1
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Garcia AC, Six N, Ma L, Morel L. Intersection of the microbiome and immune metabolism in lupus. Immunol Rev 2024. [PMID: 38873851 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus is a complex autoimmune disease resulting from a dysregulation of the immune system that involves gut dysbiosis and an altered host cellular metabolism. This review highlights novel insights and expands on the interactions between the gut microbiome and the host immune metabolism in lupus. Pathobionts, invasive pathogens, and even commensal microbes, when in dysbiosis, can all trigger and modulate immune responses through metabolic reprogramming. Changes in the microbiota's global composition or individual taxa may trigger a cascade of metabolic changes in immune cells that may, in turn, reprogram their functions. Factors contributing to dysbiosis include changes in intestinal hypoxia, competition for glucose, and limited availability of essential nutrients, such as tryptophan and metal ions, all of which can be driven by host metabolism changes. Conversely, the accumulation of some host metabolites, such as itaconate, succinate, and free fatty acids, could further influence the microbial composition and immune responses. Overall, mounting evidence supports a bidirectional relationship between host immunometabolism and the microbiota in lupus pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail Castellanos Garcia
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Natalie Six
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Longhuan Ma
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Laurence Morel
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
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2
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Yang Y, Li S, Liu K, Zhang Y, Zhu F, Ben T, Chen Z, Zhi F. Lipocalin-2-mediated intestinal epithelial cells pyroptosis via NF-κB/NLRP3/GSDMD signaling axis adversely affects inflammation in colitis. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2024; 1870:167279. [PMID: 38844113 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2024.167279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Revised: 05/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a major inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) characterized by intestinal epithelium damage. Recently, Lipocalin-2 (LCN2) has been identified as a potential fecal biomarker for patients with UC. However, further investigation is required to explore its pro-inflammatory role in UC and the underlying mechanism. The biological analysis revealed that Lcn2 serves as a putative signature gene in the colon mucosa of patients with UC and its association with the capsase/pyroptosis signaling pathway in UC. In wild-type mice with DSS-induced colitis, LCN2 overexpression in colon mucosa via in vivo administration of Lcn2 overexpression plasmid resulted in exacerbation of colitis symptoms and epithelium damage, as well as increased expression levels of pyroptosis markers (cleaved caspase1, GSDMD, IL-1β, HMGB1 and IL-18). Additionally, we observed downregulation in the expression levels of pyroptosis markers following in vivo silencing of LCN2. However, the pro-inflammatory effect of LCN2 overexpression was effectively restrained in GSDMD-KO mice. Moreover, single-cell RNA-sequencing analysis revealed that Lcn2 was predominantly expressed in the intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) within the colon mucosa of patients with UC. We found that LCN2 effectively regulated pyroptosis events by modulating the NF-κB/NLRP3/GSDMD signaling axis in NCM460 cells stimulated by LPS and ATP. These findings demonstrate the pro-inflammatory role of LCN2 in colon epithelium and provide a potential target for inhibiting pyroptosis in UC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyi Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Institute of Gastroenterology of Guangdong Province, Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510000, China
| | - Sheng Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Institute of Gastroenterology of Guangdong Province, Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510000, China; Department of Gastroenterology, Yuebei People's Hospital, Shantou University Medical College, Shaoguan 512026, China
| | - Ke Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Institute of Gastroenterology of Guangdong Province, Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510000, China
| | - Yin Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Institute of Gastroenterology of Guangdong Province, Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510000, China
| | - Fangqing Zhu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Institute of Gastroenterology of Guangdong Province, Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510000, China
| | - Teng Ben
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Institute of Gastroenterology of Guangdong Province, Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510000, China
| | - Zheng Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Institute of Gastroenterology of Guangdong Province, Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510000, China
| | - Fachao Zhi
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Institute of Gastroenterology of Guangdong Province, Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510000, China.
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Durgan DJ, Zubcevic J, Vijay-Kumar M, Yang T, Manandhar I, Aryal S, Muralitharan RR, Li HB, Li Y, Abais-Battad JM, Pluznick JL, Muller DN, Marques FZ, Joe B. Prospects for Leveraging the Microbiota as Medicine for Hypertension. Hypertension 2024; 81:951-963. [PMID: 38630799 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.124.21721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- David J Durgan
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Anesthesiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (D.J.D.)
| | - Jasenka Zubcevic
- Center for Hypertension and Precision Medicine, Toledo, OH (J.Z., M.V.-K., T.Y., I.M., S.A., B.J.)
- Microbiome Consortium, Toledo, OH (J.Z., M.V.-K., T.Y., I.M., S.A., B.J.)
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, OH (J.Z., M.V.-K., T.Y., I.M., S.A., B.J.)
| | - Matam Vijay-Kumar
- Center for Hypertension and Precision Medicine, Toledo, OH (J.Z., M.V.-K., T.Y., I.M., S.A., B.J.)
- Microbiome Consortium, Toledo, OH (J.Z., M.V.-K., T.Y., I.M., S.A., B.J.)
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, OH (J.Z., M.V.-K., T.Y., I.M., S.A., B.J.)
| | - Tao Yang
- Center for Hypertension and Precision Medicine, Toledo, OH (J.Z., M.V.-K., T.Y., I.M., S.A., B.J.)
- Microbiome Consortium, Toledo, OH (J.Z., M.V.-K., T.Y., I.M., S.A., B.J.)
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, OH (J.Z., M.V.-K., T.Y., I.M., S.A., B.J.)
| | - Ishan Manandhar
- Center for Hypertension and Precision Medicine, Toledo, OH (J.Z., M.V.-K., T.Y., I.M., S.A., B.J.)
- Microbiome Consortium, Toledo, OH (J.Z., M.V.-K., T.Y., I.M., S.A., B.J.)
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, OH (J.Z., M.V.-K., T.Y., I.M., S.A., B.J.)
| | - Sachin Aryal
- Center for Hypertension and Precision Medicine, Toledo, OH (J.Z., M.V.-K., T.Y., I.M., S.A., B.J.)
- Microbiome Consortium, Toledo, OH (J.Z., M.V.-K., T.Y., I.M., S.A., B.J.)
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, OH (J.Z., M.V.-K., T.Y., I.M., S.A., B.J.)
| | - Rikeish R Muralitharan
- Hypertension Research Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia (R.R.M., F.Z.M.)
- Victorian Heart Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia (R.R.M., F.Z.M.)
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia (R.R.M., F.Z.M.)
| | - Hong-Bao Li
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, PR China (H.-B.L., Y.L.)
| | - Ying Li
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, PR China (H.-B.L., Y.L.)
| | | | - Jennifer L Pluznick
- Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (J.L.P.)
| | - Dominik N Muller
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany (D.N.M.)
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a cooperation of Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin and Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Germany (D.N.M.)
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany (D.N.M.)
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Berlin, Germany (D.N.M.)
| | - Francine Z Marques
- Hypertension Research Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia (R.R.M., F.Z.M.)
- Victorian Heart Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia (R.R.M., F.Z.M.)
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia (R.R.M., F.Z.M.)
| | - Bina Joe
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Anesthesiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (D.J.D.)
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Wen C, Chen D, Zhong R, Peng X. Animal models of inflammatory bowel disease: category and evaluation indexes. Gastroenterol Rep (Oxf) 2024; 12:goae021. [PMID: 38634007 PMCID: PMC11021814 DOI: 10.1093/gastro/goae021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) research often relies on animal models to study the etiology, pathophysiology, and management of IBD. Among these models, rats and mice are frequently employed due to their practicality and genetic manipulability. However, for studies aiming to closely mimic human pathology, non-human primates such as monkeys and dogs offer valuable physiological parallels. Guinea pigs, while less commonly used, present unique advantages for investigating the intricate interplay between neurological and immunological factors in IBD. Additionally, New Zealand rabbits excel in endoscopic biopsy techniques, providing insights into mucosal inflammation and healing processes. Pigs, with their physiological similarities to humans, serve as ideal models for exploring the complex relationships between nutrition, metabolism, and immunity in IBD. Beyond mammals, non-mammalian organisms including zebrafish, Drosophila melanogaster, and nematodes offer specialized insights into specific aspects of IBD pathology, highlighting the diverse array of model systems available for advancing our understanding of this multifaceted disease. In this review, we conduct a thorough analysis of various animal models employed in IBD research, detailing their applications and essential experimental parameters. These include clinical observation, Disease Activity Index score, pathological assessment, intestinal barrier integrity, fibrosis, inflammatory markers, intestinal microbiome, and other critical parameters that are crucial for evaluating modeling success and drug efficacy in experimental mammalian studies. Overall, this review will serve as a valuable resource for researchers in the field of IBD, offering insights into the diverse array of animal models available and their respective applications in studying IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changlin Wen
- Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University, Chengdu, Sichuan, P. R. China
| | - Dan Chen
- Acupuncture and Moxibustion School of Teaching, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, P. R. China
| | - Rao Zhong
- Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University, Chengdu, Sichuan, P. R. China
| | - Xi Peng
- Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University, Chengdu, Sichuan, P. R. China
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Bray AS, Zafar MA. Deciphering the gastrointestinal carriage of Klebsiella pneumoniae. Infect Immun 2024:e0048223. [PMID: 38597634 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00482-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Bacterial infections pose a significant global health threat, accounting for an estimated 7.7 million deaths. Hospital outbreaks driven by multi-drug-resistant pathogens, notably Klebsiella pneumoniae (K. pneumoniae), are of grave concern. This opportunistic pathogen causes pneumonia, urinary tract infections, and bacteremia, particularly in immunocompromised individuals. The rise of hypervirulent K. pneumoniae adds complexity, as it increasingly infects healthy individuals. Recent epidemiological data suggest that asymptomatic gastrointestinal carriage serves as a reservoir for infections in the same individual and allows for host-to-host transmission via the fecal-oral route. This review focuses on K. pneumoniae's gastrointestinal colonization, delving into epidemiological evidence, current animal models, molecular colonization mechanisms, and the protective role of the resident gut microbiota. Moreover, the review sheds light on in vivo high-throughput approaches that have been crucial for identifying K. pneumoniae factors in gut colonization. This comprehensive exploration aims to enhance our understanding of K. pneumoniae gut pathogenesis, guiding future intervention and prevention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew S Bray
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - M Ammar Zafar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
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6
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Markey KA. Lipocalin-2: a novel potential therapy for GVHD. Trends Immunol 2024; 45:231-233. [PMID: 38548552 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2024.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
Czech et al. used mouse models of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HCT) to investigate the role of lipocalin-2 (LCN2) as a newfound regulator of intestinal graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). Administration of recombinant LCN2 protein after disease onset prevented GVHD progression, suggesting that it may play a role in reversing tissue damage that has already begun.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate A Markey
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
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Daniels BN, Nurge J, De Smet C, Sleeper O, White C, Davidson JM, Fidopiastis P. Microbiome composition and function within the Kellet's whelk perivitelline fluid. Microbiol Spectr 2024; 12:e0351423. [PMID: 38334378 PMCID: PMC10913743 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.03514-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Microbiomes have gained significant attention in ecological research, owing to their diverse interactions and essential roles within different organismal ecosystems. Microorganisms, such as bacteria, archaea, and viruses, have profound impact on host health, influencing digestion, metabolism, immune function, tissue development, and behavior. This study investigates the microbiome diversity and function of Kellet's whelk (Kelletia kelletii) perivitelline fluid (PVF), which sustains thousands of developing K. kelletii embryos within a polysaccharide and protein matrix. Our core microbiome analysis reveals a diverse range of bacteria, with the Roseobacter genus being the most abundant. Additionally, genes related to host-microbe interactions, symbiosis, and quorum sensing were detected, indicating a potential symbiotic relationship between the microbiome and Kellet's whelk embryos. Furthermore, the microbiome exhibits gene expression related to antibiotic biosynthesis, suggesting a defensive role against pathogenic bacteria and potential discovery of novel antibiotics. Overall, this study sheds light on the microbiome's role in Kellet's whelk development, emphasizing the significance of host-microbe interactions in vulnerable life history stages. To our knowledge, ours is the first study to use 16S sequencing coupled with RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) to profile the microbiome of an invertebrate PVF.IMPORTANCEThis study provides novel insight to an encapsulated system with strong evidence of symbiosis between the microbial inhabitants and developing host embryos. The Kellet's whelk perivitelline fluid (PVF) contains microbial organisms of interest that may be providing symbiotic functions and potential antimicrobial properties during this vulnerable life history stage. This study, the first to utilize a comprehensive approach to investigating Kellet's whelk PVF microbiome, couples 16S rRNA gene long-read sequencing with RNA-seq. This research contributes to and expands our knowledge on the roles of beneficial host-associated microbes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin N. Daniels
- Department of Biological Sciences, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, California, USA
| | - Jenna Nurge
- Department of Biological Sciences, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, California, USA
| | - Chanel De Smet
- Department of Biological Sciences, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, California, USA
| | - Olivia Sleeper
- Department of Biological Sciences, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, California, USA
| | - Crow White
- Department of Biological Sciences, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, California, USA
| | - Jean M. Davidson
- Department of Biological Sciences, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, California, USA
| | - Pat Fidopiastis
- Department of Biological Sciences, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, California, USA
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Khor AHP, Koguchi T, Liu H, Kakuta M, Matsubara D, Wen R, Sagiya Y, Imoto S, Nakagawa H, Matsuda K, Tanikawa C. Regulation of the innate immune response and gut microbiome by p53. Cancer Sci 2024; 115:184-196. [PMID: 38050344 PMCID: PMC10823282 DOI: 10.1111/cas.15991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023] Open
Abstract
p53 is a key tumor suppressor mutated in half of human cancers. In recent years, p53 was shown to regulate a wide variety of functions. From the transcriptome analysis of 24 tissues of irradiated mice, we identified 553 genes markedly induced by p53. Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis found that the most associated biological process was innate immunity. 16S rRNA-seq analysis revealed that Akkermansia, which has anti-inflammatory properties and is involved in the regulation of intestinal barrier integrity, was decreased in p53-knockout (p53-/- ) mice after radiation. p53-/- mice were susceptible to radiation-induced GI toxicity and had a significantly shorter survival time than p53-wild-type (p53+/+ ) mice following radiation. However, administration of antibiotics resulted in a significant improvement in survival and protection against GI toxicity. Mbl2 and Lcn2, which have antimicrobial activity, were identified to be directly transactivated by p53 and secreted by liver into the circulatory system. We also found the expression of MBL2 and LCN2 was decreased in liver cancer tissues with p53 mutations compared with those without p53 mutations. These results indicate that p53 is involved in shaping the gut microbiome through its downstream targets related to the innate immune system, thus protecting the intestinal barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Hui Ping Khor
- Laboratory of Clinical Genome Sequencing, Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier SciencesThe University of TokyoMinato City, TokyoJapan
| | - Tomoyuki Koguchi
- Department of UrologyFukushima Medical University School of MedicineFukushimaJapan
| | - Hao Liu
- Laboratory of Clinical Genome Sequencing, Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier SciencesThe University of TokyoMinato City, TokyoJapan
| | - Masanori Kakuta
- Department of Integrated Analytics, M&D Data Science CenterTokyo Medical and Dental UniversityTokyoJapan
| | - Daisuke Matsubara
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of TsukubaIbarakiJapan
| | - Ruimeng Wen
- Laboratory of Clinical Genome Sequencing, Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier SciencesThe University of TokyoMinato City, TokyoJapan
| | - Yoji Sagiya
- Laboratory of Genome Technology, Human Genome Center, The Institute of Medical ScienceThe University of TokyoMinato City, TokyoJapan
| | - Seiya Imoto
- Division of Health Medical Intelligence, Human Genome Center, The Institute of Medical ScienceThe University of TokyoMinato City, TokyoJapan
| | - Hidewaki Nakagawa
- Laboratory for Cancer GenomicsRIKEN Center for Integrative Medical SciencesYokohamaJapan
| | - Koichi Matsuda
- Laboratory of Clinical Genome Sequencing, Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier SciencesThe University of TokyoMinato City, TokyoJapan
- Laboratory of Genome Technology, Human Genome Center, The Institute of Medical ScienceThe University of TokyoMinato City, TokyoJapan
| | - Chizu Tanikawa
- Laboratory of Clinical Genome Sequencing, Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier SciencesThe University of TokyoMinato City, TokyoJapan
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Tian S, Paudel D, Hao F, Neupane R, Castro R, Patterson AD, Tiwari AK, Prabhu KS, Singh V. Refined fiber inulin promotes inflammation-associated colon tumorigenesis by modulating microbial succinate production. Cancer Rep (Hoboken) 2023; 6:e1863. [PMID: 37489647 PMCID: PMC10644334 DOI: 10.1002/cnr2.1863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM There is an increased risk of colon cancer associated with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Dietary fibers (DFs) naturally present in vegetables and whole grains offer numerous beneficial effects on intestinal health. However, the effects of refined DFs on intestinal health remain unclear. Therefore, we elucidated the impact of the refined DF inulin on colonic inflammation and tumorigenesis. METHODS Four-week-old wild-type (WT) mice were fed diets containing insoluble DF cellulose (control) or refined DF inulin for 4 weeks. A subgroup of mice was then switched to drinking water containing dextran sulfate sodium (DSS, 1.4% wt/vol) for colitis induction. In another subgroup of mice, colitis-associated colorectal cancer (CRC) was initiated with three 7-day alternate cycles of DSS following an initial dose of mutagenic substance azoxymethane (AOM; 7.5 mg/kg body weight; i.p.). Post 7 weeks of AOM treatment, mice were euthanized and examined for CRC development. RESULTS Mice consuming inulin-containing diet exhibited severe colitis upon DSS administration, as evidenced by more body weight loss, rectal bleeding, and increased colonic inflammation than the DSS-treated control group. Correspondingly, histological analysis revealed extensive disruption of colon architecture and massive infiltration of immune cells in the inulin-fed group. We next examined the effect of inulin on CRC development. Surprisingly, significant mortality (~50%) was observed in the inulin-fed but not in the control group during the DSS cycle. Consequently, the remaining inulin-fed mice, which completed the study exhibited extensive colon tumorigenesis. Immunohistochemical characterization showed comparatively high expression of the cell proliferation marker Ki67 and activation of the Wnt signaling in tumor sections obtained from the inulin-fed group. Gut microbiota and metabolite analysis revealed expansion of succinate producers and elevated cecal succinate in inulin-fed mice. Human colorectal carcinoma cells (HCT116) proliferated more rapidly when supplemented with succinate in an inflamed environment, suggesting that elevated luminal succinate may contribute to tumorigenesis. CONCLUSIONS Our study uncovers that supplementation of diet with refined inulin induces abnormal succinate accumulation in the intestinal lumen, which in part contributes to promoting colon inflammation and tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangshan Tian
- Department of Nutritional SciencesThe Pennsylvania State UniversityUniversity ParkPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Devendra Paudel
- Department of Nutritional SciencesThe Pennsylvania State UniversityUniversity ParkPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Fuhua Hao
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical SciencesThe Pennsylvania State UniversityUniversity ParkPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Rabin Neupane
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental TherapeuticsUniversity of ToledoToledoOhioUSA
| | - Rita Castro
- Department of Nutritional SciencesThe Pennsylvania State UniversityUniversity ParkPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Andrew D. Patterson
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical SciencesThe Pennsylvania State UniversityUniversity ParkPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Amit K. Tiwari
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental TherapeuticsUniversity of ToledoToledoOhioUSA
| | - K. Sandeep Prabhu
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical SciencesThe Pennsylvania State UniversityUniversity ParkPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Vishal Singh
- Department of Nutritional SciencesThe Pennsylvania State UniversityUniversity ParkPennsylvaniaUSA
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Elsborg J, Salvatore M. Using LLMs and Explainable ML to Analyze Biomarkers at Single-Cell Level for Improved Understanding of Diseases. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1516. [PMID: 37892198 PMCID: PMC10605495 DOI: 10.3390/biom13101516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) technology has significantly advanced our understanding of the diversity of cells and how this diversity is implicated in diseases. Yet, translating these findings across various scRNA-seq datasets poses challenges due to technical variability and dataset-specific biases. To overcome this, we present a novel approach that employs both an LLM-based framework and explainable machine learning to facilitate generalization across single-cell datasets and identify gene signatures to capture disease-driven transcriptional changes. Our approach uses scBERT, which harnesses shared transcriptomic features among cell types to establish consistent cell-type annotations across multiple scRNA-seq datasets. Additionally, we employed a symbolic regression algorithm to pinpoint highly relevant, yet minimally redundant models and features for inferring a cell type's disease state based on its transcriptomic profile. We ascertained the versatility of these cell-specific gene signatures across datasets, showcasing their resilience as molecular markers to pinpoint and characterize disease-associated cell types. The validation was carried out using four publicly available scRNA-seq datasets from both healthy individuals and those suffering from ulcerative colitis (UC). This demonstrates our approach's efficacy in bridging disparities specific to different datasets, fostering comparative analyses. Notably, the simplicity and symbolic nature of the retrieved gene signatures facilitate their interpretability, allowing us to elucidate underlying molecular disease mechanisms using these models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Elsborg
- Department of Energy Conversion and Storage, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark;
- Abzu ApS, 2150 København, Denmark
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Moosazadeh Moghaddam M, Fazel P, Fallah A, Sedighian H, Kachuei R, Behzadi E, Imani Fooladi AA. Host and Pathogen-Directed Therapies against Microbial Infections Using Exosome- and Antimicrobial Peptide-derived Stem Cells with a Special look at Pulmonary Infections and Sepsis. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2023; 19:2166-2191. [PMID: 37495772 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-023-10594-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
Microbial diseases are a great threat to global health and cause considerable mortality and extensive economic losses each year. The medications for treating this group of diseases (antibiotics, antiviral, antifungal drugs, etc.) directly attack the pathogenic agents by recognizing the target molecules. However, it is necessary to note that excessive use of any of these drugs can lead to an increase in microbial resistance and infectious diseases. New therapeutic methods have been studied recently using emerging drugs such as mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes (MSC-Exos) and antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), which act based on two completely different strategies against pathogens including Host-Directed Therapy (HDT) and Pathogen-Directed Therapy (PDT), respectively. In the PDT approach, AMPs interact directly with pathogens to interrupt their intrusion, survival, and proliferation. These drugs interact directly with the cell membrane or intracellular components of pathogens and cause the death of pathogens or inhibit their replication. The mechanism of action of MSC-Exos in HDT is based on immunomodulation and regulation, promotion of tissue regeneration, and reduced host toxicity. This review studies the potential of mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes/ATPs therapeutic properties against microbial infectious diseases especially pulmonary infections and sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehrdad Moosazadeh Moghaddam
- Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parvindokht Fazel
- Department of Microbiology, Fars Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Arezoo Fallah
- Department of Bacteriology and Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Hamid Sedighian
- Applied Microbiology Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisonings Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Kachuei
- Molecular Biology Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisonings Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Elham Behzadi
- Academy of Medical Sciences of the I.R. of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abbas Ali Imani Fooladi
- Applied Microbiology Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisonings Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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12
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Caballero-Flores G, Pickard JM, Núñez G. Microbiota-mediated colonization resistance: mechanisms and regulation. Nat Rev Microbiol 2023; 21:347-360. [PMID: 36539611 PMCID: PMC10249723 DOI: 10.1038/s41579-022-00833-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
A dense and diverse microbial community inhabits the gut and many epithelial surfaces. Referred to as the microbiota, it co-evolved with the host and is beneficial for many host physiological processes. A major function of these symbiotic microorganisms is protection against pathogen colonization and overgrowth of indigenous pathobionts. Dysbiosis of the normal microbial community increases the risk of pathogen infection and overgrowth of harmful pathobionts. The protective mechanisms conferred by the microbiota are complex and include competitive microbial-microbial interactions and induction of host immune responses. Pathogens, in turn, have evolved multiple strategies to subvert colonization resistance conferred by the microbiota. Understanding the mechanisms by which microbial symbionts limit pathogen colonization should guide the development of new therapeutic approaches to prevent or treat disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Caballero-Flores
- Department of Pathology and Rogel Cancer Center, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | - Joseph M Pickard
- Department of Pathology and Rogel Cancer Center, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Gabriel Núñez
- Department of Pathology and Rogel Cancer Center, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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13
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Ju T, Bourrie BCT, Forgie AJ, Pepin DM, Tollenaar S, Sergi CM, Willing BP. The Gut Commensal Escherichia coli Aggravates High-Fat-Diet-Induced Obesity and Insulin Resistance in Mice. Appl Environ Microbiol 2023; 89:e0162822. [PMID: 36809030 PMCID: PMC10057047 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01628-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Changes in the gut microbiota have been linked to metabolic endotoxemia as a contributing mechanism in the development of obesity and type 2 diabetes. Although identifying specific microbial taxa associated with obesity and type 2 diabetes remains difficult, certain bacteria may play an important role in initiating metabolic inflammation during disease development. The enrichment of the family Enterobacteriaceae, largely represented by Escherichia coli, induced by a high-fat diet (HFD) has been correlated with impaired glucose homeostasis; however, whether the enrichment of Enterobacteriaceae in a complex gut microbial community in response to an HFD contributes to metabolic disease has not been established. To investigate whether the expansion of Enterobacteriaceae amplifies HFD-induced metabolic disease, a tractable mouse model with the presence or absence of a commensal E. coli strain was established. With an HFD treatment, but not a standard-chow diet, the presence of E. coli significantly increased body weight and adiposity and induced impaired glucose tolerance. In addition, E. coli colonization led to increased inflammation in liver and adipose and intestinal tissue under an HFD regimen. With a modest effect on gut microbial composition, E. coli colonization resulted in significant changes in the predicted functional potential of microbial communities. The results demonstrated the role of commensal E. coli in glucose homeostasis and energy metabolism in response to an HFD, indicating contributions of commensal bacteria to the pathogenesis of obesity and type 2 diabetes. The findings of this research identified a targetable subset of the microbiota in the treatment of people with metabolic inflammation. IMPORTANCE Although identifying specific microbial taxa associated with obesity and type 2 diabetes remains difficult, certain bacteria may play an important role in initiating metabolic inflammation during disease development. Here, we used a mouse model distinguishable by the presence or absence of a commensal Escherichia coli strain in combination with a high-fat diet challenge to investigate the impact of E. coli on host metabolic outcomes. This is the first study to show that the addition of a single bacterial species to an animal already colonized with a complex microbial community can increase severity of metabolic outcomes. This study is of interest to a wide group of researchers because it provides compelling evidence to target the gut microbiota for therapeutic purposes by which personalized medicines can be made for treating metabolic inflammation. The study also provides an explanation for variability in studies investigating host metabolic outcomes and immune response to diet interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Ju
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Benjamin C. T. Bourrie
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Andrew J. Forgie
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Deanna M. Pepin
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Stephanie Tollenaar
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Consolato M. Sergi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Stollery Children’s Hospital, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Benjamin P. Willing
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
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14
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Gupta U, Ghosh S, Wallace CT, Shang P, Xin Y, Nair AP, Yazdankhah M, Strizhakova A, Ross MA, Liu H, Hose S, Stepicheva NA, Chowdhury O, Nemani M, Maddipatla V, Grebe R, Das M, Lathrop KL, Sahel JA, Zigler JS, Qian J, Ghosh A, Sergeev Y, Handa JT, St. Croix CM, Sinha D. Increased LCN2 (lipocalin 2) in the RPE decreases autophagy and activates inflammasome-ferroptosis processes in a mouse model of dry AMD. Autophagy 2023; 19:92-111. [PMID: 35473441 PMCID: PMC9809950 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2022.2062887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
In dry age-related macular degeneration (AMD), LCN2 (lipocalin 2) is upregulated. Whereas LCN2 has been implicated in AMD pathogenesis, the mechanism remains unknown. Here, we report that in retinal pigmented epithelial (RPE) cells, LCN2 regulates macroautophagy/autophagy, in addition to maintaining iron homeostasis. LCN2 binds to ATG4B to form an LCN2-ATG4B-LC3-II complex, thereby regulating ATG4B activity and LC3-II lipidation. Thus, increased LCN2 reduced autophagy flux. Moreover, RPE cells from cryba1 KO, as well as sting1 KO and Sting1Gt mutant mice (models with abnormal iron chelation), showed decreased autophagy flux and increased LCN2, indicative of CGAS- and STING1-mediated inflammasome activation. Live cell imaging of RPE cells with elevated LCN2 also showed a correlation between inflammasome activation and increased fluorescence intensity of the Liperfluo dye, indicative of oxidative stress-induced ferroptosis. Interestingly, both in human AMD patients and in mouse models with a dry AMD-like phenotype (cryba1 cKO and KO), the LCN2 homodimer variant is increased significantly compared to the monomer. Sub-retinal injection of the LCN2 homodimer secreted by RPE cells into NOD-SCID mice leads to retinal degeneration. In addition, we generated an LCN2 monoclonal antibody that neutralizes both the monomer and homodimer variants and rescued autophagy and ferroptosis activities in cryba1 cKO mice. Furthermore, the antibody rescued retinal function in cryba1 cKO mice as assessed by electroretinography. Here, we identify a molecular pathway whereby increased LCN2 elicits pathophysiology in the RPE, cells known to drive dry AMD pathology, thus providing a possible therapeutic strategy for a disease with no current treatment options.Abbreviations: ACTB: actin, beta; Ad-GFP: adenovirus-green fluorescent protein; Ad-LCN2: adenovirus-lipocalin 2; Ad-LCN2-GFP: adenovirus-LCN2-green fluorescent protein; LCN2AKT2: AKT serine/threonine kinase 2; AMBRA1: autophagy and beclin 1 regulator 1; AMD: age-related macular degeneration; ARPE19: adult retinal pigment epithelial cell line-19; Asp278: aspartate 278; ATG4B: autophagy related 4B cysteine peptidase; ATG4C: autophagy related 4C cysteine peptidase; ATG7: autophagy related 7; ATG9B: autophagy related 9B; BLOC-1: biogenesis of lysosomal organelles complex 1; BLOC1S1: biogenesis of lysosomal organelles complex 1 subunit 1; C57BL/6J: C57 black 6J; CGAS: cyclic GMP-AMP synthase; ChQ: chloroquine; cKO: conditional knockout; Cys74: cysteine 74; Dab2: DAB adaptor protein 2; Def: deferoxamine; DHE: dihydroethidium; DMSO: dimethyl sulfoxide; ERG: electroretinography; FAC: ferric ammonium citrate; Fe2+: ferrous; FTH1: ferritin heavy chain 1; GPX: glutathione peroxidase; GST: glutathione S-transferase; H2O2: hydrogen peroxide; His280: histidine 280; IFNL/IFNλ: interferon lambda; IL1B/IL-1β: interleukin 1 beta; IS: Inner segment; ITGB1/integrin β1: integrin subunit beta 1; KO: knockout; LC3-GST: microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3-GST; C-terminal fusion; MAP1LC3/LC3: microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3; LCN2: lipocalin 2; mAb: monoclonal antibody; MDA: malondialdehyde; MMP9: matrix metallopeptidase 9; NLRP3: NLR family pyrin domain containing 3; NOD-SCID: nonobese diabetic-severe combined immunodeficiency; OS: outer segment; PBS: phosphate-buffered saline; PMEL/PMEL17: premelanosome protein; RFP: red fluorescent protein; rLCN2: recombinant LCN2; ROS: reactive oxygen species; RPE SM: retinal pigmented epithelium spent medium; RPE: retinal pigment epithelium; RSL3: RAS-selective lethal; scRNAseq: single-cell ribonucleic acid sequencing; SD-OCT: spectral domain optical coherence tomography; shRNA: small hairpin ribonucleic acid; SM: spent medium; SOD1: superoxide dismutase 1; SQSTM1/p62: sequestosome 1; STAT1: signal transducer and activator of transcription 1; STING1: stimulator of interferon response cGAMP interactor 1; TYR: tyrosinase; VCL: vinculin; WT: wild type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urvi Gupta
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Sayan Ghosh
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Callen T. Wallace
- Department of Cell Biology and Center for Biologic Imaging, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Peng Shang
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Ying Xin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wilmer Eye Institute, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Meysam Yazdankhah
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Anastasia Strizhakova
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Mark A. Ross
- Department of Cell Biology and Center for Biologic Imaging, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Haitao Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Stacey Hose
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Nadezda A. Stepicheva
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Olivia Chowdhury
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Mihir Nemani
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Vishnu Maddipatla
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Rhonda Grebe
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wilmer Eye Institute, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Manjula Das
- Molecular Immunology, Mazumdar Shaw Medical Foundation, Bengaluru, India
| | - Kira L. Lathrop
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh Swanson School of Engineering, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - José-Alain Sahel
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Institut De La Vision, INSERM, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - J. Samuel Zigler
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wilmer Eye Institute, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jiang Qian
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wilmer Eye Institute, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Arkasubhra Ghosh
- GROW Laboratory, Narayana Nethralaya Foundation, Bengaluru, India
| | - Yuri Sergeev
- National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - James T. Handa
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wilmer Eye Institute, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Claudette M. St. Croix
- Department of Cell Biology and Center for Biologic Imaging, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Debasish Sinha
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Cell Biology and Center for Biologic Imaging, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wilmer Eye Institute, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Asaf S, Maqsood F, Jalil J, Sarfraz Z, Sarfraz A, Mustafa S, Ojeda IC. Lipocalin 2-not only a biomarker: a study of current literature and systematic findings of ongoing clinical trials. Immunol Res 2022; 71:287-313. [PMID: 36529828 PMCID: PMC9760530 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-022-09352-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Lipocalin 2 (Lcn2), also known as neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin, is an innate immune protein encoded by the LCN2 gene. In this study, we investigated various roles and functions of Lcn2 characterized in a systems-based format and evaluated its therapeutic potentials and clinical relevance for diagnosis and prognosis. An additional systematic presentation was presented for 70 ongoing clinical trials utilizing Lcn2 in the diagnostic and prognostic setting as a key outcome measure. With trials being conducted through December 2030, Lcn2 will become all the more relevant given its associations with diseases as a prognostic biomarker. Data also suggests that it plays a role in pathological conditions. The gaps in our understanding of Lcn2, once filled, may improve the immune mediation of acute and chronic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Azza Sarfraz
- The Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan.
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Aga Khan University, Stadium Road, P.O Box 3500, Karachi, 74800, Pakistan.
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Zhang Q, Bai X, Lin T, Wang X, Zhang B, Dai L, Shi J, Zhang Y, Zhao X. HMOX1 Promotes Ferroptosis in Mammary Epithelial Cells via FTH1 and Is Involved in the Development of Clinical Mastitis in Dairy Cows. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:2221. [PMID: 36421410 PMCID: PMC9686786 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11112221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Ferroptosis is associated with inflammatory diseases as a lethal iron-dependent lipid peroxidation; its role in the development of clinical mastitis (CM) in dairy cows is not well understood. The aim of this study was to identify differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) associated with iron homeostasis and apoptosis, and to investigate further their roles in dairy cows with CM. The results suggested that ferroptosis occurs in the mammary glands of Holstein cows with CM. Using data-independent acquisition proteomics, 302 DEPs included in 11 GO terms related to iron homeostasis and apoptosis were identified. In particular, heme oxygenase-1 (HMOX1) was identified and involved in nine pathways. In addition, ferritin heavy chain 1 (FTH1) was identified and involved in the ferroptosis pathway. HMOX1 and FTH1 were located primarily in mammary epithelial cells (MECs), and displayed significantly up-regulated expression patterns compared to the control group (healthy cows). The expression levels of HMOX1 and FTH1 were up-regulated in a dose-dependent manner in LPS induced MAC-T cells with increased iron accumulation. The expression levels of HMOX1 and FTH1 and iron accumulation levels in the MAC-T cells were significantly up-regulated by using LPS, but were lower than the levels seen with Erastin (ERA). Finally, we deduced the mechanism of ferroptosis in the MECs of Holstein cows with CM. These results provide new insights for the prevention and treatment of ferroptosis-mediated clinical mastitis in dairy animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quanwei Zhang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Gansu Agriculture University, Lanzhou 730070, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agriculture University, Lanzhou 730070, China
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Animal Reproductive Physiology and Reproductive Regulation, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Xu Bai
- College of Life Science and Technology, Gansu Agriculture University, Lanzhou 730070, China
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Animal Reproductive Physiology and Reproductive Regulation, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Ting Lin
- College of Life Science and Technology, Gansu Agriculture University, Lanzhou 730070, China
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Animal Reproductive Physiology and Reproductive Regulation, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Xueying Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agriculture University, Lanzhou 730070, China
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Animal Reproductive Physiology and Reproductive Regulation, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Bohao Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agriculture University, Lanzhou 730070, China
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Animal Reproductive Physiology and Reproductive Regulation, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Lijun Dai
- College of Life Science and Technology, Gansu Agriculture University, Lanzhou 730070, China
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Animal Reproductive Physiology and Reproductive Regulation, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Jun Shi
- College of Life Science and Technology, Gansu Agriculture University, Lanzhou 730070, China
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Animal Reproductive Physiology and Reproductive Regulation, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Gansu Agriculture University, Lanzhou 730070, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agriculture University, Lanzhou 730070, China
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Animal Reproductive Physiology and Reproductive Regulation, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Xingxu Zhao
- College of Life Science and Technology, Gansu Agriculture University, Lanzhou 730070, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agriculture University, Lanzhou 730070, China
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Animal Reproductive Physiology and Reproductive Regulation, Lanzhou 730070, China
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17
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Murdoch CC, Skaar EP. Nutritional immunity: the battle for nutrient metals at the host-pathogen interface. Nat Rev Microbiol 2022; 20:657-670. [PMID: 35641670 PMCID: PMC9153222 DOI: 10.1038/s41579-022-00745-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Trace metals are essential micronutrients required for survival across all kingdoms of life. From bacteria to animals, metals have critical roles as both structural and catalytic cofactors for an estimated third of the proteome, representing a major contributor to the maintenance of cellular homeostasis. The reactivity of metal ions engenders them with the ability to promote enzyme catalysis and stabilize reaction intermediates. However, these properties render metals toxic at high concentrations and, therefore, metal levels must be tightly regulated. Having evolved in close association with bacteria, vertebrate hosts have developed numerous strategies of metal limitation and intoxication that prevent bacterial proliferation, a process termed nutritional immunity. In turn, bacterial pathogens have evolved adaptive mechanisms to survive in conditions of metal depletion or excess. In this Review, we discuss mechanisms by which nutrient metals shape the interactions between bacterial pathogens and animal hosts. We explore the cell-specific and tissue-specific roles of distinct trace metals in shaping bacterial infections, as well as implications for future research and new therapeutic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin C Murdoch
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
- Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology and Inflammation, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Eric P Skaar
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA.
- Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology and Inflammation, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA.
- Vanderbilt Institute for Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.
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18
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Yadav SK, Ito N, Mindur JE, Kumar H, Youssef M, Suresh S, Kulkarni R, Rosario Y, Balashov KE, Dhib-Jalbut S, Ito K. Fecal Lcn-2 level is a sensitive biological indicator for gut dysbiosis and intestinal inflammation in multiple sclerosis. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1015372. [PMID: 36341389 PMCID: PMC9634083 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1015372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple Sclerosis (MS) has been reported to be associated with intestinal inflammation and gut dysbiosis. To elucidate the underlying biology of MS-linked gut inflammation, we investigated gut infiltration of immune cells during the development of spontaneous experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in humanized transgenic (Tg) mice expressing HLA-DR2a and human T cell receptor (TCR) specific for myelin basic protein peptide (MBP87-99)/HLA-DR2a complexes. Strikingly, we noted the simultaneous development of EAE and colitis, suggesting a link between autoimmune diseases of the central nervous system (CNS) and intestinal inflammation. Examination of the colon in these mice revealed the infiltration of MBP-specific Th17 cells as well as recruitment of neutrophils. Furthermore, we observed that fecal Lipocalin-2 (Lcn-2), a biomarker of intestinal inflammation, was significantly elevated and predominantly produced by the gut-infiltrating neutrophils. We then extended our findings to MS patients and demonstrate that their fecal Lcn-2 levels are significantly elevated compared to healthy donors (HDs). The elevation of fecal Lcn-2 levels correlated with reduced bacterial diversity and increased levels of other intestinal inflammation markers including neutrophil elastase and calprotectin. Of interest, bacteria thought to be beneficial for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) such as Anaerobutyricum, Blautia, and Roseburia, were reduced in fecal Lcn-2-high MS patients. We also observed a decreasing trend in serum acetate (a short-chain fatty acid) levels in MS Lcn-2-high patients compared to HDs. Furthermore, a decrease in the relative abundance of Blautia massiliensis was significantly associated with a reduction of acetate in the serum of MS patients. This study suggests that gut infiltration of Th17 cells and recruitment of neutrophils are associated with the development of gut dysbiosis and intestinal inflammation, and that fecal Lcn-2 level is a sensitive biological indicator for gut dysbiosis in multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudhir K. Yadav
- Department of Neurology, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ, United States
| | - Naoko Ito
- Department of Neurology, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ, United States
| | - John E. Mindur
- Department of Neurology, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ, United States
| | - Hetal Kumar
- Department of Neurology, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ, United States
| | - Mysra Youssef
- Department of Neurology, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ, United States
- Department of Clinical and Chemical Pathology, National Research Centre, Dokki, Egypt
| | - Shradha Suresh
- Department of Neurology, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ, United States
| | - Ratuja Kulkarni
- Department of Neurology, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ, United States
| | - Yaritza Rosario
- Department of Neurology, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ, United States
| | - Konstantin E. Balashov
- Department of Neurology, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ, United States
| | - Suhayl Dhib-Jalbut
- Department of Neurology, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ, United States
- Department of Neurology, Rutgers-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, United States
| | - Kouichi Ito
- Department of Neurology, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ, United States
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Laisney J, Chevallet M, Fauquant C, Sageot C, Moreau Y, Predoi D, Herlin-Boime N, Lebrun C, Michaud-Soret I. Ligand-Promoted Surface Solubilization of TiO 2 Nanoparticles by the Enterobactin Siderophore in Biological Medium. Biomolecules 2022; 12:1516. [PMID: 36291725 PMCID: PMC9599204 DOI: 10.3390/biom12101516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2-NPs) are increasingly used in consumer products for their particular properties. Even though TiO2 is considered chemically stable and insoluble, studying their behavior in biological environments is of great importance to figure their potential dissolution and transformation. The interaction between TiO2-NPs with different sizes and crystallographic forms (anatase and rutile) and the strong chelating enterobactin (ent) siderophore was investigated to look at a possible dissolution. For the first time, direct evidence of anatase TiO2-NP surface dissolution or solubilization (i.e., the removal of Ti atoms located at the surface) in a biological medium by this siderophore was shown and the progressive formation of a hexacoordinated titanium-enterobactin (Ti-ent) complex observed. This complex was characterized by UV-visible and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy (both supported by Density Functional Theory calculations) as well as electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). A maximum of ca. 6.3% of Ti surface atoms were found to be solubilized after 24 h of incubation, releasing Ti-ent complexes in the micromolar range that could then be taken up by bacteria in an iron-depleted medium. From a health and environmental point of view, the effects associated to the solubilization of the E171 TiO2 food additive in the presence of enterobactin and the entrance of the Ti-enterobactin complex in bacteria were questioned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérôme Laisney
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS CEA, IRIG-LCBM, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | | | - Caroline Fauquant
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS CEA, IRIG-LCBM, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Camille Sageot
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS CEA, IRIG-LCBM, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Yohann Moreau
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS CEA, IRIG-LCBM, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Daniela Predoi
- National Institute of Materials Physics, Atomistilor 105 bis, 077125 Magurele, Romania
| | | | - Colette Lebrun
- Université Grenoble Alpes, IRIG-SyMMES, CEA, CNRS, CEA-Grenoble, 38000 Grenoble, France
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Naudé PJW, Pariante C, Hoffman N, Koopowitz SM, Donald KA, Zar HJ, Stein DJ. Antenatal maternal depression, early life inflammation and neurodevelopment in a South African birth cohort. Brain Behav Immun 2022; 105:160-168. [PMID: 35803482 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2022.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antenatal exposure to maternal psychological adversity, including depression, increases the risk of impaired neurodevelopment in children. The underlying biological mechanisms remain unclear, especially in early life during critical windows of development and maturation. This study investigated the association of antenatal maternal depression, maternal and early life inflammatory markers and neurodevelopmental outcomes in children at 2 years of age. METHODS A subgroup of mothers and their children (n = 255) that were enrolled in a South African birth cohort study, the Drakenstein Child Health Study, were followed from the antenatal period through to 2 years of child age. Maternal depressive symptoms were measured by the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II) at 26 weeks gestation. Serum inflammatory markers [granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), interferon-γ (IFN-γ), interleukin IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-7, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12p70, IL-13, tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) and metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9)] were measured in mothers at enrolment and in their children at 6-10 weeks and at 2 years. Neurodevelopment was assessed at 2 years using the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development III. RESULTS Antenatal depressive symptoms (present in 25% of the mothers) were significantly associated with higher levels of IL-7 (p = 0.008), IL-8 (p = 0.019) and TNF-α (p = 0.031) in the mothers after correcting for sociodemographic and lifestyle factors. Serum IL-1β and NGAL levels were significantly elevated over time in children born to mothers with depressive symptoms compared to those without depression, after controlling for maternal and child health and sociodemographic factors. Elevated infant IL-1β at 6-10 weeks of age partially mediated the association of maternal depressive symptoms with poorer language scores at 2 years. CONCLUSION Alterations in early life immunity, as reflected by elevated IL-1β, is a potential pathway through which antenatal maternal depressive symptoms may impact language development in young children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petrus J W Naudé
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - Carmine Pariante
- Stress, Psychiatry and Immunology Laboratory, Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College, London, UK
| | - Nadia Hoffman
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, South Africa
| | | | - Kirsten A Donald
- Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Heather J Zar
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa; SA-MRC Unit on Child and Adolescent Health, University of Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Dan J Stein
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, South Africa; SU/UCT MRC Unit on Risk and Resilience in Mental Disorders, University of Cape Town, South Africa
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21
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Practical Significance of Biomarkers in Axial Spondyloarthritis: Updates on Diagnosis, Disease Activity, and Prognosis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911561. [PMID: 36232862 PMCID: PMC9570274 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA) is a chronic inflammatory disease that can lead to ankylosis by secondary ossification of inflammatory lesions, with progressive disability and a significant impact on quality of life. It is also a risk factor for the occurrence of comorbidities, especially cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), mood disorders, osteoporosis, and malignancies. Early diagnosis and treatment are needed to prevent or decrease functional decline and to improve the patient's prognosis. In respect of axSpA, there is an unmet need for biomarkers that can help to diagnose the disease, define disease activity and prognosis, and establish personalized treatment approaches. The aim of this review was to summarize the available information regarding the most promising biomarkers for axSpA. We classified and identified six core categories of biomarkers: (i) systemic markers of inflammation; (ii) molecules involved in bone homeostasis; (iii) HLA-B27 and newer genetic biomarkers; (iv) antibody-based biomarkers; (v) microbiome biomarkers; and (vi) miscellaneous biomarkers. Unfortunately, despite efforts to validate new biomarkers, few of them are used in clinical practice; however, we believe that these studies provide useful data that could aid in better disease management.
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22
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Herfindal AM, Rocha SDC, Papoutsis D, Bøhn SK, Carlsen H. The ROS-generating enzyme NADPH oxidase 1 modulates the colonic microbiota but offers minor protection against dextran sulfate sodium-induced low-grade colon inflammation in mice. Free Radic Biol Med 2022; 188:298-311. [PMID: 35752373 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2022.06.234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/19/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The enzyme NADPH oxidase 1 (NOX1) is a major producer of superoxide which together with other reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS/RNS) are implicated in maintaining a healthy epithelial barrier in the gut. While previous studies have indicated NOX1's involvement in microbial modulation in the small intestine, less is known about the effects of NOX1-dependent ROS/RNS formation in the colon. We investigated the role of NOX1 in the colon of NOX1 knockout (KO) and wild type (WT) mice, under mild and subclinical low-grade colon inflammation induced by 1% dextran sulfate sodium (DSS). Ex vivo imaging of ROS/RNS in the colon revealed that absence of NOX1 strongly decreased ROS/RNS production, particularly during DSS treatment. Furthermore, while absence of NOX1 did not affect disease activity, some markers of inflammation (mRNA: Tnfa, Il6, Ptgs2; protein: lipocalin 2) in the colonic mucosa tended to be higher in NOX1 KO than in WT mice following DSS treatment. Lack of NOX1 also extensively modulated the bacterial community in the colon (16S rRNA gene sequencing), where NOX1 KO mice were characterized mainly by lower α-diversity (richness and evenness), higher abundance of Firmicutes, Akkermansia, and Oscillibacter, and lower abundance of Bacteroidetes and Alistipes. Together, our data suggest that NOX1 is pivotal for colonic ROS/RNS production in mice both during steady-state (i.e., no DSS treatment) and during 1% DSS-induced low-grade inflammation and for modulation of the colonic microbiota, with potential beneficial consequences for intestinal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Mari Herfindal
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P. O. Box 5003, N-1432, Ås, Norway.
| | - Sérgio Domingos Cardoso Rocha
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P. O. Box 5003, N-1432, Ås, Norway; Faculty of Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P. O. Box 5003, N-1432, Ås, Norway.
| | - Dimitrios Papoutsis
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P. O. Box 5003, N-1432, Ås, Norway.
| | - Siv Kjølsrud Bøhn
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P. O. Box 5003, N-1432, Ås, Norway.
| | - Harald Carlsen
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P. O. Box 5003, N-1432, Ås, Norway.
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23
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Barreto HC, Abreu B, Gordo I. Fluctuating selection on bacterial iron regulation in the mammalian gut. Curr Biol 2022; 32:3261-3275.e4. [PMID: 35793678 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2022.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Iron is critical in host-microbe interactions, and its availability is tightly regulated in the mammalian gut. Antibiotics and inflammation can perturb iron availability in the gut, which could alter host-microbe interactions. Here, we show that an adaptive allele of iscR, a major regulator of iron homeostasis of Escherichia coli, is under fluctuating selection in the mouse gut. In vivo competitions in immune-competent, immune-compromised, and germ-free mice reveal that the selective pressure on an iscR mutant E. coli is modulated by the presence of antibiotics, the microbiota, and the immune system. In vitro assays show that iron availability is an important mediator of the iscR allele fitness benefits or costs. We identify Lipocalin-2, a host's immune protein that prevents bacterial iron acquisition, as a major host mechanism underlying fluctuating selection of iscR. Our results provide a remarkable example of strong fluctuating selection acting on bacterial iron regulation in the mammalian gut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo C Barreto
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Rua da Quinta Grande 6, 2780-156 Oeiras, Portugal.
| | - Beatriz Abreu
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Rua da Quinta Grande 6, 2780-156 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Isabel Gordo
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Rua da Quinta Grande 6, 2780-156 Oeiras, Portugal.
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24
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Vaillant L, Oster P, McMillan B, Orozco Fernandez E, Velin D. GM-CSF is key in the efficacy of vaccine-induced reduction of Helicobacter pylori infection. Helicobacter 2022; 27:e12875. [PMID: 35092634 PMCID: PMC9285700 DOI: 10.1111/hel.12875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) colonizes the human gastric mucosa with a high worldwide prevalence. Currently, H. pylori is eradicated by the use of antibiotics. However, elevated antibiotic resistance suggests new therapeutic strategies need to be envisioned: one approach being prophylactic vaccination. Pre-clinical and clinical data show that a urease-based vaccine is efficient in decreasing H. pylori infection through the mobilization of T helper (Th) cells, especially Th17 cells. Th17 cells produce interleukins such as IL-22 and IL-17, among others, and are key players in vaccine efficacy. Recently, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF)-producing Th17 cells have been identified. AIM This study explores the possibility that GM-CSF plays a role in the reduction of H. pylori infection following vaccination. RESULTS We demonstrate that GM-CSF+ IL-17+ Th17 cells accumulate in the stomach mucosa of H. pylori infected mice during the vaccine-induced reduction of H. pylori infection. Secondly, we provide evidence that vaccinated GM-CSF deficient mice only modestly reduce H. pylori infection. Conversely, we observe that an increase in GM-CSF availability reduces H. pylori burden in chronically infected mice. Thirdly, we show that GM-CSF, by acting on gastric epithelial cells, promotes the production of βdefensin3, which exhibits H. pylori bactericidal activities. CONCLUSION Taken together, we demonstrate a key role of GM-CSF, most probably originating from Th17 cells, in the vaccine-induced reduction of H. pylori infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurie Vaillant
- Service of Gastroenterology and HepatologyCentre Hospitalier Universitaire VaudoisUniversity of LausanneLausanneSwitzerland
| | - Paul Oster
- Service of Gastroenterology and HepatologyCentre Hospitalier Universitaire VaudoisUniversity of LausanneLausanneSwitzerland
| | - Brynn McMillan
- Service of Gastroenterology and HepatologyCentre Hospitalier Universitaire VaudoisUniversity of LausanneLausanneSwitzerland
| | - Eulalia Orozco Fernandez
- Service of Gastroenterology and HepatologyCentre Hospitalier Universitaire VaudoisUniversity of LausanneLausanneSwitzerland
| | - Dominique Velin
- Service of Gastroenterology and HepatologyCentre Hospitalier Universitaire VaudoisUniversity of LausanneLausanneSwitzerland
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25
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Klüber P, Meurer SK, Lambertz J, Schwarz R, Zechel-Gran S, Braunschweig T, Hurka S, Domann E, Weiskirchen R. Depletion of Lipocalin 2 (LCN2) in Mice Leads to Dysbiosis and Persistent Colonization with Segmented Filamentous Bacteria. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222313156. [PMID: 34884961 PMCID: PMC8658549 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222313156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipocalin 2 (LCN2) mediates key roles in innate immune responses. It has affinity for many lipophilic ligands and binds various siderophores, thereby limiting bacterial growth by iron sequestration. Furthermore, LCN2 protects against obesity and metabolic syndrome by interfering with the composition of gut microbiota. Consequently, complete or hepatocyte-specific ablation of the Lcn2 gene is associated with higher susceptibility to bacterial infections. In the present study, we comparatively profiled microbiota in fecal samples of wild type and Lcn2 null mice and show, in contrast to previous reports, that the quantity of DNA in feces of Lcn2 null mice is significantly lower than that in wild type mice (p < 0.001). By using the hypervariable V4 region of the 16S rDNA gene and Next-Generation Sequencing methods, we found a statistically significant change in 16 taxonomic units in Lcn2-/- mice, including eight gender-specific deviations. In particular, members of Clostridium, Escherichia, Helicobacter, Lactococcus, Prevotellaceae_UCG-001 and Staphylococcus appeared to expand in the intestinal tract of knockout mice. Interestingly, the proportion of Escherichia (200-fold) and Staphylococcus (10-fold) as well as the abundance of intestinal bacteria encoding the LCN2-sensitive siderphore enterobactin (entA) was significantly increased in male Lcn2 null mice (743-fold, p < 0.001). This was accompanied by significant higher immune cell infiltration in the ileum as demonstrated by increased immunoreactivity against the pan-leukocyte protein CD45, the lymphocyte transcription factor MUM-1/IRF4, and the macrophage antigen CD68/Macrosialin. In addition, we found a higher expression of mucosal mast cell proteases indicating a higher number of those innate immune cells. Finally, the ileum of Lcn2 null mice displayed a high abundance of segmented filamentous bacteria, which are intimately associated with the mucosal cell layer, provoking epithelial antimicrobial responses and affecting T-helper cell polarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Klüber
- German Centre for Infection Research, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Justus-Liebig-University, D-35392 Giessen, Germany; (P.K.); (S.Z.-G.)
| | - Steffen K. Meurer
- Institute of Molecular Pathobiochemistry, Experimental Gene Therapy and Clinical Chemistry (IFMPEGKC), RWTH Aachen University Hospital, D-52074 Aachen, Germany; (S.K.M.); (J.L.)
| | - Jessica Lambertz
- Institute of Molecular Pathobiochemistry, Experimental Gene Therapy and Clinical Chemistry (IFMPEGKC), RWTH Aachen University Hospital, D-52074 Aachen, Germany; (S.K.M.); (J.L.)
| | - Roman Schwarz
- Labor Mönchengladbach, Medical Care Centre, D-41169 Mönchengladbach, Germany;
| | - Silke Zechel-Gran
- German Centre for Infection Research, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Justus-Liebig-University, D-35392 Giessen, Germany; (P.K.); (S.Z.-G.)
| | - Till Braunschweig
- Institute of Pathology, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, D-52074 Aachen, Germany;
| | - Sabine Hurka
- Institute for Insect Biotechnology, Justus-Liebig-University, D-35392 Giessen, Germany;
| | - Eugen Domann
- German Centre for Infection Research, Institute of Hygiene and Environmental Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
- Correspondence: (E.D.); (R.W.); Tel.: +49-(0)641-99-41280 (E.D.); +49-(0)241-80-88683 (R.W.)
| | - Ralf Weiskirchen
- Institute of Molecular Pathobiochemistry, Experimental Gene Therapy and Clinical Chemistry (IFMPEGKC), RWTH Aachen University Hospital, D-52074 Aachen, Germany; (S.K.M.); (J.L.)
- Correspondence: (E.D.); (R.W.); Tel.: +49-(0)641-99-41280 (E.D.); +49-(0)241-80-88683 (R.W.)
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Mackie GM, Copland A, Takahashi M, Nakanishi Y, Everard I, Kato T, Oda H, Kanaya T, Ohno H, Maslowski KM. Bacterial cancer therapy in autochthonous colorectal cancer affects tumor growth and metabolic landscape. JCI Insight 2021; 6:e139900. [PMID: 34710062 PMCID: PMC8675204 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.139900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial cancer therapy (BCT) shows great promise for treatment of solid tumors, yet basic mechanisms of bacterial-induced tumor suppression remain undefined. Attenuated strains of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (STm) have commonly been used in mouse models of BCT in xenograft and orthotopic transplant cancer models. We aimed to better understand the tumor epithelium-targeted mechanisms of BCT by using autochthonous mouse models of intestinal cancer and tumor organoid cultures to assess the effectiveness and consequences of oral treatment with aromatase A-deficient STm (STmΔaroA). STmΔaroA delivered by oral gavage significantly reduced tumor burden and tumor load in both a colitis-associated colorectal cancer (CAC) model and in a spontaneous Apcmin/+ intestinal cancer model. STmΔaroA colonization of tumors caused alterations in transcription of mRNAs associated with tumor stemness, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, and cell cycle. Metabolomic analysis of tumors demonstrated alteration in the metabolic environment of STmΔaroA-treated tumors, suggesting that STmΔaroA imposes metabolic competition on the tumor. Use of tumor organoid cultures in vitro recapitulated effects seen on tumor stemness, mesenchymal markers, and altered metabolome. Furthermore, live STmΔaroA was required, demonstrating active mechanisms including metabolite usage. We have demonstrated that oral BCT is efficacious in autochthonous intestinal cancer models, that BCT imposes metabolic competition, and that BCT has direct effects on the tumor epithelium affecting tumor stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gillian M. Mackie
- University of Birmingham, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy and Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Alastair Copland
- University of Birmingham, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy and Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Masumi Takahashi
- Laboratory for Intestinal Ecosystem, RIKEN Institute for Integrative Medical Science, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Yumiko Nakanishi
- Laboratory for Intestinal Ecosystem, RIKEN Institute for Integrative Medical Science, Yokohama, Japan
- Intestinal Microbiota Project, Kanagawa Institute of Industrial Science and Technology, Kawasaki, Japan
- Immunobiology Laboratory, Graduate School of Medical Life Science, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Isabel Everard
- University of Birmingham, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy and Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Tamotsu Kato
- Laboratory for Intestinal Ecosystem, RIKEN Institute for Integrative Medical Science, Yokohama, Japan
- Intestinal Microbiota Project, Kanagawa Institute of Industrial Science and Technology, Kawasaki, Japan
- Immunobiology Laboratory, Graduate School of Medical Life Science, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Hirotsugu Oda
- Laboratory for Integrative Genomics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
- Inflammatory Disease Section, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Takashi Kanaya
- Laboratory for Intestinal Ecosystem, RIKEN Institute for Integrative Medical Science, Yokohama, Japan
- Immunobiology Laboratory, Graduate School of Medical Life Science, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ohno
- Laboratory for Intestinal Ecosystem, RIKEN Institute for Integrative Medical Science, Yokohama, Japan
- Intestinal Microbiota Project, Kanagawa Institute of Industrial Science and Technology, Kawasaki, Japan
- Immunobiology Laboratory, Graduate School of Medical Life Science, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Kendle M. Maslowski
- University of Birmingham, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy and Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- Laboratory for Intestinal Ecosystem, RIKEN Institute for Integrative Medical Science, Yokohama, Japan
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Stopková R, Otčenášková T, Matějková T, Kuntová B, Stopka P. Biological Roles of Lipocalins in Chemical Communication, Reproduction, and Regulation of Microbiota. Front Physiol 2021; 12:740006. [PMID: 34594242 PMCID: PMC8476925 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.740006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Major evolutionary transitions were always accompanied by genetic remodelling of phenotypic traits. For example, the vertebrate transition from water to land was accompanied by rapid evolution of olfactory receptors and by the expansion of genes encoding lipocalins, which - due to their transporting functions - represent an important interface between the external and internal organic world of an individual and also within an individual. Similarly, some lipocalin genes were lost along other genes when this transition went in the opposite direction leading, for example, to cetaceans. In terrestrial vertebrates, lipocalins are involved in the transport of lipophilic substances, chemical signalling, odour reception, antimicrobial defence and background odour clearance during ventilation. Many ancestral lipocalins have clear physiological functions across the vertebrate taxa while many other have - due to pleiotropic effects of their genes - multiple or complementary functions within the body homeostasis and development. The aim of this review is to deconstruct the physiological functions of lipocalins in light of current OMICs techniques. We concentrated on major findings in the house mouse in comparison to other model taxa (e.g., voles, humans, and birds) in which all or most coding genes within their genomes were repeatedly sequenced and their annotations are sufficiently informative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romana Stopková
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, BIOCEV, Prague, Czechia
| | - Tereza Otčenášková
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, BIOCEV, Prague, Czechia
| | - Tereza Matějková
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, BIOCEV, Prague, Czechia
| | - Barbora Kuntová
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, BIOCEV, Prague, Czechia
| | - Pavel Stopka
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, BIOCEV, Prague, Czechia
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Bakke I, Walaas GA, Bruland T, Røyset ES, van Beelen Granlund A, Escudero-Hernández C, Thorsvik S, Münch A, Sandvik AK, Østvik AE. Mucosal and faecal neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin as potential biomarkers for collagenous colitis. J Gastroenterol 2021; 56:914-927. [PMID: 34414506 PMCID: PMC8478740 DOI: 10.1007/s00535-021-01814-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Collagenous colitis (CC) is an inflammatory bowel disease where chronic diarrhoea is the main symptom. Diagnostic markers distinguishing between CC and other causes of chronic diarrhoea remain elusive. This study explores neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) and its mRNA lipocalin2 (LCN2) as histological and faecal disease markers in CC. METHODS NGAL/LCN2 were studied in colonic biopsies from CC patients before and during budesonide treatment using RNA sequencing (n = 9/group), in situ hybridization (ISH) (n = 13-22/group) and immunohistochemistry (IHC) (n = 14-25/group). Faecal samples from CC (n = 3-28/group), irritable bowel syndrome diarrhoea (IBS-D) (n = 14) and healthy controls (HC) (n = 15) were assayed for NGAL and calprotectin. RESULTS NGAL/LCN2 protein and mRNA expression were upregulated in active CC vs HC, and vs paired samples of treated CC in clinical remission. IHC and ISH localized increased NGAL/LCN2 mainly to epithelium of active CC, compared to almost absence in HC and treated CC. In contrast, calprotectin was solely expressed in immune cells. Despite great individual differences, faecal NGAL was significantly increased in active CC compared to HC, IBS-D and treated CC and had high test sensitivity. Faecal calprotectin levels were variably increased in active CC, but the values remained below usual clinical cut-offs. CONCLUSION NGAL/LCN2 is upregulated in the epithelium of active CC and reduced during budesonide-induced clinical remission to the level of HC and IBD-S. This was reflected in NGAL faecal concentrations. We propose NGAL as an IHC marker for disease activity in CC and a potential faecal biomarker discriminating CC from HC and IBS-D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingunn Bakke
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine (IKOM), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, NTNU-Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Prinsesse Kristinas Gate 1, 7489, Trondheim, Norway
- Clinic of Laboratory Medicine, St. Olav's University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Gunnar Andreas Walaas
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine (IKOM), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, NTNU-Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Prinsesse Kristinas Gate 1, 7489, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Torunn Bruland
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine (IKOM), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, NTNU-Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Prinsesse Kristinas Gate 1, 7489, Trondheim, Norway
- Clinic of Medicine, St. Olav's University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Elin Synnøve Røyset
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine (IKOM), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, NTNU-Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Prinsesse Kristinas Gate 1, 7489, Trondheim, Norway
- Clinic of Laboratory Medicine, St. Olav's University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Pathology, Clinic of Laboratory Medicine, St. Olav's University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Atle van Beelen Granlund
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine (IKOM), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, NTNU-Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Prinsesse Kristinas Gate 1, 7489, Trondheim, Norway
- Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research (CEMIR), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, NTNU-Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Prinsesse Kristinas Gate 1, 7489, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Celia Escudero-Hernández
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences (BVK), Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology (IKMB), Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, and University Hospital Schleswig Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Silje Thorsvik
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine (IKOM), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, NTNU-Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Prinsesse Kristinas Gate 1, 7489, Trondheim, Norway
- Clinic of Medicine, St. Olav's University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Clinic of Medicine, St. Olav's University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Andreas Münch
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences (BVK), Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Linköping University Hospital, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Arne Kristian Sandvik
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine (IKOM), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, NTNU-Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Prinsesse Kristinas Gate 1, 7489, Trondheim, Norway
- Clinic of Medicine, St. Olav's University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
- Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research (CEMIR), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, NTNU-Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Prinsesse Kristinas Gate 1, 7489, Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Clinic of Medicine, St. Olav's University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Ann Elisabet Østvik
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine (IKOM), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, NTNU-Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Prinsesse Kristinas Gate 1, 7489, Trondheim, Norway.
- Clinic of Medicine, St. Olav's University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway.
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Clinic of Medicine, St. Olav's University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway.
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Guardado S, Ojeda-Juárez D, Kaul M, Nordgren TM. Comprehensive review of lipocalin 2-mediated effects in lung inflammation. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2021; 321:L726-L733. [PMID: 34468208 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00080.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipocalin-2 (LCN2) is an inflammatory mediator best known for its role as an innate acute-phase protein. LCN2 mediates the innate immune response to pathogens by sequestering iron, thereby inhibiting pathogen growth. Although LCN2 and its bacteriostatic properties are well studied, other LCN2 functions in the immune response to inflammatory stimuli are less well understood, such as its role as a chemoattractant and involvement in the regulation of cell migration and apoptosis. In the lungs, most studies thus far investigating the role of LCN2 in the immune response have looked at pathogenic inflammatory stimuli. Here, we compile data that explore the role of LCN2 in the immune response to various inflammatory stimuli in an effort to differentiate between protective versus detrimental roles of LCN2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Guardado
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, California
| | - Daniel Ojeda-Juárez
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, California
| | - Marcus Kaul
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, California
| | - Tara M Nordgren
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, California
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Du H, Liang L, Li J, Xiong Q, Yu X, Yu H. Lipocalin-2 Alleviates LPS-Induced Inflammation Through Alteration of Macrophage Properties. J Inflamm Res 2021; 14:4189-4203. [PMID: 34471375 PMCID: PMC8405166 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s328916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Lipocalin-2 (Lcn2) is an acute-phase protein and elevated in several inflammatory diseases. This study aimed to determine whether Lcn2 alleviates inflammation and explore the underlying cellular mechanisms. Methods C57BL/6 Lcn2-deficient (Lcn2−/-) male mice were intraperitoneally injected with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to build systemic inflammation model. The inflammatory processes were investigated. The morphology of villi was measured by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The levels of inflammatory factors were detected by ELISA and qPCR analysis. The production of Lcn2 was determined with immunofluorescence staining by confocal microscope. The molecular mechanism of Lcn2 in bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) was analyzed by mass spectrometry (MS)-based quantitative proteomic analysis. Results Compared to wild-type (WT) mice injected with LPS, Lcn2−/- mice injected with LPS showed increased inflammatory damage in jejunum and ileum, and significantly elevated the levels of multiple pro-inflammatory cytokines. After determining that Lcn2 was mainly located in the cytoplasm of macrophages, we isolated BMDMs from Lcn2−/- mice to evaluate their function. During LPS challenge, transcripts of pro-inflammatory cytokines were all significantly increased in BMDMs from Lcn2−/- mice, while those of anti-inflammatory cytokines were significantly decreased when compared with the cytokines in BMDMs from WT mice. A label-free relative quantitation proteomics analysis showed that LPS-treated BMDMs from Lcn2−/- mice had elevated levels of pro-inflammatory pathways, but reduced phagocytosis and autophagy when compared with LPS-treated BMDMs from WT mice. Conclusion These findings demonstrated that Lcn2 was a potent protective factor in response to systemic inflammation and might be an indispensable factor for macrophage functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huahua Du
- MoE Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Liang
- MoE Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiahui Li
- MoE Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingqing Xiong
- MoE Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Yu
- Department of Anesthesia, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, 310016, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Yu
- Department of General Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, 310016, People's Republic of China
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31
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Dekens DW, Eisel ULM, Gouweleeuw L, Schoemaker RG, De Deyn PP, Naudé PJW. Lipocalin 2 as a link between ageing, risk factor conditions and age-related brain diseases. Ageing Res Rev 2021; 70:101414. [PMID: 34325073 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2021.101414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Chronic (neuro)inflammation plays an important role in many age-related central nervous system (CNS) diseases, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease and vascular dementia. Inflammation also characterizes many conditions that form a risk factor for these CNS disorders, such as physical inactivity, obesity and cardiovascular disease. Lipocalin 2 (Lcn2) is an inflammatory protein shown to be involved in different age-related CNS diseases, as well as risk factor conditions thereof. Lcn2 expression is increased in the periphery and the brain in different age-related CNS diseases and also their risk factor conditions. Experimental studies indicate that Lcn2 contributes to various neuropathophysiological processes of age-related CNS diseases, including exacerbated neuroinflammation, cell death and iron dysregulation, which may negatively impact cognitive function. We hypothesize that increased Lcn2 levels as a result of age-related risk factor conditions may sensitize the brain and increase the risk to develop age-related CNS diseases. In this review we first provide a comprehensive overview of the known functions of Lcn2, and its effects in the CNS. Subsequently, this review explores Lcn2 as a potential (neuro)inflammatory link between different risk factor conditions and the development of age-related CNS disorders. Altogether, evidence convincingly indicates Lcn2 as a key constituent in ageing and age-related brain diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doortje W Dekens
- Department of Neurology and Alzheimer Center Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands; Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences (GELIFES), University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Ulrich L M Eisel
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences (GELIFES), University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Leonie Gouweleeuw
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences (GELIFES), University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Regien G Schoemaker
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences (GELIFES), University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Peter P De Deyn
- Department of Neurology and Alzheimer Center Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands; Laboratory of Neurochemistry and Behaviour, Biobank, Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Petrus J W Naudé
- Department of Neurology and Alzheimer Center Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands; Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences (GELIFES), University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands; Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health and Neuroscience Institute, Brain Behaviour Unit, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
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32
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Saha P, Golonka RM, Abokor AA, Yeoh BS, Vijay-Kumar M. IL-10 Receptor Neutralization-Induced Colitis in Mice: A Comprehensive Guide. Curr Protoc 2021; 1:e227. [PMID: 34399038 DOI: 10.1002/cpz1.227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-10 (IL-10) and its receptor (IL-10R) have been foremost targets to understand inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) pathogenesis. For the past several decades, IL-10-deficient (Il10-/- ) mice were considered one of the best models to study immune-mediated colitis. Several physiologic limitations with this model, e.g., delayed and varied disease onset, have hindered investigators in testing new clinical therapies for IBD. In this article, we provide comprehensive guidance for using anti-IL-10R monoclonal antibody (αIL-10R mAb) neutralization as a superior alternative model to study IBD. This article describes the feasibility of using αIL-10R mAb to induce chronic colitis (within 4 weeks), perform time-dependent mechanistic studies, and assess the efficacy of IBD therapeutics. This article also delineates protocols for in-house assays to critically assess colitis and associated inflammatory parameters. Overall, we underscore αIL-10R mAb neutralization as a relevant immune-mediated murine colitis model to study human Crohn's disease. © 2021 Wiley Periodicals LLC. Basic Protocol 1: Induction of chronic colitis in mice via αIL-10R mAb neutralization Basic Protocol 2: Biochemical evaluation of αIL-10R mAb neutralization-induced chronic colitis Support Protocol 1: Stool analysis and scoring Support Protocol 2: Swiss roll method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piu Saha
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, Ohio
| | - Rachel M Golonka
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, Ohio
| | - Ahmed A Abokor
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, Ohio
| | - Beng San Yeoh
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, Ohio
| | - Matam Vijay-Kumar
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, Ohio
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33
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Tsui FWL, Lin A, Sari I, Zhang Z, Tsui HW, Inman RD. Serial Lipocalin 2 and Oncostatin M levels reflect inflammation status and treatment response in axial spondyloarthritis. Arthritis Res Ther 2021; 23:141. [PMID: 33990221 PMCID: PMC8120829 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-021-02521-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Informative serum biomarkers for monitoring inflammatory activity and treatment responses in axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA) are lacking. We assessed whether Lipocalin 2 (LCN2) and Oncostatin M (OSM), both having roles in inflammation and bone remodeling, may accurately reflect chronic joint inflammation and treatment response in axSpA. Previous reports in animal models showed involvement of LCN2 and OSM in joint/gut inflammation. We asked whether they also play a role in human axSpA. Methods We analyzed a longitudinal observational axSpA cohort (286 patients) with yearly clinical assessments and concurrent measurements of serum LCN2 and OSM (1204 serum samples) for a mean of 4 years. Biomarker levels were correlated with MRI scoring and treatment response. Results Persistent and transient elevation of LCN2 and OSM were observed in axSpA patients. Persistent elevation of LCN2 or OSM, but not CRP, correlated with sacroiliac joint (SIJ) MRI SPARCC scores (Pearson’s correlation p = 0.0005 and 0.005 for LCN2 and OSM respectively), suggesting that LCN2/OSM outperforms CRP as reflective of SIJ inflammation. We observed both concordant and discordant patterns of LCN2 and OSM in relationship to back pain, the cardinal clinical symptom in axSpA. Twenty-six percent (73/286) of the patients remained both clinically and serologically active (CASA). Sixty percent (173/286) of the patients became clinically quiescent, with back pain resolved, but 53% (92/173) of them were serologically active (CQSA), indicating that pain control may not indicate control of joint inflammation, as reflected by positive MRI imaging of SIJ. With respect to treatment responses, transient elevation of LCN2 or OSM over time was predictive of better response to all treatments. Conclusion In axSpA, persistent LCN2 and/or OSM elevation reflects chronic SIJ inflammation and suboptimal treatment response. In our cohort, half of the currently deemed clinically quiescent patients with back pain resolved continued to demonstrate chronic joint inflammation. LCN2 and OSM profiling outperforms CRP as a predictive measure and provides an objective assessment of chronic local inflammation in axSpA patients. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13075-021-02521-y.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence W L Tsui
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,KeyIntel Medical Inc, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Aifeng Lin
- KeyIntel Medical Inc, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ismail Sari
- Schroeder Arthritis Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Zhenbo Zhang
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Biomedical and Molecular Science, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hing Wo Tsui
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Robert D Inman
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. .,Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. .,Schroeder Arthritis Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. .,Department of Medicine and Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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Golonka RM, Cooper JK, Issa R, Devarasetty PP, Gokula V, Busken J, Zubcevic J, Hill J, Vijay-Kumar M, Menon B, Joe B. Impact of Nutritional Epigenetics in Essential Hypertension: Targeting microRNAs in the Gut-Liver Axis. Curr Hypertens Rep 2021; 23:28. [PMID: 33961141 PMCID: PMC8105193 DOI: 10.1007/s11906-021-01142-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To review the current knowledge on interactions between dietary factors and microRNAs (miRNAs) in essential hypertension (EH) pathogenesis. RECENT FINDINGS There exists an integration of maintenance signals generated by genetic, epigenetic, immune, and environmental (e.g., dietary) factors that work to sustain balance in the gut-liver axis. It is well established that an imbalance in this complex, intertwined system substantially increases the risk for EH. As such, pertinent research has been taken to decipher how each signal operates in isolation and together in EH progression. Recent literature indicates that both macro- and micronutrients interrupt regulatory miRNA expressions and thus, alter multiple cellular processes that contribute to EH and its comorbidities. We highlight how carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, salt, and potassium modify miRNA signatures during EH. The disruption in miRNA expression can negatively impact communication systems such as over activating the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, modulating the vascular smooth muscle cell phenotype, and promoting angiogenesis to favor EH. We also delineate the prognostic value of miRNAs in EH and discuss the pros and cons of surgical vs dietary prophylactic approaches in EH prevention. We propose that dietary-dependent perturbation of the miRNA profile is one mechanism within the gut-liver axis that dictates EH development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel M Golonka
- Microbiome Consortium, Center for Hypertension and Precision Medicine, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, The University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Block Health Science Bldg, 3000 Arlington Ave, Toledo, OH, 43614, USA
| | | | - Rochell Issa
- The University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH, USA
| | | | - Veda Gokula
- The University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Joshua Busken
- The University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Jasenka Zubcevic
- Microbiome Consortium, Center for Hypertension and Precision Medicine, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, The University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Block Health Science Bldg, 3000 Arlington Ave, Toledo, OH, 43614, USA
- Department of Physiological Sciences and Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida Genetics Institute, Interdisciplinary Program in Biomedical Sciences Neuroscience, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Jennifer Hill
- Microbiome Consortium, Center for Hypertension and Precision Medicine, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, The University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Block Health Science Bldg, 3000 Arlington Ave, Toledo, OH, 43614, USA
| | - Matam Vijay-Kumar
- Microbiome Consortium, Center for Hypertension and Precision Medicine, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, The University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Block Health Science Bldg, 3000 Arlington Ave, Toledo, OH, 43614, USA
| | - Bindu Menon
- Department of Medical Education, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Room 3105B, CCE Bldg, 2920 Arlington Ave, Toledo, OH, 43614, USA.
| | - Bina Joe
- Microbiome Consortium, Center for Hypertension and Precision Medicine, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, The University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Block Health Science Bldg, 3000 Arlington Ave, Toledo, OH, 43614, USA.
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Watzenboeck ML, Drobits B, Zahalka S, Gorki AD, Farhat A, Quattrone F, Hladik A, Lakovits K, Richard GM, Lederer T, Strobl B, Versteeg GA, Boon L, Starkl P, Knapp S. Lipocalin 2 modulates dendritic cell activity and shapes immunity to influenza in a microbiome dependent manner. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009487. [PMID: 33905460 PMCID: PMC8078786 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipocalin 2 (LCN2) is a secreted glycoprotein with roles in multiple biological processes. It contributes to host defense by interference with bacterial iron uptake and exerts immunomodulatory functions in various diseases. Here, we aimed to characterize the function of LCN2 in lung macrophages and dendritic cells (DCs) using Lcn2-/- mice. Transcriptome analysis revealed strong LCN2-related effects in CD103+ DCs during homeostasis, with differential regulation of antigen processing and presentation and antiviral immunity pathways. We next validated the relevance of LCN2 in a mouse model of influenza infection, wherein LCN2 protected from excessive weight loss and improved survival. LCN2-deficiency was associated with enlarged mediastinal lymph nodes and increased lung T cell numbers, indicating a dysregulated immune response to influenza infection. Depletion of CD8+ T cells equalized weight loss between WT and Lcn2-/- mice, proving that LCN2 protects from excessive disease morbidity by dampening CD8+ T cell responses. In vivo T cell chimerism and in vitro T cell proliferation assays indicated that improved antigen processing by CD103+ DCs, rather than T cell intrinsic effects of LCN2, contribute to the exacerbated T cell response. Considering the antibacterial potential of LCN2 and that commensal microbes can modulate antiviral immune responses, we speculated that LCN2 might cause the observed influenza phenotype via the microbiome. Comparing the lung and gut microbiome of WT and Lcn2-/- mice by 16S rRNA gene sequencing, we observed profound effects of LCN2 on gut microbial composition. Interestingly, antibiotic treatment or co-housing of WT and Lcn2-/- mice prior to influenza infection equalized lung CD8+ T cell counts, suggesting that the LCN2-related effects are mediated by the microbiome. In summary, our results highlight a novel regulatory function of LCN2 in the modulation of antiviral immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin L. Watzenboeck
- Research Laboratory of Infection Biology, Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
- CeMM, Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Austria
| | - Barbara Drobits
- Research Laboratory of Infection Biology, Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
- CeMM, Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Austria
| | - Sophie Zahalka
- Research Laboratory of Infection Biology, Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
- CeMM, Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Austria
| | - Anna-Dorothea Gorki
- Research Laboratory of Infection Biology, Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
- CeMM, Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Austria
| | - Asma Farhat
- Research Laboratory of Infection Biology, Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
- CeMM, Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Austria
| | - Federica Quattrone
- Research Laboratory of Infection Biology, Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
- CeMM, Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Austria
| | - Anastasiya Hladik
- Research Laboratory of Infection Biology, Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
- CeMM, Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Austria
| | - Karin Lakovits
- Research Laboratory of Infection Biology, Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
- CeMM, Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Austria
| | - Gabriel M. Richard
- Research Laboratory of Infection Biology, Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
- CeMM, Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Austria
| | - Therese Lederer
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Department of Biomedical Science, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Birgit Strobl
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Department of Biomedical Science, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gijs A. Versteeg
- Department of Microbiology, Immunobiology, and Genetics, Max Perutz Labs, University of Vienna, Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
| | - Louis Boon
- Polpharma Biologics, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Philipp Starkl
- Research Laboratory of Infection Biology, Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
- CeMM, Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Austria
| | - Sylvia Knapp
- Research Laboratory of Infection Biology, Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
- CeMM, Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Austria
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Lyu W, Jia H, Deng C, Yamada S, Kato H. Zeolite-containing mixture alleviates microbial dysbiosis in dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitis in mice. Food Sci Nutr 2021; 9:772-780. [PMID: 33598162 PMCID: PMC7866626 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.2042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 11/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a multifactorial immunomodulatory disorder. In relative nosogenesis, gut microbiota has been the focus of research on IBD. In our previous study, we demonstrated the ameliorating effect of zeolite-containing mixture (Hydryeast®, HY) on dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis, through transcriptomics and proteomics. In the present study, we performed further investigation from the perspective of metagenomics using the gut microbiota. C57BL6 mice were provided an AIN-93G basal diet or a 0.8% HY-containing diet, and sterilized tap water for 11 days. Thereafter, colitis was induced by providing 1.5% (w/v) DSS-containing water for 9 days. DNA was extracted from the cecal contents and pooled into libraries in a single Illumina MiSeq run. The resulting sequences were analyzed using Quantitative Insights Into Microbial Ecology (QIIME) software. According to the alterations in the relative abundance of certain bacteria, and the related gene and protein expressions, HY supplementation could improve the gut microbiota composition, ameliorate the degree of inflammation, inhibit the colonic mucosal microbial growth, and, to some extent, promote energy metabolism in the colon compared with the DSS treatment. Thus, we believe that HY may be a candidate to prevent and treat IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weida Lyu
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life SciencesThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan
| | - Huijuan Jia
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life SciencesThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan
| | | | | | - Hisanori Kato
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life SciencesThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan
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Zollner A, Schmiderer A, Reider SJ, Oberhuber G, Pfister A, Texler B, Watschinger C, Koch R, Effenberger M, Raine T, Tilg H, Moschen AR. Faecal Biomarkers in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases: Calprotectin Versus Lipocalin-2-a Comparative Study. J Crohns Colitis 2021; 15:43-54. [PMID: 32556317 DOI: 10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjaa124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Faecal biomarkers, particularly calprotectin [FCAL], have become important diagnostic and monitoring tools in inflammatory bowel diseases [IBD]. As FCAL is mainly produced by neutrophils, we hypothesised that faecal lipocalin-2 [FLCN2], also expressed by intestinal epithelial cells [IEC], could be beneficial in specific clinical situations. METHODS We compared clinical and endoscopic activity-related correlations between FCAL and FLCN2, assayed from the same sample, in a cohort of 132 patients (72 Crohn's disease [CD]) and 40 controls. A detailed analysis of cellular origins was done by confocal microscopy and flow cytometry. To evaluate the potential to detect low-grade inflammation, we studied faecal and tissue concentrations in a cohort with clinical, endoscopic, and histological remission. RESULTS There was an excellent correlation between FCAL and FLCN2 [rS = 0.87, p <0.001] and comparable sensitivity and specificity to predict clinical and endoscopic disease activity, with optimal thresholds for endoscopic activity of 73.4 and 1.98 µg/g in ulcerative colitis [UC] and 78.4 and 0.56 µg/g in Crohn's disease for FCAL and FLCN2, respectively. Strong co-expression of both proteins was observed in granulocytes and macrophages. IECs expressed LCN2 but not CAL. In our IBD cohort in deep remission neither FCAL nor FLCN2 was different from controls; yet mucosal LCN2 but not CAL expressions remained elevated in the rectum of UC and the ileum of CD patients. CONCLUSIONS This study corroborates the diagnostic equivalence of FLCN2 and FCAL in IBD. In remission, persistent mucosal overexpression renders LCN2 an attractive candidate for molecular inflammation warranting further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Zollner
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Mucosal Immunology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Andreas Schmiderer
- Department of Medicine, Division of Internal Medicine I, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Simon J Reider
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Mucosal Immunology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Georg Oberhuber
- INNPATH, Tirol-Kliniken University Hospital Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Alexandra Pfister
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Mucosal Immunology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.,Department of Medicine, Division of Internal Medicine I, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Bernhard Texler
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Mucosal Immunology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Christina Watschinger
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Mucosal Immunology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Robert Koch
- Department of Medicine, Division of Internal Medicine I, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Maria Effenberger
- Department of Medicine, Division of Internal Medicine I, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Tim Raine
- Department of Gastroenterology, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - Herbert Tilg
- Department of Medicine, Division of Internal Medicine I, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Alexander R Moschen
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Mucosal Immunology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.,Department of Medicine, Division of Internal Medicine I, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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38
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Study on the additive protective effect of PGLYRP3 and Bifidobacterium adolescentis Reuter 1963 on severity of DSS-induced colitis in Pglyrp3 knockout (Pglyrp3 -/-) and wild-type (WT) mice. Immunobiology 2020; 226:152028. [PMID: 33242664 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2020.152028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Pglyrp3 is a bactericidal innate immunity protein known to sustain the habitual gut microbiome and protect against experimental colitis. Intestinal inflammation and metaflammation are commonly associated with a marked reduction of commensal bifidobacteria. Whether Pglyrp3 and bifidobacteria interact synergistically or additively to alleviate metaflammation is unknown. We investigated the extent to which Pglyrp3 and bifidobacteria regulate metaflammation and gut bacterial dysbiosis in DSS-induced mouse models of intestinal inflammation. MATERIAL & METHODS 8-10 weeks old male mice were used. In both WT and Pglyrp3 -/- experiments, the mice were randomly divided into three groups of 16 mice per group: (1) a control group receiving sterile tap water, (2) an experimental group receiving sterile tap water supplemented with only 5% DSS, and (3) an experimental group receiving sterile tap water supplemented with 5% DSS and 1 × 109 CFU/ml of Bifidobacterium adolescentis (B.a.) for 7 days. Wild-type (WT) littermates of the respective gene (i.e. Pglyrp3) were used as controls throughout the study. Clinical signs of general health and inflammation were monitored daily. Faecal pellet samples were analysed by qRT-PCR for microbial composition. Histology of relevant organs was carried out on day 8. Metabolic parameters and liver inflammation were determined in serum samples. RESULTS Intestinal inflammation in mice of group 2 were significantly increased compared to those of control group 1. There was a significant difference in mean scores for inflammation severity between DSS-treated WT and DSS-treated Pglyrp3 -/- mice. Buildup of key serum metabolic markers (cholesterol, triglyceride and glucose) was set off by colonic inflammation. qRT-PCR quantification showed that DSS significantly decreased the Clostridium coccoides and Bifidobacterium cell counts while increasing those of Bacteroides group in both WT and Pglyrp3 -/- mice. These manifestations of DSS-induced dysbiosis were significantly attenuated by feeding B.a. Both the local and systemic ill-being of the mice alleviated when they received B.a. DISCUSSION This study shows that Pglyrp3 facilitates recognition of bifidobacterial cell wall-derived peptidoglycan, thus leading additively to a reduction of metaflammation through an increase in the number of bifidobacteria, which were able to mitigate intestinal immunopathology in the context of Pglyrp3 blockade.
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Vander Elst N, Breyne K, Steenbrugge J, Gibson AJ, Smith DGE, Germon P, Werling D, Meyer E. Enterobactin Deficiency in a Coliform Mastitis Isolate Decreases Its Fitness in a Murine Model: A Preliminary Host-Pathogen Interaction Study. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:576583. [PMID: 33240956 PMCID: PMC7680728 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.576583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron is an essential nutrient for bacterial growth. Therefore, bacteria have evolved chelation mechanisms to acquire iron for their survival. Enterobactin, a chelator with high affinity for ferric iron, is secreted by Escherichia coli and contributes to its improved bacterial fitness. In this preliminary study, we evaluated enterobactin deficiency both in vitro and in vivo in the context of E. coli mastitis. Firstly, we showed that expression of lipocalin 2, a protein produced by the host that is able to both bind and deplete enterobactin, is increased upon E. coli infection in the cow's mastitic mammary gland. Secondly, we demonstrated in vitro that enterobactin deficiency does not alter interleukin (IL)-8 expression in bovine mammary epithelial cells and its associated neutrophil recruitment. However, a significantly increased reactive oxygen species production of these neutrophils was observed. Thirdly, we showed there was no significant difference in bacterial in vitro growth between the enterobactin-deficient mutant and its wild-type counterpart. However, when further explored in a murine model for bovine mastitis, the enterobactin-deficient mutant vs. the wild-type strain revealed a significant reduction of the bacterial load and, consequently, a decrease in pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1α,-1β,-4,-6, and-8). A reduced neutrophilic influx was also observed immunohistochemically. These findings therefore identify interference of the enterobactin iron-scavenging mechanism as a potential measure to decrease the fitness of E. coli in the mastitic mammary gland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niels Vander Elst
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Koen Breyne
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
- Molecular Neurogenetics Unit, Department of Neurology and Center for Molecular Imaging Research, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Jonas Steenbrugge
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Amanda Jane Gibson
- Centre of Excellence for Bovine TB, Institute of Biology, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, United Kingdom
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, United Kingdom
| | - David George Emslie Smith
- School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Institute of Biological Chemistry, Biophysics and Bioengineering, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Pierre Germon
- INRAE, UMR ISP, Université François Rabelais de Tours, Nouzilly, France
| | - Dirk Werling
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, United Kingdom
| | - Evelyne Meyer
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
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Singh V, Galla S, Golonka RM, Patterson AD, Chassaing B, Joe B, Vijay-Kumar M. Lipocalin 2 deficiency-induced gut microbiota dysbiosis evokes metabolic syndrome in aged mice. Physiol Genomics 2020; 52:314-321. [PMID: 32628083 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00118.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipocalin 2 (Lcn2) is a multifunctional innate immune protein that limits microbial overgrowth. Our previous study demonstrated that the gut microbiota directly induces intestinal Lcn2 production, and Lcn2-deficient (Lcn2-/-) mice exhibit gut dysbiosis. Coincidentally, gut dysbiosis is associated with metabolic syndrome pathogenesis, and elevated Lcn2 levels has been considered a potential clinical biomarker of metabolic syndrome. Yet whether Lcn2 mitigates or exacerbates metabolic syndrome remains inconclusive. Our objective was to determine whether Lcn2 deficiency-induced compositional changes in gut microbiota contribute to gain in adiposity in aged mice. Utilizing Lcn2-/- mice and their wild-type (WT) littermates, we measured metabolic markers, including fasting blood glucose, serum lipids, fat pad weight, and insulin resistance at ages 3, 6, and 9 mo old. Relative to WT mice, aged Lcn2-/- mice exhibited a gain in adiposity associated with numerous features of metabolic syndrome, including insulin resistance and dyslipidemia. Surprisingly, supplementation with a high-fat diet did not further aggravate metabolic syndrome that spontaneously occurs in Lcn2-/- mice by 6 mo of age. Interestingly, chow-fed Lcn2-/- mice displayed marked differences in the bacterial abundance and metabolomic profile of the gut microbiota compared with WT mice. Overall, our results demonstrate that Lcn2 is essential to maintain metabolic and gut microbiotal homeostasis, where deficiency induces spontaneous delayed onset of metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishal Singh
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania
| | - Sarah Galla
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, Ohio
| | - Rachel M Golonka
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, Ohio
| | - Andrew D Patterson
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, State College, Pennsylvania
| | - Benoit Chassaing
- Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia.,Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Bina Joe
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, Ohio
| | - Matam Vijay-Kumar
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, Ohio
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Ramezani Kapourchali F, Glueck B, Han Y, Shapiro D, Fulmer CG, Cresci GAM. A Spore-Forming Probiotic Supplement Improves the Intestinal Immune Response and Protects the Intestinal Health During Recurrent Clostridioides difficile Colonization in Mice. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2020; 44:1428-1438. [PMID: 32495964 DOI: 10.1002/jpen.1851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Around 15%-30% of patients develop recurrent Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) as conventional therapies disrupt protective gut microbiota. We tested if supplementation with a spore-forming probiotic would protect intestinal health in a mouse model of recurrent CD colonization. METHODS Methods: Female CF-1 mice were exposed to CD spores (4-log10 colony-forming units/10 μL) and then randomly assigned to receive either saline (CD-S) or probiotic (CD-PRO). Control mice received only saline (control). Following confirmation of initial CD colonization, mice were treated with vancomycin (10 days). After 5 days, mice recolonized with CD were treated again with vancomycin (10 days) and euthanized 5 days later. Fecal samples were collected at select time points for bacterial analysis. Following euthanasia, blood samples, cecum contents, and the intestine were collected for analysis. RESULTS Probiotic supplementation mitigated the antibiotic-induced changes in cecum weight (P < .001). Probiotic-supplemented mice had increased messenger RNA expression of several immune parameters, accompanied by lower serum iron levels compared with CD-S mice (P < .05). Lower expressions of TNF α and calprotectin (P ≤ .05) were observed in CD-PRO mice compared with CD-S. The probiotics also supported the expression of intestinal tight junction proteins, which were diminished in the proximal colon of CD-S mice (P < .05). CONCLUSION Mice supplemented with targeted spore-forming probiotics exhibited improved immune responses and nutrition immunity properties, which were linked with less inflammation and enhanced intestinal barrier proteins during recurrent CD colonization.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bryan Glueck
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Yingchun Han
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - David Shapiro
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Clifton G Fulmer
- Robert J. Tomsich Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Gail A M Cresci
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.,Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.,Center for Human Nutrition, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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Lipocalin2 Induced by Bacterial Flagellin Protects Mice against Cyclophosphamide Mediated Neutropenic Sepsis. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8050646. [PMID: 32365611 PMCID: PMC7284693 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8050646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutropenic sepsis is a fatal consequence of chemotherapy, and septic complications are the principal cause of mortality. Chemotherapy-induced neutropenia leads to the formation of microscopic ulcers in the gastrointestinal epithelium that function as a portal of entry for intraluminal bacteria, which translocate across the intestinal mucosal barrier and gain access to systemic sites, causing septicemia. A cyclophosphamide-induced mouse model was developed to mimic the pathophysiologic sequence of events that occurs in patients with neutropenic sepsis. The TLR5 agonist bacterial flagellin derived from Vibrio vulnificus extended the survival of cyclophosphamide-treated mice by reducing the bacterial load in internal organs. The protective effect of flagellin was mediated by the antimicrobial protein lipocalin 2 (Lcn2), which is induced by TLR5-NF-κB activation in hepatocytes. Lcn2 sequestered iron from infecting bacteria, particularly siderophore enterobactin-dependent members of the Enterobacteriaceae family, thereby limiting their proliferation. Lcn2 should be considered for the treatment of neutropenic sepsis and gastrointestinal damage during chemotherapy to prevent or minimize the adverse effects of cancer chemotherapy.
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43
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Harman JL, Loes AN, Warren GD, Heaphy MC, Lampi KJ, Harms MJ. Evolution of multifunctionality through a pleiotropic substitution in the innate immune protein S100A9. eLife 2020; 9:e54100. [PMID: 32255429 PMCID: PMC7213983 DOI: 10.7554/elife.54100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Multifunctional proteins are evolutionary puzzles: how do proteins evolve to satisfy multiple functional constraints? S100A9 is one such multifunctional protein. It potently amplifies inflammation via Toll-like receptor four and is antimicrobial as part of a heterocomplex with S100A8. These two functions are seemingly regulated by proteolysis: S100A9 is readily degraded, while S100A8/S100A9 is resistant. We take an evolutionary biochemical approach to show that S100A9 evolved both functions and lost proteolytic resistance from a weakly proinflammatory, proteolytically resistant amniote ancestor. We identify a historical substitution that has pleiotropic effects on S100A9 proinflammatory activity and proteolytic resistance but has little effect on S100A8/S100A9 antimicrobial activity. We thus propose that mammals evolved S100A8/S100A9 antimicrobial and S100A9 proinflammatory activities concomitantly with a proteolytic 'timer' to selectively regulate S100A9. This highlights how the same mutation can have pleiotropic effects on one functional state of a protein but not another, thus facilitating the evolution of multifunctionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph L Harman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of OregonEugeneUnited States
- Institute of Molecular Biology, University of OregonEugeneUnited States
| | - Andrea N Loes
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of OregonEugeneUnited States
- Institute of Molecular Biology, University of OregonEugeneUnited States
| | - Gus D Warren
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of OregonEugeneUnited States
- Institute of Molecular Biology, University of OregonEugeneUnited States
| | - Maureen C Heaphy
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of OregonEugeneUnited States
- Institute of Molecular Biology, University of OregonEugeneUnited States
| | | | - Michael J Harms
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of OregonEugeneUnited States
- Institute of Molecular Biology, University of OregonEugeneUnited States
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44
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Lin A, Inman RD, Streutker CJ, Zhang Z, Pritzker KPH, Tsui HW, Tsui FWL. Lipocalin 2 links inflammation and ankylosis in the clinical overlap of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and ankylosing spondylitis (AS). Arthritis Res Ther 2020; 22:51. [PMID: 32188494 PMCID: PMC7081573 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-020-02149-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Little is known about the mechanisms underlying the clinical overlap between gut inflammation and joint ankylosis, as exemplified by the concurrence of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) and ankylosing spondylitis (AS). As dysbiosis may serve as a common contributor, the anti-microbial pleiotropic factor lipocalin 2 could be a potential mediator due to its roles in inflammation and bone homeostasis. Methods Baseline colonic pathology was conducted in the ank/ank mouse model. Serum lipocalin 2 was analyzed by ELISA, in ank/ank mutants versus C3FeB6-A/Aw-jwt/wt, in patients with concurrent AS-IBD, AS alone, IBD alone, or mechanical back pain, and in healthy controls. In the ank/ank mouse model, the expression of nuclear receptor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) was examined by real-time PCR. Intraperitoneal injection was done with the PPARγ agonist rosiglitazone or antagonist bisphenol A diglycidyl ether for four consecutive days. Serum levels of lipocalin 2 were examined on the sixth day. Results This study showed that the ank/ank mice with fully fused spines had concurrent colonic inflammation. By first using the ank/ank mouse model with progressive ankylosis and subclinical colonic inflammation, confirmed in patients with concurrent AS and IBD, elevated circulating lipocalin 2 levels were associated with the coexisting ankylosis and gut inflammation. The intracellular pathway of lipocalin 2 was further investigated with the ank/ank mouse model involving PPARγ. Colonic expression of PPARγ was negatively associated with the degree of gut inflammation. The PPARγ agonist rosiglitazone treatment significantly upregulated the serum levels of lipocalin 2, suggesting a potential regulatory role of PPARγ in the aberrant expression of lipocalin 2. Conclusions In summary, lipocalin 2 modulated by PPARγ could be a potential pathway involved in concurrent inflammation and ankylosis in AS and IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aifeng Lin
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. .,Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. .,KeyIntel Medical Inc, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Robert D Inman
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Immunology and Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Catherine J Streutker
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Li Ka Shing Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Zhenbo Zhang
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kenneth P H Pritzker
- KeyIntel Medical Inc, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hing Wo Tsui
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Florence W L Tsui
- KeyIntel Medical Inc, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Immunology and Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Hufnagl K, Pali-Schöll I, Roth-Walter F, Jensen-Jarolim E. Dysbiosis of the gut and lung microbiome has a role in asthma. Semin Immunopathol 2020; 42:75-93. [PMID: 32072252 PMCID: PMC7066092 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-019-00775-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Worldwide 300 million children and adults are affected by asthma. The development of asthma is influenced by environmental and other exogenous factors synergizing with genetic predisposition, and shaping the lung microbiome especially during birth and in very early life. The healthy lung microbial composition is characterized by a prevalence of bacteria belonging to the phyla Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria, and Firmicutes. However, viral respiratory infections are associated with an abundance of Proteobacteria with genera Haemophilus and Moraxella in young children and adult asthmatics. This dysbiosis supports the activation of inflammatory pathways and contributes to bronchoconstriction and bronchial hyperresponsiveness. Exogenous factors can affect the natural lung microbiota composition positively (farming environment) or negatively (allergens, air pollutants). It is evident that also gut microbiota dysbiosis has a high influence on asthma pathogenesis. Antibiotics, antiulcer medications, and other drugs severely impair gut as well as lung microbiota. Resulting dysbiosis and reduced microbial diversity dysregulate the bidirectional crosstalk across the gut-lung axis, resulting in hypersensitivity and hyperreactivity to respiratory and food allergens. Efforts are undertaken to reconstitute the microbiota and immune balance by probiotics and engineered bacteria, but results from human studies do not yet support their efficacy in asthma prevention or treatment. Overall, dysbiosis of gut and lung seem to be critical causes of the increased emergence of asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Hufnagl
- The Interuniversity Messerli Research Institute, Medical University Vienna and University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Isabella Pali-Schöll
- The Interuniversity Messerli Research Institute, Medical University Vienna and University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Franziska Roth-Walter
- The Interuniversity Messerli Research Institute, Medical University Vienna and University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Erika Jensen-Jarolim
- The Interuniversity Messerli Research Institute, Medical University Vienna and University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria. .,Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Institute of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Medical University Vienna, Währinger G. 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
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Hathaway-Schrader JD, Poulides NA, Carson MD, Kirkpatrick JE, Warner AJ, Swanson BA, Taylor EV, Chew ME, Reddy SV, Liu B, Westwater C, Novince CM. Specific Commensal Bacterium Critically Regulates Gut Microbiota Osteoimmunomodulatory Actions During Normal Postpubertal Skeletal Growth and Maturation. JBMR Plus 2020; 4:e10338. [PMID: 32161843 PMCID: PMC7059828 DOI: 10.1002/jbm4.10338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Revised: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The commensal gut microbiota critically regulates immunomodulatory processes that influence normal skeletal growth and maturation. However, the influence of specific microbes on commensal gut microbiota osteoimmunoregulatory actions is unknown. We have shown previously that the commensal gut microbiota enhances TH17/IL17A immune response effects in marrow and liver that have procatabolic/antianabolic actions in the skeleton. Segmented filamentous bacteria (SFB), a specific commensal gut bacterium within phylum Firmicutes, potently induces TH17/IL17A‐mediated immunity. The study purpose was to delineate the influence of SFB on commensal gut microbiota immunomodulatory actions regulating normal postpubertal skeletal development. Two murine models were utilized: SFB‐monoassociated mice versus germ‐free (GF) mice and specific‐pathogen‐free (SPF) mice +/− SFB. SFB colonization was validated by 16S rDNA analysis, and SFB‐induced TH17/IL17A immunity was confirmed by upregulation of Il17a in ileum and IL17A in serum. SFB‐colonized mice had an osteopenic trabecular bone phenotype, which was attributed to SFB actions suppressing osteoblastogenesis and enhancing osteoclastogenesis. Intriguingly, SFB‐colonized mice had increased expression of proinflammatory chemokines and acute‐phase reactants in the liver. Lipocalin‐2 (LCN2), an acute‐phase reactant and antimicrobial peptide, was substantially elevated in the liver and serum of SFB‐colonized mice, which supports the notion that SFB regulation of commensal gut microbiota osteoimmunomodulatory actions are mediated in part through a gut–liver–bone axis. Proinflammatory TH17 and TH1 cells were increased in liver‐draining lymph nodes of SFB‐colonized mice, which further substantiates that SFB osteoimmune‐response effects may be mediated through the liver. SFB‐induction of Il17a in the gut and Lcn2 in the liver resulted in increased circulating levels of IL17A and LCN2. Recognizing that IL17A and LCN2 support osteoclastogenesis/suppress osteoblastogenesis, SFB actions impairing postpubertal skeletal development appear to be mediated through immunomodulatory effects in both the gut and liver. This research reveals that specific microbes critically impact commensal gut microbiota immunomodulatory actions regulating normal postpubertal skeletal growth and maturation. © 2020 The Authors. JBMR Plus published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica D Hathaway-Schrader
- Department of Oral Health Sciences College of Dental Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina Charleston SC USA.,Department of Pediatrics-Division of Endocrinology College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina Charleston SC USA
| | - Nicole A Poulides
- Department of Oral Health Sciences College of Dental Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina Charleston SC USA.,Department of Pediatrics-Division of Endocrinology College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina Charleston SC USA
| | - Matthew D Carson
- Department of Oral Health Sciences College of Dental Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina Charleston SC USA.,Department of Pediatrics-Division of Endocrinology College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina Charleston SC USA
| | - Joy E Kirkpatrick
- Department of Oral Health Sciences College of Dental Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina Charleston SC USA.,Department of Drug Discovery & Biomedical Sciences College of Pharmacy, Medical University of South Carolina Charleston SC USA
| | - Amy J Warner
- Department of Oral Health Sciences College of Dental Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina Charleston SC USA.,Department of Pediatrics-Division of Endocrinology College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina Charleston SC USA
| | - Brooks A Swanson
- Department of Oral Health Sciences College of Dental Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina Charleston SC USA.,Department of Pediatrics-Division of Endocrinology College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina Charleston SC USA
| | - Eliza V Taylor
- Department of Oral Health Sciences College of Dental Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina Charleston SC USA
| | - Michael E Chew
- Department of Oral Health Sciences College of Dental Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina Charleston SC USA
| | - Sakamuri V Reddy
- Department of Pediatrics-Division of Endocrinology College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina Charleston SC USA
| | - Bei Liu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina Charleston SC USA
| | - Caroline Westwater
- Department of Oral Health Sciences College of Dental Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina Charleston SC USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina Charleston SC USA
| | - Chad M Novince
- Department of Oral Health Sciences College of Dental Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina Charleston SC USA.,Department of Pediatrics-Division of Endocrinology College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina Charleston SC USA
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Huang X, Slavkovic S, Song E, Botta A, Mehrazma B, Lento C, Johnson PE, Sweeney G, Wilson DJ. A Unique Conformational Distortion Mechanism Drives Lipocalin 2 Binding to Bacterial Siderophores. ACS Chem Biol 2020; 15:234-242. [PMID: 31613081 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.9b00820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Lcn2 is a host defense protein induced via the innate immune response to sequester iron-loaded bacterial siderophores. However, excess or prolonged elevation of Lcn2 levels can induce adverse cellular effects, including oxidative stress and inflammation. In this work, we use Hydrogen-Deuterium eXchange (HDX) and Isothermal Titration Calorimetry (ITC) to characterize the binding interaction between Lcn2 and siderophores enterobactin and 2,3-DHBA, in the presence and absence of iron. Our results indicate a rare "Type II" interaction in which binding of siderophores drives the protein conformational equilibrium toward an unfolded state. Linking our molecular model to cellular assays, we demonstrate that this "distorted binding mode" facilitates a deleterious cellular accumulation of reactive oxygen species that could represent the molecular origin of Lcn2 pathology. These results add important insights into mechanisms of Lcn2 action and have implications in Lcn2-mediated effects including inflammation.
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Lee SA, Noel S, Kurzhagen JT, Sadasivam M, Pierorazio PM, Arend LJ, Hamad AR, Rabb H. CD4 + T Cell-Derived NGAL Modifies the Outcome of Ischemic Acute Kidney Injury. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 204:586-595. [PMID: 31889023 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1900677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
CD4+ T cells mediate the pathogenesis of ischemic and nephrotoxic acute kidney injury (AKI). However, the underlying mechanisms of CD4+ T cell-mediated pathogenesis are largely unknown. We therefore conducted unbiased RNA-sequencing to discover novel mechanistic pathways of kidney CD4+ T cells after ischemia compared with normal mouse kidney. Unexpectedly, the lipocalin-2 (Lcn2) gene, which encodes neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) had the highest fold increase (∼60). The NGAL increase in CD4+ T cells during AKI was confirmed at the mRNA level with quantitative real-time PCR and at the protein level with ELISA. NGAL is a potential biomarker for the early detection of AKI and has multiple potential biological functions. However, the role of NGAL produced by CD4+ T cells is not known. We found that ischemic AKI in NGAL knockout (KO) mice had worse renal outcomes compared with wild-type (WT) mice. Adoptive transfer of NGAL-deficient CD4+ T cells from NGAL KO mice into CD4 KO or WT mice led to worse renal function than transfer of WT CD4+ T cells. In vitro-simulated ischemia/reperfusion showed that NGAL-deficient CD4+ T cells express higher levels of IFN-γ mRNA compared with WT CD4+ T cells. In vitro differentiation of naive CD4+ T cells to Th17, Th1, and Th2 cells led to significant increase in Lcn2 expression. Human kidney CD4+ T cell NGAL also increased significantly after ischemia. These results demonstrate an important role for CD4+ T cell NGAL as a mechanism by which CD4+ T cells mediate AKI and extend the importance of NGAL in AKI beyond diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sul A Lee
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Sanjeev Noel
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Johanna T Kurzhagen
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Mohanraj Sadasivam
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205; and
| | - Phillip M Pierorazio
- Department of Urology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Lois J Arend
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205; and
| | - Abdel R Hamad
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205; and
| | - Hamid Rabb
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205;
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Wang Q, Li S, Tang X, Liang L, Wang F, Du H. Lipocalin 2 Protects Against Escherichia coli Infection by Modulating Neutrophil and Macrophage Function. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2594. [PMID: 31781104 PMCID: PMC6857527 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipocalin 2 (Lcn2) is an essential component of the antimicrobial innate immune system. It attenuates bacterial growth by binding and sequestering the iron-scavenging siderophores to prevent bacterial iron acquisition. Whereas, the ability of Lcn2 to sequester iron is well-described, the role of Lcn2 in regulating immune cells during bacterial infection remains unclear. In this study, we showed that upon infection with Escherichia coli (O157:H7), Lcn2-deficient (Lcn2 -/-) mice carried more bacteria in blood and liver, and the acute-phase sera lost their antibacterial activity in vitro. Neutrophils from Lcn2 -/- mice were defective in homeostasis and morphological development. E. coli O157:H7 infection of Lcn2 -/- mice resulted in a reduced neutrophil migration capacity, with 30% reduction of extravasated neutrophils, and impaired chemotaxis, as shown by a reduction in the secretion of chemoattractants, such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1, and macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-2, which are instrumental in eliciting a neutrophil response. We also found that some secreted cytokines [interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α] were decreased. Transcripts of inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-10), chemokines (MIP-2 and MCP-1), and iNOS production were all strongly repressed in Lcn2 -/- macrophages. Furthermore, Lcn2 could induce the production of chemokines and promote the migration and phagocytosis of macrophages. Thus, Lcn2 deficiency could impair the migration and chemotaxis ability of neutrophils and disturb the normal secretion of inflammatory cytokines of macrophages. Therefore, the heightened sensitivity of Lcn2 -/- mice to E. coli O157:H7 is not only due to the antibacterial function of Lcn2 but also a consequence of impaired functions of immune cells, including neutrophils and macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Wang
- MoE Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shuhui Li
- MoE Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xueyou Tang
- MoE Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Li Liang
- MoE Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fengqin Wang
- MoE Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Huahua Du
- MoE Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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50
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Zhou Z, Ye TJ, DeCaro E, Buehler B, Stahl Z, Bonavita G, Daniels M, You M. Intestinal SIRT1 Deficiency Protects Mice from Ethanol-Induced Liver Injury by Mitigating Ferroptosis. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2019; 190:82-92. [PMID: 31610175 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2019.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2019] [Revised: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Aberrant liver sirtuin 1 (SIRT1), a mammalian NAD+-dependent protein deacetylase, is implicated in the pathogenesis of alcoholic liver disease (ALD). However, the role of intestinal SIRT1 in ALD is presently unknown. This study investigated the involvement of intestine-specific SIRT1 in ethanol-induced liver dysfunction in mice. Ethanol feeding studies were performed on knockout mice with intestinal-specific SIRT1 deletion [SIRT1i knockout (KO)] and flox control [wild-type (WT)] mice with a chronic-plus-binge ethanol feeding protocol. After ethanol administration, hepatic inflammation and liver injury were substantially attenuated in the SIRT1iKO mice compared with the WT mice, suggesting that intestinal SIRT1 played a detrimental role in the ethanol-induced liver injury. Mechanistically, the hepatic protective effect of intestinal SIRT1 deficiency was attributable to ameliorated dysfunctional iron metabolism, increased hepatic glutathione contents, and attenuated lipid peroxidation, along with inhibition of a panel of genes implicated in the ferroptosis process in the livers of ethanol-fed mice. This study demonstrates that ablation of intestinal SIRT1 protected mice from the ethanol-induced inflammation and liver damage. The protective effects of intestinal SIRT1 deficiency are mediated, at least partially, by mitigating hepatic ferroptosis. Targeting intestinal SIRT1 or dampening hepatic ferroptosis signaling may have therapeutic potential for ALD in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhou Zhou
- College of Pharmacy, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, Ohio
| | - Ting Jie Ye
- College of Pharmacy, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, Ohio; Department of Biology, School of Basic Medical Science, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Elizabeth DeCaro
- College of Pharmacy, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, Ohio
| | - Brian Buehler
- College of Pharmacy, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, Ohio
| | - Zachary Stahl
- College of Pharmacy, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, Ohio
| | - Gregory Bonavita
- College of Pharmacy, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, Ohio
| | - Michael Daniels
- College of Pharmacy, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, Ohio
| | - Min You
- College of Pharmacy, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, Ohio.
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