victoria, Australia. METHODS AND ANALYSIS The multicomponent, brief intervention consists of behavioural counselling, provision of nicotine spray and referral to Quitline and primary care to promote use of government-subsidised smoking cessation pharmacotherapy. The intervention is embedded in routine service delivery and is administered at three time points: one prerelease and two postrelease from prison. Control group participants will receive usual care. Smoking abstinence will be assessed at 1 and 3 months postrelease, and confirmed with carbon monoxide breath testing. Linkage of participant records to survey and routinely collected administrative data will provide further information on postrelease use of health services and prescribed medication. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION Ethical approval has been obtained from the Corrections Victoria Research Committee, the Victorian Department of Justice Human Research Ethics Committee, the Department of Human Services External Request Evaluation Committee and the University of Melbourne Human Research Ethics Committee. Results will be submitted to major international health-focused journals. In case of success, findings will assist policymakers to implement urgently needed interventions promoting the maintenance of prison-initiated smoking abstinence after release, to reduce the health disparities experienced by this marginalised population. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER ACTRN12618000072213; Pre-results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse T Young
- Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Centre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- School of Population and Global Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- National Drug Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Cheneal Puljević
- Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Centre for Health Services Research, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Griffith Criminology Institute, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Alexander D Love
- Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Emilia K Janca
- Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Catherine J Segan
- Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Donita Baird
- Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- School of Medicine and Public Health, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | - Stan Pappos
- Australian Community Support Organisation, Richmond, Victoria, Australia
| | - Emma Bell
- Australian Community Support Organisation, Richmond, Victoria, Australia
| | - Stuart A Kinner
- Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Centre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Griffith Criminology Institute, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Mater Research Institute-UQ, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Netherlands Institute for the Study of Crime and Law Enforcement, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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8
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Alquwez N, Cruz JP, Alshammari F, Felemban EM, Almazan JU, Tumala RB, Alabdulaziz HM, Alsolami F, Silang JPBT, Tork HMM. A multi-university assessment of patient safety competence during clinical training among baccalaureate nursing students: A cross-sectional study. J Clin Nurs 2019; 28:1771-1781. [PMID: 30667103 DOI: 10.1111/jocn.14790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Revised: 12/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIMS AND OBJECTIVES To assess the perceived patient safety competence during clinical training of Saudi nursing students. BACKGROUND Ensuring safety in healthcare settings requires improvements in the educational and clinical practice of professionals. Experts stressed that shared patient safety culture must be of primary importance; they also emphasised the resolute need for theoretically driven research approaches for patient safety competence in healthcare organisations and educational institutions. DESIGN Descriptive, cross-sectional design. METHODS This study was conducted in six government universities in Saudi Arabia. A sample of 829 nursing students was surveyed using the health professional education in patient safety survey. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyse the data. The study adhered to the STROBE guideline for cross-sectional studies (See Supporting Information Appendix S1). RESULTS The percentage of agreement on the items of the health professional education in patient safety survey ranged from 61.5%-76.5%. The dimension "understanding human and environmental factors" received the highest perceived competence, whereas the dimension "working in teams" received the lowest competence. Significant differences in students' patient safety competence from different universities were reported. Male students perceived their competence in "working in teams" higher than the female students. Students in their internship year had significantly higher levels of competence in all the six dimensions of the health professional education in patient safety survey than students in the third- and fourth-year levels. CONCLUSIONS Saudi nursing students have positive perceptions towards their patient safety competencies. Significant differences were found in the patient safety competence of nursing students between universities, gender and year of study. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE The results provide valuable insights and guidance for improving the patient safety competence of nursing students. The findings can be used to guide the creation of policies and interventions that may ensure the continuous development of patient safety competence of nursing students as they navigate the clinical area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nahed Alquwez
- College of Applied Medical Sciences, Shaqra University, Al Dawdmi, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jonas Preposi Cruz
- College of Applied Medical Sciences, Shaqra University, Al Dawdmi, Saudi Arabia
| | | | | | | | - Regie B Tumala
- College of Nursing, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Fatmah Alsolami
- Faculty of Nursing, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Hanan M M Tork
- College of Nursing, Qassim University, Qassim, Saudi Arabia
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9
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Kinner SA, Young JT. Understanding and Improving the Health of People Who Experience Incarceration: An Overview and Synthesis. Epidemiol Rev 2018; 40:4-11. [PMID: 29860342 PMCID: PMC5982728 DOI: 10.1093/epirev/mxx018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The world prison population is growing at a rate that exceeds the rate of population growth. This issue of Epidemiologic Reviews comprises articles in which researchers summarize what is known about some of the key health issues facing people in prison, particularly in relation to human immunodeficiency virus and other blood-borne viral infections. A key recurring theme is that addressing the health needs of people in prison is important to reducing health inequalities at the population level—that prisoner health is public health. The reviews also highlight some critical evidence gaps, notably the lack of evidence from low- and middle-income countries, and the limited number of longitudinal studies in which health behaviors, health outcomes, or health service experiences after release from prison are documented. Despite growing evidence of the poor health of detained adolescents, none of the included reviews considered this population. Further research on the health of young people who cycle through juvenile detention should be a priority. Despite a rapidly growing literature on the health of people who experience incarceration, some critical health issues remain poorly understood, and there has been insufficient attention devoted to co-occurring health conditions and the consequent need for coordinated care. Key populations in custodial settings remain understudied, limiting capacity to develop targeted, evidence-based responses to their health needs. The quality of many studies is suboptimal, and although rigorous, independent research in correctional settings can be challenging, it is not impossible and is critical to laying the groundwork for evidence-based reform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart A Kinner
- Centre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Melbourne Australia
- Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne Australia
- Mater Research Institute-UQ, University of Queensland, Brisbane Australia
- Griffith Criminology Institute, Griffith University, Brisbane Australia
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne Australia
- Correspondence to Stuart A. Kinner, Centre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Royal Children’s Hospital, Flemington Road, Parkville VIC 3052 Australia (e-mail: )
| | - Jesse T Young
- Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne Australia
- Centre for Health Services Research, School of Population and Global Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth Australia
- National Drug Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth Australia
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10
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Jin X, Kinner SA, Hopkins R, Stockings E, Courtney RJ, Shakeshaft A, Petrie D, Dobbins T, Dolan K. Brief intervention on Smoking, Nutrition, Alcohol and Physical (SNAP) inactivity for smoking relapse prevention after release from smoke-free prisons: a study protocol for a multicentre, investigator-blinded, randomised controlled trial. BMJ Open 2018; 8:e021326. [PMID: 30341114 PMCID: PMC6196819 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2017-021326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2017] [Revised: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Smoking remains the leading risk factor for disease burden and mortality worldwide. Heavy Smoking is often associated with poor Nutrition, Alcohol abuse and Physical inactivity (known as 'SNAP'). Australia's first prison smoking ban was introduced in the Northern Territory in July 2013. However, relapse to smoking after release from prison is normative. Holistic and cost-effective interventions are needed to maintain post-release abstinence to realise the potential public health impact of smoke-free prison policies. Rigorous, large-scale trials of innovative and scalable interventions are crucial to inform tobacco control policies in correctional settings. METHODS AND ANALYSIS This multicentre, investigator-blinded, randomised parallel superiority trial will evaluate the effectiveness of a brief intervention on SNAP versus usual care in preventing smoking relapse among people released from smoke-free prisons in the Northern Territory, Australia. A maximum of 824 participants will be enrolled and randomly assigned to either SNAP intervention or usual care at a 1:1 ratio at baseline. The primary endpoint is self-reported continuous smoking abstinence three months after release from prison, verified by breath carbon monoxide test. Secondary endpoints include seven-day point prevalence abstinence, time to first cigarette, number of cigarettes smoked post release, Health Eating Index for Australian Adults, Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test-Consumption and International Physical Activity Questionnaire scores. The primary endpoint will be analysed on an intention-to-treat basis using a simple log binomial regression model with multiple imputation for missing outcome data. A cost-effectiveness analysis of the brief intervention will be conducted subsequently. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION This study was approved by the University of New South Wales Human Research Ethics Committee (HREC), Menzies HREC and Central Australia HREC. Primary results of the trial and each of the secondary endpoints will be submitted for publication in a peer-review journal. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER ACTRN12617000217303; Pre-results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingzhong Jin
- National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia
- The Boden Institute of Obesity, Nutrition, Exercise & Eating Disorders, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Stuart A Kinner
- Centre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Mater Research Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Griffith Criminology Institute, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Robyn Hopkins
- Northern Territory Correctional Services, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia
| | - Emily Stockings
- National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ryan J Courtney
- National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Anthony Shakeshaft
- National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Dennis Petrie
- Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Centre for Health Economics, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Timothy Dobbins
- National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Kate Dolan
- National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia
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Wise NJ, Cantrell MA. Effectiveness of recruitment and retention strategies in a pregnant adolescent nutrition intervention study. J Adv Nurs 2018; 75:215-223. [PMID: 30187537 DOI: 10.1111/jan.13840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Revised: 06/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
AIM To report the methodological strategies used to recruit and retain pregnant adolescents into a nutrition-focused intervention study. BACKGROUND An important step to meeting the developmental and healthcare needs of pregnant adolescents is to conduct high-quality research studies that generate reliable and accurate data. However, recruitment and retention of pregnant adolescents into research are challenging and time intensive. DESIGN A quasi-experimental, one-group, pre, post, 6-week postintervention repeated measures study was conducted among inner-city pregnant adolescents. METHOD Study participants' nutrition knowledge, eating habits, and personal self-efficacy were measured prior to pregnant adolescents' participation in the workshop, immediately after the intervention and 6-weeks following the intervention. A total of four workshops were conducted over 14 months from 2014-2015. RESULTS Gatekeepers were influential in recruitment efforts due to trusting relationship they had with study participants. The use of texting reminders and pregnant adolescent-related incentives that included gift bags and baby items were also effective recruitment and retention strategies. Despite designing the recruitment strategies and using a developmentally tailored workshop, based on empirical evidence gleaned from pregnant adolescents that was modified to meet study participant's schedules, an adequate sample was unable to be recruited and retained for this study. CONCLUSION High-quality research studies that generate reliable and accurate data are essential in meeting the developmental and healthcare needs of pregnant adolescents. A major barrier in developing evidence-based care practices to promote the health of these young mothers and their children involves recruiting and retaining them in research studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy J Wise
- Eastern Mennonite University, Lancaster, Pennsylvania
| | - Mary Ann Cantrell
- M. Louise Fitzpatrick, College of Nursing, Villanova University, Villanova, Pennsylvania
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Quinn C, Byng R, Shenton D, Smart C, Michie S, Stewart A, Taylor R, Maguire M, Harris T, Shaw J. The feasibility of following up prisoners, with mental health problems, after release: a pilot trial employing an innovative system, for engagement and retention in research, with a harder-to-engage population. Trials 2018; 19:530. [PMID: 30285825 PMCID: PMC6167907 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-018-2911-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Following up released prisoners is demanding, particularly for those prisoners with mental health problems, for whom stigma and chaotic lifestyles are problematic. Measurement of mental health outcomes after release is challenging. To evaluate mental healthcare for offender populations, using high-quality randomised controlled trials, evidenced-based methods must be developed to engage them while in custody, to locate and re-interview them after release, and to collect potentially stigmatising mental health outcomes data. Methods We developed an initial theoretical model and operational procedures for collecting baseline and follow-up data informed by a literature search, focus groups, and case studies. Male prisoners from five prisons in two sites were invited to participate. The inclusion criteria included individuals who were above threshold on nine-item Patient Health Questionnaire, seven-item Generalized Anxiety Disorder, or post-traumatic stress disorder scales, or who had reported mental health problems in the past 2 years or had been assessed with a likely personality disorder. Potential participants were interviewed to generate baseline data and were re-contacted before their release. We then contacted them for a follow-up interview, which included repeating the earlier data collection measures 2–8 weeks after release. A qualitative formative process evaluation produced and refined a model procedure for the recruitment and retention of male prison leavers in trials, identified the mechanisms which promoted engagement and retention, and mapped these against a theoretical behaviour change model. Results We developed a flexible procedure which was successful in recruiting male prison leavers to a pilot trial: 185/243 (76%, 95% confidence interval (CI) 70–81%) of those approached agreed to participate. We also retained 63% (95% CI 54–71%) of those eligible to participate in a follow-up interview 2–8 weeks after release. Mental health outcomes data was collected at both these time points. Conclusions It is possible to design acceptable procedures to achieve sustained engagement critical for delivering and evaluating interventions in prison and in the community and to collect mental health outcomes data. These procedures may reduce attrition bias in future randomised controlled trials of mental health interventions for prison leavers. This procedure has been replicated and successfully delivered in a subsequent pilot trial and a definitive randomised controlled trial. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13063-018-2911-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cath Quinn
- Plymouth University Peninsula Schools of Medicine and Dentistry, Drake Circus, Plymouth, Devon, PL4 8AA, UK.
| | - Richard Byng
- Plymouth University Peninsula Schools of Medicine and Dentistry, Drake Circus, Plymouth, Devon, PL4 8AA, UK
| | - Deborah Shenton
- Plymouth University Peninsula Schools of Medicine and Dentistry, Drake Circus, Plymouth, Devon, PL4 8AA, UK
| | - Cordet Smart
- Plymouth University, Drake Circus, Plymouth, Devon, PL4 8AA, UK
| | - Susan Michie
- University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Amy Stewart
- Plymouth University Peninsula Schools of Medicine and Dentistry, Drake Circus, Plymouth, Devon, PL4 8AA, UK
| | - Rod Taylor
- University of Exeter Medical School, St Luke's Campus, Exeter, EX1 2LU, UK
| | - Mike Maguire
- University of South Wales, Pontypridd, CF37 1DL, UK
| | | | - Jenny Shaw
- The University of Manchester, Oxford Rd, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
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Cheng Q, Kinner SA, Lee XJ, Snow KJ, Graves N. Cost-utility analysis of low-intensity case management to increase contact with health services among ex-prisoners in Australia. BMJ Open 2018; 8:e023082. [PMID: 30082363 PMCID: PMC6078233 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2018-023082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Revised: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The economic burden of incarceration is substantial in Australia. People released from prison are at high risk of poor health and this is an important predictor of recidivism. The 'Passports Study' was a randomised controlled trial of an intervention designed to increase health service utilisation after release from prison. The aim of this study is to conduct a cost-utility analysis of this transitional programme. SETTING Australia DESIGN: A hybrid simulation model was developed to estimate the changes to total economic costs and effectiveness expressed as quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs) from the adoption of the 'Passports' intervention compared with the control group. Model parameters were informed by linked data from Queensland Corrective Services, Medicare, Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme, Queensland Hospital Admission Patient Data Collection, Emergency Department Information System and National Death Index. Health-related quality of life was measured using the Short-Form 8 Health Survey (SF-8). The primary outcomes were the costs and estimated QALYs associated with the intervention group and the control group. Probabilistic sensitivity analysis was conducted to test parameter uncertainties. RESULTS Compared with the control group where no attempt was made to encourage health service utilisation, an average participant in the intervention group incurred an extra cost of AUD 1790 and experienced slightly reduced QALYs, which indicated that the intervention was dominated in the baseline analysis. Probabilistic sensitivity analysis revealed that the transitional programme had a low probability of being cost-effective with the outcome measures selected. CONCLUSION The findings of this study do not provide economic evidence to support the widespread adoption of the Passports intervention. Due to the reductionist nature of the cost-utility approach, it may be that important health-related benefits have been omitted. Another research approach using a wider range of health-related measures might generate different conclusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinglu Cheng
- Australian Centre for Health Services Innovation (AusHSI), Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Stuart A Kinner
- Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Griffith Criminology Institute & Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Mater Research Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Centre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Xing J Lee
- Australian Centre for Health Services Innovation (AusHSI), Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Kathryn J Snow
- Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nicholas Graves
- Australian Centre for Health Services Innovation (AusHSI), Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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Crombie IK, Irvine L, Williams B, Sniehotta FF, Petrie DJ, Jones C, Norrie J, Evans JMM, Emslie C, Rice PM, Slane PW, Humphris G, Ricketts IW, Melson AJ, Donnan PT, McKenzie A, Huang L, Achison M. Text message intervention to reduce frequency of binge drinking among disadvantaged men: the TRAM RCT. PUBLIC HEALTH RESEARCH 2018. [DOI: 10.3310/phr06060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background
Socially disadvantaged men are more likely to binge drink frequently and to experience high levels of alcohol-related harm.
Objectives
To test the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of a text message intervention in reducing the frequency of binge drinking among disadvantaged men.
Study design
A four-centre, parallel-group, pragmatic, individually randomised controlled trial was conducted. Randomisation was carried out using a secure remote web-based system. It was stratified by participating centre and recruitment method and restricted using block sizes of randomly varying lengths.
Setting
The study was conducted in the community. Members of the public helped to develop the study methods.
Participants
Participants were men aged 25–44 years who had ≥ 2 episodes of binge drinking (> 8 units of alcohol in a single session) in the preceding 28 days. Men were recruited from areas of high deprivation.
Interventions
An empirically and theoretically based text message intervention was delivered by 112 interactive text messages over a 12-week period. The control group received an attentional control comprising 89 text messages on general health.
Primary outcome measure
The primary outcome measure was the proportion of men consuming > 8 units of alcohol on ≥ 3 occasions (in the previous 28 days) at 12 months post intervention.
Results
The recruitment target of 798 was exceeded and 825 men were randomised. Retention was high and similar in the intervention (84.9%) and control (86.5%) groups. Most men in the intervention group engaged enthusiastically with the text messages: almost all (92%) replied to text messages and over two-thirds (67%) replied more than 10 times. The intervention was estimated to have had a modest, statistically non-significant effect on the primary outcome at the 12-month follow-up [odds ratio 0.79, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.57 to 1.08]. This corresponds to a net reduction of 5.7% in regular binge drinking. Five secondary outcomes showed small non-significant and inconsistent effects on alcohol consumption, with one suggesting a positive effect and four suggesting an adverse effect. Both the short- and the long-term cost per quality-adjusted life-year (QALY) analysis suggested that the brief intervention was dominated by a ‘do-nothing’ option. The intervention’s impacts on patterns of alcohol consumption, QALYs and downstream costs were inconsistent and uncertain.
Limitations
The study used an active control that, combined with the recruitment procedures and baseline assessments, could have biased the treatment effect towards the null. The measurement of alcohol consumption relied on self-reported drinking.
Conclusions
The trial has demonstrated that it is possible to recruit and retain large numbers of socially disadvantaged men in a research study. The text messages delivered a complex theoretically and empirically based intervention that fostered enthusiastic engagement with the key components of the behaviour change sequence. The intervention produced a modest, statistically non-significant effect on the primary outcome, with wide CIs. Further research is needed to reduce uncertainty about the treatment effect. The methods developed for this study provide a platform for the design and testing of interventions to reduce inequalities in health.
Future work
A future trial could reduce the uncertainty around the treatment effect of the intervention.
Trial registration
Current Controlled Trials ISRCTN07695192.
Funding
This study was funded by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Public Health Research programme and will be published in full in Public Health Research; Vol. 6, No. 6. See NIHR Journals Library website for further information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iain K Crombie
- Division of Population Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Linda Irvine
- Division of Population Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Brian Williams
- School of Health and Social Care, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Falko F Sniehotta
- Institute of Health and Society, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Dennis J Petrie
- Centre for Health Economics, Monash Business School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Claire Jones
- Health Informatics Centre, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - John Norrie
- Edinburgh Clinical Trials Unit, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Josie MM Evans
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Sport, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK
| | - Carol Emslie
- School of Health and Life Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow, UK
| | - Peter M Rice
- Division of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Peter W Slane
- Erskine Practice, Arthurstone Medical Centre, Dundee, UK
| | - Gerry Humphris
- School of Medicine, Medical and Biological Sciences, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK
| | | | - Ambrose J Melson
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Peter T Donnan
- Division of Population Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Andrew McKenzie
- Division of Population Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Li Huang
- Centre for Health Policy, School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Marcus Achison
- Division of Population Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
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Dirschl DR. Contractability: Now and Forever: Commentary on an article by Kim Madden, MSc, et al.: "Predicting and Preventing Loss to Follow-up of Adult Trauma Patients in Randomized Controlled Trials. An Example from the FLOW Trial". J Bone Joint Surg Am 2017; 99:e75. [PMID: 28678136 DOI: 10.2106/jbjs.17.00263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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Madden K, Scott T, McKay P, Petrisor BA, Jeray KJ, Tanner SL, Bhandari M, Sprague S. Predicting and Preventing Loss to Follow-up of Adult Trauma Patients in Randomized Controlled Trials: An Example from the FLOW Trial. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2017; 99:1086-1092. [PMID: 28678121 PMCID: PMC5490332 DOI: 10.2106/jbjs.16.00900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND High loss-to-follow-up rates are a risk in even the most rigorously designed randomized controlled trials (RCTs). Consequently, predicting and preventing loss to follow-up are important methodological considerations. We hypothesized that certain baseline characteristics are associated with a greater likelihood of patients being lost to follow-up. Our primary objective was to determine which baseline characteristics are associated with loss to follow-up within 12 months after an open fracture in adult patients participating in the Fluid Lavage of Open Wounds (FLOW) trial. We also present strategies to reduce loss to follow-up in trauma trials. METHODS Data for this study were derived from the FLOW trial, a funded trial in which payments to clinical sites were tied to participant retention. We conducted a binary logistic regression analysis with loss to follow-up as the dependent variable to determine participant characteristics associated with a higher risk of loss to follow-up. RESULTS Complete data were available for 2,381 of 2,447 participants. One hundred and sixty-three participants (6.7%) were lost to follow-up. Participants who received treatment in the U.S. were more likely to be lost to follow-up than those who received treatment in other countries (odds ratio [OR] = 3.56, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.46 to 5.17, p < 0.001). Male sex (OR = 1.75, 95% CI: 1.15 to 2.67, p = 0.009), current smoking (OR = 1.82, 95% CI: 1.28 to 2.58, p = 0.001), high-risk alcohol consumption (OR = 1.88, 95% CI: 1.16 to 3.05, p = 0.010), and an age of <30 years (OR = 2.16, 95% CI: 1.19 to 3.95, p = 0.012) all significantly increased the odds of a patient being lost to follow-up. Conversely, participants who had sustained polytrauma (OR = 0.52, 95% CI: 0.37 to 0.73, p < 0.001) or had a Gustilo-Anderson type-IIIA, B, or C fracture (OR = 0.60, 95% CI: 0.38 to 0.94, p = 0.024) had lower odds of being lost to follow-up. CONCLUSIONS Using a number of strategies, we were able to reduce the loss-to-follow-up rate to <7%. Males, current smokers, young participants, participants who consumed a high-risk amount of alcohol, and participants in the U.S. were more likely to be lost to follow-up even after these strategies had been employed; therefore, additional strategies should be developed to target these high-risk participants. CLINICAL RELEVANCE This study highlights an important need to develop additional strategies to minimize loss to follow-up, including targeted participant-retention strategies. Male sex, an age of <30 years, current smoking, high-risk alcohol consumption, and treatment in a developed country with a predominantly privately funded health-care system increased the likelihood of participants being lost to follow-up. Therefore, strategies should be targeted to these participants. Use of the planning and prevention strategies outlined in the current study can minimize loss to follow-up in orthopaedic trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Madden
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (K.M., T.S., P.McK., M.B., and S.S.) and Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Surgery (B.A.P., M.B., and S.S.), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada,E-mail address for K. Madden:
| | - Taryn Scott
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (K.M., T.S., P.McK., M.B., and S.S.) and Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Surgery (B.A.P., M.B., and S.S.), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Paula McKay
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (K.M., T.S., P.McK., M.B., and S.S.) and Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Surgery (B.A.P., M.B., and S.S.), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Brad A. Petrisor
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (K.M., T.S., P.McK., M.B., and S.S.) and Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Surgery (B.A.P., M.B., and S.S.), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kyle J. Jeray
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Greenville Health System, Greenville, South Carolina
| | - Stephanie L. Tanner
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Greenville Health System, Greenville, South Carolina
| | - Mohit Bhandari
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (K.M., T.S., P.McK., M.B., and S.S.) and Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Surgery (B.A.P., M.B., and S.S.), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sheila Sprague
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (K.M., T.S., P.McK., M.B., and S.S.) and Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Surgery (B.A.P., M.B., and S.S.), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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de Andrade D, Kinner SA. Systematic review of health and behavioural outcomes of smoking cessation interventions in prisons. Tob Control 2016; 26:495-501. [PMID: 27798322 PMCID: PMC5574402 DOI: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2016-053297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Revised: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Objective We conducted a systematic review to examine the impact of smoking cessation interventions, including smoking bans, on prisoners and prison staff. Data sources We systematically searched health and criminal justice databases for relevant studies. Search strings were used to combine terms related to smoking cessation interventions with terms related to incarceration. We used forward and backward snowballing to capture additional studies. Study selection Studies were included if: they were published between 1 January 1994 and 23 May 2016; the population was incarcerated adults and/or prison staff; they had a quantitative component; they were published in English; and they reported outcomes of a smoking cessation programme/ban with regard to reported change in smoking behaviour and/or behavioural outcomes. Data extraction Studies were reviewed for methodological rigour using the Effective Public Health Practice Project's Quality Assessment Tool for Quantitative Studies. Data were independently reviewed for methodological quality by 1 author and a research assistant. Data synthesis Cessation programmes, including free nicotine replacement therapy and/or behavioural counselling can significantly increase the likelihood of quitting in prison and increase abstinence postrelease. Indoor bans have little impact on prisoner smoking behaviour. Prisoners who experience a complete smoking ban typically resume smoking shortly after release from prison. Bans may result in adverse behavioural outcomes, but these are generally minimal and short-lived. Conclusions While there is limited evidence to inform tobacco control policies in custodial settings, outcomes of this review suggest that cessation programmes/bans can be an effective mechanism to interrupt prisoner smoking behaviour when properly enforced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique de Andrade
- Griffith Criminology Institute and Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Stuart A Kinner
- Griffith Criminology Institute and Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Mater Research Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Centre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Niec LN, Barnett ML, Prewett MS, Shanley Chatham JR. Group parent-child interaction therapy: A randomized control trial for the treatment of conduct problems in young children. J Consult Clin Psychol 2016; 84:682-698. [PMID: 27018531 PMCID: PMC5325686 DOI: 10.1037/a0040218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Although efficacious interventions exist for childhood conduct problems, a majority of families in need of services do not receive them. To address problems of treatment access and adherence, innovative adaptations of current interventions are needed. This randomized control trial investigated the relative efficacy of a novel format of parent-child interaction therapy (PCIT), a treatment for young children with conduct problems. METHOD Eighty-one families with 3- to 6-year-old children (71.6% boys, 85.2% White) with diagnoses of oppositional defiant or conduct disorder were randomized to individual PCIT (n = 42) or the novel format, Group PCIT. Parents completed standardized measures of children's conduct problems, parenting stress, and social support at intake, posttreatment, and 6-month follow-up. Therapist ratings, parent attendance, and homework completion provided measures of treatment adherence. Throughout treatment, parenting skills were assessed using the Dyadic Parent-Child Interaction Coding System. RESULTS Parents in both group and individual PCIT reported significant improvements from intake to posttreatment and follow-up in their children's conduct problems and adaptive functioning, as well as significant decreases in parenting stress. Parents in both treatment conditions also showed significant improvements in their parenting skills. There were no interactions between time and treatment format. Contrary to expectation, parents in Group PCIT did not experience greater social support or treatment adherence. CONCLUSIONS Group PCIT was not inferior to individual PCIT and may be a valuable format to reach more families in need of services. Future work should explore the efficiency and sustainability of Group PCIT in community settings. (PsycINFO Database Record
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa N Niec
- Center for Children, Families, and Communities, Central Michigan University
| | - Miya L Barnett
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles
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Hamann C, Schultze-Lutter F, Tarokh L. Web-Based Assessment of Mental Well-Being in Early Adolescence: A Reliability Study. J Med Internet Res 2016; 18:e138. [PMID: 27306932 PMCID: PMC4927803 DOI: 10.2196/jmir.5482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2015] [Revised: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The ever-increasing use of the Internet among adolescents represents an emerging opportunity for researchers to gain access to larger samples, which can be queried over several years longitudinally. Among adolescents, young adolescents (ages 11 to 13 years) are of particular interest to clinicians as this is a transitional stage, during which depressive and anxiety symptoms often emerge. However, it remains unclear whether these youngest adolescents can accurately answer questions about their mental well-being using a Web-based platform. OBJECTIVE The aim of the study was to examine the accuracy of responses obtained from Web-based questionnaires by comparing Web-based with paper-and-pencil versions of depression and anxiety questionnaires. METHODS The primary outcome was the score on the depression and anxiety questionnaires under two conditions: (1) paper-and-pencil and (2) Web-based versions. Twenty-eight adolescents (aged 11-13 years, mean age 12.78 years and SD 0.78; 18 females, 64%) were randomly assigned to complete either the paper-and-pencil or the Web-based questionnaire first. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) were calculated to measure intrarater reliability. Intraclass correlation coefficients were calculated separately for depression (Children's Depression Inventory, CDI) and anxiety (Spence Children's Anxiety Scale, SCAS) questionnaires. RESULTS On average, it took participants 17 minutes (SD 6) to answer 116 questions online. Intraclass correlation coefficient analysis revealed high intrarater reliability when comparing Web-based with paper-and-pencil responses for both CDI (ICC=.88; P<.001) and the SCAS (ICC=.95; P<.001). According to published criteria, both of these values are in the "almost perfect" category indicating the highest degree of reliability. CONCLUSIONS The results of the study show an excellent reliability of Web-based assessment in 11- to 13-year-old children as compared with the standard paper-pencil assessment. Furthermore, we found that Web-based assessments with young adolescents are highly feasible, with all enrolled participants completing the Web-based form. As early adolescence is a time of remarkable social and behavioral changes, these findings open up new avenues for researchers from diverse fields who are interested in studying large samples of young adolescents over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Hamann
- University Hospital of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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Multone E, Vader JP, Mottet C, Schoepfer A, Fournier N, Burnand B, Michetti P, Pittet V. Characteristics of non-responders to self-reported questionnaires in a large inflammatory bowel disease cohort study. Scand J Gastroenterol 2016; 50:1348-56. [PMID: 25921677 DOI: 10.3109/00365521.2015.1041150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A major threat to the validity of longitudinal cohort studies is non-response to follow-up, which can lead to erroneous conclusions. The objective of this study was to evaluate the profile of non-responders to self-reported questionnaires in the Swiss inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) Cohort. METHODS We used data from adult patients enrolled between November 2006 and June 2011. Responders versus non-responders were compared according to socio-demographic, clinical and psychosocial characteristics. Odds ratio for non-response to initial patient questionnaire (IPQ) compared to 1-year follow-up questionnaire (FPQ) were calculated. RESULTS A total of 1943 patients received IPQ, in which 331 (17%) did not respond. Factors inversely associated with non-response to IPQ were age >50 and female gender (OR = 0.37; p < 0.001 respectively OR = 0.63; p = 0.003) among Crohn's disease (CD) patients, and disease duration >16 years (OR = 0.48; p = 0.025) among patients with ulcerative colitis (UC). FPQ was sent to 1586 patients who had completed the IPQ; 263 (17%) did not respond. Risk factors of non-response to FPQ were mild depression (OR = 2.17; p = 0.003) for CD, and mild anxiety (OR = 1.83; p = 0.024) for UC. Factors inversely associated with non-response to FPQ were: age >30 years, colonic only disease location, higher education and higher IBD-related quality of life for CD, and age >50 years or having a positive social support for UC. CONCLUSIONS Characteristics of non-responders differed between UC and CD. The risk of non-response to repetitive solicitations (longitudinal versus transversal study) seemed to decrease with age. Assessing non-respondents' characteristics is important to document potential bias in longitudinal studies.
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Thomas EG, Spittal MJ, Heffernan EB, Taxman FS, Alati R, Kinner SA. Trajectories of psychological distress after prison release: implications for mental health service need in ex-prisoners. Psychol Med 2016; 46:611-621. [PMID: 26549475 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291715002123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Understanding individual-level changes in mental health status after prison release is crucial to providing targeted and effective mental health care to ex-prisoners. We aimed to describe trajectories of psychological distress following prison discharge and compare these trajectories with mental health service use in the community. METHOD The Kessler Psychological Distress Scale (K10) was administered to 1216 sentenced adult prisoners in Queensland, Australia, before prison release and approximately 1, 3 and 6 months after release. We used group-based trajectory modeling to identify K10 trajectories after release. Contact with community mental health services in the year following release was assessed via data linkage. RESULTS We identified five trajectory groups, representing consistently low (51.1% of the cohort), consistently moderate (29.8%), high increasing (11.6%), high declining (5.5%) and consistently very high (1.9%) psychological distress. Mood disorder, anxiety disorder, history of self-harm and risky drug use were risk factors for the high increasing, very high and high declining trajectory groups. Women were over-represented in the high increasing and high declining groups, but men were at higher risk of very high psychological distress. Within the high increasing and very high groups, 25% of participants accessed community mental health services in the first year post-release, for a median of 4.4 contact hours. CONCLUSIONS For the majority of prisoners with high to very high psychological distress, distress persists after release. However, contact with mental health services in the community appears low. Further research is required to understand barriers to mental health service access among ex-prisoners.
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Affiliation(s)
- E G Thomas
- Melbourne School of Population and Global Health,University of Melbourne,Parkville,VIC,Australia
| | - M J Spittal
- Melbourne School of Population and Global Health,University of Melbourne,Parkville,VIC,Australia
| | - E B Heffernan
- School of Medicine,University of Queensland,Herston,QLD,Australia
| | - F S Taxman
- Criminology,Law & Society,College of Humanities and Social Sciences,George Mason University,Fairfax,VI,USA
| | - R Alati
- School of Public Health and Centre of Youth Substance Abuse Research,University of Queensland,Herston,QLD,Australia
| | - S A Kinner
- Melbourne School of Population and Global Health,University of Melbourne,Parkville,VIC,Australia
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Crutzen R, Viechtbauer W, Spigt M, Kotz D. Differential attrition in health behaviour change trials: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychol Health 2015; 30:122-34. [PMID: 25109224 DOI: 10.1080/08870446.2014.953526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Attrition is a common problem in health behaviour change (HBC) trials. When the degree of attrition differs between treatment conditions, then this is called differential attrition and is regarded as a major threat to internal validity. The primary research question of this study was: how often and to what degree does differential attrition occur in HBC trials? DESIGN A systematic review and meta-analysis of a random selection of HBC trials (k = 60). We meta-analysed the relative attrition rates using a random-effects model and examined the relationship between the relative attrition rates and the potential moderators: the amount of human contact in delivery and the intensity of the intervention/control condition, the type of control condition, and the follow-up intensity and duration. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Relative attrition rates. RESULTS The average attrition rate was 18% (SD = .15; M = .15) in the intervention and 17% (SD = .13; M = .13) in the control conditions. The estimated average relative attrition rate was 1.10 (95% CI: 1.01-1.20, p = .02), suggesting an overall higher attrition rate of 10% in the intervention conditions. This relative attrition rate was not related to any of the potential moderators. CONCLUSION There is indication of a slightly higher amount of attrition on average in the intervention conditions of HBC trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rik Crutzen
- a CAPHRI School for Public Health and Primary Care , Maastricht University , Maastricht , The Netherlands
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Snow KJ, Young JT, Preen DB, Lennox NG, Kinner SA. Incidence and correlates of hepatitis C virus infection in a large cohort of prisoners who have injected drugs. BMC Public Health 2014; 14:830. [PMID: 25113132 PMCID: PMC4137068 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-14-830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is common among prisoners, particularly those with a history of injecting drug use (IDU). Incarcerated people who inject drugs frequently report high-risk injecting practices both in prison and in the community. In spite of rising morbidity and mortality, utilisation of HCV-related services in Australia has been persistently low. This study aimed to describe the incidence, prevalence and correlates of HCV seropositivity in a large cohort of prisoners who have injected drugs, and to identify correlates of receiving confirmation of active infection. METHODS Data-linkage to a State-wide statutory notifiable diseases surveillance system was used to investigate the incidence of notified HCV seropositivity, seroconversion and confirmed HCV infection in a cohort of 735 prisoners with a history of IDU, over 14 years of follow up. Hepatitis C test results from prison medical records were used to identify correlates of testing positive in prison. RESULTS The crude incidence of HCV notification was 5.1 cases per 100 person-years. By the end of follow up, 55.1% of the cohort had been the subject of a HCV-related notification, and 47.4% of those tested in prison were HCV seropositive. In multivariable analyses, injecting in prison was strongly associated with HCV seropositivity, as was opioid use compared to injection of other drugs. The rate of reported diagnostic confirmation among those with notified infections was very low, at 6.6 confirmations per 100 seropositive participants per year. CONCLUSIONS Injecting drugs in prison was strongly associated with HCV seropositivity, highlighting the need for increased provision of services to mitigate the risk of transmission within prisons. Once identified as seropositive through screening, people with a history of IDU and incarceration may not be promptly receiving diagnostic services, which are necessary if they are to access treatment. Improving access to HCV-related services will be of particular importance in the coming years, as HCV-related morbidity and mortality is increasing, and next generation therapies are becoming more widely available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn J Snow
- Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.
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Randomised controlled trial of a service brokerage intervention for ex-prisoners in Australia. Contemp Clin Trials 2013; 36:198-206. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cct.2013.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2013] [Revised: 06/27/2013] [Accepted: 07/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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