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Wang M, Zheng C, Zhou F, Ying X, Zhang X, Peng C, Wang L. Iron and Inflammatory Cytokines Synergistically Induce Colonic Epithelial Cell Ferroptosis in Colitis. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2024. [PMID: 39586593 DOI: 10.1111/jgh.16826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2024] [Revised: 10/05/2024] [Accepted: 11/04/2024] [Indexed: 11/27/2024]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is an inflammatory disease that occurs to the intestinal tract. Many patients with IBD often develop anemia and often receive oral iron supplementation. Many of them develop non-compliance with oral iron therapy, but the mechanisms are not well understood. We interrogated whether colonic epithelial iron overload impacts cell viability and disease severity. We observed increased expression of iron importers and iron accumulation in mature colonocytes in dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced acute colitis and in humans with active colitis. Administration of hepcidin increased epithelial iron overload and aggravated colonic inflammation in DSS-treated mice and IL10-/- mice. Hepcidin-induced iron accumulation increased colonic epithelial death, which was prevented by treatment with Trolox, a vitamin E analog and a scavenger of lipid peroxides. By using cultured Caco-2 cells, we showed that iron and inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α and IL-1β) induced a synergistic increase in the number of necrotic cells. We then showed that the combined treatment by hepcidin and cytokines increased labile iron content and lipid peroxidation in Caco-2 cells. Moreover, liproxstatin-1, a ferroptosis inhibitor, and deferoxamine, an iron chelator, both abolished the hepcidin/cytokines induced death of Caco-2 cells, suggesting ferroptosis. We further elucidated that inflammatory cytokines promote lipid peroxidation and ferroptosis by inducing NOX1-dependent exhaustion of reduced glutathione (GSH). Collectively, our findings demonstrate that the inflammatory context predisposes colonic epithelial cells to iron overload mediated ferroptosis, exacerbating colonic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mo Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Chang Zheng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Fan Zhou
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Xie Ying
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoqi Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunyan Peng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
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2
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Sato H, Taketomi Y, Murase R, Park J, Hosomi K, Sanada TJ, Mizuguchi K, Arita M, Kunisawa J, Murakami M. Group X phospholipase A 2 links colonic lipid homeostasis to systemic metabolism via host-microbiota interaction. Cell Rep 2024; 43:114752. [PMID: 39298315 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.114752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 07/30/2024] [Accepted: 08/29/2024] [Indexed: 09/21/2024] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiota influences physiological functions of the host, ranging from the maintenance of local gut homeostasis to systemic immunity and metabolism. Secreted phospholipase A2 group X (sPLA2-X) is abundantly expressed in colonic epithelial cells but is barely detectable in metabolic and immune tissues. Despite this distribution, sPLA2-X-deficient (Pla2g10-/-) mice displayed variable obesity-related phenotypes that were abrogated after treatment with antibiotics or cohousing with Pla2g10+/+ mice, suggesting the involvement of the gut microbiota. Under housing conditions where Pla2g10-/- mice showed aggravation of diet-induced obesity and insulin resistance, they displayed increased colonic inflammation and epithelial damage, reduced production of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and lysophospholipids, decreased abundance of several Clostridium species, and reduced levels of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). These obesity-related phenotypes in Pla2g10-/- mice were reversed by dietary supplementation with ω3 PUFAs or SCFAs. Thus, colonic sPLA2-X orchestrates ω3 PUFA-SCFA interplay via modulation of the gut microbiota, thereby secondarily affecting systemic metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyasu Sato
- Laboratory of Microenvironmental and Metabolic Health Sciences, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan; Lipid Metabolism Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Taketomi
- Laboratory of Microenvironmental and Metabolic Health Sciences, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan; Lipid Metabolism Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan
| | - Remi Murase
- Division of Cancer Genome and Pharmacotherapy, Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Showa University, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan
| | - Jonguk Park
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Artificial Intelligence Center for Health and Biomedical Research, Osaka 567-0085, Japan
| | - Koji Hosomi
- Laboratory of Vaccine Materials and Laboratory of Gut Environmental System, Microbial Research Center for Health and Medicine, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition (NIBIOHN), Osaka 567-0085, Japan
| | - Takayuki Jujo Sanada
- Laboratory of Vaccine Materials and Laboratory of Gut Environmental System, Microbial Research Center for Health and Medicine, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition (NIBIOHN), Osaka 567-0085, Japan
| | - Kenji Mizuguchi
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Artificial Intelligence Center for Health and Biomedical Research, Osaka 567-0085, Japan; Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Makoto Arita
- Laboratory for Metabolomics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan; Division of Physiological Chemistry and Metabolism, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Keio University, Tokyo 105-8512, Japan; Human Biology-Microbiome-Quantum Research Center (WPI-Bio2Q), Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jun Kunisawa
- Laboratory of Vaccine Materials and Laboratory of Gut Environmental System, Microbial Research Center for Health and Medicine, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition (NIBIOHN), Osaka 567-0085, Japan
| | - Makoto Murakami
- Laboratory of Microenvironmental and Metabolic Health Sciences, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan; Lipid Metabolism Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan; AMED-CREST, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, Tokyo 100-0004, Japan.
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3
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Yun CC, Han Y, McConnell B. Lysophosphatidic Acid Signaling in the Gastrointestinal System. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2024; 18:101398. [PMID: 39233124 PMCID: PMC11532463 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2024.101398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Revised: 08/09/2024] [Accepted: 08/13/2024] [Indexed: 09/06/2024]
Abstract
The intestinal epithelium undergoes continuous homeostatic renewal to conduct the digestion and absorption of nutrients. At the same time, the intestinal epithelial barrier separates the host from the intestinal lumen, preventing systemic infection from enteric pathogens. To maintain homeostasis and epithelial functionality, stem cells, which reside in the base of intestinal crypts, generate progenitor cells that ultimately differentiate to produce an array of secretory and absorptive cells. Intestinal regeneration is regulated by niche signaling pathways, specifically, Wnt, bone morphogenetic protein, Notch, and epidermal growth factor. In addition, growth factors and other peptides have emerged as potential modulators of intestinal repair and inflammation through their roles in cellular proliferation, differentiation, migration, and survival. Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is such a factor that modulates the proliferation, survival, and migration of epithelial cells while also regulating trafficking of immune cells, both of which are important for tissue homeostasis. Perturbation of LPA signaling, however, has been shown to promote cancer and inflammation. This review focuses on the recent advances in LPA-mediated signaling that contribute to physiological and pathophysiological regulation of the gastrointestinal system.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Chris Yun
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia; Gastroenterology Research, Atlanta Veterans Administration Medical Center, Decatur, Georgia.
| | - Yiran Han
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Beth McConnell
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
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Al-Nuaimi DA, Rütsche D, Abukar A, Hiebert P, Zanetti D, Cesarovic N, Falk V, Werner S, Mazza E, Giampietro C. Hydrostatic pressure drives sprouting angiogenesis via adherens junction remodelling and YAP signalling. Commun Biol 2024; 7:940. [PMID: 39097636 PMCID: PMC11297954 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-024-06604-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 08/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Endothelial cell physiology is governed by its unique microenvironment at the interface between blood and tissue. A major contributor to the endothelial biophysical environment is blood hydrostatic pressure, which in mechanical terms applies isotropic compressive stress on the cells. While other mechanical factors, such as shear stress and circumferential stretch, have been extensively studied, little is known about the role of hydrostatic pressure in the regulation of endothelial cell behavior. Here we show that hydrostatic pressure triggers partial and transient endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition in endothelial monolayers of different vascular beds. Values mimicking microvascular pressure environments promote proliferative and migratory behavior and impair barrier properties that are characteristic of a mesenchymal transition, resulting in increased sprouting angiogenesis in 3D organotypic model systems ex vivo and in vitro. Mechanistically, this response is linked to differential cadherin expression at the adherens junctions, and to an increased YAP expression, nuclear localization, and transcriptional activity. Inhibition of YAP transcriptional activity prevents pressure-induced sprouting angiogenesis. Together, this work establishes hydrostatic pressure as a key modulator of endothelial homeostasis and as a crucial component of the endothelial mechanical niche.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dominic Rütsche
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Experimental Continuum Mechanics, Dübendorf, 8600, Switzerland
| | - Asra Abukar
- ETH Zürich, DMAVT, Experimental Continuum Mechanics, Zürich, 8092, Switzerland
| | - Paul Hiebert
- Department of Biology, ETH Zürich, Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
- Centre for Biomedicine, Hull York Medical School, The University of Hull, Hull, HU6 7RX, UK
| | - Dominik Zanetti
- Department of Biology, ETH Zürich, Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Nikola Cesarovic
- Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, German Heart Center Berlin, 13353, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zürich, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Volkmar Falk
- Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, German Heart Center Berlin, 13353, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zürich, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Sabine Werner
- Department of Biology, ETH Zürich, Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Edoardo Mazza
- ETH Zürich, DMAVT, Experimental Continuum Mechanics, Zürich, 8092, Switzerland.
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Experimental Continuum Mechanics, Dübendorf, 8600, Switzerland.
| | - Costanza Giampietro
- ETH Zürich, DMAVT, Experimental Continuum Mechanics, Zürich, 8092, Switzerland.
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Experimental Continuum Mechanics, Dübendorf, 8600, Switzerland.
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5
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Fischer C, Schreiber Y, Nitsch R, Vogt J, Thomas D, Geisslinger G, Tegeder I. Lysophosphatidic Acid Receptors LPAR5 and LPAR2 Inversely Control Hydroxychloroquine-Evoked Itch and Scratching in Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:8177. [PMID: 39125747 PMCID: PMC11312285 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25158177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2024] [Revised: 07/20/2024] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Lysophosphatidic acids (LPAs) evoke nociception and itch in mice and humans. In this study, we assessed the signaling paths. Hydroxychloroquine was injected intradermally to evoke itch in mice, which evoked an increase of LPAs in the skin and in the thalamus, suggesting that peripheral and central LPA receptors (LPARs) were involved in HCQ-evoked pruriception. To unravel the signaling paths, we assessed the localization of candidate genes and itching behavior in knockout models addressing LPAR5, LPAR2, autotaxin/ENPP2 and the lysophospholipid phosphatases, as well as the plasticity-related genes Prg1/LPPR4 and Prg2/LPPR3. LacZ reporter studies and RNAscope revealed LPAR5 in neurons of the dorsal root ganglia (DRGs) and in skin keratinocytes, LPAR2 in cortical and thalamic neurons, and Prg1 in neuronal structures of the dorsal horn, thalamus and SSC. HCQ-evoked scratching behavior was reduced in sensory neuron-specific Advillin-LPAR5-/- mice (peripheral) but increased in LPAR2-/- and Prg1-/- mice (central), and it was not affected by deficiency of glial autotaxin (GFAP-ENPP2-/-) or Prg2 (PRG2-/-). Heat and mechanical nociception were not affected by any of the genotypes. The behavior suggested that HCQ-mediated itch involves the activation of peripheral LPAR5, which was supported by reduced itch upon treatment with an LPAR5 antagonist and autotaxin inhibitor. Further, HCQ-evoked calcium fluxes were reduced in primary sensory neurons of Advillin-LPAR5-/- mice. The results suggest that LPA-mediated itch is primarily mediated via peripheral LPAR5, suggesting that a topical LPAR5 blocker might suppress "non-histaminergic" itch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Fischer
- Institute for Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (C.F.); (D.T.); (G.G.)
| | - Yannick Schreiber
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany;
| | - Robert Nitsch
- Institute for Translational Neuroscience, Medical Faculty, WWU Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany;
| | - Johannes Vogt
- Department of Molecular and Translational Neurosciences, Institute for Anatomy and Center of Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), and Cologne Excellence Cluster for Aging associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, 50923 Köln, Germany;
| | - Dominique Thomas
- Institute for Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (C.F.); (D.T.); (G.G.)
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany;
| | - Gerd Geisslinger
- Institute for Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (C.F.); (D.T.); (G.G.)
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany;
- Fraunhofer Cluster of Excellence of Immune Mediated Diseases (CIMD), 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Irmgard Tegeder
- Institute for Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (C.F.); (D.T.); (G.G.)
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6
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McConnell BB, Liang Z, Xu C, Han Y, Yun CC. LPA 5-Dependent signaling regulates regeneration of the intestinal epithelium following irradiation. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2024; 326:G631-G642. [PMID: 38593468 PMCID: PMC11376986 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00269.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/30/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is a bioactive lipid molecule that regulates a wide array of cellular functions, including proliferation, differentiation, and survival, via activation of cognate receptors. The LPA5 receptor is highly expressed in the intestinal epithelium, but its function in restoring intestinal epithelial integrity following injury has not been examined. Here, we use a radiation-induced injury model to study the role of LPA5 in regulating intestinal epithelial regeneration. Control mice (Lpar5f/f) and mice with an inducible, epithelial cell-specific deletion of Lpar5 in the small intestine (Lpar5IECKO) were subjected to 10 Gy total body X-ray irradiation and analyzed during recovery. Repair of the intestinal mucosa was delayed in Lpar5IECKO mice with reduced epithelial proliferation and increased crypt cell apoptosis. These effects were accompanied by reduced numbers of OLFM4+ intestinal stem cells (ISCs). The effects of LPA5 on ISCs were corroborated by studies using organoids derived from Lgr5-lineage tracking reporter mice with deletion of Lpar5 in Lgr5+-stem cells (Lgr5Cont or Lgr5ΔLpar5). Irradiation of organoids resulted in fewer numbers of Lgr5ΔLpar5 organoids retaining Lgr5+-derived progenitor cells compared with Lgr5Cont organoids. Finally, we observed that impaired regeneration in Lpar5IECKO mice was associated with reduced numbers of Paneth cells and decreased expression of Yes-associated protein (YAP), a critical factor for intestinal epithelial repair. Our study highlights a novel role for LPA5 in regeneration of the intestinal epithelium following irradiation and its effect on the maintenance of Paneth cells that support the stem cell niche.NEW & NOTEWORTHY We used mice lacking expression of the lysophosphatidic acid receptor 5 (LPA5) in intestinal epithelial cells and intestinal organoids to show that the LPA5 receptor protects intestinal stem cells and progenitors from radiation-induced injury. We show that LPA5 induces YAP signaling and regulates Paneth cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beth B McConnell
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
| | - Zhongxing Liang
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
| | - Chad Xu
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
| | - Yiran Han
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
| | - C Chris Yun
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
- Gastroenterology Research, Atlanta Veterans Administration Medical Center, Decatur, Georgia, United States
- Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
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7
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Yanagida K, Shimizu T. Lysophosphatidic acid, a simple phospholipid with myriad functions. Pharmacol Ther 2023; 246:108421. [PMID: 37080433 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2023.108421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 04/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023]
Abstract
Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is a simple phospholipid consisting of a phosphate group, glycerol moiety, and only one hydrocarbon chain. Despite its simple chemical structure, LPA plays an important role as an essential bioactive signaling molecule via its specific six G protein-coupled receptors, LPA1-6. Recent studies, especially those using genetic tools, have revealed diverse physiological and pathological roles of LPA and LPA receptors in almost every organ system. Furthermore, many studies are illuminating detailed mechanisms to orchestrate multiple LPA receptor signaling pathways and to facilitate their coordinated function. Importantly, these extensive "bench" works are now translated into the "bedside" as exemplified by approaches targeting LPA1 signaling to combat fibrotic diseases. In this review, we discuss the physiological and pathological roles of LPA signaling and their implications for clinical application by focusing on findings revealed by in vivo studies utilizing genetic tools targeting LPA receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Yanagida
- Department of Lipid Life Science, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Takao Shimizu
- Department of Lipid Life Science, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; Institute of Microbial Chemistry, Tokyo, Japan
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Kim YJ, Kim HH, Shin CS, Yoon JW, Jeon SM, Song YH, Kim KY, Kim K. 2'-Fucosyllactose and 3-Fucosyllactose Alleviates Interleukin-6-Induced Barrier Dysfunction and Dextran Sodium Sulfate-Induced Colitis by Improving Intestinal Barrier Function and Modulating the Intestinal Microbiome. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15081845. [PMID: 37111064 PMCID: PMC10145275 DOI: 10.3390/nu15081845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Ulcerative colitis is an inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) with relapsing and remitting patterns, and it is caused by varied factors, such as the intestinal inflammation extent and duration. We examined the preventative effects of human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) on epithelial barrier integrity and intestinal inflammation in an interleukin (IL)-6-induced cell model and dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced acute mouse colitis model. HMOs including 2'-fucosyllactose (FL) and 3-FL and positive controls including fructooligosaccharide (FOS) and 5-acetylsalicylic acid (5-ASA) were orally administrated once per day to C57BL/6J mice with colitis induced by 5% DSS in the administered drinking water. 2'-FL and 3-FL did not affect the cell viability in Caco-2 cells. Meanwhile, these agents reversed IL-6-reduced intestinal barrier function in Caco-2 cells. Furthermore, 2'-FL and 3-FL reversed the body weight loss and the remarkably short colon lengths in DSS-induced acute colitis mice. Moreover, 2'-FL and 3-FL obviously protected the decreasing expression of zonula occluden-1 and occludin in colon tissue relative to the findings in the DSS-treated control group. 2'-FL and 3-FL significantly reduced IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α levels in serum relative to the control findings. The summary of these results shows that HMOs prevent colitis mainly by enhancing intestinal barrier function and advancing anti-inflammatory responses. Therefore, HMOs might suppress inflammatory responses and represent candidate treatments for IBD that protect intestinal integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeon-Ji Kim
- Korean Medicine (KM)-Application Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine (KIOM), Daegu 41062, Republic of Korea
| | - Han-Hae Kim
- Korean Medicine (KM)-Application Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine (KIOM), Daegu 41062, Republic of Korea
| | - Chul-Soo Shin
- Advanced Protein Technologies Corp., Suwon 16229, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Won Yoon
- Advanced Protein Technologies Corp., Suwon 16229, Republic of Korea
| | - Seon-Min Jeon
- Advanced Protein Technologies Corp., Suwon 16229, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Ha Song
- Advanced Protein Technologies Corp., Suwon 16229, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang-Youn Kim
- Korean Medicine (KM)-Application Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine (KIOM), Daegu 41062, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungho Kim
- Korean Medicine (KM)-Application Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine (KIOM), Daegu 41062, Republic of Korea
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Liang Z, Yun CC. Compensatory Upregulation of LPA 2 and Activation of the PI3K-Akt Pathway Prevent LPA 5-Dependent Loss of Intestinal Epithelial Cells in Intestinal Organoids. Cells 2022; 11:2243. [PMID: 35883686 PMCID: PMC9324510 DOI: 10.3390/cells11142243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Renewal of the intestinal epithelium is orchestrated by regenerative epithelial proliferation within crypts. Recent studies have shown that lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) can maintain intestinal epithelial renewal in vitro and conditional deletion of Lpar5 (Lpar5iKO) in mice ablates the intestinal epithelium and increases morbidity. In contrast, constitutive Lpar5 deletion (Lpar5cKO) does not cause a defect in intestinal crypt regeneration. In this study, we investigated whether another LPA receptor (LPAR) compensates for constitutive loss of LPA5 function to allow regeneration of intestinal epithelium. In Lpar5cKO intestinal epithelial cells (IECs), Lpar2 was upregulated and blocking LPA2 function reduced proliferation and increased apoptosis of Lpar5cKO IECs. Similar to Lpar5cKO mice, the absence of Lpar2 (Lpar2-/-) resulted in upregulation of Lpar5 in IECs, indicating that LPA2 and LPA5 reciprocally compensate for the loss of each other. Blocking LPA2 in Lpar5cKO enteroids reduced phosphorylation of Akt, indicating that LPA2 maintains the growth of Lpar5cKO enteroids through activation of the PI3K-Akt pathway. The present study provides evidence that loss of an LPAR can be compensated by another LPAR. This ability to compensate needs to be considered in studies aimed to define receptor functions or test the efficacy of a LPAR-targeting drug using genetically engineered animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongxing Liang
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA;
| | - C. Chris Yun
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA;
- Gastroenterology Research, Atlanta Veterans Administration Medical Center, Decatur, GA 30322, USA
- Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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10
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The ATX-LPA Axis Regulates Vascular Permeability during Cerebral Ischemic-Reperfusion. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23084138. [PMID: 35456953 PMCID: PMC9024554 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23084138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelial permeability is a major complication that must be addressed during stroke treatment. Study of the mechanisms underlying blood−brain barrier (BBB) disruption and management of the hypoxic stress-induced permeability of the endothelium following reperfusion are both urgently needed for stroke management. Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), a bioactive lipid essential for basic cellular functions, causes unfavorable outcomes during stroke progression. LPA-producing enzyme autotaxin (ATX) is regulated in ischemic stroke. We used an electrical cell-substrate impedance sensor (ECIS) to measure endothelial permeability. Mitochondrial bioenergetics were obtained using a Seahorse analyzer. AR-2 probe fluorescence assay was used to measure ATX activity. LPA increased endothelial permeability and reduced junctional protein expression in mouse brain microvascular endothelial cells (MBMEC). LPA receptor inhibitors Ki16425 and AM095 attenuated the LPA-induced changes in the endothelial permeability and junctional proteins. LPA significantly diminished mitochondrial function in MBMEC. ATX was upregulated (p < 0.05) in brain microvascular endothelial cells under hypoxic reperfusion. ATX activity and permeability were attenuated with the use of an ATX inhibitor in a mouse stroke model. The upregulation of ATX with hypoxic reperfusion leads to LPA production in brain endothelial cells favoring permeability. Inhibition of the ATX−LPA−LPAR axis could be therapeutically targeted in stroke to achieve better outcomes.
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Liang Z, He P, Han Y, Yun CC. Survival of Stem Cells and Progenitors in the Intestine Is Regulated by LPA 5-Dependent Signaling. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2022; 14:129-150. [PMID: 35390517 PMCID: PMC9120264 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2022.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Regeneration of the epithelium by stem cells in the intestine is supported by intrinsic and extrinsic factors. Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), a bioactive lipid mediator, regulates many cellular functions, including cell proliferation, survival, and cytokine secretion. Here, we identify LPA5 receptor as a potent regulator of the survival of stem cells and transit-amplifying cells in the intestine. METHODS We have used genetic mouse models of conditional deletion of Lpar5, Lpar5f/f;Rosa-CreERT (Lpar5KO), and intestinal epithelial cell-specific Lpar5f/f;AhCre (Lpar5IECKO) mice. Mice were treated with tamoxifen or β-naphthoflavone to delete Lpar5 expression. Enteroids derived from these mice were used to determine the effect of Lpar5 loss on the apoptosis and proliferation of crypt epithelial cells. RESULTS Conditional loss of Lpar5 induced ablation of the intestinal mucosa, which increased morbidity of Lpar5KO mice. Epithelial regeneration was compromised with increased apoptosis and decreased proliferation of crypt epithelial cells by Lpar5 loss. Interestingly, intestinal epithelial cell-specific Lpar5 loss did not cause similar phenotypic defects in vivo. Lpar5 loss reduced intestinal stem cell marker gene expression and reduced lineage tracing from Lgr5+ ISCs. Lpar5 loss induced CXCL10 expression which exerts cytotoxic effects on intestinal stem cells and progenitors in the intestinal crypts. By co-culturing Lpar5KO enteroids with wild-type or Lpar5KO splenocytes, we demonstrated that lymphocytes protect the intestinal crypts via a LPA5-dependent suppression of CXCL10. CONCLUSIONS LPA5 is essential for the regeneration of intestinal epithelium. Our findings reveal a new finding that LPA5 regulates survival of stem cells and transit-amplifying cells in the intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongxing Liang
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Peijian He
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Yiran Han
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - C. Chris Yun
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia,Gastroenterology Research, Atlanta Veterans Administration Medical Center, Decatur, Georgia,Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia,Correspondence Address correspondence to: Chris Yun, PhD, Division of Digestive Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30324. fax: (404) 727-5767.
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