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Swaren L, Safari S, Konhauser KO, Alessi DS. Pyrolyzed biomass-derived nanoparticles: a review of surface chemistry, contaminant mobility, and future research avenues to fill the gaps. BIOCHAR 2022; 4:33. [PMID: 35673519 PMCID: PMC9163009 DOI: 10.1007/s42773-022-00152-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Nanoparticles are abundant in the subsurface, soil, streams, and water bodies, and are often a critical control on elemental speciation, transport and cycling in the natural environment. This review provides an overview of pyrolyzed biomass-derived nanoparticles (PBNPs), their surface properties and reactivity towards aqueous species. We focus specifically on biochar-derived nanoparticles and activated carbon-derived nanoparticles which fall under our classification of PBNPs. Activated carbon-iron (nano)composites are included in some instances where there are significant gaps in literature because of their environmental relevance. Increased use of activated carbon, along with a resurgence in the manufacture and application of biochar for water treatment and soil amendment, has generated significant concerns about the mobility and toxicity of PBNPs derived from the bulk material in environmental applications. Recent examples are discussed to highlight current progress in understanding the influence of PBNPs on contaminant transport, followed by a critical discussion of gaps and future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Logan Swaren
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta, 3-16 Earth Sciences Building, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E3 Canada
| | - Salman Safari
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta, 3-16 Earth Sciences Building, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E3 Canada
| | - Kurt O. Konhauser
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta, 3-16 Earth Sciences Building, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E3 Canada
| | - Daniel S. Alessi
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta, 3-16 Earth Sciences Building, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E3 Canada
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2
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Abida O, Van der Graaf F, Li LY. Exploratory study of removing nutrients from aqueous environments employing a green synthesised nano zero-valent iron. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2022; 43:2017-2032. [PMID: 33317431 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2020.1864480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This study explores the green synthesis of nano zero-valent iron (nZVI) extracted from the peel of selected waste fruits: banana (BP), mango (MP), and pomegranate (GP), for the removal of nutrients from aqueous environments. The extract was prepared by heating de-ionised water at 60°C for 5 min, adding a reducing and a stabilising agent, FeCl3, then stirring with a N2 gas flush solution to form iron nanoparticles, with a final drying step under N2 conditions. Using a variety of characterisation techniques, it was determined that nZVI particles were successfully synthesised via the reduction of iron (III) to iron (0) and stabilised by the presence of phenolic compounds in the extract. The removal of 20 mg/L nutrients from an aqueous solution carried out using the nZVIs resulted in nitrate removal of 92% (nZVI-GP), 88% (nZVI-BP), and 72% (nZVI-MP) within 5 min, whereas ∼98% phosphate was removed by all three nZVIs within 60 min. The aging effect was also tested. Aging the nZVIs for >20 days resulted in less efficient phosphate adsorption after exposure for 250 min; ∼70% phosphate removal was achieved using the nZVIs under these conditions. The mechanisms and pathways of nitrate reduction, including the adsorption of phosphate by nZVI were demonstrated, and discussed. Leachability tests of the phosphate-loaded nZVIs revealed that 10%, 28%, and 48% phosphate was released from the nZVI-GP, nZVI-BP, and nZVI-MP particles, respectively. Using waste fruit is, therefore, a viable and sustainable alternative to the traditional sodium borohydride method to produce nZVIs for environmental application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Otman Abida
- College of Engineering and Technology, American University of Middle East, Kuwait
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Fennie Van der Graaf
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Loretta Y Li
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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Tibane L, Harris P, Pöllmann H, Ndongani F, Landman B, Altermann W. Data for evaluation of the onshore Cretaceous Zululand Basin in South Africa for geological CO 2 storage. Data Brief 2021; 39:107679. [PMID: 34917711 PMCID: PMC8668836 DOI: 10.1016/j.dib.2021.107679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The world has set the goal of reducing CO2 emissions from burning fossil fuels by using carbon capture and storage (CCS) as one of the major solutions. A sudden and complete switch from fossil fuels to renewable resources cannot be achieved immediately. Therefore, CCS remains an essential techniques to reduce CO2. In this work, the 180 - 65 Ma old onshore part of the Zululand Basin in KwaZulu-Natal in South Africa was investigated for geological CO2 sequestration. A total of 160 core samples of sandstone, conglomerate, tuff, rhyolite, breccia, and siltstone were taken from NZA, ZA, ZB, and ZC drill cores. The wells were drilled in the 1960s by the South African Petroleum and Gas Corporation Company for hydrocarbon exploration. In order to examine the basin suitability for CO2 storage, porosity and permeability, mineralogy, geochemistry, geomechanical properties, and H2O-CO2-rock interactions were investigated using geological core logging, spectral scanning, petrography, X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, uniaxial compressive stress, and scanning electron microscopy. The basin comprises clastic sedimentary rocks, pyroclastic deposits and carbonates from the Makatini, Mzinene and St. Lucia formations. Aptian and Cenomanian sandstones are identified as CO2 reservoirs, and the siltstone above is considered capstone. The sandstone comprises on average 34.45 wt% quartz, 32.91 wt% clays, 29.53 wt% feldspars, 4.44 wt% carbonates, 3.10 wt% Fe-oxides, 2.40 wt% micas, and 2.00 wt% organic materials as per XRD data, also contains trace amounts of sulphides and sulphates. Geochemical XRF data for sandstone are 29.72 - 62.51 wt% SiO2, 6.95 - 13.44 wt% Al2O3, 3.06 - 48.81 wt%, 1.90 - 4.51 wt% MgO, 1.04 - 2.19 wt% K2O, 1.00 - 3.67 Na2O wt%. The content of TiO2, Cr2O3 and P2O5 is below 0.01 wt% each. Siltstone has similar mineralogy and geochemistry as sandstone, but high clay content, fine-grained, impervious, with porosity <5%. The sandstone and siltstone are geomechanically soft and recorded 15 MPa on the Enerpac P141 device. CO2-H2O-rock interaction experiments performed at 100 °C and 100 bar using autoclaves showed that sandstone and siltstone react with scCO2.
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Affiliation(s)
- L.V. Tibane
- Department of Geology, University of Pretoria, Lynwood Road, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - P. Harris
- TerraCore Africa, GeoSpectral Imaging, City of Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa
| | - H. Pöllmann
- Mineralogy/Geochemistry, Martin-Luther-University, Halle-Wittenberg, Germany
| | - F.L. Ndongani
- Department of Geology, University of Pretoria, Lynwood Road, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - B. Landman
- Department of Geology, University of Pretoria, Lynwood Road, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - W. Altermann
- Department of Geology, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
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Kong X, Xuan L, Fu Y, Yuan F, Qin C. Effect of the modification sequence on the reactivity, electron selectivity, and mobility of sulfidated and CMC-stabilized nanoscale zerovalent iron. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 793:148487. [PMID: 34166902 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 05/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Dual modification in which carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) stabilization and sulfidation are coupled is an effective strategy to solve the insufficient electron selectivity, reactivity, and mobility of nanoscale zerovalent iron (nZVI). We compared the sulfur content, suspension composition, viscosity, zeta potential, and sedimentation of dual-modified nZVI suspensions synthesized in different modification sequences to analyze the interaction among CMC, the sulfidation reagent, and nZVI. The results show that the dissolved CMC does not take up S2-, and the CMC coating on the surface does not block S2- during sulfidation. However, CMC can peel off the FeS shell, resulting in a low sulfur content in nZVI. The Na+ of the sulfidation reagent and the Fe2+ dissolved from the FeS precipitates reduce the CMC viscosity, causing accelerated sedimentation and reduced mobility of nZVI. The peeled off FeS shell increases the free Fe2+ concentration, thereby enhancing nitrobenzene reduction. Additionally, CMC promotes nitrobenzene reduction and hydrogen evolution reactions due to the increased nZVI dispersibility. These findings explain why postsulfidated and one-pot nZVI has higher reactivity and electron selectivity, while presulfidated nZVI has higher mobility. This study highlights the importance of the modification sequence for the dual-modified nZVI properties and provides support for the synthesis method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianglong Kong
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China; National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Petrochemical Contaminated Site Control and Remediation Technology, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China; Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Lishuang Xuan
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China; National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Petrochemical Contaminated Site Control and Remediation Technology, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China; Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Yufeng Fu
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China; National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Petrochemical Contaminated Site Control and Remediation Technology, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China; Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Fang Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China; National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Petrochemical Contaminated Site Control and Remediation Technology, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China; Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Chuanyu Qin
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China; National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Petrochemical Contaminated Site Control and Remediation Technology, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China; Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China.
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5
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Garcia AN, Zhang Y, Ghoshal S, He F, O'Carroll DM. Recent Advances in Sulfidated Zerovalent Iron for Contaminant Transformation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:8464-8483. [PMID: 34170112 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c01251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
2021 marks 10 years since controlled abiotic synthesis of sulfidated nanoscale zerovalent iron (S-nZVI) for use in site remediation and water treatment emerged as an area of active research. It was then expanded to sulfidated microscale ZVI (S-mZVI) and together with S-nZVI, they are collectively referred to as S-(n)ZVI. Heightened interest in S-(n)ZVI stemmed from its significantly higher reactivity to chlorinated solvents and heavy metals. The extremely promising research outcomes during the initial period (2011-2017) led to renewed interest in (n)ZVI-based technologies for water treatment, with an explosion in new research in the last four years (2018-2021) that is building an understanding of the novel and complex role of iron sulfides in enhancing reactivity of (n)ZVI. Numerous studies have focused on exploring different S-(n)ZVI synthesis approaches, and its colloidal, surface, and reactivity (electrochemistry, contaminant selectivity, and corrosion) properties. This review provides a critical overview of the recent milestones in S-(n)ZVI technology development: (i) clear insights into the role of iron sulfides in contaminant transformation and long-term aging, (ii) impact of sulfidation methods and particle characteristics on reactivity, (iii) broader range of treatable contaminants, (iv) synthesis for complete decontamination, (v) ecotoxicity, and (vi) field implementation. In addition, this review discusses major knowledge gaps and future avenues for research opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariel Nunez Garcia
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Western University, 1151 Richmond Rd., London, Ontario N6A 5B8, Canada
| | - Yanyan Zhang
- Department of Civil Engineering, McGill University, 817 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0C3, Canada
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Environment and Resources of Zhejiang Province, School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang Province China
| | - Subhasis Ghoshal
- Department of Civil Engineering, McGill University, 817 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0C3, Canada
| | - Feng He
- Institute of Environmental Chemistry and Pollution Control College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology 18 Chaowang Rd, Hangzhou, China 310014
| | - Denis M O'Carroll
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Water Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney New South Wales 2052, Australia
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Han Y, Zhou X, Lei L, Sun H, Niu Z, Zhou Z, Xu Z, Hou H. Efficient activation of persulfate by calcium sulfate whisker supported nanoscale zero-valent iron for methyl orange removal. RSC Adv 2020; 11:452-461. [PMID: 35423023 PMCID: PMC8691138 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra09241j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to improve the utilization of nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI) in activating persulfate (PS), a composite material of nZVI/CSW with nZVI supported on calcium sulfate whiskers (CSWs) was synthesized in this study. The activity of the nZVI/CSW-PS system was evaluated by the removal of methyl orange (MO) in the aqueous phase. With the optimization of response surface methodology (RSM), the degradation efficiency of 20.0 mg L-1 MO could increase to 98.13% in 5 min at the dosage of 1.03 g L-1 nZVI/CSW-2, 3.51 mM PS at a temperature of 40.8 °C. The results of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) tests showed that the nZVI particles were well dispersed on the CSW surface in a Fe2+/CSW molar ratio of 0.25 : 1, which is approximate to the theoretical value of 3.698 mg g-1 thin-layer-Fe supported on CSW. Furthermore, the results demonstrated that the thin-layer nZVI particles were the most efficient in activating PS, and nZVI was rapidly dispersed during the dissolution process of CSW, which greatly increased the reaction rate. γ-FeOOH is the main reaction product of nZVI/CSW-2. This study provides a novel advanced oxidation system with nZVI/CSW in wastewater pollution control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Han
- College of Resources and Environment, Anqing Normal University Anhui 246011 PR China
- Key Laboratory of Aqueous Environment Protection, Pollution Control of Yangtze River of Anhui Provincial Education Department Anqing Anhui 246011 PR China
| | - Xian Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Geotechnical Mechanics and Engineering of Ministry of Water Resources, Changjiang River Scientific Research Institute Wuhan Hubei 430010 PR China +8618502761087
| | - Li Lei
- College of Resources and Environment, Anqing Normal University Anhui 246011 PR China
| | - Huiqun Sun
- College of Resources and Environment, Anqing Normal University Anhui 246011 PR China
| | - Zhiyuan Niu
- College of Resources and Environment, Anqing Normal University Anhui 246011 PR China
| | - Ziwei Zhou
- College of Resources and Environment, Anqing Normal University Anhui 246011 PR China
| | - Zhibing Xu
- College of Resources and Environment, Anqing Normal University Anhui 246011 PR China
| | - Haobo Hou
- School of Resource and Environmental Science, Wuhan University Wuhan Hubei 430079 P. R. China
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7
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Xu J, Liu X, Cao Z, Bai W, Shi Q, Yang Y. Fast degradation, large capacity, and high electron efficiency of chloramphenicol removal by different carbon-supported nanoscale zerovalent iron. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 384:121253. [PMID: 31568957 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.121253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Revised: 09/01/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
It remains unclear that which kind of carbon support is better for improving the reactivity of nanoscale zerovalent iron (nZVI) without the adsorption effects of carbon. Finding appropriate contaminants that could be degraded by nZVI with high capacity and electron utilization is crucial for exploring the applications of nZVI. High degradation rate (up to 3.70 min-1) and high capacity (up to 3000 mg g-1) of antibiotic chloramphenicol (C11H12Cl2N2O5, CAP) removal with high electron utilization (>97%) was achieved by different carbon supported nZVI in this study. Carbon powder (CP) was found to be the best support, possessing good distribution and reactivity of nZVI. 99% of CAP was removed by CP-nZVI after 3 min, without the electron consumption via the side reaction between nZVI and water, suggesting that CAP could outcompete with water for the electrons from nZVI. The entire pathway of CAP removal was elucidated based on UPLC-MS/MS analysis. Partial degradation of CAP (denitration and dechlorination) was enough to take away the antimicrobial properties. These results suggest a promising application scenario of carbon supported nZVI for the remediation of CAP-contaminated water to reduce the antibiotic selection pressure of the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, 15213, USA.
| | - Xue Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China
| | - Zhen Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China
| | - Weiliang Bai
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, 15213, USA
| | - Qingyang Shi
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, 15213, USA
| | - Yi Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China.
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Koju NK, Song X, Lin N, Xu K, Fu H. Enhanced distribution of humic acid-modified nanoscale magnesia for in situ reactive zone removal of Cd from simulated groundwater. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 245:9-19. [PMID: 30408764 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.10.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Revised: 10/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Efficient injection and distribution of nanoparticles in porous media are considered a formidable technical hurdle for injection-based in situ remediation. One approach to enhance the mobility of nanoparticles in an aquifer is to use surface modifiers. In this study, nanoscale magnesia (NMgOs), an innovative and effective remedial material for cadmium (Cd) removal from groundwater, was modified with the negatively charged and eco-friendly humic acid to enhance its mobility in aquifers. A two-dimensional reactor (60 × 50 × 10 cm), with 2 injection wells and 30 monitoring wells was designed, constructed, and sand-packed in the laboratory to simulate a saturated aquifer. The simulated aquifer was pre-contaminated with Cd to simulate a plume in groundwater. The distribution of injected unmodified NMgOs and humic acid-modified NMgOs slurry were evaluated in the reactor. The radius of influence (ROI) of humic acid-modified NMgOs was estimated to be approximately 5 cm based on visual observation, while no ROI was apparent for the unmodified NMgOs because of their aggregation at the bottom of the injection wells. The concentrations of Cd and magnesium (Mg) were monitored in all 30 monitoring wells at different time intervals to evaluate the effectiveness of Cd removal. The breakthrough curve analysis revealed that humic acid enhances the transport of NMgOs in the saturated porous media. Furthermore, the results of scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive x-ray (SEM-EDX) characterization of silica sand before and after injection of NMgOs verified the presence of 5.78% of Mg from humic acid-modified NMgOs and 0.19% from unmodified NMgOs at 35 cm downgradient of the injection wells, which are consistent with the conclusion drawn from the breakthrough curves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neel Kamal Koju
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 21008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xin Song
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 21008, China.
| | - Na Lin
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 21008, China
| | - Keke Xu
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 21008, China
| | - Heng Fu
- Nanjing Kangdi Environmental Protection Technology Co., LTD, Nanjing, 21008, China
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Fan D, Gilbert EJ, Fox T. Current state of in situ subsurface remediation by activated carbon-based amendments. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2017; 204:793-803. [PMID: 28233638 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2017.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2016] [Revised: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The last decade has seen a growing interest in applying activated carbon (AC)-based amendments for in situ subsurface remediation of organic contaminants such as chlorinated solvents and petroleum hydrocarbons. This remedial technology has been promoted by several major AC-based product vendors on the market. These products involve impregnation or co-application of chemical or biological additives to facilitate various contaminant degradation processes in conjunction with contaminant adsorption. During field applications, rapid contaminant removal and limited rebound after emplacement have often been reported and considered as two major advantages for this remedial technology. Nevertheless, questions remain to be answered regarding its true effectiveness and longevity given the lack of subsequent field characterizations and evidence of the degradation process, especially biodegradation. Additional uncertainties reside in how subsurface heterogeneity may affect the design, implementation and performance monitoring of this technology. In light of these uncertainties, this review presents an independent analysis that focuses on both the scientific and practical aspects of AC-based remedial technology for in situ subsurface remediation by gathering and synthesizing the scientific knowledge and practical lessons from a broad range of contaminant removal processes involving adsorption and/or degradation. The analysis showed that the scientific soundness of combining adsorption and degradation proposed for all the AC-based products is well supported by the literature on ex situ treatment. However, the in situ effectiveness might be affected by additional factors, such as geological heterogeneity, amendment transport and distribution, and total contaminant mass, which require more thorough and quantitative evaluation. Overall, the technology may provide a viable tool in addressing major remediation challenges encountered in current practice, such as mitigation of back diffusion from residual sources in low permeability zones and treatment of low concentration plumes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimin Fan
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE) Fellow at the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Superfund Remediation and Technology Innovation, Arlington, VA, 22201, USA.
| | - Edward J Gilbert
- Office of Superfund Remediation and Technology Innovation, U.S Environmental Protection Agency, Arlington, VA 22202, USA
| | - Tom Fox
- Colorado Department of Labor and Employment, Division of Oil and Public Safety (OPS), Denver, CO 80202, USA
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10
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Bossa N, Carpenter AW, Kumar N, de Lannoy CF, Wiesner M. Cellulose nanocrystal zero-valent iron nanocomposites for groundwater remediation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. NANO 2017; 6:1294-1303. [PMID: 29725541 PMCID: PMC5929147 DOI: 10.1039/c6en00572a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Zero-valent iron nanoparticles (nano-ZVIs) have been widely studied for in situ remediation of groundwater and other environmental matrices. Nano-ZVI particle mobility and reactivity are still the main impediments in achieving efficient in situ groundwater remediation. Compared to the nano-ZVI "coating" strategy, nano-ZVI stabilization on supporting material allows direct contact with the contaminant, reduces the electron path from the nano-ZVI to the target contaminant and increases nano-ZVI reactivity. Herein, we report the synthesis of nano-ZVI stabilized by cellulose nanocrystal (CNC) rigid nanomaterials (CNC-nano-ZVI; Fe/CNC = 1 w/w) with two different CNC functional surfaces (-OH and -COOH) using a classic sodium borohydride synthesis pathway. The final nanocomposites were thoroughly characterized and the reactivity of CNC-nano-ZVIs was assessed by their methyl orange (MO) dye degradation potential. The mobility of nanocomposites was determined in (sand/glass bead) porous media by utilizing a series of flowthrough transport column experiments. The synthesized CNC-nano-ZVI provided a stable colloidal suspension and demonstrated high mobility in porous media with an attachment efficiency (α) value of less than 0.23. In addition, reactivity toward MO increased up to 25% compared to bare ZVI. The use of CNC as a delivery vehicle shows promising potential to further improve the capability and applicability of nano-ZVI for in situ groundwater remediation and can spur advancements in CNC-based nanocomposites for their application in environmental remediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Bossa
- Civil and Environmental Engineering, Duke University, 120 Hudson Hall, Durham, NC 27708-0287, USA
| | - Alexis Wells Carpenter
- AxNano // Triad Growth Partners, 2901 East Gate City Boulevard, Suite 200, Greensboro, NC 27510, USA
| | - Naresh Kumar
- Center for Environmental Implications of NanoTechnology (CEINT), Duke University, P.O. Box 90287, Durham, NC 27708-0287, USA
- Department of Geological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-2115, USA
| | | | - Mark Wiesner
- Civil and Environmental Engineering, Duke University, 120 Hudson Hall, Durham, NC 27708-0287, USA
- Center for Environmental Implications of NanoTechnology (CEINT), Duke University, P.O. Box 90287, Durham, NC 27708-0287, USA
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Zhang X, Wu Y. Application of coupled zero-valent iron/biochar system for degradation of chlorobenzene-contaminated groundwater. WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : A JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION ON WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH 2017; 75:571-580. [PMID: 28192351 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2016.503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A novel iron-carbon micro-electrolysis system, bamboo-derived biochar coupled with zero-valent iron (ZVI), was investigated for chlorobenzene (CB)-contaminated groundwater removal. Influences of initial pH value, mass ratio of the ZVI/Biochar, initial CB concentration and ionic strength of the ZVI/Biochar micro-electrolysis were studied. The results indicated that the increase of initial pH led to the decrease of the CB removal efficiency. While the optimum mass ratio of ZVI to biochar was 2:1, the improved initial concentration and reaction time were 33.68 mg/L and 4 h, respectively. When pH of 2, mass ratio of 2:1 and reaction time of 4 h were applied, the CB removal efficiency was 99.92%. Enhanced degradation of CB was observed with increased Cl- concentration. When the Cl- concentration of 1,000 mg/L and reaction time of 1 h were applied, the CB removal efficiency arrived at 98.2%. Additionally, considering that biochar is cost-effective and readily produced, the coupled ZVI/Biochar micro-electrolysis could represent an effective approach for the treatment of groundwater containing chlorinated organic compounds in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China E-mail:
| | - Yanqing Wu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China E-mail:
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12
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Chekli L, Brunetti G, Marzouk ER, Maoz-Shen A, Smith E, Naidu R, Shon HK, Lombi E, Donner E. Evaluating the mobility of polymer-stabilised zero-valent iron nanoparticles and their potential to co-transport contaminants in intact soil cores. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2016; 216:636-645. [PMID: 27357483 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Revised: 06/12/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The use of zero-valent iron nanoparticles (nZVI) has been advocated for the remediation of both soils and groundwater. A key parameter affecting nZVI remediation efficacy is the mobility of the particles as this influences the reaction zone where remediation can occur. However, by engineering nZVI particles with increased stability and mobility we may also inadvertently facilitate nZVI-mediated contaminant transport away from the zone of treatment. Previous nZVI mobility studies have often been limited to model systems as the presence of background Fe makes detection and tracking of nZVI in real systems difficult. We overcame this problem by synthesising Fe-59 radiolabelled nZVI. This enabled us to detect and quantify the leaching of nZVI-derived Fe-59 in intact soil cores, including a soil contaminated by Chromated-Copper-Arsenate. Mobility of a commercially available nZVI was also tested. The results showed limited mobility of both nanomaterials; <1% of the injected mass was eluted from the columns and most of the radiolabelled nZVI remained in the surface soil layers (the primary treatment zone in this contaminated soil). Nevertheless, the observed breakthrough of contaminants and nZVI occurred simultaneously, indicating that although the quantity transported was low in this case, nZVI does have the potential to co-transport contaminants. These results show that direct injection of nZVI into the surface layers of contaminated soils may be a viable remediation option for soils such as this one, in which the mobility of nZVI below the injection/remediation zone was very limited. This Fe-59 experimental approach can be further extended to test nZVI transport in a wider range of contaminated soil types and textures and using different application methods and rates. The resulting database could then be used to develop and validate modelling of nZVI-facilitated contaminant transport on an individual soil basis suitable for site specific risk assessment prior to nZVI remediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Chekli
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology, Sydney, Post Box 129, Broadway, NSW 2007, Australia; Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment, ATC Building, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - G Brunetti
- Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment, ATC Building, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Building X, Mawson Lakes Campus, SA 5095, Australia
| | - E R Marzouk
- Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Building X, Mawson Lakes Campus, SA 5095, Australia; Division of Soil and Water Sciences, Faculty of Environmental Agricultural Sciences, Suez Canal University, North Sinai 45516, Egypt
| | - A Maoz-Shen
- Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment, ATC Building, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Building X, Mawson Lakes Campus, SA 5095, Australia
| | - E Smith
- Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment, ATC Building, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Building X, Mawson Lakes Campus, SA 5095, Australia
| | - R Naidu
- Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment, ATC Building, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), Faculty of Science and Information Technology, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - H K Shon
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology, Sydney, Post Box 129, Broadway, NSW 2007, Australia; Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment, ATC Building, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - E Lombi
- Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Building X, Mawson Lakes Campus, SA 5095, Australia
| | - E Donner
- Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment, ATC Building, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Building X, Mawson Lakes Campus, SA 5095, Australia.
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13
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Velimirovic M, Schmid D, Wagner S, Micić V, von der Kammer F, Hofmann T. Agar agar-stabilized milled zerovalent iron particles for in situ groundwater remediation. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 563-564:713-23. [PMID: 26596889 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Revised: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Submicron-scale milled zerovalent iron (milled ZVI) particles produced by grinding macroscopic raw materials could provide a cost-effective alternative to nanoscale zerovalent iron (nZVI) particles for in situ degradation of chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons in groundwater. However, the aggregation and settling of bare milled ZVI particles from suspension presents a significant obstacle to their in situ application for groundwater remediation. In our investigations we reduced the rapid aggregation and settling rate of bare milled ZVI particles from suspension by stabilization with a "green" agar agar polymer. The transport potential of stabilized milled ZVI particle suspensions in a diverse array of natural heterogeneous porous media was evaluated in a series of well-controlled laboratory column experiments. The impact of agar agar on trichloroethene (TCE) removal by milled ZVI particles was assessed in laboratory-scale batch reactors. The use of agar agar significantly enhanced the transport of milled ZVI particles in all of the investigated porous media. Reactivity tests showed that the agar agar-stabilized milled ZVI particles were reactive towards TCE, but that their reactivity was an order of magnitude less than that of bare, non-stabilized milled ZVI particles. Our results suggest that milled ZVI particles could be used as an alternative to nZVI particles as their potential for emplacement into contaminated zone, their reactivity, and expected longevity are beneficial for in situ groundwater remediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milica Velimirovic
- Department of Environmental Geosciences, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Doris Schmid
- Department of Environmental Geosciences, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Stephan Wagner
- Department of Environmental Geosciences, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Vesna Micić
- Department of Environmental Geosciences, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Frank von der Kammer
- Department of Environmental Geosciences, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Thilo Hofmann
- Department of Environmental Geosciences, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
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HonetschlÄgerová L, Janouškovcová P, Kubal M. Enhanced transport of Si-coated nanoscale zero-valent iron particles in porous media. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2016; 37:1530-1538. [PMID: 26582314 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2015.1120784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Laboratory column experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of previously described silica coating method on the transport of nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI) in porous media. The silica coating method showed the potential to prevent the agglomeration of nZVI. Transport experiments were conducted using laboratory-scale sand-packed columns at conditions that were very similar of natural groundwater. Transport properties of non-coated and silica-coated nZVI are investigated in columns of 40 cm length, which were filled with porous media. A suspension was injected in three different Fe particle concentrations (100, 500, and 1000 mg/L) at flow 5 mL/min. Experimental results were compared using nanoparticle attachment efficiency and travel distances which were calculated by classical particle filtration theory. It was found that non-coated particles were essentially immobile in porous media. In contrast, silica-coated particles showed significant transport distances at the tested conditions. Results of this study suggest that silica can increase nZVI mobility in the subsurface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lenka HonetschlÄgerová
- a Department of Environmental Chemistry , University of Chemistry and Technology Prague , Prague , Czech Republic
| | - Petra Janouškovcová
- a Department of Environmental Chemistry , University of Chemistry and Technology Prague , Prague , Czech Republic
| | - Martin Kubal
- a Department of Environmental Chemistry , University of Chemistry and Technology Prague , Prague , Czech Republic
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Xin J, Tang F, Zheng X, Shao H, Kolditz O. Transport and retention of xanthan gum-stabilized microscale zero-valent iron particles in saturated porous media. WATER RESEARCH 2016; 88:199-206. [PMID: 26497937 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2015.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Revised: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 10/02/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Microscale zero valent iron (mZVI) is a promising material for in-situ contaminated groundwater remediation. However, its usefulness has been usually inhibited by mZVI particles' low mobility in saturated porous media for sedimentation and deposition. In our study, laboratory experiments, including sedimentation studies, rheological measurements and transport tests, were conducted to investigate the feasibility of xanthan gum (XG) being used as a coating agent for mZVI particle stabilization. In addition, the effects of XG concentration, flow rate, grain diameter and water chemistry on XG-coated mZVI (XG-mZVI) particle mobility were explored by analyzing its breakthrough curves and retention profiles. It was demonstrated that XG worked efficiently to enhance the suspension stability and mobility of mZVI particles through the porous media as a shear thinning fluid, especially at a higher concentration level (3 g/L). The results of the column study showed that the mobility of XG-mZVI particles increased with an increasing flow rate and larger grain diameter. At the highest flow rate (2.30 × 10(-3) m/s) within the coarsest porous media (0.8-1.2 mm), 86.52% of the XG-mZVI flowed through the column. At the lowest flow rate (0.97 × 10(-4) m/s) within the finest porous media (0.3-0.6 mm), the retention was dramatically strengthened, with only 48.22% of the particles flowing through the column. The XG-mZVI particles appeared to be easily trapped at the beginning of the column especially at a low flow rate. In terms of two representative water chemistry parameters (ion strength and pH value), no significant influence on XG-mZVI particle mobility was observed. The experimental results suggested that straining was the primary mechanism of XG-mZVI retention under saturated condition. Given the above results, the specific site-related conditions should be taken into consideration for the design of a successful delivery system to achieve a compromise between maximizing the radius of influence of the injection and minimizing the injection pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Xin
- Key Lab of Marine Environmental Science and Ecology, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Fenglin Tang
- Key Lab of Marine Environmental Science and Ecology, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Xilai Zheng
- Key Lab of Marine Environmental Science and Ecology, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China.
| | - Haibing Shao
- Helmholtz Center for Environmental Research UFZ/TU Dresden, Leipzig 034202, Germany
| | - Olaf Kolditz
- Helmholtz Center for Environmental Research UFZ/TU Dresden, Leipzig 034202, Germany
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16
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Busch J, Meißner T, Potthoff A, Bleyl S, Georgi A, Mackenzie K, Trabitzsch R, Werban U, Oswald SE. A field investigation on transport of carbon-supported nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI) in groundwater. JOURNAL OF CONTAMINANT HYDROLOGY 2015; 181:59-68. [PMID: 25864966 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconhyd.2015.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2014] [Revised: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/22/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The application of nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI) for subsurface remediation of groundwater contaminants is a promising new technology, which can be understood as alternative to the permeable reactive barrier technique using granular iron. Dechlorination of organic contaminants by zero-valent iron seems promising. Currently, one limitation to widespread deployment is the fast agglomeration and sedimentation of nZVI in colloidal suspensions, even more so when in soils and sediments, which limits the applicability for the treatment of sources and plumes of contamination. Colloid-supported nZVI shows promising characteristics to overcome these limitations. Mobility of Carbo-Iron Colloids (CIC) - a newly developed composite material based on finely ground activated carbon as a carrier for nZVI - was tested in a field application: In this study, a horizontal dipole flow field was established between two wells separated by 5.3m in a confined, natural aquifer. The injection/extraction rate was 500L/h. Approximately 1.2kg of CIC was suspended with the polyanionic stabilizer carboxymethyl cellulose. The suspension was introduced into the aquifer at the injection well. Breakthrough of CIC was observed visually and based on total particle and iron concentrations detected in samples from the extraction well. Filtration of water samples revealed a particle breakthrough of about 12% of the amount introduced. This demonstrates high mobility of CIC particles and we suggest that nZVI carried on CIC can be used for contaminant plume remediation by in-situ formation of reactive barriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Busch
- Institute of Earth and Environmental Science, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Straße 24-25, 14476 Potsdam, Germany.
| | - T Meißner
- Fraunhofer IKTS, Winterbergstraße 28, 01277 Dresden, Germany.
| | - A Potthoff
- Fraunhofer IKTS, Winterbergstraße 28, 01277 Dresden, Germany.
| | - S Bleyl
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - A Georgi
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - K Mackenzie
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - R Trabitzsch
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - U Werban
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - S E Oswald
- Institute of Earth and Environmental Science, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Straße 24-25, 14476 Potsdam, Germany.
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Shi Z, Fan D, Johnson RL, Tratnyek PG, Nurmi JT, Wu Y, Williams KH. Methods for characterizing the fate and effects of nano zerovalent iron during groundwater remediation. JOURNAL OF CONTAMINANT HYDROLOGY 2015; 181:17-35. [PMID: 25841976 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconhyd.2015.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Revised: 02/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The emplacement of nano zerovalent iron (nZVI) for groundwater remediation is usually monitored by common measurements such as pH, total iron content, and oxidation-reduction potential (ORP) by potentiometry. However, the interpretation of such measurements can be misleading because of the complex interactions between the target materials (e.g., suspensions of highly reactive and variably aggregated nanoparticles) and aquifer materials (sediments and groundwater), and multiple complications related to sampling and detection methods. This paper reviews current practice for both direct and indirect characterizations of nZVI during groundwater remediation and explores prospects for improving these methods and/or refining the interpretation of these measurements. To support our recommendations, results are presented based on laboratory batch and column studies of nZVI detection using chemical, electrochemical, and geophysical methods. Chemical redox probes appear to be a promising new method for specifically detecting nZVI, based on laboratory tests. The potentiometric and voltammetric detections of iron nanoparticles, using traditional stationary disc electrodes, rotating disc electrodes, and flow-through cell disc electrodes, provide insight for interpreting ORP measurements, which are affected by solution chemistry conditions and the interactions between iron nanoparticles and the electrode surface. The geophysical methods used for characterizing ZVI during groundwater remediation are reviewed and its application for nZVI detection is assessed with results of laboratory column experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenqing Shi
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, PR China.
| | - Dimin Fan
- Institute of Environmental Health, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97239, United States
| | - Richard L Johnson
- Institute of Environmental Health, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97239, United States
| | - Paul G Tratnyek
- Institute of Environmental Health, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97239, United States.
| | - James T Nurmi
- Engineering Science Department, Clackamas Community College, 19600 Molalla Ave., Oregon City, OR 97045, United States
| | - Yuxin Wu
- Earth Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, #1 Cyclotron Road, MS 74R0316C, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States
| | - Kenneth H Williams
- Earth Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, #1 Cyclotron Road, MS 74R0316C, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States
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Georgi A, Schierz A, Mackenzie K, Kopinke FD. Colloidal activated carbon for in-situ groundwater remediation--Transport characteristics and adsorption of organic compounds in water-saturated sediment columns. JOURNAL OF CONTAMINANT HYDROLOGY 2015; 179:76-88. [PMID: 26070009 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconhyd.2015.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2014] [Revised: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Colloidal activated carbon can be considered as a versatile adsorbent and carrier material for in-situ groundwater remediation. In analogy to other nanoremediation approaches, activated carbon colloids (ACC) can be injected into the subsurface as aqueous suspensions. Deposition of ACC on the sediment creates a sorption barrier against further spreading of hydrophobic pollutants. This study deals with the optimization of ACC and their suspensions with a focus on suspension stability, ACC mobility in saturated porous media and sorption efficiency towards organic contaminants. ACC with an appropriate particle size range (d50=0.8μm) were obtained from a commercial powdered activated carbon product by means of wet-grinding. Among the various methods tested for stabilization of ACC suspensions, addition of humic acid (HA) and carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) showed the best results. Due to electrosteric stabilization by adsorption of CMC, suspensions remained stable even at high ACC concentrations (11gL(-1)) and conditions typical of very hard water (5mM divalent cations). Furthermore, CMC-stabilized ACC showed high mobility in a water-saturated sandy sediment column (filter coefficient λ=0.2m(-1)). Such mobility is a pre-requisite for in-situ installation of sorption or reaction barriers by simple injection-well or direct-push application of ACC suspensions. Column experiments with organic model compounds proved the efficacy of ACC deposits on sediment for contaminant adsorption and retardation under flow-through conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anett Georgi
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, UFZ, Department of Environmental Engineering, Permoserstr. 15, D-04318 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Ariette Schierz
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Texas Tech University, 911 Boston Avenue, Lubbock, TX, 79405, USA
| | - Katrin Mackenzie
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, UFZ, Department of Environmental Engineering, Permoserstr. 15, D-04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Frank-Dieter Kopinke
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, UFZ, Department of Environmental Engineering, Permoserstr. 15, D-04318 Leipzig, Germany
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Busch J, Meißner T, Potthoff A, Oswald SE. Investigations on mobility of carbon colloid supported nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI) in a column experiment and a laboratory 2D-aquifer test system. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 21:10908-10916. [PMID: 24859704 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-014-3049-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2014] [Accepted: 05/14/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI) has recently gained great interest in the scientific community as in situ reagent for installation of permeable reactive barriers in aquifer systems, since nZVI is highly reactive with chlorinated compounds and may render them to harmless substances. However, nZVI has a high tendency to agglomerate and sediment; therefore it shows very limited transport ranges. One new approach to overcome the limited transport of nZVI in porous media is using a suited carrier colloid. In this study we tested mobility of a carbon colloid supported nZVI particle "Carbo-Iron Colloids" (CIC) with a mean size of 0.63 μm in a column experiment of 40 cm length and an experiment in a two-dimensional (2D) aquifer test system with dimensions of 110 × 40 × 5 cm. Results show a breakthrough maximum of 82 % of the input concentration in the column experiment and 58 % in the 2D-aquifer test system. Detected residuals in porous media suggest a strong particle deposition in the first centimeters and few depositions in the porous media in the further travel path. Overall, this suggests a high mobility in porous media which might be a significant enhancement compared to bare or polyanionic stabilized nZVI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Busch
- Institute of Earth and Environmental Science, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany,
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