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Hassan M, Abdelnabi HA, Mohsin S. Harnessing the Potential of PLGA Nanoparticles for Enhanced Bone Regeneration. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:273. [PMID: 38399327 PMCID: PMC10892810 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16020273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Recently, nanotechnologies have become increasingly prominent in the field of bone tissue engineering (BTE), offering substantial potential to advance the field forward. These advancements manifest in two primary ways: the localized application of nanoengineered materials to enhance bone regeneration and their use as nanovehicles for delivering bioactive compounds. Despite significant progress in the development of bone substitutes over the past few decades, it is worth noting that the quest to identify the optimal biomaterial for bone regeneration remains a subject of intense debate. Ever since its initial discovery, poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) has found widespread use in BTE due to its favorable biocompatibility and customizable biodegradability. This review provides an overview of contemporary advancements in the development of bone regeneration materials using PLGA polymers. The review covers some of the properties of PLGA, with a special focus on modifications of these properties towards bone regeneration. Furthermore, we delve into the techniques for synthesizing PLGA nanoparticles (NPs), the diverse forms in which these NPs can be fabricated, and the bioactive molecules that exhibit therapeutic potential for promoting bone regeneration. Additionally, we addressed some of the current concerns regarding the safety of PLGA NPs and PLGA-based products available on the market. Finally, we briefly discussed some of the current challenges and proposed some strategies to functionally enhance the fabrication of PLGA NPs towards BTE. We envisage that the utilization of PLGA NP holds significant potential as a potent tool in advancing therapies for intractable bone diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sahar Mohsin
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates
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2
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Zhang P, Liu Y, Feng G, Li C, Zhou J, Du C, Bai Y, Hu S, Huang T, Wang G, Quan P, Hirvonen J, Fan J, Santos HA, Liu D. Controlled Interfacial Polymer Self-Assembly Coordinates Ultrahigh Drug Loading and Zero-Order Release in Particles Prepared under Continuous Flow. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2211254. [PMID: 36802103 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202211254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 02/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Microparticles are successfully engineered through controlled interfacial self-assembly of polymers to harmonize ultrahigh drug loading with zero-order release of protein payloads. To address their poor miscibility with carrier materials, protein molecules are transformed into nanoparticles, whose surfaces are covered with polymer molecules. This polymer layer hinders the transfer of cargo nanoparticles from oil to water, achieving superior encapsulation efficiency (up to 99.9%). To control payload release, the polymer density at the oil-water interface is enhanced, forming a compact shell for microparticles. The resultant microparticles can harvest up to 49.9% mass fraction of proteins with zero-order release kinetics in vivo, enabling an efficient glycemic control in type 1 diabetes. Moreover, the precise control of engineering process offered through continuous flow results in high batch-to-batch reproducibility and, ultimately, excellent scale-up feasibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutical Science, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Pharmaceutical Preparations and Excipients, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00014, Finland
| | - Yingxin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutical Science, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Pharmaceutical Preparations and Excipients, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Guobing Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutical Science, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Pharmaceutical Preparations and Excipients, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Cong Li
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Jun Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutical Science, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Pharmaceutical Preparations and Excipients, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Chunyang Du
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutical Science, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Pharmaceutical Preparations and Excipients, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Yuancheng Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutical Science, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Pharmaceutical Preparations and Excipients, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Shuai Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutical Science, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Pharmaceutical Preparations and Excipients, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Tianhe Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutical Science, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Pharmaceutical Preparations and Excipients, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Guan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutical Science, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Pharmaceutical Preparations and Excipients, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Peng Quan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Jouni Hirvonen
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00014, Finland
| | - Jin Fan
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Hélder A Santos
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00014, Finland
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Ant. Deusinglaan 1, Groningen, 9713 AV, The Netherlands
- W.J. Kolff Institute for Biomedical Engineering and Materials Science, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Ant. Deusinglaan 1, Groningen, 9713 AV, The Netherlands
| | - Dongfei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutical Science, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Pharmaceutical Preparations and Excipients, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00014, Finland
- Chongqing Innovation Institute of China Pharmaceutical University, Chongqing, 401135, China
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3
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Doan-Nguyen TP, Mantala K, Atithep T, Crespy D. Osmotic Pressure as Driving Force for Reducing the Size of Nanoparticles in Emulsions. ACS NANO 2022; 17:940-954. [PMID: 36472438 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c05565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
We describe here a method to decrease particle size of nanoparticles synthesized by miniemulsion polymerization. Small nanoparticles or nanocapsules were obtained by generating an osmotic pressure to induce the diffusion of monomer molecules from the dispersed phase of a miniemulsion before polymerization to an upper oil layer. The size reduction is dependent on the difference in concentration of monomer in the dispersed phase and in the upper oil layer and on the solubility of the monomer in water. By labeling the emulsion droplets with a copolymer of stearyl methacrylate and a polymerizable dye, we demonstrated that the migration of the monomer to the upper hexadecane layer relied on molecular diffusion rather than diffusion of monomer droplets to the oil layer. Moreover, surface tension measurements confirmed that the emulsions were still in the miniemulsion regime and not in the microemulsion regime. The particle size can be tuned by controlling the duration during which the miniemulsion stayed in contact with the hexadecane layer, the interfacial area between the miniemulsion and the hexadecane layer and by the concentration of surfactant. Our method was applied to reduce the size of polystyrene and poly(methyl methacrylate) nanoparticles, nanocapsules of a copolymer of styrene and methyl methacrylic acid, and silica nanocapsules. This work demonstrated that a successful reduction of nanoparticle size in the miniemulsion process can be achieved without using excess amounts of surfactant. The method relies on building osmotic pressure in oil droplets dispersed in water which acts as semipermeable membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thao P Doan-Nguyen
- Max Planck-VISTEC Partner Laboratory for Sustainable Materials, Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology (VISTEC), Rayong 21210, Thailand
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Molecular Science and Engineering, Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology (VISTEC), Rayong 21210, Thailand
| | - Kanyarat Mantala
- Max Planck-VISTEC Partner Laboratory for Sustainable Materials, Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology (VISTEC), Rayong 21210, Thailand
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Molecular Science and Engineering, Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology (VISTEC), Rayong 21210, Thailand
| | - Thassanant Atithep
- Max Planck-VISTEC Partner Laboratory for Sustainable Materials, Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology (VISTEC), Rayong 21210, Thailand
| | - Daniel Crespy
- Max Planck-VISTEC Partner Laboratory for Sustainable Materials, Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology (VISTEC), Rayong 21210, Thailand
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Molecular Science and Engineering, Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology (VISTEC), Rayong 21210, Thailand
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4
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Exploring Various Techniques for the Chemical and Biological Synthesis of Polymeric Nanoparticles. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12030576. [PMID: 35159921 PMCID: PMC8839423 DOI: 10.3390/nano12030576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Nanoparticles (NPs) have remarkable properties for delivering therapeutic drugs to the body’s targeted cells. NPs have shown to be significantly more efficient as drug delivery carriers than micron-sized particles, which are quickly eliminated by the immune system. Biopolymer-based polymeric nanoparticles (PNPs) are colloidal systems composed of either natural or synthetic polymers and can be synthesized by the direct polymerization of monomers (e.g., emulsion polymerization, surfactant-free emulsion polymerization, mini-emulsion polymerization, micro-emulsion polymerization, and microbial polymerization) or by the dispersion of preformed polymers (e.g., nanoprecipitation, emulsification solvent evaporation, emulsification solvent diffusion, and salting-out). The desired characteristics of NPs and their target applications are determining factors in the choice of method used for their production. This review article aims to shed light on the different methods employed for the production of PNPs and to discuss the effect of experimental parameters on the physicochemical properties of PNPs. Thus, this review highlights specific properties of PNPs that can be tailored to be employed as drug carriers, especially in hospitals for point-of-care diagnostics for targeted therapies.
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A self assembled dextran-stearic acid-spermine nanocarrier for delivery of rapamycin as a hydrophobic drug. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2021.102768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Cherian AM, Nair SV, Maniyal V, Menon D. Surface engineering at the nanoscale: A way forward to improve coronary stent efficacy. APL Bioeng 2021; 5:021508. [PMID: 34104846 PMCID: PMC8172248 DOI: 10.1063/5.0037298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronary in-stent restenosis and late stent thrombosis are the two major inadequacies of vascular stents that limit its long-term efficacy. Although restenosis has been successfully inhibited through the use of the current clinical drug-eluting stent which releases antiproliferative drugs, problems of late-stent thrombosis remain a concern due to polymer hypersensitivity and delayed re-endothelialization. Thus, the field of coronary stenting demands devices having enhanced compatibility and effectiveness to endothelial cells. Nanotechnology allows for efficient modulation of surface roughness, chemistry, feature size, and drug/biologics loading, to attain the desired biological response. Hence, surface topographical modification at the nanoscale is a plausible strategy to improve stent performance by utilizing novel design schemes that incorporate nanofeatures via the use of nanostructures, particles, or fibers, with or without the use of drugs/biologics. The main intent of this review is to deliberate on the impact of nanotechnology approaches for stent design and development and the recent advancements in this field on vascular stent performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleena Mary Cherian
- Amrita Centre for Nanosciences and Molecular Medicine, Amrita
Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Ponekkara P.O. Cochin 682041, Kerala,
India
| | - Shantikumar V. Nair
- Amrita Centre for Nanosciences and Molecular Medicine, Amrita
Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Ponekkara P.O. Cochin 682041, Kerala,
India
| | - Vijayakumar Maniyal
- Department of Cardiology, Amrita Institute of Medical Science
and Research Centre, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Ponekkara P.O. Cochin
682041, Kerala, India
| | - Deepthy Menon
- Amrita Centre for Nanosciences and Molecular Medicine, Amrita
Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Ponekkara P.O. Cochin 682041, Kerala,
India
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7
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Influence of PEG chain length on colloidal stability of mPEGylated polycation based coacersomes for therapeutic protein delivery. J IND ENG CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2019.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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8
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Natural biodegradable polymers based nano-formulations for drug delivery: A review. Int J Pharm 2019; 561:244-264. [PMID: 30851391 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2019.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 247] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Nanomedicines are now considered as the new-generation medication in the current era mainly because of their features related to nano size. The efficacy of many drugs in their micro/macro formulations is shown to have poor bioavailability and pharmacokinetics after oral administration. To overcome this predicament, use of natural/synthetic biodegradable polymeric nanoparticles (NPs) have gained prominence in the field of nanomedicine for targeted drug delivery to improve biocompatibility, bioavailability, safety, enhanced permeability, better retention time and lower toxicity. For drug delivery, it is essential to have biodegradable nanoparticle formulations for safe and efficient transport and release of drug at the intended site. Moreover, depending on the target organ, a suitable biodegradable polymer can be selected as the drug-carrier for target specific as well as for sustained drug delivery. The aim of this review is to present the current status and scope of natural biodegradable polymers as well as some emerging polymers with special characteristics as suitable carriers for drug delivery applications. The most widely preferred preparation methods are discussed along with their characterization using different analytical techniques. Further, the review highlights significant features of methods developed using natural polymers for drug entrapment and release studies.
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9
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Deshmukh AS, Chauhan PN, Noolvi MN, Chaturvedi K, Ganguly K, Shukla SS, Nadagouda MN, Aminabhavi TM. Polymeric micelles: Basic research to clinical practice. Int J Pharm 2017; 532:249-268. [PMID: 28882486 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2017.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Revised: 09/02/2017] [Accepted: 09/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Rapidly developing polymeric micelles as potential targeting carriers has intensified the need for better understanding of the underlying principles related to the selection of suitable delivery materials for designing, characterizing, drug loading, improving stability, targetability, biosafety and efficacy. The emergence of advanced analytical tools such as fluorescence resonance energy transfer and dissipative particle dynamics has identified new dimensions of these nanostructures and their behavior in much greater details. This review summarizes recent efforts in the development of polymeric micelles with respect to their architecture, formulation strategy and targeting possibilities along with their preclinical and clinical aspects. Literature of the past decade is discussed critically with special reference to the chemistry involved in the formation and clinical applications of these versatile materials. Thus, our main objective is to provide a timely update on the current status of polymeric micelles highlighting their applications and the important parameters that have led to successful delivery of drugs to the site of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anand S Deshmukh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Research, Shree Dhanvantary Pharmacy College, Kim, Surat, Gujarat 394 110, India.
| | - Pratik N Chauhan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Research, Shree Dhanvantary Pharmacy College, Kim, Surat, Gujarat 394 110, India
| | - Malleshappa N Noolvi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Research, Shree Dhanvantary Pharmacy College, Kim, Surat, Gujarat 394 110, India
| | - Kiran Chaturvedi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Research, Shree Dhanvantary Pharmacy College, Kim, Surat, Gujarat 394 110, India
| | - Kuntal Ganguly
- Department of Pharmaceutical Research, Shree Dhanvantary Pharmacy College, Kim, Surat, Gujarat 394 110, India
| | - Shyam S Shukla
- Department of Pharmaceutical Research, Shree Dhanvantary Pharmacy College, Kim, Surat, Gujarat 394 110, India
| | - Mallikarjuna N Nadagouda
- Department of Pharmaceutical Research, Shree Dhanvantary Pharmacy College, Kim, Surat, Gujarat 394 110, India
| | - Tejraj M Aminabhavi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Research, Shree Dhanvantary Pharmacy College, Kim, Surat, Gujarat 394 110, India.
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Escalona-Rayo O, Fuentes-Vázquez P, Leyva-Gómez G, Cisneros B, Villalobos R, Magaña JJ, Quintanar-Guerrero D. Nanoparticulate strategies for the treatment of polyglutamine diseases by halting the protein aggregation process. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2017; 43:871-888. [PMID: 28142290 DOI: 10.1080/03639045.2017.1281949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Polyglutamine (polyQ) diseases are a class of neurodegenerative disorders that cause cellular dysfunction and, eventually, neuronal death in specific regions of the brain. Neurodegeneration is linked to the misfolding and aggregation of expanded polyQ-containing proteins, and their inhibition is one of major therapeutic strategies used commonly. However, successful treatment has been limited to date because of the intrinsic properties of therapeutic agents (poor water solubility, low bioavailability, poor pharmacokinetic properties), and difficulty in crossing physiological barriers, including the blood-brain barrier (BBB). In order to solve these problems, nanoparticulate systems with dimensions of 1-1000 nm able to incorporate small and macromolecules with therapeutic value, to protect and deliver them directly to the brain, have recently been developed, but their use for targeting polyQ disease-mediated protein misfolding and aggregation remains scarce. This review provides an update of the polyQ protein aggregation process and the development of therapeutic strategies for halting it. The main features that a nanoparticulate system should possess in order to enhance brain delivery are discussed, as well as the different types of materials utilized to produce them. The final part of this review focuses on the potential application of nanoparticulate system strategies to improve the specific and efficient delivery of therapeutic agents to the brain for the treatment of polyQ diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Escalona-Rayo
- a Laboratorio de Investigación y Posgrado en Tecnología Farmacéutica, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán , Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM) , Cuautitlán Izcalli , Mexico
| | - Paulina Fuentes-Vázquez
- a Laboratorio de Investigación y Posgrado en Tecnología Farmacéutica, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán , Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM) , Cuautitlán Izcalli , Mexico
| | - Gerardo Leyva-Gómez
- b Laboratory of Connective Tissue , CENIAQ, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra , Mexico City , Mexico
| | - Bulmaro Cisneros
- c Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology , CINVESTAV-IPN , Mexico City , Mexico
| | - Rafael Villalobos
- d División de Estudios de Posgrado (Tecnología Farmacéutica), Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán , Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM) , Cuautitlán Izcalli , Mexico
| | - Jonathan J Magaña
- e Laboratory of Genomic Medicine, Department of Genetics , Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra , Mexico City , Mexico
| | - David Quintanar-Guerrero
- a Laboratorio de Investigación y Posgrado en Tecnología Farmacéutica, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán , Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM) , Cuautitlán Izcalli , Mexico
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11
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Freag MS, Elnaggar YSR, Abdelmonsif DA, Abdallah OY. Layer-by-layer-coated lyotropic liquid crystalline nanoparticles for active tumor targeting of rapamycin. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2016; 11:2975-2996. [DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2016-0236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: This work spotlights on fabrication of CD44-tropic, layer-by-layer (LbL) coated, liquid crystalline nanoparticles of rapamycin (Rap-LbL-LCNPs) to enhance its water solubility and enable its anticancer use. Methods: Rap-LCNPs were fabricated using hydrotrope method and then coated using LbL self-assembly technique. Results: LbL coating strategy successfully reduced monoolein-induced hemolysis and increased LCNPs serum stability. Lyophilized Rap-LbL-LCNPs were successfully sterilized using γ-radiations. In CD44-overexpressed MDA-MB-231 cells, Rap-LbL-LCNPs demonstrated superior cytotoxicity compared with the nontargeted formulation. Rap-LbL-LCNPs showed 3.35-fold increase in bioavailability compared with free drug. Rap-LbL-LCNPs significantly inhibited tumor growth, enhanced animal survival and reduced nephrotoxic and hyperglycemic effects of Rap. Conclusion: LbL coating strategy of Rap-LCNPs could serve as a promising approach that facilitates Rap use in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- May S Freag
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Yosra SR Elnaggar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy & Drug Manufacturing, Pharos University in Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Doaa A Abdelmonsif
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Ossama Y Abdallah
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
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12
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Othman R, Vladisavljević GT, Nagy ZK, Holdich RG. Encapsulation and Controlled Release of Rapamycin from Polycaprolactone Nanoparticles Prepared by Membrane Micromixing Combined with Antisolvent Precipitation. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2016; 32:10685-10693. [PMID: 27690454 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.6b03178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Rapamycin-loaded polycaprolactone nanoparticles (RAPA-PCL NPs) with a polydispersity index of 0.006-0.073 were fabricated by antisolvent precipitation combined with micromixing using a ringed stainless steel membrane with 10 μm diameter laser-drilled pores. The organic phase composed of 6 g L-1 PCL and 0.6-3.0 g L-1 RAPA in acetone was injected through the membrane at 140 L m-2 h-1 into 0.2 wt % aqueous poly(vinyl alcohol) solution stirred at 1300 rpm, resulting in a Z-average mean of 189-218 nm, a drug encapsulation efficiency of 98.8-98.9%, and a drug loading in the NPs of 9-33%. The encapsulation of RAPA was confirmed by UV-vis spectroscopy, XRD, DSC, and ATR-FTIR. The disappearance of sharp characteristic peaks of crystalline RAPA in the XRD pattern of RAPA-PCL NPs revealed that the drug was molecularly dispersed in the polymer matrix or RAPA and PCL were present in individual amorphous domains. The rate of drug release in pure water was negligible due to low aqueous solubility of RAPA. RAPA-PCL NPs released more than 91% of their drug cargo after 2.5 h in the release medium composed of 0.78-1.5 M of the hydrotropic agent N,N-diethylnicotinamide, 10 vol % ethanol, and 2 vol % Tween 20 in phosphate buffered saline. The dissolution of RAPA was slower when the drug was embedded in the PCL matrix of the NPs than dispersed in the form of pure RAPA nanocrystals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahimah Othman
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Loughborough University , Ashby Road, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE11 3TU, U.K
- School of Bioprocess Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Perlis , Kompleks Pusat Pengajian Jejawi 3, 02600 Arau, Perlis, Malaysia
| | - Goran T Vladisavljević
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Loughborough University , Ashby Road, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE11 3TU, U.K
| | - Zoltan K Nagy
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Loughborough University , Ashby Road, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE11 3TU, U.K
- School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University , West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2100, United States
| | - R G Holdich
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Loughborough University , Ashby Road, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE11 3TU, U.K
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13
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Katouzian I, Jafari SM. Nano-encapsulation as a promising approach for targeted delivery and controlled release of vitamins. Trends Food Sci Technol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2016.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 345] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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14
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Goud VD, Dsouza R, Valiyaveettil S. Synthesis of amphiphilic block copolyamines via click reaction. Eur Polym J 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2015.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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15
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Zhong Z. Professor Jan Feijen: A pioneer in biomedical polymers and controlled drug release. J Control Release 2015; 205:3-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2015.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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16
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Dou Y, Zhang X, Xu X, Zhou X, Han S, Wang R, Su M, Li X, Zhang J. Multiple noncovalent interactions mediated one-pot therapeutic assemblies for the effective treatment of atherosclerosis. J Mater Chem B 2015; 3:7355-7365. [DOI: 10.1039/c5tb01474c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Therapeutic microspheres are engineered by multiple noncovalent interactions mediated one-pot assembly, which may serve as effective and safe therapeutics for atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Dou
- Department of Pharmaceutics
- College of Pharmacy
- Third Military Medical University
- Chongqing 400038
- China
| | - Xiangjun Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutics
- College of Pharmacy
- Third Military Medical University
- Chongqing 400038
- China
| | - Xiaoqiu Xu
- Department of Pharmaceutics
- College of Pharmacy
- Third Military Medical University
- Chongqing 400038
- China
| | - Xing Zhou
- Department of Pharmaceutics
- College of Pharmacy
- Third Military Medical University
- Chongqing 400038
- China
| | - Songling Han
- Department of Pharmaceutics
- College of Pharmacy
- Third Military Medical University
- Chongqing 400038
- China
| | - Ruibing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences
- University of Macau
- Macau
- China
| | - Min Su
- Department of Pharmaceutics
- College of Pharmacy
- Third Military Medical University
- Chongqing 400038
- China
| | - Xiaohui Li
- Institute of Materia Medica
- College of Pharmacy
- Third Military Medical University
- Chongqing 400038
- China
| | - Jianxiang Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutics
- College of Pharmacy
- Third Military Medical University
- Chongqing 400038
- China
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Zhang J, Liu J, Zhao Y, Wang G, Zhou F. Plasma and cellular pharmacokinetic considerations for the development and optimization of antitumor block copolymer micelles. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2014; 12:263-81. [PMID: 25217414 DOI: 10.1517/17425247.2014.945417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Clinical application of anticancer drugs is often limited by poor pharmacokinetic profile. The biocompatible and/or biodegradable block copolymer micelles (BCMs) can improve the pharmacokinetic behavior of drugs, thus enhancing antitumor effect. However, there are still many problems that needed to be solved before there is a wide clinical application of BCMs. AREAS COVERED Micelles have been quickly developed recently to deliver hydrophobic antitumor drugs specifically. However, the final therapeutic effect of BCMs is often challenged by many factors in vivo from both plasma and cellular pharmacokinetic view: i) inefficient transport from administration site to tumor tissue; ii) poor penetration into tumor mass; iii) inadequate accumulation in tumor cell; and iv) insufficient intracellular/subcellular release in cells. This review emphasized on the newest methods and solutions based on the main challenges of BCMs application in vivo, and the new problems caused by these methods are also discussed. EXPERT OPINION Different strategies and designs of BCMs can help solve problems in each key step respectively. However, overemphasis on one aspect will result in problems on others. Therefore, a comprehensive consideration is urgently needed to integrate the advantages of each strategy and overcome the disadvantages. Only with thorough understanding and scientific assessments, the desired BCMs are expected to be applied in clinical treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingwei Zhang
- China Pharmaceutical University, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Key Lab of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics , 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210009 , PR China
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18
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28-day intraocular pressure reduction with a single dose of brimonidine tartrate-loaded microspheres. Exp Eye Res 2014; 125:210-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2014.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2014] [Revised: 06/12/2014] [Accepted: 06/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Campos IMF, Santos TM, Cunha GMF, Silva KMMN, Domingues RZ, da Silva Cunha Júnior A, de Souza Figueiredo KC. Preparation and release characteristics of dexamethasone acetate loaded organochlorine-free poly(lactide-co-glycolide) nanoparticles. J Appl Polym Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/app.41199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Izabella Maria Ferreira Campos
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Engineering; Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais; Avenida Presidente Antônio Carlos, 6627 Belo Horizonte 31270-901 Minas Gerais Brazil
| | - Thiago Melo Santos
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Engineering; Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais; Avenida Presidente Antônio Carlos, 6627 Belo Horizonte 31270-901 Minas Gerais Brazil
| | - Gabriella Maria Fernandes Cunha
- Faculty of Pharmacy; Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais; Avenida Presidente Antônio Carlos, 6627 Belo Horizonte 31270-901 Minas Gerais Brazil
| | - Kláudia Maria Machado Neves Silva
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Engineering; Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais; Avenida Presidente Antônio Carlos, 6627 Belo Horizonte 31270-901 Minas Gerais Brazil
| | - Rosana Zacarias Domingues
- Department of Chemistry; Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais; Avenida Presidente Antônio Carlos, 6627 Belo Horizonte 31270-901 Minas Gerais Brazil
| | - Armando da Silva Cunha Júnior
- Faculty of Pharmacy; Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais; Avenida Presidente Antônio Carlos, 6627 Belo Horizonte 31270-901 Minas Gerais Brazil
| | - Kátia Cecília de Souza Figueiredo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Engineering; Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais; Avenida Presidente Antônio Carlos, 6627 Belo Horizonte 31270-901 Minas Gerais Brazil
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Laçin NT, Utkan GG. Role of biomaterials in prevention of in-stent restenosis. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2013; 102:1113-20. [PMID: 24307479 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.33083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2012] [Revised: 05/30/2013] [Accepted: 11/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Coronary balloon angioplasty and coronary stenting are the procedures used in healing coronary artery disease. However, injury of arteries during angioplasty and stenting causes cell stimulations in tissue. Cell movement and thrombosis lead to re-narrowing of widened vessel called restenosis. Several new types of carriers and technology have been developed to suppress and/or prevent restenosis. Authors review the polymeric materials featured in drug/gene carrier systems, nanovehicles, and stent coating materials against restenosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelisa T Laçin
- Advanced Technology Education, Research and Application Center, Mersin University, 33343, Mersin, Turkey
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Hassanzadeh S, Khoee S. Influence of the polymer structure on the drug-polymer interactions in the micellar nanoparticles: Mixed homopolymer and copolymerized cores. J Appl Polym Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/app.38547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Stevens DM, Tempelaar S, Dove AP, Harth E. Nanosponge formation from organocatalytically-synthesized poly(carbonate) copoplymers. ACS Macro Lett 2012; 1:915-918. [PMID: 24724044 DOI: 10.1021/mz300179r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Advanced organocatalytic synthesis methods were employed to prepare linear poly(carbonate)s with control over functional group incorporation and molecular weight. Pendant allyl or epoxide groups served as reaction partners in thiol-ene click or epoxide-amine reactions with ethylene oxide-containing crosslinking groups to form a panel of six novel poly(carbonate) nanosponges with crosslinking densities ranging from 5%, 10% and 20% via an intermolecular chain-crosslinking approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M. Stevens
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, 7610 Stevenson
Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States
| | - Sarah Tempelaar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4
7 AL, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew P. Dove
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4
7 AL, United Kingdom
| | - Eva Harth
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, 7610 Stevenson
Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States
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Kadam RS, Bourne DWA, Kompella UB. Nano-advantage in enhanced drug delivery with biodegradable nanoparticles: contribution of reduced clearance. Drug Metab Dispos 2012; 40:1380-8. [PMID: 22498894 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.112.044925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the contribution of reduced apparent clearance to the enhanced exposure reported for biodegradable nanoparticles after extravascular and intravascular routes of administration. Plasma concentration profiles for drug and nanoparticle formulations after administration by intravenous, intraduodenal, and oral routes were extracted from the literature. Data were fit to pharmacokinetic models using BOOMER. The compartmental pharmacokinetic analysis of literature data for six drugs (camptothecin, 9-nitrocamptothecin, epirubicin, vinpocetine, clozapine, and cyclosporine) showed that the encapsulation of drug molecules in nanoparticles significantly reduced the apparent clearance and prolonged the apparent circulation half-life compared with those for the plain drug. Positively charged nanoparticles assessed in this study had lower apparent clearance, lower elimination rate constant values, and longer apparent circulation half-life than neutral and negatively charged nanoparticles. After oral administration, a reduction in apparent clearance contributed substantially to elevations in plasma drug exposure with nanoparticles. For the drugs and delivery systems examined, the nano-advantage in drug delivery enhancement can be explained, in part, by reduced clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajendra S Kadam
- Nanomedicine and Drug Delivery Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12850 E. Montview Blvd., Aurora, CO 80045, USA
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Moeller S, Kegler R, Sternberg K, Mundkowski RG. Influence of sirolimus-loaded nanoparticles on physiological functions of native human polymorphonuclear neutrophils. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2012; 8:1293-300. [PMID: 22321382 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2012.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2011] [Revised: 01/09/2012] [Accepted: 01/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Sirolimus (SRL) is an immunosuppressive agent of high clinical relevance that has been associated with serious side effects. Biodegradable, SRL-loaded poly(d,l-lactide) nanoparticles (SRL-PLA-NPs) are being investigated as a drug delivery system to improve drug targeting. Polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) are phagocytes for particulate xenobiotics and also important trigger cells of the primary immune response. Therefore, the effects of SRL, SRL-PLA-NPs, and plain PLA-NPs on the viability of human PMNs, their essential functions, and the secretion of relevant cytokines were determined and evaluated with respect to the intracellular concentrations assessed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry ultra-trace analysis. For the first time to our knowledge, incorporation of NPs into PMNs was monitored by flow cytometry using fluorescence-labeled NPs. SRL accumulated intracellularly, exceeding therapeutic blood levels by a factor of two to four. Phagocytic activity was promptly reduced but recovered within 3 hours. No other parameters of the PMNs were affected. Hence, PLA-NPs appear suitable as drug carriers for SRL, allowing for better control of drug release. FROM THE CLINICAL EDITOR This team of authors describe the incorporation of sirolimus loaded florescent NPs into polymorphonuclear neutrophils, a process that has been monitored by flow cytometry utilizing the fluorescent properties of the polymeric NPs. SRL accumulated intracellularly, exceeding therapeutic blood levels by a factor of two to four, resulting in reduced phagocytic activity that recovered within 3 hours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Moeller
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Center of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
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Galvin P, Thompson D, Ryan KB, McCarthy A, Moore AC, Burke CS, Dyson M, Maccraith BD, Gun'ko YK, Byrne MT, Volkov Y, Keely C, Keehan E, Howe M, Duffy C, MacLoughlin R. Nanoparticle-based drug delivery: case studies for cancer and cardiovascular applications. Cell Mol Life Sci 2012; 69:389-404. [PMID: 22015612 PMCID: PMC11115117 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-011-0856-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2011] [Revised: 09/29/2011] [Accepted: 09/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Nanoparticles (NPs) comprised of nanoengineered complexes are providing new opportunities for enabling targeted delivery of a range of therapeutics and combinations. A range of functionalities can be included within a nanoparticle complex, including surface chemistry that allows attachment of cell-specific ligands for targeted delivery, surface coatings to increase circulation times for enhanced bioavailability, specific materials on the surface or in the nanoparticle core that enable storage of a therapeutic cargo until the target site is reached, and materials sensitive to local or remote actuation cues that allow controlled delivery of therapeutics to the target cells. However, despite the potential benefits of NPs as smart drug delivery and diagnostic systems, much research is still required to evaluate potential toxicity issues related to the chemical properties of NP materials, as well as their size and shape. The need to validate each NP for safety and efficacy with each therapeutic compound or combination of therapeutics is an enormous challenge, which forces industry to focus mainly on those nanoparticle materials where data on safety and efficacy already exists, i.e., predominantly polymer NPs. However, the enhanced functionality affordable by inclusion of metallic materials as part of nanoengineered particles provides a wealth of new opportunity for innovation and new, more effective, and safer therapeutics for applications such as cancer and cardiovascular diseases, which require selective targeting of the therapeutic to maximize effectiveness while avoiding adverse effects on non-target tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Galvin
- Tyndall National Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.
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Patel NR, Damann K, Leonardi C, Sabliov CM. Size dependency of PLGA-nanoparticle uptake and antifungal activity against Aspergillus flavus. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2011; 6:1381-95. [PMID: 21651442 DOI: 10.2217/nnm.11.35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Itraconazole and coumarin-6 loaded polylactic-co-glycolic acid-nanoparticles (PLGA-ITZ- and PLGA-C6-NPs) were synthesized and tested for fungal cell uptake and antifungal ability based on particle size. MATERIALS & METHODS PLGA-ITZ- and PLGA-C6-NPs were synthesized using an oil-in-water emulsion evaporation method. Fungal cell uptake and antifungal activity of the polymeric NPs was tested on Aspergillus flavus. RESULTS PLGA-C6-NPs of 203 nm associated with fungal cell surfaces and internalized efficiently, while 1206 nm NPs associated with cell surfaces were internalized less efficiently. Antifungal studies of PLGA-ITZ-NPs of 232, 630 and 1060 nm showed differences in inhibitory activity with 232 nm NPs showing superior activity at the lowest ITZ concentration of 0.003 mg/ml, followed by 630 and 1060 nm NPs. No differences in antifungal activity were observed at higher ITZ concentrations. CONCLUSION The PLGA-ITZ-NP system can increase bioavailability of ITZ by improving its aqueous dispersibility and efficiently delivering ITZ to fungal cells via endocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nipur R Patel
- Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA
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McDowell G, Slevin M, Krupinski J. Nanotechnology for the treatment of coronary in stent restenosis: a clinical perspective. Vasc Cell 2011; 3:8. [PMID: 21501474 PMCID: PMC3102631 DOI: 10.1186/2045-824x-3-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2010] [Accepted: 04/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronary in stent restenosis remains a significant limitation to the long term efficacy of coronary artery stent placement. In this review the authors review the pathophysiology of coronary in stent restenosis, together with an overview of the current treatment modalities. The potential clinical utility of nanotechnology is also reviewed.The first human safety trial of systemic nanoparticle paclitaxel (nab-paclitaxel) for in stent restenosis (SNAPIST-I) is discussed. The results showed no significant adverse advents attributable to the nab-paclitaxel at 10 or 30 mg/m2, although moderate neutropenia, sensory neuropathy and mild to moderate reversible alopecia occurred at higher doses. No major adverse cardiac events were recorded at 2 months, whilst at 6 months, 4 target lesions required revascularisation. The investigators concluded therefore that systemic nab-paclitaxel was well tolerated at a dose of <70 mg/m2. To date however, no formal clinical evaluation has been reported as to the clinical utility of nab-paclitaxel, or any of the nano preparations discussed, for the suppression of coronary in stent restenosis.
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Rabinovich M, Somayaji SN, Raghavan Pillai R, Hudson MC, Ellington JK, Bosse M, Horton J, Gonsalves KE. Active Polymer Nanoparticles: Delivery of Antibiotics. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1557/proc-1019-ff05-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
AbstractAntibiotic-encapsulated PLA and PLGA nanoparticles were prepared by the single emulsion-solvent evaporation technique. Different PLA and PLGA systems were prepared, varying the copolymer composition and the amount of the surfactant polyvinyl alcohol. Characterization and drug loading studies were performed by UV-Visible spectrophotometry, dynamic light scattering, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM).Simultaneously, in order to model the diffusion of the nanoparticles within the osteoblast, QDs such as functionalized InGaP/ZnS and polymer encapsulated InGaP/ZnS nanoparticles were added to confluent cultures of primary mouse osteoblasts. Following PreFer fixation, cultures were examined via confocal microscopy. QDs were clearly visible within osteoblasts.
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van der Ende AE, Harrell J, Sathiyakumar V, Meschievitz M, Katz J, Adcock K, Harth E. “Click” Reactions: Novel Chemistries for Forming Well-defined Polyester Nanoparticles. Macromolecules 2010. [DOI: 10.1021/ma100711b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alice E. van der Ende
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, 7619 Stevenson Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37235
| | - Jameson Harrell
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, 7619 Stevenson Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37235
| | - Vasanth Sathiyakumar
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, 7619 Stevenson Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37235
| | - Mika Meschievitz
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, 7619 Stevenson Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37235
| | - Jared Katz
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, 7619 Stevenson Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37235
| | - Karen Adcock
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, 7619 Stevenson Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37235
| | - Eva Harth
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, 7619 Stevenson Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37235
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Nano-hybrids incorporation into poly(ε-caprolactone) for multifunctional applications: Mechanical and barrier properties. Eur Polym J 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2009.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Drug packaging and delivery using perfluorocarbon nanoparticles for targeted inhibition of vascular smooth muscle cells. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2009; 30:1577-84. [PMID: 19890365 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2009.146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate the in vitro release profile of drugs encapsulated within perfluorocarbon (PFC) nanoparticles (NPs) and their ability to inhibit the activity of vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs). METHODS Dexamethasone phosphate (DxP) or dexamethasone acetate (DxA) was encapsulated into PFC nanoparticles using a high-pressure homogenous method. The morphology and size of the NPs were examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and a laser particle size analyzer. Drug loading and in vitro release were assessed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The impact of NP capsules on SMC proliferation, migration and apoptosis in vitro was assessed using cell counting kit-8, transwell cell migration and flow cytometry assays. RESULTS The sizes of DxP-NPs and DxA-NPs were 224+/-6 nm and 236+/-9 nm, respectively. The encapsulation efficiency (EE) of DxP-NPs was 66.4%+/-1.0%, with an initial release rate of 77.2%, whereas the EE of DxA-NPs was 95.3%+/-1.3%, with an initial release rate of 23.6%. Both of the NP-coated drugs could be released over 7 d. Human umbilical artery SMCs were harvested and cultured for four to six passages. Compared to free DxP, SMCs treated with tissue factor (TF)-directed DxP-NPs showed significant differences in the inhibition of proliferation, migration and apoptosis (P<0.05). CONCLUSION The results collectively suggest that PFC nanoparticles will be beneficial for targeted drug delivery because of the sustained drug release and effective inhibition of SMC proliferation and migration.
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Acharya S, Dilnawaz F, Sahoo SK. Targeted epidermal growth factor receptor nanoparticle bioconjugates for breast cancer therapy. Biomaterials 2009; 30:5737-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2009.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 243] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2009] [Accepted: 07/07/2009] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Abstract
Over the past few years, health and medicine have been domains where nanotechnologies have shown great promise, in particular in the area of drug carriers and drug targeting. Many active substances suffer from poor solubility, instability in biological medium and low bioavailability. Inaccurate distribution and accumulation of the drug in the body could lead to some side effects possibly detrimental to drug development. With the advent of nanosciences applied to medicine, new tools are becoming available, giving rise to a whole range of drug carriers with different properties and functionalities. Nanocarriers should play a crucial role in the controlled and sustained delivery of drugs. Various types of functional nanosystems are currently being explored and the aim of this review is to give an overview of the most recent advances in the field of nanometric drug carriers, including future strategies and perspectives.
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Varshosaz J, Soheili M. Production and in vitro characterization of lisinopril-loaded nanoparticles for the treatment of restenosis in stented coronary arteries. J Microencapsul 2009; 25:478-86. [PMID: 19238723 DOI: 10.1080/02652040802054679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Lisinopril, an angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor drug, was encapsulated in poly(lactide-co-glicolide) (PLGA) nanoparticles (NP) for site-specific delivery by catheters in prevention of restenosis. NP were prepared by emulsification-diffusion method. The PLGA type, stabilizing agent type and its concentration were studied as process variables. The z-average particle size varied between 265-412 nm. The highest zeta potential was seen in NP prepared with Pluronic F-68. None of the studied variables or their interactions had a significant effect on the particle size while all had main effect on the zeta potential. The highest entrapment efficiency was 93% and all studied variables and their interactions except PLGA type and its interaction with the stabilizer type had significant effects on the loading. Baker-Lonsdale model was the most appropriate model for release of lisinopril from NP. Five per cent PLGA 75:25 and 5% Pluronic F-68 showed promising results for 21 days release of lisinopril as an anti-restenotic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Varshosaz
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Isfahan Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center and Department of Pharmaceutics, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
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de Mel A, Bolvin C, Edirisinghe M, Hamilton G, Seifalian AM. Development of cardiovascular bypass grafts: endothelialization and applications of nanotechnology. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther 2009; 6:1259-77. [PMID: 18939913 DOI: 10.1586/14779072.6.9.1259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
There is a critical clinical need for small-diameter bypass grafts, with applications involved in the coronary artery and lower limb. Commercially available materials give rise to unfavorable responses when in contact with blood and subjected to low-flow hemodynamics and, thus, are nonideal as small-diameter bypass grafts. Optimizing the mechanical properties to match both the native artery and the graft surfaces has received keen attention. Endothelialization of bypass grafts is considered a protective mechanism where the biochemicals produced from endothelial cells exert a range of favorable responses, including antithrombotic, noninflammatory responses and inhibition of intimal hyperplasia. In situ endothelialization is most desirable. Nanotechnology approaches facilitate all aspects of endothelialization, including endothelial progenitor cell mobilization, migration, adhesion, proliferation and differentiation. 'Surface nanoarchitecturing mechanisms', which mimic the natural extracellular matrix to optimize endothelial progenitor cell interaction and controlled delivery of various factors in the form of nanoparticles, which can be combined with gene therapy, are of keen interest. This article discusses the development of bypass grafts, focusing on the optimization of the biological properties of mechanically suitable grafts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Achala de Mel
- Centre of Nanotechnology, Biomaterial and Tissue Engineering, UCL Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, London, UK
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Drug releasing behavior of hybrid micelles containing polypeptide triblock copolymer. Biomaterials 2009; 30:108-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2008.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2008] [Accepted: 09/14/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Biodegradable amphiphilic poly(ethylene oxide)-block-polyesters with grafted polyamines as supramolecular nanocarriers for efficient siRNA delivery. Biomaterials 2009; 30:242-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2008.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2008] [Accepted: 09/02/2008] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Jhunjhunwala S, Raimondi G, Thomson AW, Little SR. Delivery of rapamycin to dendritic cells using degradable microparticles. J Control Release 2008; 133:191-7. [PMID: 19000726 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2008.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2008] [Revised: 09/24/2008] [Accepted: 10/06/2008] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Degradable microparticles have the potential to protect and release drugs over extended periods and, if sized appropriately, can be passively targeted to phagocytic cells in vivo. Dendritic cells (DC) are a class of phagocytic cells known to play important roles in transplant rejection. Previously, we have demonstrated that DC treated with an immunosuppressive drug, rapamycin, have the ability to suppress transplant rejection. Herein, we describe a strategy to deliver an intracellular depot of rapamycin to DC. To achieve this, rapamycin was encapsulated into ~3.4 microm sized poly(lactic-co-glycolic)acid (PLGA) microparticles (rapaMPs), and release behavior was examined under intra-phagosomal (pH=5) and extracellular (pH=7.4) conditions. It was observed that 4 days following phagocytosis of rapaMP, DC have significantly reduced ability to activate T cells, in comparison to DC treated with soluble rapamycin. Hence, we conclude that DC-specific intracellular delivery of rapamycin results in better efficacy of the drug, with respect to its ability to modulate DC function, when compared to treating DC with extracellular rapamycin.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Jhunjhunwala
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
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Pillai RR, Somayaji SN, Rabinovich M, Hudson MC, Gonsalves KE. Nafcillin-loaded PLGA nanoparticles for treatment of osteomyelitis. Biomed Mater 2008; 3:034114. [DOI: 10.1088/1748-6041/3/3/034114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Balakrishnan B, Dooley J, Kopia G, Edelman ER. Thrombus causes fluctuations in arterial drug delivery from intravascular stents. J Control Release 2008; 131:173-80. [PMID: 18713645 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2008.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2008] [Revised: 06/28/2008] [Accepted: 07/12/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Arterial drug concentrations determine local toxicity. As such the emergent safety concerns surrounding drug-eluting stents mandate an investigation of the factors contributing to fluctuations in arterial drug uptake. Drug-eluting stents were implanted into porcine coronary arteries, arterial drug uptake was followed and modeled using 2-dimensional computational drug transport. Arterial drug uptake in vivo occurred faster than predicted by free drug diffusion, thus an alternate, mechanism for rapid transport has been proposed involving carrier-mediated transport. Though there was minimal variation in vivo in release kinetics from stent to stent, arterial drug deposition varied by up to 114% two weeks after stent implantation. The extent of adherent mural thrombus also fluctuated by 113% within 3 days after implantation. The computational drug transport model predicted that focal and diffuse thrombi elevate arterial drug deposition in proportion to the thrombus size by reducing drug washout subsequently increasing local drug availability. Fluctuations in arterial drug uptake are commonly reported. We now explain that variable peristrut thrombus can explain such observations even in the face of a narrow range of drug release from the stent. The mural thrombus effects on arterial drug deposition may be circumvented by forcing slow, rate limiting arterial transport that cannot be further hindered by mural thrombus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brinda Balakrishnan
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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43
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Ende AEVD, Kravitz EJ, Harth E. Approach to Formation of Multifunctional Polyester Particles in Controlled Nanoscopic Dimensions. J Am Chem Soc 2008; 130:8706-13. [DOI: 10.1021/ja711417h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alice E. van der Ende
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, 7619 Stevenson Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37235
| | - Evan J. Kravitz
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, 7619 Stevenson Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37235
| | - Eva Harth
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, 7619 Stevenson Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37235
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44
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45
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Mondalek FG, Lawrence BJ, Kropp BP, Grady BP, Fung KM, Madihally SV, Lin HK. The incorporation of poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid nanoparticles into porcine small intestinal submucosa biomaterials. Biomaterials 2008; 29:1159-66. [PMID: 18076986 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2007.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2007] [Accepted: 11/15/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Small intestinal submucosa (SIS) derived from porcine small intestine has been intensively studied for its capacity in repairing and regenerating wounded and dysfunctional tissues. However, SIS suffers from a large spectrum of heterogeneity in microarchitecture leading to inconsistent results. In this study, we introduced nanoparticles (NPs) to SIS with an intention of decreasing the heterogeneity and improving the consistency of this biomaterial. As determined by scanning electron microscopy and urea permeability, the optimum NP size was estimated to be between 200 nm and 500 nm using commercial monodisperse latex spheres. The concentration of NPs that is required to alter pore sizes of SIS as determined by urea permeability was estimated to be 1 mg/ml 260 nm poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid (PLGA) NPs. The 1mg/ml PLGA NPs loaded in the SIS did not change the tensile properties of the unmodified SIS or even alter pH values in a cell culture environment. More importantly, PLGA NP modified SIS did not affect human mammary endothelial cells (HMEC-1) morphology or adhesion, but actually enhanced HEMC-1 cell growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fadee G Mondalek
- Department of Chemical, Biological and Materials Engineering, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA
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46
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Balakrishnan B, Dooley JF, Kopia G, Edelman ER. Intravascular drug release kinetics dictate arterial drug deposition, retention, and distribution. J Control Release 2007; 123:100-8. [PMID: 17868948 PMCID: PMC2702153 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2007.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2007] [Revised: 06/02/2007] [Accepted: 06/26/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Millions of patients worldwide have received drug-eluting stents to reduce their risk for in-stent restenosis. The efficacy and toxicity of these local therapeutics depend upon arterial drug deposition, distribution, and retention. To examine how administered dose and drug release kinetics control arterial drug uptake, a model was created using principles of computational fluid dynamics and transient drug diffusion-convection. The modeling predictions for drug elution were validated using empiric data from stented porcine coronary arteries. Inefficient, minimal arterial drug deposition was predicted when a bolus of drug was released and depleted within seconds. Month-long stent-based drug release efficiently delivered nearly continuous drug levels, but the slow rate of drug presentation limited arterial drug uptake. Uptake was only maximized when the rates of drug release and absorption matched, which occurred for hour-long drug release. Of the two possible means for increasing the amount of drug on the stent, modulation of drug concentration potently impacts the magnitude of arterial drug deposition, while changes in coating drug mass affect duration of release. We demonstrate the importance of drug release kinetics and administered drug dose in governing arterial drug uptake and suggest novel drug delivery strategies for controlling spatio-temporal arterial drug distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brinda Balakrishnan
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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47
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Shuvaev VV, Christofidou-Solomidou M, Scherpereel A, Simone E, Arguiri E, Tliba S, Pick J, Kennel S, Albelda SM, Muzykantov VR. Factors modulating the delivery and effect of enzymatic cargo conjugated with antibodies targeted to the pulmonary endothelium. J Control Release 2007; 118:235-44. [PMID: 17270308 PMCID: PMC1855632 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2006.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2006] [Revised: 12/14/2006] [Accepted: 12/20/2006] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Vascular drug targeting may improve therapies, yet a thorough understanding of the factors that regulate effects of drugs directed to the endothelium is needed to translate this approach into the clinical domain. To define factors modulating the efficacy and effects of endothelial targeting, we used a model enzyme (glucose oxidase, GOX) coupled with monoclonal antibodies (anti-TM(34) or anti-TM(201)) to distinct epitopes of thrombomodulin, a surface determinant enriched in the pulmonary endothelium. GOX delivery results in conversion of glucose and oxygen into H(2)O(2) leading to lung damage, a clear physiologic endpoint. Results of in vivo studies in mice showed that the efficiency of cargo delivery and its effect are influenced by a number of factors including: 1) The level of pulmonary uptake of the targeting antibody (anti-TM(201) was more efficient than anti-TM(34)); 2) The amount of an active drug delivered to the target; 3) The amount of target antigen on the endothelium (animals with suppressed TM levels showed less targeting); and, 4) The substrate availability for the enzyme cargo in the target tissue (hyperoxia augmented GOX-induced injury). Therefore, both activities of the conjugates and biological factors control targeting and effects of enzymatic cargo. Understanding the nature of such "modulating biological factors" will hopefully allow optimization and ultimately applications of drug targeting for "individualized" pharmacotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir V. Shuvaev
- Institute for Environmental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Melpo Christofidou-Solomidou
- Pulmonary Critical Care Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Arnaud Scherpereel
- Institute for Environmental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- INSERM U774, Institute Pasteur de Lille, France
| | - Eric Simone
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, University of Pennsylvania
| | - Evguenia Arguiri
- Pulmonary Critical Care Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Samira Tliba
- Institute for Environmental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Jeremy Pick
- Institute for Environmental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Stephen Kennel
- University of Tennessee Graduate School of Medicine, Knoxville, TN 37920, USA
| | - Steven M. Albelda
- Pulmonary Critical Care Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Vladimir R. Muzykantov
- Institute for Environmental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Program in Targeted Therapeutics, Institute of Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Corresponding author. Institute for Environmental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Medical Center, 1 John Morgan Building, 36 Street and Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6068. Phone: 215-898-9823, FAX: 215-898-0868, e-mail address:
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48
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Thompson BC, Moulton SE, Ding J, Richardson R, Cameron A, O'Leary S, Wallace GG, Clark GM. Optimising the incorporation and release of a neurotrophic factor using conducting polypyrrole. J Control Release 2006; 116:285-94. [PMID: 17112619 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2006.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2006] [Revised: 09/12/2006] [Accepted: 09/13/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In this study, a neurotrophin delivery system based on an inherently conducting polymer (ICP) has been developed. Direct incorporation of neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) was investigated and controlled release was tested under various electrochemical conditions. The loading capacity and amount of NT-3 released from the polymer was determined using (125)I-labelled NT-3. Electrochemical stimulation of polypyrrole by pulsed voltage, pulsed current or cyclic voltammetry promoted the release of NT-3 at a greater rate than natural diffusion of NT-3. NT-3 was released from polypyrrole as an initial burst in the first 24 h followed by prolonged release over a subsequent 6 days of sampling. The amount of NT-3 incorporated into the polymer could be controlled by varying the polymerisation time, with longer growth periods incorporating more NT-3. The NT-3 release results indicated that the polymers grown for longer released a lower percentage of the incorporated NT-3 compared to the polymers grown for shorter times. Polymer-based neurotrophin delivery systems have the potential to be incorporated into future treatments for nerve injuries to prevent nerve degradation and promote nerve protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brianna C Thompson
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, University of Wollongong, Northfields Avenue, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
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