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Bezze A, Mattioda C, Ciardelli G, Mattu C. Harnessing cells to improve transport of nanomedicines. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2024:114446. [PMID: 39122052 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2024.114446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2024] [Revised: 07/18/2024] [Accepted: 08/05/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024]
Abstract
Efficient tumour treatment is hampered by the poor selectivity of anticancer drugs, resulting in scarce tumour accumulation and undesired off-target effects. Nano-sized drug-delivery systems in the form of nanoparticles (NPs) have been proposed to improve drug distribution to solid tumours, by virtue of their ability of passive and active tumour targeting. Despite these advantages, literature studies indicated that less than 1% of the administered NPs can successfully reach the tumour mass, highlighting the necessity for more efficient drug transporters in cancer treatment. Living cells, such as blood cells, circulating immune cells, platelets, and stem cells, are often found as an infiltrating component in most solid tumours, because of their ability to naturally circumvent immune recognition, bypass biological barriers, and reach inaccessible tissues through innate tropism and active motility. Therefore, the tumour-homing ability of these cells can be harnessed to design living cell carriers able to improve the transport of drugs and NPs to tumours. Albeit promising, this approach is still in its beginnings and suffers from difficult scalability, high cost, and poor reproducibility. In this review, we present an overview of the most common cell transporters of drugs and NPs, and we discuss how different cell types interact with biological barriers to deliver cargoes of various natures to tumours. Finally, we analyse the different techniques used to load drugs or NPs in living cells and discuss their advantages and disadvantages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Bezze
- Politecnico di Torino, DIMEAS C.so Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Torin, Italy
| | - Carlotta Mattioda
- Politecnico di Torino, DIMEAS C.so Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Torin, Italy
| | - Gianluca Ciardelli
- Politecnico di Torino, DIMEAS C.so Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Torin, Italy
| | - Clara Mattu
- Politecnico di Torino, DIMEAS C.so Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Torin, Italy
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2
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Huang Z, Sun K, Luo Z, Zhang J, Zhou H, Yin H, Liang Z, You J. Spleen-targeted delivery systems and strategies for spleen-related diseases. J Control Release 2024; 370:773-797. [PMID: 38734313 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2024.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
The spleen, body's largest secondary lymphoid organ, is also a vital hematopoietic and immunological organ. It is regarded as one of the most significant organs in humans. As more researchers recognize the functions of the spleen, clinical methods for treating splenic diseases and spleen-targeted drug delivery systems to improve the efficacy of spleen-related therapies have gradually developed. Many modification strategies (size, charge, ligand, protein corona) and hitchhiking strategies (erythrocytes, neutrophils) of nanoparticles (NPs) have shown a significant increase in spleen targeting efficiency. However, most of the targeted drug therapy strategies for the spleen are to enhance or inhibit the immune function of the spleen to achieve therapeutic effects, and there are few studies on spleen-related diseases. In this review, we not only provide a detailed summary of the design rules for spleen-targeted drug delivery systems in recent years, but also introduce common spleen diseases (splenic tumors, splenic injuries, and splenomegaly) with the hopes of generating more ideas for future spleen research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyao Huang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, PR China
| | - Kedong Sun
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, PR China
| | - Zhenyu Luo
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, PR China
| | - Junlei Zhang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, PR China
| | - Huanli Zhou
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, PR China
| | - Hang Yin
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, PR China
| | - Zhile Liang
- School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 LongMian road, NanJing, JiangSu 211198, PR China
| | - Jian You
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, PR China; Zhejiang-California International Nanosystems Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China; Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, PR China.
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3
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De Castro F, Stefàno E, Fanizzi FP, Di Corato R, Abdalla P, Luchetti F, Nasoni MG, Rinaldi R, Magnani M, Benedetti M, Antonelli A. Compatibility of Nucleobases Containing Pt(II) Complexes with Red Blood Cells for Possible Drug Delivery Applications. Molecules 2023; 28:6760. [PMID: 37836603 PMCID: PMC10574024 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28196760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The therapeutic advantages of some platinum complexes as major anticancer chemotherapeutic agents and of nucleoside analogue-based compounds as essential antiviral/antitumor drugs are widely recognized. Red blood cells (RBCs) offer a potential new strategy for the targeted release of therapeutic agents due to their biocompatibility, which can protect loaded drugs from inactivation in the blood, thus improving biodistribution. In this study, we evaluated the feasibility of loading model nucleobase-containing Pt(II) complexes into human RBCs that were highly stabilized by four N-donors and susceptible to further modification for possible antitumor/antiviral applications. Specifically, platinum-based nucleoside derivatives [PtII(dien)(N7-Guo)]2+, [PtII(dien)(N7-dGuo)]2+, and [PtII(dien)(N7-dGTP)] (dien = diethylenetriamine; Guo = guanosine; dGuo = 2'-deoxy-guanosine; dGTP = 5'-(2'-deoxy)-guanosine-triphosphate) were investigated. These Pt(II) complexes were demonstrated to be stable species suitable for incorporation into RBCs. This result opens avenues for the possible incorporation of other metalated nucleobases analogues, with potential antitumor and/or antiviral activity, into RBCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica De Castro
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy; (F.D.C.); (E.S.)
| | - Erika Stefàno
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy; (F.D.C.); (E.S.)
| | - Francesco Paolo Fanizzi
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy; (F.D.C.); (E.S.)
| | - Riccardo Di Corato
- Center for Biomolecular Nanotechnologies, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 73010 Arnesano, Italy;
- Institute for Microelectronics and Microsystems (IMM), CNR, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy;
| | - Pasant Abdalla
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Urbino Carlo Bo, Via Saffi 2, 61029 Urbino, Italy; (P.A.); (F.L.); (M.G.N.); (M.M.)
| | - Francesca Luchetti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Urbino Carlo Bo, Via Saffi 2, 61029 Urbino, Italy; (P.A.); (F.L.); (M.G.N.); (M.M.)
| | - Maria Gemma Nasoni
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Urbino Carlo Bo, Via Saffi 2, 61029 Urbino, Italy; (P.A.); (F.L.); (M.G.N.); (M.M.)
| | - Rosaria Rinaldi
- Institute for Microelectronics and Microsystems (IMM), CNR, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy;
- Mathematics and Physics “E. De Giorgi” Department, University of Salento, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Mauro Magnani
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Urbino Carlo Bo, Via Saffi 2, 61029 Urbino, Italy; (P.A.); (F.L.); (M.G.N.); (M.M.)
| | - Michele Benedetti
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy; (F.D.C.); (E.S.)
| | - Antonella Antonelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Urbino Carlo Bo, Via Saffi 2, 61029 Urbino, Italy; (P.A.); (F.L.); (M.G.N.); (M.M.)
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Sonam Dongsar T, Tsering Dongsar T, Molugulu N, Annadurai S, Wahab S, Gupta N, Kesharwani P. Targeted therapy of breast tumor by PLGA-based nanostructures: The versatile function in doxorubicin delivery. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 233:116455. [PMID: 37356522 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.116455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
Abstract
Breast carcinoma is a molecularly diverse illness, and it is among the most prominent and often reported malignancies in female across the globe. Surgical intervention, chemotherapy, immunotherapy, gene therapy, and endocrine treatment are among the currently viable treatment options for the carcinoma of breast. Chemotherapy is among the most prevalent cancer management strategy. Doxorubicin (DOX) widely employed as a cytostatic medication for the treatment of a variety of malignancies. Despite its widespread acceptance and excellent efficacy against an extensive line up of neoplasia, it has a variety of shortcomings that limit its therapeutic potential in the previously mentioned indications. Employment of nanoparticulate systems has come up as a unique chemo medication delivery strategy and are being considerably explored for the amelioration of breast carcinoma. Polylactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA)-based nano systems are being utilized in a number of areas within the medical research and medication delivery constitutes one of the primary functions for PLGA given their inherent physiochemical attributes, including their aqueous solubility, biocompatibility, biodegradability, versatility in formulation, and limited toxicity. Herein along with the different application of PLGA-based nano formulations in cancer therapy, the present review intends to describe the various research investigations that have been conducted to enumerate the effectiveness of DOX-encapsulated PLGA nanoparticles (DOX-PLGA NPs) as a feasible treatment option for breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tenzin Sonam Dongsar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, 110062, India
| | - Tenzin Tsering Dongsar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, 110062, India
| | - Nagashekhara Molugulu
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University, Bandar Sunway, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, 47500, Malaysia
| | - Sivakumar Annadurai
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha 62529, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shadma Wahab
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha 62529, Saudi Arabia
| | - Neelima Gupta
- Dr. Harisingh Gour Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Sagar, Madhya Pradesh, 470003, India
| | - Prashant Kesharwani
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, 110062, India; Department of Pharmacology, Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, India.
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5
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Nguyen PHD, Jayasinghe MK, Le AH, Peng B, Le MTN. Advances in Drug Delivery Systems Based on Red Blood Cells and Their Membrane-Derived Nanoparticles. ACS NANO 2023; 17:5187-5210. [PMID: 36896898 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c11965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Red blood cells (RBCs) and RBC membrane-derived nanoparticles have been historically developed as bioinspired drug delivery systems to combat the issues of premature clearance, toxicity, and immunogenicity of synthetic nanocarriers. RBC-based delivery systems possess characteristics including biocompatibility, biodegradability, and long circulation time, which make them suited for systemic administration. Therefore, they have been employed in designing optimal drug formulations in various preclinical models and clinical trials to treat a wide range of diseases. In this review, we provide an overview of the biology, synthesis, and characterization of drug delivery systems based on RBCs and their membrane including whole RBCs, RBC membrane-camouflaged nanoparticles, RBC-derived extracellular vesicles, and RBC hitchhiking. We also highlight conventional and latest engineering strategies, along with various therapeutic modalities, for enhanced precision and effectiveness of drug delivery. Additionally, we focus on the current state of RBC-based therapeutic applications and their clinical translation as drug carriers, as well as discussing opportunities and challenges associated with these systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phuong Hoang Diem Nguyen
- Department of Pharmacology, and Institute for Digital Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117600, Singapore
- Department of Surgery, Immunology Programme, Cancer Programme and Nanomedicine Translational Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117600, Singapore
| | - Migara Kavishka Jayasinghe
- Department of Pharmacology, and Institute for Digital Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117600, Singapore
- Department of Surgery, Immunology Programme, Cancer Programme and Nanomedicine Translational Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117600, Singapore
| | - Anh Hong Le
- Department of Pharmacology, and Institute for Digital Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117600, Singapore
- Department of Surgery, Immunology Programme, Cancer Programme and Nanomedicine Translational Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117600, Singapore
| | - Boya Peng
- Department of Pharmacology, and Institute for Digital Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117600, Singapore
- Department of Surgery, Immunology Programme, Cancer Programme and Nanomedicine Translational Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117600, Singapore
| | - Minh T N Le
- Department of Pharmacology, and Institute for Digital Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117600, Singapore
- Department of Surgery, Immunology Programme, Cancer Programme and Nanomedicine Translational Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117600, Singapore
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6
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Zhang H, Wan GZ, Wang YY, Chen W, Guan JZ. The role of erythrocytes and erythroid progenitor cells in tumors. Open Life Sci 2022; 17:1641-1656. [PMID: 36567722 PMCID: PMC9755711 DOI: 10.1515/biol-2022-0102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In the current research context of precision treatment of malignant tumors, the advantages of immunotherapy are unmatched by conventional antitumor therapy, which can prolong progression-free survival and overall survival. The search for new targets and novel combination therapies can improve the efficacy of immunotherapy and reduce adverse effects. Since current research targets for immunotherapy mainly focus on lymphocytes, little research has been done on erythrocytes. Nucleated erythroid precursor stem cells have been discovered to play an essential role in tumor progression. Researchers are exploring new targets and therapeutic approaches for immunotherapy from the perspective of erythroid progenitor cells (EPCs). Recent studies have shown that different subtypes of EPCs have specific surface markers and distinct biological roles in tumor immunity. CD45+ EPCs are potent myeloid-derived suppressor cell-like immunosuppressants that reduce the patient's antitumor immune response. CD45- EPCs promote tumor invasion and metastasis by secreting artemin. A specific type of EPC also promotes angiogenesis and provides radiation protection. Therefore, EPCs may be involved in tumor growth, infiltration, and metastasis. It may also be an important cause of anti-angiogenesis and immunotherapy resistance. This review summarizes recent research advances in erythropoiesis, EPC features, and their impacts and processes on tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Zhang
- Department of Oncology, The Fifth Medical Center, Chinese PLA (People’s Liberation Army) General Hospital, Beijing 100091, China,Department of Oncology, The Eighth Medical Center, Chinese PLA (People’s Liberation Army) General Hospital, Beijing 100071, China,Postgraduate Department of Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou 075000, China
| | - Guang-zhi Wan
- Department of Oncology, The Eighth Medical Center, Chinese PLA (People’s Liberation Army) General Hospital, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Yu-ying Wang
- Department of Oncology, First Medical Center, Chinese PLA (People’s Liberation Army) General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Wen Chen
- Department of Pathology, The Eighth Medical Center, Chinese PLA (People’s Liberation Army) General Hospital, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Jing-Zhi Guan
- Department of Oncology, The Eighth Medical Center, Chinese PLA (People’s Liberation Army) General Hospital, Beijing 100071, China
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7
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Yao H, Zhu G. Blood Components as Carriers for Small-Molecule Platinum Anticancer Drugs. ChemMedChem 2022; 17:e202200482. [PMID: 36178204 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202200482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The efficacy of platinum drugs is limited by severe side effects, drug resistance, and poor pharmacokinetic properties. Utilizing long-lasting blood components as drug carriers is a promising strategy to improve the circulation half-lives and tumor accumulation of platinum drugs. Non-immunogenic blood cells such as erythrocytes and blood proteins such as albumins, which have long lifespans, are suitable for the delivery of platinum drugs. In this concept, we briefly summarize the strategies of applying blood components as promising carriers to deliver small-molecule platinum drugs for cancer treatment. Examples of platinum drugs that are encapsulated, non-covalently attached, and covalently bound to erythrocytes and plasma proteins such as albumin and apoferritin are introduced. The potential methods to increase the stability of platinum-based thiol-maleimide conjugates involved in these delivery systems are also discussed. This concept may enlighten researchers with more ideas on the future development of novel platinum drugs that have excellent pharmacokinetic properties and antitumor performance in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houzong Yao
- School of Health, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, 330022, P. R. China.,Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Hong Kong, SAR, 999077, P. R. China
| | - Guangyu Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Hong Kong, SAR, 999077, P. R. China.,City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, 518057, P. R. China
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Zheng BD, Xiao MT. Red blood cell membrane nanoparticles for tumor phototherapy. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2022; 220:112895. [PMID: 36242941 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2022.112895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Non-invasive phototherapy includes photodynamic therapy (PDT) and photothermal therapy (PTT), and has garnered special interest in anti-tumor therapy. However, traditional photosensitizers or photothermal agents are faced with major challenges, including easy recognition by immune system, rapid clearance from blood circulation, and low accumulation in target sites. Combining the characteristics of natural cell membrane with the characteristics of photosensitizer or photothermal agent is an important technology to achieve the ideal therapeutic effect of cancer. Red cell membrane (RBMs) coated can disguise phototherapy agents as endogenous substances, thus constructing a new nano bionic therapeutic platform, resisting blood clearance and prolonging circulation time. At present, a variety of phototherapy agents based on Nano-RBMs have been isolated or designed. In this review, firstly, the basic principles of Nano-RBMs and phototherapy are expounded respectively. Then, the latest progress of Nano-RBMs for PDT, PTT and PDT/PTT applications in recent five years has been introduced respectively. Finally, the problems and challenges of Nano-RBMs in the field of phototherapy are put forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing-De Zheng
- College of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, China.
| | - Mei-Tian Xiao
- College of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, China
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Feng L, Huang X, Li J, Chen C, Ma Y, Gu H, Hu Y, Xia D. A Closed-Loop Autologous Erythrocyte-Mediated Delivery Platform for Diabetic Nephropathy Therapy. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:3556. [PMID: 36296745 PMCID: PMC9612375 DOI: 10.3390/nano12203556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Failure to control blood glucose level (BGL) may aggravate oxidative stress and contribute to the development of diabetic nephropathy (DN). Using erythrocytes (ERs) as the carriers, a smart self-regulatory insulin (INS) release system was constructed to release INS according to changes in BGLs to improve patients' compliance and health. To overcome the limited sources of ERs and decrease the risk of transmitting infections, we developed an in vitro, closed-loop autologous ER-mediated delivery (CAER) platform, based on a commercial hemodialysis instrument modified with a glucose-responsive ER-based INS delivery system (GOx-INS@ER). After the blood was drained via a jugular vein cannula, some of the blood was pumped into the CAER platform. The INS was packed inside the autologous ERs in the INS reactor, and then their surface was modified with glucose oxidase (GOx), which acts as a glucose-activated switch. In vivo, the CAER platform showed that the BGL responsively controlled INS release in order to control hyperglycemia and maintain the BGL in the normal range for up to 3 days; plus, there was good glycemic control without the added burden of hemodialysis in DN rabbits. These results demonstrate that this closed-loop extracorporeal hemodialysis platform provides a practical approach for improving diabetes management in DN patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingzi Feng
- School of Public Health, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China
| | - Xinzhong Huang
- Department of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Jia Li
- School of Public Health, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China
| | - Chao Chen
- School of Public Health, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China
| | - Yidan Ma
- Department of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Haiying Gu
- School of Public Health, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China
| | - Yong Hu
- MOE Key Laboratory of High Performance Polymer Materials & Technology, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210033, China
| | - Donglin Xia
- School of Public Health, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China
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Sultana A, Zare M, Thomas V, Kumar TS, Ramakrishna S. Nano-based drug delivery systems: Conventional drug delivery routes, recent developments and future prospects. MEDICINE IN DRUG DISCOVERY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.medidd.2022.100134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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11
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Chen X, Zhang J, Yu Y, Wang H, Ma G, Wang D, Cao H, Yang J. Ultrasound-Triggered on Demand Lidocaine Release Relieves Postoperative Pain. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:925047. [PMID: 35898649 PMCID: PMC9310090 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.925047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Safe and non-invasive on-demand relief is a crucial and effective treatment for postoperative pain because it considers variable timing and intensity of anesthetics. Ultrasound modulation is a promising technique for this treatment because it allows convenient timed and non-invasive controlled drug release. Here, we created an ultrasound-triggered lidocaine (Lido) release platform using an amino acid hydrogel functioning as three-dimensional (3D) scaffold material (Lido-PPIX@ER hydrogel). It allows control of the timing, intensity and duration of lidocaine (Lido) to relieve postoperative pain. The hydrogel releases Lido due to the elevated reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels generated by PPIX under ultrasound triggering. The Lido-PPIX@ER hydrogel under individualized ultrasound triggering released lidocaine and provided effective analgesia for more than 72 h. The withdrawal threshold was higher than that in the control group at all time points measured. The hydrogel showed repeatable and adjustable ultrasound-triggered nerve blocks in vivo, the duration of which depended on the extent and intensity of insonation. On histopathology, no systemic effect or tissue reaction was observed in the ultrasound-triggered Lido-PPIX@ER hydrogel-treated group. The Lido-PPIX@ER hydrogel with individualized (highly variable) ultrasound triggering is a convenient and effective method that offers timed and spatiotemporally controlled Lido release to manage postoperative pain. This article presents the delivery system for a new effective strategy to reduce pain, remotely control pain, and offer timed and spatiotemporally controlled release of Lido to manage postoperative pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohong Chen
- The Frist Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Nantong Tumor Hospital, Tumor Hospital Affiliated to Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Jianfeng Zhang
- Nantong Tumor Hospital, Tumor Hospital Affiliated to Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Yan Yu
- Nantong Tumor Hospital, Tumor Hospital Affiliated to Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Haoran Wang
- Nantong Tumor Hospital, Tumor Hospital Affiliated to Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Genshan Ma
- Nantong Tumor Hospital, Tumor Hospital Affiliated to Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Di Wang
- Nantong Tumor Hospital, Tumor Hospital Affiliated to Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Hanzhong Cao
- Nantong Tumor Hospital, Tumor Hospital Affiliated to Nantong University, Nantong, China
- *Correspondence: Hanzhong Cao, ; Jianping Yang,
| | - Jianping Yang
- The Frist Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Hanzhong Cao, ; Jianping Yang,
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12
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Zhao J, Ruan J, Lv G, Shan Q, Fan Z, Wang H, Du Y, Ling L. Cell membrane-based biomimetic nanosystems for advanced drug delivery in cancer therapy: A comprehensive review. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2022; 215:112503. [PMID: 35429736 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2022.112503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Natural types of cells display distinct characteristics with homotypic targeting and extended circulation in the blood, which are worthy of being explored as promising drug delivery systems (DDSs) for cancer therapy. To enhance their delivery efficiency, these cells can be combined with therapeutic agents and artificial nanocarriers to construct the next generation of DDSs in the form of biomimetic nanomedicines. In this review, we present the recent advances in cell membrane-based DDSs (CDDSs) and their applications for efficient cancer therapy. Different sources of cell membranes are discussed, mainly including red blood cells (RBC), leukocytes, cancer cells, stem cells and hybrid cells. Moreover, the extraction methods used for obtaining such cells and the mechanism contributing to the functional action of these biomimetic CDDSs are explained. Finally, a future perspective is proposed to highlight the limitations of CDDSs and the possible resolutions toward clinical transformation of currently developed biomimetic chemotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianing Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Ministry of Education of China), School of Pharmacy, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China
| | - Jian Ruan
- Yantai Center for Food and Drug Control, Yantai 264005, China
| | - Guangyao Lv
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Ministry of Education of China), School of Pharmacy, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China
| | - Qi Shan
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Ministry of Education of China), School of Pharmacy, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China
| | - Zhiping Fan
- Institute of BioPharmaceutical Research, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, China
| | - Hongbo Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Ministry of Education of China), School of Pharmacy, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China.
| | - Yuan Du
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Ministry of Education of China), School of Pharmacy, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China.
| | - Longbing Ling
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Ministry of Education of China), School of Pharmacy, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China.
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13
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Ding Y, Wang Y, Hu Q. Recent advances in overcoming barriers to cell-based delivery systems for cancer immunotherapy. EXPLORATION (BEIJING, CHINA) 2022; 2:20210106. [PMID: 37323702 PMCID: PMC10190958 DOI: 10.1002/exp.20210106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Immunotherapy strategies that use cell-based delivery systems have sparked much interest in the treatment of malignancies, owing to their high biocompatibility, excellent tumor targeting capability, and unique biofunctionalities in the tumor growth process. A variety of design principles for cell-based immunotherapy, including cell surface decoration, cell membrane coating, cell encapsulation, genetically engineered cell, and cell-derived exosomes, give cancer immunotherapy great potential to improve therapeutic efficacy and reduce adverse effects. However, the treatment efficacy of cell-based delivery methods for immunotherapy is still limited, and practical uses are hampered due to complex physiological and immunological obstacles, such as physical barriers to immune infiltration, immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment, upregulation of immunosuppressive pathways, and metabolic restriction. In this review, we present an overview of the design principles of cell-based delivery systems in cancer immunotherapy to maximize the therapeutic impact, along with anatomical, metabolic, and immunological impediments in using cell-based immunotherapy to treat cancer. Following that, a summary of novel delivery strategies that have been created to overcome these obstacles to cell-based immunotherapeutic delivery systems is provided. Also, the obstacles and prospects of next-step development of cell-based delivery systems for cancer immunotherapy are concluded in the end.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingyue Ding
- Pharmaceutical Sciences DivisionSchool of PharmacyUniversity of Wisconsin–MadisonMadisonWisconsinUSA
- Carbone Cancer CenterSchool of Medicine and Public HealthUniversity of Wisconsin–MadisonMadisonWisconsinUSA
- Wisconsin Center for NanoBioSystemsSchool of PharmacyUniversity of Wisconsin–MadisonMadisonWisconsinUSA
| | - Yixin Wang
- Pharmaceutical Sciences DivisionSchool of PharmacyUniversity of Wisconsin–MadisonMadisonWisconsinUSA
- Carbone Cancer CenterSchool of Medicine and Public HealthUniversity of Wisconsin–MadisonMadisonWisconsinUSA
- Wisconsin Center for NanoBioSystemsSchool of PharmacyUniversity of Wisconsin–MadisonMadisonWisconsinUSA
| | - Quanyin Hu
- Pharmaceutical Sciences DivisionSchool of PharmacyUniversity of Wisconsin–MadisonMadisonWisconsinUSA
- Carbone Cancer CenterSchool of Medicine and Public HealthUniversity of Wisconsin–MadisonMadisonWisconsinUSA
- Wisconsin Center for NanoBioSystemsSchool of PharmacyUniversity of Wisconsin–MadisonMadisonWisconsinUSA
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14
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Xu X, Li T, Jin K. Bioinspired and Biomimetic Nanomedicines for Targeted Cancer Therapy. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14051109. [PMID: 35631695 PMCID: PMC9147382 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14051109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Undesirable side effects and multidrug resistance are the major obstacles in conventional chemotherapy towards cancers. Nanomedicines provide alternative strategies for tumor-targeted therapy due to their inherent properties, such as nanoscale size and tunable surface features. However, the applications of nanomedicines are hampered in vivo due to intrinsic disadvantages, such as poor abilities to cross biological barriers and unexpected off-target effects. Fortunately, biomimetic nanomedicines are emerging as promising therapeutics to maximize anti-tumor efficacy with minimal adverse effects due to their good biocompatibility and high accumulation abilities. These bioengineered agents incorporate both the physicochemical properties of diverse functional materials and the advantages of biological materials to achieve desired purposes, such as prolonged circulation time, specific targeting of tumor cells, and immune modulation. Among biological materials, mammalian cells (such as red blood cells, macrophages, monocytes, and neutrophils) and pathogens (such as viruses, bacteria, and fungi) are the functional components most often used to confer synthetic nanoparticles with the complex functionalities necessary for effective nano-biointeractions. In this review, we focus on recent advances in the development of bioinspired and biomimetic nanomedicines (such as mammalian cell-based drug delivery systems and pathogen-based nanoparticles) for targeted cancer therapy. We also discuss the biological influences and limitations of synthetic materials on the therapeutic effects and targeted efficacies of various nanomedicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqiu Xu
- Laboratory of Human Diseases and Immunotherapies, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; (X.X.); (T.L.)
- Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Tong Li
- Laboratory of Human Diseases and Immunotherapies, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; (X.X.); (T.L.)
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Ke Jin
- Laboratory of Human Diseases and Immunotherapies, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; (X.X.); (T.L.)
- Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Correspondence:
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Fukuta T, Kogure K. Biomimetic Nanoparticle Drug Delivery Systems to Overcome Biological Barriers for Therapeutic Applications. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2022; 70:334-340. [DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c21-00961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuya Fukuta
- Department of Physical Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wakayama Medical University
| | - Kentaro Kogure
- Department of Pharmaceutical Health Chemistry, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University
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16
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Lu T, Lee CH, Anvari B. Morphological Characteristics, Hemoglobin Content, and Membrane Mechanical Properties of Red Blood Cell Delivery Systems. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:18219-18232. [PMID: 35417121 PMCID: PMC9926936 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c03472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Red blood cell (RBC)-based systems are under extensive development as platforms for the delivery of various biomedical agents. While the importance of the membrane biochemical characteristics in relation to circulation kinetics of RBC delivery systems has been recognized, the membrane mechanical properties of such carriers have not been extensively studied. Using optical methods in conjunction with image analysis and mechanical modeling, we have quantified the morphological and membrane mechanical characteristics of RBC-derived microparticles containing the near-infrared cargo indocyanine green (ICG). We find that these particles have a significantly lower surface area, volume, and deformability as compared to normal RBCs. The residual hemoglobin has a spatially distorted distribution in the particles. The membrane bending modulus of the particles is about twofold higher as compared to normal RBCs and exhibits greater resistance to flow. The induced increase in the viscous characteristics of the membrane is dominant over the elastic and entropic effects of ICG. Our results suggest that changes to the membrane mechanical properties are a result of impaired membrane-cytoskeleton attachment in these particles. We provide a mechanistic explanation to suggest that the compromised membrane-cytoskeleton attachment and altered membrane compositional and structural asymmetry induce curvature changes to the membrane, resulting in mechanical remodeling of the membrane. These findings highlight the importance of membrane mechanical properties as an important criterion in the design and engineering of future generations of RBC-based delivery systems to achieve prolonged circulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thompson Lu
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Chi-Hua Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Bahman Anvari
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California 92521, United States
- Department of Biochemistry, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California 92521, United States
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17
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Barros RAM, Cristóvão RO, Carabineiro SAC, Neves MC, Freire MG, Faria JL, Santos-Ebinuma VC, Tavares APM, Silva CG. Immobilization and Characterization of L-Asparaginase over Carbon Xerogels. BIOTECH 2022; 11:biotech11020010. [PMID: 35822783 PMCID: PMC9264400 DOI: 10.3390/biotech11020010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
L-asparaginase (ASNase) is an aminohydrolase currently used in the pharmaceutical and food industries. Enzyme immobilization is an exciting option for both applications, allowing for a more straightforward recovery and increased stability. High surface area and customizable porosity make carbon xerogels (CXs) promising materials for ASNase immobilization. This work describes the influence of contact time, pH, and ASNase concentration on the immobilization yield (IY) and relative recovered activity (RRA) using the Central Composite Design methodology. The most promising results were obtained using CX with an average pore size of 4 nm (CX-4), reaching IY and RRA of 100%. At the optimal conditions (contact time 49 min, pH 6.73, and [ASNase] 0.26 mg·mL−1), the ASNase-CXs biocomposite was characterized and evaluated in terms of kinetic properties and operational, thermal, and pH stabilities. The immobilized ASNase onto CX-4 retained 71% of its original activity after six continuous reaction cycles, showed good thermal stability at 37 °C (RRA of 91% after 90 min), and was able to adapt to both acidic and alkaline environments. Finally, the results indicated a 3.9-fold increase in the immobilized ASNase affinity for the substrate, confirming the potential of CXs as a support for ASNase and as a cost-effective tool for subsequent use in the therapeutic and food sectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita A. M. Barros
- LSRE-LCM—Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering-Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal; (R.A.M.B.); (R.O.C.); (S.A.C.C.); (J.L.F.)
- ALiCE—Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Raquel O. Cristóvão
- LSRE-LCM—Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering-Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal; (R.A.M.B.); (R.O.C.); (S.A.C.C.); (J.L.F.)
- ALiCE—Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Sónia A. C. Carabineiro
- LSRE-LCM—Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering-Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal; (R.A.M.B.); (R.O.C.); (S.A.C.C.); (J.L.F.)
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, NOVA School of Science and Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Márcia C. Neves
- CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (M.C.N.); (M.G.F.)
| | - Mara G. Freire
- CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (M.C.N.); (M.G.F.)
| | - Joaquim L. Faria
- LSRE-LCM—Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering-Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal; (R.A.M.B.); (R.O.C.); (S.A.C.C.); (J.L.F.)
- ALiCE—Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Valéria C. Santos-Ebinuma
- Department of Engineering Bioprocess and Biotechnology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UNESP-University Estadual Paulista, Araraquara 14800-903, Brazil;
| | - Ana P. M. Tavares
- CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (M.C.N.); (M.G.F.)
- Correspondence: (A.P.M.T.); (C.G.S.); Tel.: +351-234-401-520 (A.P.M.T.); +351-220-414-874 (C.G.S.)
| | - Cláudia G. Silva
- LSRE-LCM—Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering-Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal; (R.A.M.B.); (R.O.C.); (S.A.C.C.); (J.L.F.)
- ALiCE—Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
- Correspondence: (A.P.M.T.); (C.G.S.); Tel.: +351-234-401-520 (A.P.M.T.); +351-220-414-874 (C.G.S.)
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18
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Sheffey VV, Siew EB, Tanner EEL, Eniola‐Adefeso O. PLGA's Plight and the Role of Stealth Surface Modification Strategies in Its Use for Intravenous Particulate Drug Delivery. Adv Healthc Mater 2022; 11:e2101536. [PMID: 35032406 PMCID: PMC9035064 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202101536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Numerous human disorders can benefit from targeted, intravenous (IV) drug delivery. Polymeric nanoparticles have been designed to undergo systemic circulation and deliver their therapeutic cargo to target sites in a controlled manner. Poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid (PLGA) is a particularly promising biomaterial for designing intravenous drug carriers due to its biocompatibility, biodegradability, and history of clinical success across other routes of administration. Despite these merits, PLGA remains markedly absent in clinically approved IV drug delivery formulations. A prominent factor in PLGA particles' inability to succeed intravenously may lie in the hydrophobic character of the polyester, leading to the adsorption of serum proteins (i.e., opsonization) and a cascade of events that end in their premature clearance from the bloodstream. PEGylation, or surface-attached polyethylene glycol chains, is a common strategy for shielding particles from opsonization. Polyethylene glycol (PEG) continues to be regarded as the ultimate "stealth" solution despite the lack of clinical progress of PEGylated PLGA carriers. This review reflects on some of the reasons for the clinical failure of PLGA, particularly the drawbacks of PEGylation, and highlights alternative surface coatings on PLGA particles. Ultimately, a new approach will be needed to harness the potential of PLGA nanoparticles and allow their widespread clinical adoption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Violet V. Sheffey
- Macromolecular Science and Engineering Program University of Michigan Ann Arbor NCRC Building 28, 2800 Plymouth Rd. Ann Arbor MI 48109 USA
| | - Emily B. Siew
- Department of Chemical Engineering University of Michigan Ann Arbor NCRC 28, 2800 Plymouth Rd. Ann Arbor MI 48109 USA
| | - Eden E. L. Tanner
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Mississippi 179 Coulter Hall University MS 38677 USA
| | - Omolola Eniola‐Adefeso
- Macromolecular Science and Engineering Program University of Michigan Ann Arbor NCRC Building 28, 2800 Plymouth Rd. Ann Arbor MI 48109 USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering University of Michigan Ann Arbor NCRC 28, 2800 Plymouth Rd. Ann Arbor MI 48109 USA
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19
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Microalgae-based oral microcarriers for gut microbiota homeostasis and intestinal protection in cancer radiotherapy. Nat Commun 2022; 13:1413. [PMID: 35301299 PMCID: PMC8931093 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28744-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Protecting the whole small intestine from radiation-induced intestinal injury during the radiotherapy of abdominal or pelvic solid tumors remains an unmet clinical need. Amifostine is a promising selective radioprotector for normal tissues. However, its oral application in intestinal radioprotection remains challenging. Herein, we use microalga Spirulina platensis as a microcarrier of Amifostine to construct an oral delivery system. The system shows comprehensive drug accumulation and effective radioprotection in the whole small intestine that is significantly superior to free drug and its enteric capsule, preventing the radiation-induced intestine injury and prolonging the survival without influencing the tumor regression. It also shows benefits on the gut microbiota homeostasis and long-term safety. Based on a readily available natural microcarrier, this work presents a convenient oral delivery system to achieve effective radioprotection for the whole small intestine, providing a competitive strategy with great clinical translation potential.
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20
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Tang JC, Lee CH, Lu T, Vankayala R, Hanley T, Azubuogu C, Li J, Nair MG, Jia W, Anvari B. Membrane Cholesterol Enrichment of Red Blood Cell-Derived Microparticles Results in Prolonged Circulation. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2022; 5:650-660. [PMID: 35006664 PMCID: PMC9924066 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.1c01104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Particles fabricated from red blood cells (RBCs) can serve as vehicles for delivery of various biomedical cargos. Flipping of phosphatidylserine (PS) from the inner to the outer membrane leaflet normally occurs during the fabrication of such particles. PS externalization is a signal for phagocytic removal of the particles from circulation. Herein, we demonstrate that membrane cholesterol enrichment can mitigate the outward display of PS on microparticles engineered from RBCs. Our in-vitro results show that the phagocytic uptake of cholesterol-enriched particles by murine macrophages takes place at a lowered rate, resulting in reduced uptake as compared to RBC-derived particles without cholesterol enrichment. When administered via tail-vein injection into healthy mice, the percent of injected dose (ID) per gram of extracted blood for cholesterol-enriched particles was ∼1.5 and 1.8 times higher than the particles without cholesterol enrichment at 4 and 24 h, respectively. At 24 h, ∼43% ID/g of the particles without cholesterol enrichment was eliminated or metabolized while ∼94% ID/g of the cholesterol-enriched particles were still retained in the body. These results indicate that membrane cholesterol enrichment is an effective method to reduce PS externalization on the surface of RBC-derived particles and increase their longevity in circulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack C. Tang
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California 92521, United States; Present Address: University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033, United States
| | - Chi-Hua Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Thompson Lu
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Raviraj Vankayala
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California 92521, United States; Present Address: Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Karwar, Jodhpur, Rajasthan 342037, India
| | - Taylor Hanley
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Chiemerie Azubuogu
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92023, United States
| | - Jiang Li
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Meera G. Nair
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Wangcun Jia
- Beckman Laser Institute & Medical Clinic, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92617, United States
| | - Bahman Anvari
- Department of Bioengineering and Department of Biochemistry, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California 92521, United States
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21
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Pan Y, Tang W, Fan W, Zhang J, Chen X. Development of nanotechnology-mediated precision radiotherapy for anti-metastasis and radioprotection. Chem Soc Rev 2022; 51:9759-9830. [DOI: 10.1039/d1cs01145f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Radiotherapy (RT), including external beam RT and internal radiation therapy, uses high-energy ionizing radiation to kill tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanbo Pan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310009, China
- Key Laboratory of Precise Treatment and Clinical Translational Research of Neurological Diseases, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang, China
- Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310009, China
- Departments of Diagnostic Radiology, Surgery, Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, and Biomedical Engineering, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine and College of Design and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119074, Singapore
| | - Wei Tang
- Departments of Pharmacy and Diagnostic Radiology, Nanomedicine Translational Research Program, Faculty of Science and Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117544, Singapore
| | - Wenpei Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases, Center of Advanced Pharmaceuticals and Biomaterials, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Jianmin Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310009, China
- Key Laboratory of Precise Treatment and Clinical Translational Research of Neurological Diseases, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang, China
- Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310009, China
| | - Xiaoyuan Chen
- Departments of Diagnostic Radiology, Surgery, Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, and Biomedical Engineering, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine and College of Design and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119074, Singapore
- Clinical Imaging Research Centre, Centre for Translational Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117599, Singapore
- Nanomedicine Translational Research Program, NUS Center for Nanomedicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research (A*STAR), 61 Biopolis Drive, Proteos, Singapore, 138673, Singapore
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22
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Resealed erythrocytes: Towards a novel approach for anticancer therapy. J INDIAN CHEM SOC 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jics.2021.100257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Shao J, Feng L, Zhao Q, Chen C, Li J, Ma Q, Jiang X, Sun Y, Yang Y, Gu H, Hu Y, Xia D. Erythrocyte-mimicking subcutaneous platform with a laser-controlled treatment against diabetes. J Control Release 2021; 341:261-271. [PMID: 34798153 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2021.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Exogenous insulin (INS) is critical for managing diabetes. However, owing to its short in vivo half-life, frequent injection of INS is un-avoidable, which is both painful and inconvenient, compromising the quality of life. Herein, we developed a laser-regulated INS release system (INS-ICG@ER hydrogel) that allowed an on-demand release of INS from the subcutaneous INS reservoir by remote laser control without the frequent injection of INS. The amino acid hydrogel functions as a hydrogel 3D scaffold material, which offers increased subcutaneous stability of drug loaded erythrocytes (ER). This INS-ICG@ER hydrogel would release INS due to the elevated content of reactive oxygen species (ROS), generated by ICG under laser irritation. Conversely, the ROS would be scavenged without the laser irradiation and stopped the release of INS from INS-ICG@ER hydrogel. Furthermore, the release of INS from INS-ICG@ER hydrogel could be regulated by laser irradiation. The INS-ICG@ER hydrogels could control the hyperglycemia within 2 h in diabetic mice and maintained their normal blood glucose level (BGL) for up to 6 days with laser irradiation 30 min prior to meals avoiding the frequent injection of free INS. This delivery system is an effective method that offers a spatiotemporally controlled release of INS to control the glucose level in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinsong Shao
- School of Public Health, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226019, PR China
| | - Lingzi Feng
- School of Public Health, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226019, PR China
| | - Qingyu Zhao
- Institute of Materials Engineering, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing University, Jiangsu 210093, PR China
| | - Chao Chen
- School of Public Health, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226019, PR China
| | - Jia Li
- School of Public Health, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226019, PR China
| | - Qian Ma
- School of Public Health, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226019, PR China
| | - Xiaohan Jiang
- School of Public Health, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226019, PR China
| | - Ying Sun
- Jiangsu Province Blood Center, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210000, PR China
| | - Yanguang Yang
- The Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong Tumor Hospital, Nantong, Jiangsu 226361, PR China
| | - Haiying Gu
- School of Public Health, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226019, PR China.
| | - Yong Hu
- Institute of Materials Engineering, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing University, Jiangsu 210093, PR China.
| | - Donglin Xia
- School of Public Health, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226019, PR China.
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Aktar N, Chen T, Moudud A, Xu S, Zhou X. Tolerogenic vehicles of antigens in the antigen-specific immunotherapy for autoimmunity. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2021.102772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Cheng Y, Song S, Wu P, Lyu B, Qin M, Sun Y, Sun A, Mu L, Xu F, Zhang L, Wang J, Zhang Q. Tumor Associated Macrophages and TAMs-Based Anti-Tumor Nanomedicines. Adv Healthc Mater 2021; 10:e2100590. [PMID: 34292673 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202100590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
As an important part of tumor microenvironment, tumor associated macrophages (TAMs) play a vital role in the occurrence, development, invasion, and metastasis of many malignant tumors and can significantly promote the formation of tumor blood vessels and lymphatic vessels, hence TAMs are greatly associated with poor prognosis. The research on nanomedicine has achieved huge progress, and nano-drugs have been widely utilized to treat various diseases through different mechanisms. Therefore, developing nano-drugs that are based on TAMs-associated anti-tumor mechanisms to effectively suppress tumor growth is expected to be a promising research filed. This paper introduces relevant information about TAMs in terms of their origin, and their roles in tumor genesis, development and metastasis. Furthermore, TAMs-related anti-tumor nano-drugs are summarized. Specifically, a wide range of nano-drugs targeting at TAMs are introduced, and categorized according to their therapeutic mechanisms toward tumors. Additionally, various nano delivery platforms using TAMs as cell carriers which aim at inhibiting tumor growth are reviewed. These two parts elucidate that the exploration of nanomedicine is essential to the study on TAMs-related anti-tumor strategies. This review is also intended to provide novel ideas for in-depth investigation on anti-tumor molecular mechanisms and nano-drug delivery systems based on TAMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxi Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs Peking University Beijing 100191 China
| | - Siyang Song
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs Peking University Beijing 100191 China
| | - Peiyao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs Peking University Beijing 100191 China
- School of Pharmacy Shenyang Pharmaceutical University Shenyang 110016 China
| | - Bochen Lyu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs Peking University Beijing 100191 China
| | - Mengmeng Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs Peking University Beijing 100191 China
| | - Yanan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs Peking University Beijing 100191 China
| | - Aning Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs Peking University Beijing 100191 China
| | - Limin Mu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs Peking University Beijing 100191 China
| | - Fei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs Peking University Beijing 100191 China
| | - Lu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs Peking University Beijing 100191 China
| | - Jiancheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs Peking University Beijing 100191 China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs Peking University Beijing 100191 China
- School of Pharmacy Shenyang Pharmaceutical University Shenyang 110016 China
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Javed S, Alshehri S, Shoaib A, Ahsan W, Sultan MH, Alqahtani SS, Kazi M, Shakeel F. Chronicles of Nanoerythrosomes: An Erythrocyte-Based Biomimetic Smart Drug Delivery System as a Therapeutic and Diagnostic Tool in Cancer Therapy. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:368. [PMID: 33802156 PMCID: PMC7998655 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13030368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, drug delivery using natural biological carriers has emerged as one of the most widely investigated topics of research. Erythrocytes, or red blood cells, can act as potential carriers for a wide variety of drugs, including anticancer, antibacterial, antiviral, and anti-inflammatory, along with various proteins, peptides, enzymes, and other macromolecules. The red blood cell-based nanocarrier systems, also called nanoerythrosomes, are nanovesicles poised with extraordinary features such as long blood circulation times, the ability to escape immune system, the ability to release the drug gradually, the protection of drugs from various endogenous factors, targeted and specified delivery of drugs, as well as possessing both therapeutic and diagnostic applications in various fields of biomedical sciences. Their journey over the last two decades is escalating with fast pace, ranging from in vivo to preclinical and clinical studies by encapsulating a number of drugs into these carriers. Being biomimetic nanoparticles, they have enhanced the stability profile of drugs and their excellent site-specific targeting ability makes them potential carrier systems in the diagnosis and therapy of wide variety of tumors including gliomas, lung cancers, breast cancers, colon cancers, gastric cancers, and other solid tumors. This review focuses on the most recent advancements in the field of nanoerythrosomes, as an excellent and promising nanoplatform for the novel drug delivery of various drugs particularly antineoplastic drugs along with their potential as a promising diagnostic tool for the identification of different tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shamama Javed
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, P.O. Box 114, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia; (S.J.); (M.H.S.)
| | - Sultan Alshehri
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (S.A.); (M.K.)
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Almaarefa University, Riyadh 11597, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ambreen Shoaib
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, P.O. Box 114, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia; (A.S.); (S.S.A.)
| | - Waquar Ahsan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, P.O. Box 114, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Muhammad Hadi Sultan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, P.O. Box 114, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia; (S.J.); (M.H.S.)
| | - Saad Saeed Alqahtani
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, P.O. Box 114, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia; (A.S.); (S.S.A.)
| | - Mohsin Kazi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (S.A.); (M.K.)
| | - Faiyaz Shakeel
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (S.A.); (M.K.)
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Li L, Fu J, Wang X, Chen Q, Zhang W, Cao Y, Ran H. Biomimetic "Nanoplatelets" as a Targeted Drug Delivery Platform for Breast Cancer Theranostics. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:3605-3621. [PMID: 33449625 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c19259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Breast cancer is a major threat to health and lives of females. Biomimetic nanotechnology brought brighter hope for early diagnosis and treatment of breast cancer. Here, we proposed a platelet (PLT) membrane-derived strategy for enhanced photoacoustic (PA)/ultrasonic (US)/fluorescence (FL) multimodal imaging and augmented synergistic photothermal/chemotherapeutic efficacy in tumor cells. A PA imaging contrast and photothermal agent, nanocarbons (CNs), a chemotherapeutic and FL material, doxorubicin (DOX), and perfluoropentane (PFP) were coencapsulated into the poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid (PLGA) skeletons. Then, the PLT membranes were coated onto the PLGA NPs, which were named as "nanoplatelets" (DOX-PFP-CNs@PLGA/PM NPs). The "nanoplatelets", which conserved the structural advantages and inherent properties of PLTs, could not only escape from phagocytosis of macrophages but also actively targeted tumor cells by the way of antigen-antibody interactions between P-selectin on the PM and CD44 receptors of the tumor cells. With CNs and DOX loaded in, these "nanoplatelets" could serve as an excellent contrast agent for PA/FL imaging. Under laser irradiation, the "nanoplatelets" could turn light energy into heat energy. The laser-triggered photothermal effect, on the one hand, could ablate the tumor cells immediately, and on the other hand, could initiate the optical droplet vaporization of PFP, which subsequently enhanced US imaging and promoted the discharge of encapsulated DOX from the "nanoplatelets" for remarkably strengthening photothermal therapeutic power in turn. In this work, as compared with the bare drug-loaded nanoparticles, the "nanoplatelets" exhibited much more accumulation in the tumor cells, demonstrating superior multimodal imaging capability and preferable synergistic therapeutic performance. In conclusion, the "nanoplatelets" could serve as contrast agents for US imaging and PA imaging to guide the therapy. What is more, the bioinspired PLT-derived, targeted, and nontoxic "nanoplatelets", which were exploited for multimodal PA/US/FL imaging-guided synergistic photothermal/chemo therapy, will be of great value to breast cancer theranostics in the days to come.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Li
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ultrasound Molecular Imaging, Ultrasound Department of the Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, P. R. China
| | - Jian Fu
- Vascular Surgery Department of the Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, P. R. China
| | - Xingyue Wang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ultrasound Molecular Imaging, Ultrasound Department of the Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, P. R. China
| | - Qiaoqi Chen
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ultrasound Molecular Imaging, Ultrasound Department of the Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, P. R. China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ultrasound Molecular Imaging, Ultrasound Department of the Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, P. R. China
| | - Yang Cao
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ultrasound Molecular Imaging, Ultrasound Department of the Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, P. R. China
| | - Haitao Ran
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ultrasound Molecular Imaging, Ultrasound Department of the Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, P. R. China
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Zhang Y, Li X, Zhang Y, Wei J, Wang W, Dong C, Xue Y, Liu M, Pei R. Engineered Fe 3O 4-based nanomaterials for diagnosis and therapy of cancer. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj00419k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Recent developments of Fe3O4 NP-based theranostic nanoplatforms and their applications in tumor-targeted imaging and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiwei Zhang
- Hubei Key Laboratory for Novel Reactor and Green Chemistry Technology
- School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy
- Wuhan Institute of Technology
- Wuhan 430205
- China
| | - Xinxin Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory for Novel Reactor and Green Chemistry Technology
- School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy
- Wuhan Institute of Technology
- Wuhan 430205
- China
| | - Yajie Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nano-Bio Interface
- Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Suzhou 215123
- China
| | - Jun Wei
- Hubei Key Laboratory for Novel Reactor and Green Chemistry Technology
- School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy
- Wuhan Institute of Technology
- Wuhan 430205
- China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology
- Xinqiao Hospital
- Third Military Medical University
- Chongqing
- China
| | - Changzhi Dong
- University Paris Diderot
- Sorbonne Paris Cité
- ITODYS
- UMR CNRS 7086
- 75205 Paris Cedex 13
| | - Yanan Xue
- Hubei Key Laboratory for Novel Reactor and Green Chemistry Technology
- School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy
- Wuhan Institute of Technology
- Wuhan 430205
- China
| | - Min Liu
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Research
- Jianghan University
- Wuhan 430056
- China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nano-Bio Interface
| | - Renjun Pei
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nano-Bio Interface
- Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Suzhou 215123
- China
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Prunus spinosa Extract Loaded in Biomimetic Nanoparticles Evokes In Vitro Anti-Inflammatory and Wound Healing Activities. NANOMATERIALS 2020; 11:nano11010036. [PMID: 33375632 PMCID: PMC7824340 DOI: 10.3390/nano11010036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Prunus spinosa fruits (PSF) contain different phenolic compounds showing antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. Innovative drug delivery systems such as biomimetic nanoparticles could improve the activity of PSF extract by promoting (i) the protection of payload into the lipidic bilayer, (ii) increased accumulation to the diseased tissue due to specific targeting properties, (iii) improved biocompatibility, (iv) low toxicity and increased bioavailability. Using membrane proteins extracted from human monocyte cell line THP-1 cells and a mixture of phospholipids, we formulated two types of PSF-extract-loaded biomimetic vesicles differing from each other for the presence of either 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DOPC) or 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-(1'-rac-glycerol) (DOPG). The biological activity of free extract (PSF), compared to both types of extract-loaded vesicles (PSF-DOPCs and PSF-DOPGs) and empty vesicles (DOPCs and DOPGs), was evaluated in vitro on HUVEC cells. PSF-DOPCs showed preferential incorporation of the extract. When enriched into the nanovesicles, the extract showed a significantly increased anti-inflammatory activity, and a pronounced wound-healing effect (with PSF-DOPCs more efficient than PSF-DOPG) compared to free PSF. This innovative drug delivery system, combining nutraceutical active ingredients into a biomimetic formulation, represents a possible adjuvant therapy for the treatment of wound healing. This nanoplatform could be useful for the encapsulation/enrichment of other nutraceutical products with short stability and low bioavailability.
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Feng Y, Liu Q, Li Y, Han Y, Liang M, Wang H, Yao Q, Wang Y, Yang M, Li Z, Gong W, Yang Y, Gao C. Cell relay-delivery improves targeting and therapeutic efficacy in tumors. Bioact Mater 2020; 6:1528-1540. [PMID: 33294731 PMCID: PMC7689215 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2020.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell-mediated drug delivery system (CDDS) has shown great potential for cancer therapy. However, a single cell-mediated drug delivery mechanism has not generally been successful, particularly for systemic administration. To augment the antitumor therapy efficacy, herein, we propose a strategy of cell relay-delivery for the use of artificially damaging/aging erythrocytes to hitchhike on circulating monocytes/macrophages for intratumoral accumulation of anticancer drugs. This biomimetic relay-delivery strategy was derived from the manner in which circulating monocytes/macrophages in body specifically engulf damaged/senescent erythrocytes and actively transmigrate into the tumor bulk. The strategy elegantly combines the natural functions of both cells, which therefore provides a new perspective to challenge current obstacles in drug delivery. According to the strategy, we developed biotinylated erythrocyte-poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticle hybrid DDSs (bE-NPs) using avidin-biotin coupling. In such a system, biotinylated erythrocytes can mimic the natural property of damaged/senescent erythrocytes, while PLGA NPs are capable of encapsulating anticancer drugs and promoting sustained drug release. Anticancer drugs can effectively target tumor sites by two steps. First, by using biotinylated erythrocytes as the carrier, the drug-loaded PLGA NPs could be specifically phagocytized by monocytes/macrophages. Second, by taking advantage of the tumor-tropic property of monocytes/macrophages, the drug-loaded PLGA NPs could be efficiently transported into the tumor bulk. After encapsulating vincristine (VIN) as the model drug, bE-NPs exhibited the most favorable antitumor effects in vitro and in vivo by the cell relay-delivery effect. These results demonstrate that the cell relay-delivery provides a potential method for improving tumor treatment efficacy. The strategy of cell relay-delivery combines the functions of monocytes/macrophages and damaged/senescent erythrocytes. According to the strategy of cell relay-delivery, the bE-NPs can effectively target tumor sites by two steps. The bE-NPs demonstrated the synergistic power of different size-scale technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, 100850, PR China
- Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, 437100, PR China
| | - Qianqian Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, 100850, PR China
| | - Yi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, 100850, PR China
| | - Yang Han
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, 100850, PR China
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, PR China
| | - Meng Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, 100850, PR China
| | - Hao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, 100850, PR China
| | - Qing Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, 100850, PR China
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, PR China
| | - Yuli Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, 100850, PR China
| | - Meiyan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, 100850, PR China
| | - Zhiping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, 100850, PR China
| | - Wei Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, 100850, PR China
| | - Yang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, 100850, PR China
- Corresponding author.
| | - Chunsheng Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, 100850, PR China
- Corresponding author.
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Balaji A, Bhuvaneswari S, Kumar DN. Deceiving SARS-CoV-2 molecular-tropism clues - A combinational contemporary strategy. Med Hypotheses 2020; 144:109976. [PMID: 32563970 PMCID: PMC7276125 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2020.109976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Several attempts to control the dreadfulness of SARS-CoV-2 are still underway. Based on the literature evidences we have speculated a prospective contemporary remedy, which was categorized into Specificity, Remedy, and a Conveyor. In which, pros and cons were discussed and inferred the possible alternatives. (a) Specificity: Implicit to express the ACE2 receptors in conveyor cells to deceive SARS-CoV-2 from prepone targets. (b) Remedy: As depletion of pulmonary surfactants causes strong acute respiratory distress syndrome, we propose an entity of a cost-effective artificial surfactant system as a remedy to pulmonary complications. (c) Conveyor: We propose red blood cells (RBCs) as a conveyor with embedded artificial surfactant and protruding ACE2 receptors for the target-specific delivery. Overall we postulate focused insights by employing a combinational contemporary strategy to steer towards a prospective direction on combating SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apb Balaji
- Vanta Bioscience Limited, Gummidipoondi, Tamil Nadu, India; Ecoysus Life Science, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Srinivasan Bhuvaneswari
- Ecoysus Life Science, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India; Department of Biotechnology, Anna University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Huang H, Zhang C, Wang X, Shao J, Chen C, Li H, Ju C, He J, Gu H, Xia D. Overcoming Hypoxia-Restrained Radiotherapy Using an Erythrocyte-Inspired and Glucose-Activatable Platform. NANO LETTERS 2020; 20:4211-4219. [PMID: 32352796 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c00650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Radiotherapy (RT) as one of the most powerful cancer treatment strategies has been greatly restricted by tumor hypoxia. A mounting effort has been devoted to develop oxygen delivery systems for boosting the RT effect. Unluckily, those systems only supplied modest oxygen, which could not afford more than once and long-time RT. Herein, we describe the development of a glucose-regulated drug release platform, allowing for a long-term tumor normoxic microenvironment and repeated RT for a long time. The repeated cycles resulted in sustained high Endostar plasma levels, which dramatically normalized the tumor vasculature and chronically reversed tumor hypoxia. Taking advantage of the inexhaustible supply of oxygen, Endo@GOx-ER enabled RT achieved an impressive cancer treatment output. To the best of our knowledge, our strategy is the initial attempt to overcome tumor-hypoxia-limited RT through the normalization of tumor vasculature by using an erythrocyte-inspired and glucose-activatable platform and it visually casts a light on the clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Huang
- School of Public Health, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226019, P.R. China
| | - Chao Zhang
- Institute of Materials Engineering, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, P.R. China
| | - Xiaolin Wang
- Nantong Tumor Hospital, Nantong, Jiangsu 226362, P.R. China
| | - Jinsong Shao
- School of Public Health, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226019, P.R. China
| | - Chao Chen
- School of Public Health, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226019, P.R. China
| | - Haoming Li
- Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226019, P.R. China
| | - Chunmei Ju
- Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, P.R. China
| | - Jian He
- Department of Radiology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, P.R. China
| | - Haiying Gu
- School of Public Health, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226019, P.R. China
| | - Donglin Xia
- School of Public Health, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226019, P.R. China
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Koleva L, Bovt E, Ataullakhanov F, Sinauridze E. Erythrocytes as Carriers: From Drug Delivery to Biosensors. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:E276. [PMID: 32197542 PMCID: PMC7151026 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12030276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug delivery using natural biological carriers, especially erythrocytes, is a rapidly developing field. Such erythrocytes can act as carriers that prolong the drug's action due to its gradual release from the carrier; as bioreactors with encapsulated enzymes performing the necessary reactions, while remaining inaccessible to the immune system and plasma proteases; or as a tool for targeted drug delivery to target organs, primarily to cells of the reticuloendothelial system, liver and spleen. To date, erythrocytes have been studied as carriers for a wide range of drugs, such as enzymes, antibiotics, anti-inflammatory, antiviral drugs, etc., and for diagnostic purposes (e.g. magnetic resonance imaging). The review focuses only on drugs loaded inside erythrocytes, defines the main lines of research for erythrocytes with bioactive substances, as well as the advantages and limitations of their application. Particular attention is paid to in vivo studies, opening-up the potential for the clinical use of drugs encapsulated into erythrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larisa Koleva
- Laboratory of Biophysics, Dmitriy Rogachev National Medical Research Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology, and Immunology, Ministry of Healthcare of Russian Federation, Samory Mashela str., 1, GSP-7, Moscow 117198, Russia; (E.B.); (F.A.)
- Laboratory of Physiology and Biophysics of the Cell, Center for Theoretical Problems of Physicochemical Pharmacology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Srednyaya Kalitnikovskaya, 30, Moscow 109029, Russia
| | - Elizaveta Bovt
- Laboratory of Biophysics, Dmitriy Rogachev National Medical Research Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology, and Immunology, Ministry of Healthcare of Russian Federation, Samory Mashela str., 1, GSP-7, Moscow 117198, Russia; (E.B.); (F.A.)
- Laboratory of Physiology and Biophysics of the Cell, Center for Theoretical Problems of Physicochemical Pharmacology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Srednyaya Kalitnikovskaya, 30, Moscow 109029, Russia
| | - Fazoil Ataullakhanov
- Laboratory of Biophysics, Dmitriy Rogachev National Medical Research Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology, and Immunology, Ministry of Healthcare of Russian Federation, Samory Mashela str., 1, GSP-7, Moscow 117198, Russia; (E.B.); (F.A.)
- Laboratory of Physiology and Biophysics of the Cell, Center for Theoretical Problems of Physicochemical Pharmacology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Srednyaya Kalitnikovskaya, 30, Moscow 109029, Russia
- Department of Physics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 1, build. 2, GSP-1, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Elena Sinauridze
- Laboratory of Biophysics, Dmitriy Rogachev National Medical Research Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology, and Immunology, Ministry of Healthcare of Russian Federation, Samory Mashela str., 1, GSP-7, Moscow 117198, Russia; (E.B.); (F.A.)
- Laboratory of Physiology and Biophysics of the Cell, Center for Theoretical Problems of Physicochemical Pharmacology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Srednyaya Kalitnikovskaya, 30, Moscow 109029, Russia
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Differentiation of Baboon ( Papio anubis) Induced-Pluripotent Stem Cells into Enucleated Red Blood Cells. Cells 2019; 8:cells8101282. [PMID: 31635069 PMCID: PMC6829891 DOI: 10.3390/cells8101282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Revised: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
As cell culture methods and stem cell biology have progressed, the in vitro production of cultured RBCs (cRBCs) has emerged as a viable option to produce cells for transfusion or to carry therapeutic cargoes. RBCs produced in culture can be quality-tested either by xeno-transfusion of human cells into immuno-deficient animals, or by transfusion of autologous cells in immuno-competent models. Although murine xeno-transfusion methods have improved, they must be complemented by studies in immuno-competent models. Non-human primates (NHPs) are important pre-clinical, large animal models due to their high biological and developmental similarities with humans, including their comparable hematopoietic and immune systems. Among NHPs, baboons are particularly attractive to validate cRBCs because of the wealth of data available on the characteristics of RBCs in this species that have been generated by past blood transfusion studies. We report here that we have developed a method to produce enucleated cRBCs by differentiation of baboon induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). This method will enable the use of baboons to evaluate therapeutic cRBCs and generate essential pre-clinical data in an immuno-competent, large animal model. Production of the enucleated baboon cRBCs was achieved by adapting the PSC-RED protocol that we previously developed for human cells. Baboon-PSC-RED is an efficient chemically-defined method to differentiate iPSCs into cRBCs that are about 40% to 50% enucleated. PSC-RED is relatively low cost because it requires no albumin and only small amounts of recombinant transferrin.
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Zargar SM, Hafshejani DK, Eskandarinia A, Rafienia M, Kharazi AZ. A Review of Controlled Drug Delivery Systems Based on Cells and Cell Membranes. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL SIGNALS & SENSORS 2019; 9:181-189. [PMID: 31544058 PMCID: PMC6743242 DOI: 10.4103/jmss.jmss_53_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Novel drug delivery systems have ameliorated drugs’ pharmacokinetics and declined undesired ramifications while led to a better patient compliance by extending the time of release. In fact, although there has been a multitude of encouraging achievements in controlled drug release, the application of micro- and nano-carriers is confronted with some challenges such as rapid clearance and inefficient targeting. In addition, since cell systems can be an appropriate alternative to micro- and nano-particles, they have been used as biological carriers. In general, features such as stable release into blood, slow clearance, efficient targeting, and high biocompatibility are the main properties of cells applied as drug carriers. Furthermore, some cells such as erythrocytes, leukocytes, stem cells, and platelets have been used as release systems. Hence, most common cells that were used as aforementioned release systems are going to be presented in this review article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Mohammad Zargar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Darioush Khodabakhshi Hafshejani
- Department of Biomaterials, Tissue Engineering and Nanotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Technologies, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Asghar Eskandarinia
- Department of Biomaterials, Tissue Engineering and Nanotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Technologies, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mohamad Rafienia
- Biosensor Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Anousheh Zargar Kharazi
- Department of Biomaterials, Tissue Engineering and Nanotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Technologies, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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Shear-Induced Encapsulation into Red Blood Cells: A New Microfluidic Approach to Drug Delivery. Ann Biomed Eng 2019; 48:236-246. [DOI: 10.1007/s10439-019-02342-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Leukocyte-mimetic liposomes possessing leukocyte membrane proteins pass through inflamed endothelial cell layer by regulating intercellular junctions. Int J Pharm 2019; 563:314-323. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2019.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Chen ZA, Wu SH, Chen P, Chen YP, Mou CY. Critical Features for Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles Encapsulated into Erythrocytes. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:4790-4798. [PMID: 30624037 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b18434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) hold great potential as a versatile platform for biomedical applications, especially drug delivery. However, evidence shows that MSNs even when PEGylated are rapidly cleared from the bloodstream by the monocyte phagocytic system. Erythrocytes, also called red blood cells (RBCs), can serve as biocompatible carriers of various bioactive substances, including drugs, enzymes, and peptides. In this work, we synthesize a series of fluorescent PEGylated MSNs with different synthetic diameters ranging from 10 to 200 nm and investigate the size effect on their encapsulation in human RBCs (hRBCs) by a hypotonic dialysis-based method. According to fluorescence images and flow cytometry analyses, we demonstrated that a hydrodynamic diameter below 30 nm is critical for efficient MSN encapsulation. Confocal microscopy and scanning electron microscopy images further confirmed that PEGylated MSNs were successfully embedded inside RBC. PEGylation serves an important role not only for stabilizing MSNs in biological milieu but also for reducing significant hemolysis caused by bare MSNs and thus for successful encapsulation. In addition to PEGylation, we further introduce positively charged functional groups onto the MSNs to show that nanoparticle-encapsulated hRBCs could serve as depots for delivering biological molecules through electrostatic attraction or chemical conjugation with MSNs. Also, we verify the existence of CD47 membrane protein, a marker of self, on the nanoparticle-encapsulated hRBCs and assess its ability of circulation in the blood, which could act as a circulation reservoir for delivering pharmacological substances through an osmosis-based method with MSNs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zih-An Chen
- Department of Chemistry , National Taiwan University , No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road , Taipei 10617 , Taiwan
| | - Si-Han Wu
- Graduate Institute of Nanomedicine and Medical Engineering , Taipei Medical University , No. 250, Wu Xinyi Street , Taipei 11031 , Taiwan
- International PhD Program in Biomedical Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering , Taipei Medical University , Taipei 11031 , Taiwan
| | - Peilin Chen
- Research Center for Applied Sciences , Academia Sinica , 128 Sec. 2, Academia Rd. , Nankang, Taipei 11529 , Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ping Chen
- Graduate Institute of Nanomedicine and Medical Engineering , Taipei Medical University , No. 250, Wu Xinyi Street , Taipei 11031 , Taiwan
- International PhD Program in Biomedical Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering , Taipei Medical University , Taipei 11031 , Taiwan
| | - Chung-Yuan Mou
- Department of Chemistry , National Taiwan University , No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road , Taipei 10617 , Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Nanomedicine and Medical Engineering , Taipei Medical University , No. 250, Wu Xinyi Street , Taipei 11031 , Taiwan
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Stewart MP, Langer R, Jensen KF. Intracellular Delivery by Membrane Disruption: Mechanisms, Strategies, and Concepts. Chem Rev 2018; 118:7409-7531. [PMID: 30052023 PMCID: PMC6763210 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 399] [Impact Index Per Article: 66.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Intracellular delivery is a key step in biological research and has enabled decades of biomedical discoveries. It is also becoming increasingly important in industrial and medical applications ranging from biomanufacture to cell-based therapies. Here, we review techniques for membrane disruption-based intracellular delivery from 1911 until the present. These methods achieve rapid, direct, and universal delivery of almost any cargo molecule or material that can be dispersed in solution. We start by covering the motivations for intracellular delivery and the challenges associated with the different cargo types-small molecules, proteins/peptides, nucleic acids, synthetic nanomaterials, and large cargo. The review then presents a broad comparison of delivery strategies followed by an analysis of membrane disruption mechanisms and the biology of the cell response. We cover mechanical, electrical, thermal, optical, and chemical strategies of membrane disruption with a particular emphasis on their applications and challenges to implementation. Throughout, we highlight specific mechanisms of membrane disruption and suggest areas in need of further experimentation. We hope the concepts discussed in our review inspire scientists and engineers with further ideas to improve intracellular delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin P. Stewart
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute
of Technology, Cambridge, USA
- The Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research,
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, USA
| | - Robert Langer
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute
of Technology, Cambridge, USA
- The Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research,
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, USA
| | - Klavs F. Jensen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute
of Technology, Cambridge, USA
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Charoenphol P, Oswalt K, Bishop CJ. Therapeutics incorporating blood constituents. Acta Biomater 2018; 73:64-80. [PMID: 29626699 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2018.03.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Revised: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Blood deficiency and dysfunctionality can result in adverse events, which can primarily be treated by transfusion of blood or the re-introduction of properly functioning sub-components. Blood constituents can be engineered on the sub-cellular (i.e., DNA recombinant technology) and cellular level (i.e., cellular hitchhiking for drug delivery) for supplementing and enhancing therapeutic efficacy, in addition to rectifying dysfunctioning mechanisms (i.e., clotting). Herein, we report the progress of blood-based therapeutics, with an emphasis on recent applications of blood transfusion, blood cell-based therapies and biomimetic carriers. Clinically translated technologies and commercial products of blood-based therapeutics are subsequently highlighted and perspectives on challenges and future prospects are discussed. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE Blood-based therapeutics is a burgeoning field and has advanced considerably in recent years. Blood and its constituents, with and without modification (i.e., combinatorial), have been utilized in a broad spectrum of pre-clinical and clinically-translated treatments. This review article summarizes the most up-to-date progress of blood-based therapeutics in the following contexts: synthetic blood substitutes, acellular/non-recombinant therapies, cell-based therapies, and therapeutic sub-components. The article subsequently discusses clinically-translated technologies and future prospects thereof.
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Ultrafast glucose-responsive, high loading capacity erythrocyte to self-regulate the release of insulin. Acta Biomater 2018; 69:301-312. [PMID: 29421303 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2018.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Revised: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Insulin (INS) delivery system that can mimic normal insulin secretion to maintain the blood glucose level (BGL) in the normal range is an ideal treatment for diabetes. However, most of the existing closed-loop INS delivery systems respond slowly to the changes in BGL, resulting in a time lag between the abnormal BGL and the release of INS, which is not suitable for practical application. In this study, glucose oxidase (GOx)-modified erythrocytes are used as INS carriers (GOx-INS-ER) that can rapidly self-regulate the release of INS upon the changes in BGL. In this system, glucose can be broken down into gluconic acid and hydrogen peroxide by GOx-INS-ER, and the latter will rupture the erythrocyte membrane to release INS within minutes. A pulsatile release of INS can be achieved upon the changes in the glucose concentration. This GOx-INS-ER enables diabetic rats to overcome hyperglycemia within 1 h, and a single injection of this GOx-INS-ER into the STZ-induced diabetic rats can maintain the BGL in the normal range up to 9 days. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE Diabetes mellitus has been a major public health threatener with global prevalence. Although, glucose-responsive carriers that can release insulin (INS) in a closed loop have been explored greatly in recent years, their sluggish glucose-responsive property and low INS-loading content greatly restrict their practical application [ACS Nano, 2013, 7, 4194]. In this work, we reported INS-loaded erythrocytes featuring ultrafast glucose-responsive property and high INS loading content, which could release INS in a closed loop. These GOX-INS-ERs could respond to the changes in glucose level within several minutes and self-regulate the release of INS for a long time. Single injection of GOX-INS-ER can overcome hyperglycemia in diabetic mice within 1 h and maintain the baseline level of glucose up to 9 days. We think our method may provide a robust way to potentiate diabetes treatment.
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Martinez JO, Molinaro R, Hartman KA, Boada C, Sukhovershin R, De Rosa E, Kuri D, Zhang S, Evangelopoulos M, Carter AM, Bibb JA, Cooke JP, Tasciotti E. Biomimetic nanoparticles with enhanced affinity towards activated endothelium as versatile tools for theranostic drug delivery. Theranostics 2018; 8:1131-1145. [PMID: 29464004 PMCID: PMC5817115 DOI: 10.7150/thno.22078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of the vascular endothelium is characterized by increased expression of vascular adhesion molecules and chemokines. This activation occurs early in the progression of several diseases and triggers the recruitment of leukocytes. Inspired by the tropism of leukocytes, we investigated leukocyte-based biomimetic nanoparticles (i.e., leukosomes) as a novel theranostic platform for inflammatory diseases. Methods: Leukosomes were assembled by combining phospholipids and membrane proteins from leukocytes. For imaging applications, phospholipids modified with rhodamine and gadolinium were used. Leukosomes incubated with antibodies blocking lymphocyte function-associated antigen 1 (LFA-1) and CD45 were administered to explore their roles in targeting inflammation. In addition, relaxometric assessment of NPs was evaluated. Results: Liposomes and leukosomes were both spherical in shape with sizes ranging from 140-170 nm. Both NPs successfully integrated 8 and 13 µg of rhodamine and gadolinium, respectively, and demonstrated less than 4% variation in physicochemical features. Leukosomes demonstrated a 16-fold increase in breast tumor accumulation relative to liposomes. Furthermore, quantification of leukosomes in tumor vessels demonstrated a 4.5-fold increase in vessel lumens and a 14-fold increase in vessel walls. Investigating the targeting mechanism of action revealed that blockage of LFA-1 on leukosomes resulted in a 95% decrease in tumor accumulation. Whereas blockage of CD45 yielded a 60% decrease in targeting and significant increases in liver and spleen accumulation. In addition, when administered in mice with atherosclerotic plaques, leukosomes exhibited a 4-fold increase in the targeting of inflammatory vascular lesions. Lastly, relaxometric assessment of NPs demonstrated that the incorporation of membrane proteins into leukosomes did not impact the r1 and r2 relaxivities of the NPs, demonstrating 6 and 30 mM-1s-1, respectively. Conclusion: Our study demonstrates the ability of leukosomes to target activated vasculature and exhibit superior accumulation in tumors and vascular lesions. The versatility of the phospholipid backbone within leukosomes permits the incorporation of various contrast agents. Furthermore, leukosomes can potentially be loaded with therapeutics possessing diverse physical properties and thus warrant further investigation toward the development of powerful theranostic agents.
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Simulation of the osmosis-based drug encapsulation in erythrocytes. EUROPEAN BIOPHYSICS JOURNAL: EBJ 2017; 47:261-270. [DOI: 10.1007/s00249-017-1255-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Revised: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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45
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Bustamante López SC, Meissner KE. Characterization of carrier erythrocytes for biosensing applications. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2017; 22:91510. [PMID: 28384789 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.22.9.091510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Erythrocyte abundance, mobility, and carrying capacity make them attractive as a platform for blood analyte sensing as well as for drug delivery. Sensor-loaded erythrocytes, dubbed erythrosensors, could be reinfused into the bloodstream, excited noninvasively through the skin, and used to provide measurement of analyte levels in the bloodstream. Several techniques to load erythrocytes, thus creating carrier erythrocytes, exist. However, their cellular characteristics remain largely unstudied. Changes in cellular characteristics lead to removal from the bloodstream. We hypothesize that erythrosensors need to maintain native erythrocytes’ (NEs) characteristics to serve as a long-term sensing platform. Here, we investigate two loading techniques and the properties of the resulting erythrosensors. For loading, hypotonic dilution requires a hypotonic solution while electroporation relies on electrical pulses to perforate the erythrocyte membrane. We analyze the resulting erythrosensor signal, size, morphology, and hemoglobin content. Although the resulting erythrosensors exhibit morphological changes, their size was comparable with NEs. The hypotonic dilution technique was found to load erythrosensors much more efficiently than electroporation, and the sensors were loaded throughout the volume of the erythrosensors. Finally, both techniques resulted in significant loss of hemoglobin. This study points to the need for continued development of loading techniques that better preserve NE characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra C Bustamante López
- Texas A&M University, College of Engineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College Station, Texas, United States
| | - Kenith E Meissner
- Texas A&M University, College of Engineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College Station, Texas, United StatesbSwansea University, Department of Physics, Swansea, Wales, United Kingdom
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46
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Doxorubicin-loaded platelets conjugated with anti-CD22 mAbs: a novel targeted delivery system for lymphoma treatment with cardiopulmonary avoidance. Oncotarget 2017; 8:58322-58337. [PMID: 28938559 PMCID: PMC5601655 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.16871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
B-cell lymphoma accounts for approximately 85% of all adult non-Hodgkin's lymphoma cases. Doxorubicin (DOX) is an indispensable drug for the treatment of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. However, DOX causes severe cardiotoxicity, which limits its use in conventional treatment strategies. In this study, we developed a novel drug delivery system for lymphoma treatment: DOX-loaded platelets that were conjugated with anti-CD22 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) (DOX-platelet-CD22). Platelets are bio- and immune-compatible drug carriers that can prolong the circulation time of drugs. Anti-CD22 mAb-labeled platelets can precisely deliver DOX to tumor cells. Our in vitro and in vivo experiments showed the enhanced antitumor activity and attenuated cardiotoxicity of DOX when delivered as DOX-platelet-CD22. Compared with other delivery systems, the uptake of DOX-platelet-CD22 by macrophage-like cells decreased. Moreover, DOX-platelet-CD22 showed platelet properties, such as tumor cell-induced platelet aggregation. Therefore, targeted chemotherapy that is mediated by DOX-platelet-CD22 is a promising option for lymphoma treatment.
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47
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Gao M, Hu A, Sun X, Wang C, Dong Z, Feng L, Liu Z. Photosensitizer Decorated Red Blood Cells as an Ultrasensitive Light-Responsive Drug Delivery System. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:5855-5863. [PMID: 28117965 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b15444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Red blood cells (RBCs) have been widely explored as a natural drug delivery system (DDS) owing to their inherent biocompatibility and large internal cavities to load various types of functional molecules. Herein, we uncover that a photosensitizer, chlorin e6 (Ce6), could be decorated into the membrane of RBCs upon simple mixing, without affecting the membrane integrity and stability in dark. Upon light irradiation with a rather low power density, the singlet oxygen generated by Ce6 would lead to rather efficient disruption of RBC membrane. With doxorubicin (DOX), a typical chemotherapy drug, as the model, we engineer a unique type of light-responsive RBC-based DDS by decorating Ce6 on the cell membrane and loading DOX inside cells. The light triggered cell membrane breakdown would thus trigger instant release of DOX, enabling light-controlled chemotherapy with great specificity. Beyond that our RBC system could also be utilized for loading of larger biomolecules such as enzymes, whose release as well as catalytic function is also controlled by light. Our work thus presents a unique type of biocompatible cell-based DDS that can be precisely controlled by mild external stimuli, promising not only for cancer therapy but also for other potential applications in biotechnologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Gao
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), the Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University , Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
| | - Aiyan Hu
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), the Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University , Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoqi Sun
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), the Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University , Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
| | - Chao Wang
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), the Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University , Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
| | - Ziliang Dong
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), the Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University , Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
| | - Liangzhu Feng
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), the Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University , Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
| | - Zhuang Liu
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), the Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University , Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
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Xu C, Yang X, Fu X, Tian R, Jacobson O, Wang Z, Lu N, Liu Y, Fan W, Zhang F, Niu G, Hu S, Ali IU, Chen X. Converting Red Blood Cells to Efficient Microreactors for Blood Detoxification. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2017; 29. [PMID: 27892639 PMCID: PMC5293620 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201603673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Revised: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
A simple method to convert red blood cells (RBCs) into efficient microreactors is reported. Triton X-100 is employed at finely tuned concentrations to render RBCs highly permeable to substrates, while low concentrations of glutaraldehyde are used to stabilize cells. The ability for blood detoxification of these microreactors is demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Can Xu
- Department of PET Center, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine (LOMIN), National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (NIBIB), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Xiangyu Yang
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine (LOMIN), National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (NIBIB), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Xiao Fu
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine (LOMIN), National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (NIBIB), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Rui Tian
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine (LOMIN), National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (NIBIB), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Orit Jacobson
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine (LOMIN), National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (NIBIB), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Zhantong Wang
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine (LOMIN), National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (NIBIB), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Nan Lu
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine (LOMIN), National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (NIBIB), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Yijing Liu
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine (LOMIN), National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (NIBIB), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Wenpei Fan
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine (LOMIN), National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (NIBIB), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Fuwu Zhang
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine (LOMIN), National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (NIBIB), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Gang Niu
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine (LOMIN), National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (NIBIB), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Shuo Hu
- Department of PET Center, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Iqbal Unnisa Ali
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine (LOMIN), National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (NIBIB), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Xiaoyuan Chen
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine (LOMIN), National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (NIBIB), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
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Huang P, Zhao J, Wei C, Hou X, Chen P, Tan Y, He CY, Wang Z, Chen ZY. Erythrocyte membrane based cationic polymer-mcDNA complexes as an efficient gene delivery system. Biomater Sci 2017; 5:120-127. [DOI: 10.1039/c6bm00638h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
An erythrocyte membrane based gene delivery system presents high transfection efficiency and negligible cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Huang
- Center for Gene and Cell Engineering
- Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shenzhen 518055
| | - Jing Zhao
- Center for Gene and Cell Engineering
- Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shenzhen 518055
| | - Chiju Wei
- Multidisciplinary Research Center
- Shantou 515063
- P. R. China
| | - Xiaohu Hou
- Center for Gene and Cell Engineering
- Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shenzhen 518055
| | - Pingzhang Chen
- Center for Gene and Cell Engineering
- Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shenzhen 518055
| | - Yan Tan
- Paul C. Lauterbur Research Center for Biomedical Imaging
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for MRI
- Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering
- Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - Cheng-Yi He
- Center for Gene and Cell Engineering
- Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shenzhen 518055
| | - Zhiyong Wang
- Center for Gene and Cell Engineering
- Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shenzhen 518055
| | - Zhi-Ying Chen
- Center for Gene and Cell Engineering
- Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shenzhen 518055
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Rossi L, Pierigè F, Antonelli A, Bigini N, Gabucci C, Peiretti E, Magnani M. Engineering erythrocytes for the modulation of drugs' and contrasting agents' pharmacokinetics and biodistribution. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2016; 106:73-87. [PMID: 27189231 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2016.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Revised: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Pharmacokinetics, biodistribution, and biological activity are key parameters that determine the success or failure of therapeutics. Many developments intended to improve their in vivo performance, aim at modulating concentration, biodistribution, and targeting to tissues, cells or subcellular compartments. Erythrocyte-based drug delivery systems are especially efficient in maintaining active drugs in circulation, in releasing them for several weeks or in targeting drugs to selected cells. Erythrocytes can also be easily processed to entrap the desired pharmaceutical ingredients before re-infusion into the same or matched donors. These carriers are totally biocompatible, have a large capacity and could accommodate traditional chemical entities (glucocorticoids, immunossuppresants, etc.), biologics (proteins) and/or contrasting agents (dyes, nanoparticles). Carrier erythrocytes have been evaluated in thousands of infusions in humans proving treatment safety and efficacy, hence gaining interest in the management of complex pathologies (particularly in chronic treatments and when side-effects become serious issues) and in new diagnostic approaches.
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