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Jawaji A, Goldberg IK, Zilberg D. Exploring the use of fatty acid ethyl esters as a potential natural solution for the treatment of fish parasitic diseases. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2024:e13991. [PMID: 38943443 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2024] [Revised: 06/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/01/2024]
Abstract
Alternatives to conventional chemical treatments for parasitic diseases in fish are needed. Microalgal-sourced fatty acid ethyl esters (FAEEs) have shown an antiparasitic effect against Gyrodactylus turnbulli infection in guppies. Here, we tested a range of commercial FAEEs of various carbon chain lengths and unsaturation levels against two fish parasites. Guppies and barramundi infected with G. turnbulli and Trichodina sp., respectively, were used. The most effective FAEE, after excluding those toxic to fish, was ethyl laurate (12:0). For both parasites, the LD50 was 18.75 μM within 250 min of incubation. Ethyl eicosapentaenoate (20:5n3) was the next most effective FAEE against G. turnbulli, and dihomo-γ-linolenic acid ethyl ester (20:3n6) and ethyl α-linolenate (18:3n3) were the next most effective against Trichodina sp. In addition, FAEEs prepared from the microalga Phaeodactylum tricornutum residue, after fucoxanthin extraction, were examined against Trichodina sp. infection in barramundi for the first time. LD85 and LD100 was achieved at 2.5 and 5 μL mL-1 of the FAEE preparation, respectively. In vivo, immersion of infected barramundi in 1.25 μL mL-1 of this preparation for 24 h reduced infection prevalence from 100% to 53% and was non-toxic to fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arunjyothi Jawaji
- The French Associates Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Drylands, The J. Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Midreshet Ben-Gurion, Israel
| | - Inna Khozin Goldberg
- The French Associates Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Drylands, The J. Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Midreshet Ben-Gurion, Israel
| | - Dina Zilberg
- The French Associates Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Drylands, The J. Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Midreshet Ben-Gurion, Israel
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Zheng B, Pan F, Shi M, He C, He B, Wang R, Ren G, Yang S, Zhang S. 2-Monoacylglycerol Mimetic Liposomes to Promote Intestinal Lymphatic Transport for Improving Oral Bioavailability of Dihydroartemisinin. Int J Nanomedicine 2024; 19:5273-5295. [PMID: 38859952 PMCID: PMC11164214 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s462374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose Reducing the first-pass hepatic effect via intestinal lymphatic transport is an effective way to increase the oral absorption of drugs. 2-Monoacylglycerol (2-MAG) as a primary digestive product of dietary lipids triglyceride, can be assembled in chylomicrons and then transported from the intestine into the lymphatic system. Herein, we propose a biomimetic strategy and report a 2-MAG mimetic nanocarrier to target the intestinal lymphatic system via the lipid absorption pathway and improve oral bioavailability. Methods The 2-MAG mimetic liposomes were designed by covalently bonding serinol (SER) on the surface of liposomes named SER-LPs to simulate the structure of 2-MAG. Dihydroartemisinin (DHA) was chosen as the model drug because of its disadvantages such as poor solubility and high first-pass effect. The endocytosis and exocytosis mechanisms were investigated in Caco-2 cells and Caco-2 cell monolayers. The capacity of intestinal lymphatic transport was evaluated by ex vivo biodistribution and in vivo pharmacokinetic experiments. Results DHA loaded SER-LPs (SER-LPs-DHA) had a particle size of 70 nm and a desirable entrapment efficiency of 93%. SER-LPs showed sustained release for DHA in the simulated gastrointestinal environment. In vitro cell studies demonstrated that the cellular uptake of SER-LPs primarily relied on the caveolae- rather than clathrin-mediated endocytosis pathway and preferred to integrate into the chylomicron assembly process through the endoplasmic reticulum/Golgi apparatus route. After oral administration, SER-LPs efficiently promoted drug accumulation in mesenteric lymphatic nodes. The oral bioavailability of DHA from SER-LPs was 10.40-fold and 1.17-fold larger than that of free DHA and unmodified liposomes at the same dose, respectively. Conclusion SER-LPs improved oral bioavailability through efficient intestinal lymphatic transport. These findings of the current study provide a good alternative strategy for oral delivery of drugs with high first-pass hepatic metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Zheng
- School of Pharmacy, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, People’s Republic of China
- Medicinal Basic Research Innovation Center of Chronic Kidney Disease, Ministry of Education, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, People’s Republic of China
- Shanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Drug Synthesis and Novel Pharmaceutical Preparation Technology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fei Pan
- School of Pharmacy, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, People’s Republic of China
- Medicinal Basic Research Innovation Center of Chronic Kidney Disease, Ministry of Education, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, People’s Republic of China
- Shanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Drug Synthesis and Novel Pharmaceutical Preparation Technology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, People’s Republic of China
| | - Minfei Shi
- School of Pharmacy, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, People’s Republic of China
- Medicinal Basic Research Innovation Center of Chronic Kidney Disease, Ministry of Education, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, People’s Republic of China
- Shanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Drug Synthesis and Novel Pharmaceutical Preparation Technology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, People’s Republic of China
| | - Cuiping He
- School of Pharmacy, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, People’s Republic of China
- Medicinal Basic Research Innovation Center of Chronic Kidney Disease, Ministry of Education, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, People’s Republic of China
- Shanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Drug Synthesis and Novel Pharmaceutical Preparation Technology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, People’s Republic of China
| | - Beibei He
- School of Pharmacy, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, People’s Republic of China
- Medicinal Basic Research Innovation Center of Chronic Kidney Disease, Ministry of Education, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, People’s Republic of China
- Shanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Drug Synthesis and Novel Pharmaceutical Preparation Technology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, People’s Republic of China
| | - Rongrong Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, People’s Republic of China
- Medicinal Basic Research Innovation Center of Chronic Kidney Disease, Ministry of Education, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, People’s Republic of China
- Shanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Drug Synthesis and Novel Pharmaceutical Preparation Technology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guolian Ren
- School of Pharmacy, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, People’s Republic of China
- Medicinal Basic Research Innovation Center of Chronic Kidney Disease, Ministry of Education, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, People’s Republic of China
- Shanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Drug Synthesis and Novel Pharmaceutical Preparation Technology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shuang Yang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shuqiu Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, People’s Republic of China
- Medicinal Basic Research Innovation Center of Chronic Kidney Disease, Ministry of Education, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, People’s Republic of China
- Shanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Drug Synthesis and Novel Pharmaceutical Preparation Technology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, People’s Republic of China
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Dang Q, Li B, Jin B, Ye Z, Lou X, Wang T, Wang Y, Pan X, Hu Q, Li Z, Ji S, Zhou C, Yu X, Qin Y, Xu X. Cancer immunometabolism: advent, challenges, and perspective. Mol Cancer 2024; 23:72. [PMID: 38581001 PMCID: PMC10996263 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-024-01981-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024] Open
Abstract
For decades, great strides have been made in the field of immunometabolism. A plethora of evidence ranging from basic mechanisms to clinical transformation has gradually embarked on immunometabolism to the center stage of innate and adaptive immunomodulation. Given this, we focus on changes in immunometabolism, a converging series of biochemical events that alters immune cell function, propose the immune roles played by diversified metabolic derivatives and enzymes, emphasize the key metabolism-related checkpoints in distinct immune cell types, and discuss the ongoing and upcoming realities of clinical treatment. It is expected that future research will reduce the current limitations of immunotherapy and provide a positive hand in immune responses to exert a broader therapeutic role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Dang
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, China
- Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Borui Li
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, China
- Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bing Jin
- School of Clinical Medicine, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zeng Ye
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, China
- Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin Lou
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, China
- Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ting Wang
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, China
- Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, China
- Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuan Pan
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Yijishan Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, China
| | - Qiangsheng Hu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zheng Li
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, China
- Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shunrong Ji
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, China
- Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chenjie Zhou
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, China
- Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xianjun Yu
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
- Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, China.
- Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Yi Qin
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
- Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, China.
- Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Xiaowu Xu
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
- Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, China.
- Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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Wong A, Chu Y, Chen H, Feng W, Ji L, Qin C, Stocks MJ, Marlow M, Gershkovich P. Distribution of lamivudine into lymph node HIV reservoir. Int J Pharm 2023; 648:123574. [PMID: 37935311 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.123574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
Efficient delivery of antiretroviral agents to lymph nodes is important to decrease the size of the HIV reservoir within the lymphatic system. Lamivudine (3TC) is used in first-line regimens for the treatment of HIV. As a highly hydrophilic small molecule, 3TC is not predicted to associate with chylomicrons and therefore should have negligible uptake into intestinal lymphatics following oral administration. Similarly, negligible amounts of 3TC are predicted to be transported into peripheral lymphatics following subcutaneous (SC) injection due to the faster flow rate of blood in comparison to lymph. In this work, we performed pharmacokinetic and biodistribution studies of 3TC in rats following oral lipid-based, oral lipid-free, SC, and intravenous (IV) administrations. In the oral administration studies, mesenteric lymph nodes (MLNs) had significantly higher 3TC concentrations compared to other lymph nodes, with mean tissue:serum ratios ranging from 1.4 to 2.9. However, cells and chylomicrons found in mesenteric lymph showed low-to-undetectable concentrations. In SC studies, administration-side (right) draining inguinal and popliteal lymph nodes had significantly higher concentrations (tissue:serum ratios as high as 3.2) than corresponding left-side nodes. In IV studies, lymph nodes had lower mean tissue:serum ratios ranging from 0.9 to 1.4. We hypothesize that following oral or SC administration, slower permeation of this hydrophilic molecule into blood capillaries may result in considerable passive 3TC penetration into lymphatic vessels. Further studies will be needed to clarify the mechanism of delivery of 3TC and similar antiretroviral drugs into the lymph nodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail Wong
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Yenju Chu
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK; Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Haojie Chen
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Wanshan Feng
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Liuhang Ji
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Chaolong Qin
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Michael J Stocks
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Maria Marlow
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Pavel Gershkovich
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK.
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5
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Karami Z, Zanjani MS, Andalib S, Babaie H, Aminoroaia P. Influence of Poloxamer 188 on Anti-Inflammatory and Analgesic Effects of Diclofenac-Loaded Nanoemulsion: Formulation, Optimization and in Vitro/in Vivo Evaluation. J Pharm Sci 2023; 112:3197-3208. [PMID: 37777011 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2023.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/02/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a polymer-stabilized nanoemulsion (PNE) was developed to improve the inflammatory and analgesic activities of diclofenac (DA). DA-PNEs were prepared from sesame oil and poloxamer 188 (P188), polysorbate 80, and span 80 as emulsifiers and optimized by a systematic multi-objective optimization method. The developed DA-PNEs exhibited thermodynamical stability with low viscosity. The mean diameter, PDI, surface charge, and entrapment efficiency of DA-PNEs were 122.49±3.42 nm, 0.226±0.08, -47.3 ± 3.6 mV, and 93.57±3.4 %, respectively. The cumulative in vitro release profile of DA-PNEs was significantly higher than the neat drug in simulated gastrointestinal fluids. The anti-inflammatory activities of DA-PNEs were evaluated in the λ-carrageenan-induced paw edema model. To investigate the effect of P188 on analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities, a formulation without P188 was also prepared and named DA-NEs. Following oral administration, DA-PNEs showed a significantly higher (p<0.05) effect in reducing pain and inflammation symptoms as compared to free diclofenac and DA-NEs. Moreover, histopathological examination confirmed that DA-PNEs meaningfully reduced the extent of paw edema, comparable to that of DA. Taken together, the findings of the in vitro and in vivo studies suggest that diclofenac-loaded P188-stabilized nanoemulsion can be considered a potential drug delivery system for treating and controlling inflammatory disorders and alleviating pains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Karami
- Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran; Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology Research Center, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran.
| | - Mohammadreza Saghatchi Zanjani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran; Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology Research Center, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Sina Andalib
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Hossein Babaie
- Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran; Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology Research Center, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Paria Aminoroaia
- Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology Research Center, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran; Department of Chemistry, School of Art and Science, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA, United States
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Taheri A, Bremmell KE, Joyce P, Prestidge CA. Battle of the milky way: Lymphatic targeted drug delivery for pathogen eradication. J Control Release 2023; 363:507-524. [PMID: 37797891 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
Many viruses, bacteria, and parasites rely on the lymphatic system for survival, replication, and dissemination. While conventional anti-infectives can combat infection-causing agents in the bloodstream, they do not reach the lymphatic system to eradicate the pathogens harboured there. This can result in ineffective drug exposure and reduce treatment effectiveness. By developing effective lymphatic delivery strategies for antiviral, antibacterial, and antiparasitic drugs, their systemic pharmacokinetics may be improved, as would their ability to reach their target pathogens within the lymphatics, thereby improving clinical outcomes in a variety of acute and chronic infections with lymphatic involvement (e.g., acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, tuberculosis, and filariasis). Here, we discuss approaches to targeting anti-infective drugs to the intestinal and dermal lymphatics, aiming to eliminate pathogen reservoirs and interfere with their survival and reproduction inside the lymphatic system. These include optimized lipophilic prodrugs and drug delivery systems that promote lymphatic transport after oral and dermal drug intake. For intestinal lymphatic delivery via the chylomicron pathway, molecules should have logP values >5 and long-chain triglyceride solubilities >50 mg/g, and for dermal lymphatic delivery via interstitial lymphatic drainage, nanoparticle formulations with particle size between 10 and 100 nm are generally preferred. Insight from this review may promote new and improved therapeutic solutions for pathogen eradication and combating infective diseases, as lymphatic system involvement in pathogen dissemination and drug resistance has been neglected compared to other pathways leading to treatment failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Taheri
- Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Kristen E Bremmell
- Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Paul Joyce
- Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Clive A Prestidge
- Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia.
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Chu Y, Wong A, Chen H, Ji L, Qin C, Feng W, Stocks MJ, Gershkovich P. Development of lipophilic ester prodrugs of dolutegravir for intestinal lymphatic transport. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2023; 191:90-102. [PMID: 37634824 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2023.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
The establishment of latent cellular and anatomical viral reservoirs is a major obstacle to achieving a cure for people infected by HIV. Mesenteric lymph nodes (MLNs) are one of the most important anatomical reservoirs of HIV. Suboptimal levels of antiretroviral (ARVs) drugs in these difficult-to-penetrate viral reservoirs is one of the limitations of current antiretroviral therapy (ART) regimens. This study aimed to design and assess highly lipophilic ester prodrugs of dolutegravir (DTG) formulated with long-chain triglyceride (LCT) for delivery of DTG to the viral reservoir in mesenteric lymph and MLNs. A number of alkyl ester prodrugs of DTG were designed based on the predicted affinity to chylomicrons (CM), and the six most promising prodrugs were selected and synthesised. The synthesised prodrugs were further assessed for their intestinal lymphatic transport potential and biotransformation in biorelevant media in vitro and ex vivo. DTG and the most promising prodrug (prodrug 5) were then assessed in pharmacokinetic and biodistribution studies in rats. Although oral administration of 5 mg/kg of unmodified DTG (an allometrically scaled dose from humans) with or without lipids achieved concentrations above protein binding-adjusted IC90 (PA-IC90) (64 ng/mL) in most tissues, the drug was not selectively targeted to MLNs. The combination of lipophilic ester prodrug and LCT-based formulation approach improved the targeting selectivity of DTG to MLNs 4.8-fold compared to unmodified DTG. However, systemic exposure to DTG was limited, most likely due to poor intestinal absorption of the prodrug following oral administration. In vitro lipolysis showed a good correlation between micellar solubilisation of the prodrug and systemic exposure to DTG in rats in vivo. Thus, it is prudent to include in vitro lipolysis in the early assessment of orally administered drugs and prodrugs in lipidic formulations, even when intestinal lymphatic transport is involved in the absorption pathway. Further studies are needed to clarify the underlying mechanisms of low systemic bioavailability of DTG following oral administration of the prodrug and potential ways to overcome this limitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yenju Chu
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK; Department of Pharmacy Practice, Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei 114, Taiwan
| | - Abigail Wong
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Haojie Chen
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Liuhang Ji
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Chaolong Qin
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Wanshan Feng
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Michael J Stocks
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Pavel Gershkovich
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK.
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Han S, Quach T, Hu L, Lim SF, Zheng D, Leong NJ, Sharma G, Bonner D, Simpson JS, Trevaskis NL, Porter CJH. Increasing Linker Chain Length and Intestinal Stability Enhances Lymphatic Transport and Lymph Node Exposure of Triglyceride Mimetic Prodrugs of a Model Immunomodulator Mycophenolic Acid. Mol Pharm 2023; 20:2675-2685. [PMID: 36996486 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.3c00099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/01/2023]
Abstract
Targeted delivery of immunomodulators to the lymphatic system has the potential to enhance therapeutic efficacy by increasing colocalization of drugs with immune targets such as lymphocytes. A triglyceride (TG)-mimetic prodrug strategy has been recently shown to enhance the lymphatic delivery of a model immunomodulator, mycophenolic acid (MPA), via incorporation into the intestinal TG deacylation-reacylation and lymph lipoprotein transport pathways. In the current study, a series of structurally related TG prodrugs of MPA were examined to optimize structure-lymphatic transport relationships for lymph-directing lipid-mimetic prodrugs. MPA was conjugated to the sn-2 position of the glyceride backbone of the prodrugs using linkers of different chain length (5-21 carbons) and the effect of methyl substitutions at the alpha and/or beta carbons to the glyceride end of the linker was examined. Lymphatic transport was assessed in mesenteric lymph duct cannulated rats, and drug exposure in lymph nodes was examined following oral administration to mice. Prodrug stability in simulated intestinal digestive fluid was also evaluated. Prodrugs with straight chain linkers were relatively unstable in simulated intestinal fluid; however, co-administration of lipase inhibitors (JZL184 and orlistat) was able to reduce instability and increase lymphatic transport (2-fold for a prodrug with a 6-carbon spacer, i.e., MPA-C6-TG). Methyl substitutions to the chain resulted in similar trends in improving intestinal stability and lymphatic transport. Medium- to long-chain spacers (C12, C15) between MPA and the glyceride backbone were most effective in promoting lymphatic transport, consistent with increases in lipophilicity. In contrast, short-chain (C6-C10) linkers appeared to be too unstable in the intestine and insufficiently lipophilic to associate with lymph lipid transport pathways, while very long-chain (C18, C21) linkers were also not preferred, likely as a result of increases in molecular weight reducing solubility or permeability. In addition to more effectively promoting drug transport into mesenteric lymph, TG-mimetic prodrugs based on a C12 linker resulted in marked increases (>40 fold) in the exposure of MPA in the mesenteric lymph nodes in mice when compared to administration of MPA alone, suggesting that optimizing prodrug design has the potential to provide benefit in targeting and modulating immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tim Quach
- PureTech Health, 6 Tide Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Daniel Bonner
- PureTech Health, 6 Tide Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Jamie S Simpson
- PureTech Health, 6 Tide Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
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Zhang Y, Wang Y, Li X, Nie D, Liu C, Gan Y. Ligand-modified nanocarriers for oral drug delivery: Challenges, rational design, and applications. J Control Release 2022; 352:813-832. [PMID: 36368493 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Ligand-modified nanocarriers (LMNCs) specific to their targets have attracted increasing interest for enhanced oral drug delivery in recent decades. Although the design of LMNCs for enhanced endocytosis and improved exposure of the loaded drugs through the oral route has received abundant attention, it remains unclear how the design influences their transcellular process, especially the key factors affecting their functions. This review discusses the extracellular and cellular barriers to orally administered LMNCs in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and new discoveries regarding the GI protein corona and the sequential transport barriers that impede the preplanned movements of LMNCs after oral administration. Furthermore, innovative progress in considering key factors (including target selection, ligand properties, and other important factors) in the rational design of LMNCs for oral drug delivery is presented. In particular, some factors that endow LMNCs with efficient transcytosis rather than only endocytosis are highlighted. Finally, the prospects of orally administered LMNCs in disease therapy for the enhanced oral/local bioavailability of active pharmaceutical ingredients, as well as emerging delivery routes, such as lymphatic drug delivery and systemic location-specific drug release based on oral transcellular LMNCs, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yaying Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Di Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yong Gan
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Pharmaceutical Excipients, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing 100050, China.
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10
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Chiang PC, Liu J, Nagapudi K, Wu R, Dolton M, Chen J, Plise E, Liu L, Durk MR. Elucidating a Potential Mechanism of Permeability Enhancer Sodium N-[8-(2-hydroxybenzoyl) amino] Caprylate in Rats: Evidence of Lymphatic Absorption of Cyanocobalamin using the Mesenteric Lymph Duct Cannulated Rat. J Pharm Sci 2022; 111:3417-3423. [PMID: 36228756 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2022.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Oral administration is the most popular and convenient route for drug delivery, yet the success of oral drug delivery is dependent on the ADME properties of the drug. Among those ADME properties, permeability is considered one of the key attributes for successful oral drug absorption. Hence, the utilization of permeability enhancers to improve drug oral absorption is an important area of research in drug delivery. A multitude of data suggests that sodium N-[8-(2-hydroxybenzoyl) amino] caprylate (SNAC) is an effective permeability enhancer. Despite its success, the mechanism of how SNAC works to enhance the oral absorption of compounds is poorly understood. To better understand how SNAC worked, we investigated the hypothesis of SNAC promotes lymphatic absorption of target compounds. In this study, cyanocobalamin was used as the model compound and mesenteric lymph duct cannulated rats were used to investigate its absorption with or without SNAC. The present study demonstrated that SNAC enhanced the lymphatic absorption of cyanocobalamin when the two were co-dosed in rats. Furthermore, levels of SNAC in lymph fluid and the systemic circulation were higher when co-dosed with cyanocobalamin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Po-Chang Chiang
- Small Molecule Pharmaceutical Sciences, Genentech Inc, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA.
| | - Jia Liu
- Small Molecule Pharmaceutical Sciences, Genentech Inc, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Karthik Nagapudi
- Small Molecule Pharmaceutical Sciences, Genentech Inc, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Ricky Wu
- Small Molecule Pharmaceutical Sciences, Genentech Inc, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | | | - Jacob Chen
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech Inc, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Emile Plise
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech Inc, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Liling Liu
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech Inc, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Matthew R Durk
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech Inc, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
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11
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Jewell A, Brookes A, Feng W, Ashford M, Gellert P, Butler J, Fischer PM, Scurr DJ, Stocks MJ, Gershkovich P. Distribution of a highly lipophilic drug cannabidiol into different lymph nodes following oral administration in lipidic vehicle. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2022; 174:29-34. [PMID: 35364254 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2022.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Efficient delivery of highly lipophilic drugs or prodrugs to the mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN) can be achieved following oral administration with lipids. However, it remains unclear which specific MLN can be targeted and to what extent. Moreover, the efficiency of drug delivery to the retroperitoneal lymph nodes (RPLN) has not been assessed. The aim of this study was to assess the distribution of a highly lipophilic model drug cannabidiol (CBD), known to undergo intestinal lymphatic transport following administration with lipids, into specific MLN and RPLN in rats at various time-points post dosing. In vivo studies showed that at 2 hour following administration, significantly higher concentrations of CBD were present in the region second from the apex of the MLN chain. From 3 hours following administration, concentrations in all MLN were similar. CBD was also found at substantial levels in RPLN. This study demonstrates that drug concentrations in specific MLN are different, at least at the peak of the absorption process. Moreover, in addition to the MLN, the RPLN may also be targeted by oral route of administration, which may have further implications for treatment of a range of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adelaide Jewell
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2QL, United Kingdom
| | - Alice Brookes
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2QL, United Kingdom
| | - Wanshan Feng
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2QL, United Kingdom
| | - Marianne Ashford
- Advanced Drug Delivery Pharmaceutical Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield SK10 2NA, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Gellert
- Advanced Drug Delivery Pharmaceutical Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield SK10 2NA, United Kingdom
| | - James Butler
- GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Ware, Hertfordshire SG12 0DP, United Kingdom
| | - Peter M Fischer
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2QL, United Kingdom
| | - David J Scurr
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2QL, United Kingdom
| | - Michael J Stocks
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2QL, United Kingdom
| | - Pavel Gershkovich
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2QL, United Kingdom.
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12
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Huang L, Yang J, Wang T, Gao J, Xu D. Engineering of small-molecule lipidic prodrugs as novel nanomedicines for enhanced drug delivery. J Nanobiotechnology 2022; 20:49. [PMID: 35073914 PMCID: PMC8785568 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-022-01257-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractA widely established prodrug strategy can effectively optimize the unappealing properties of therapeutic agents in cancer treatment. Among them, lipidic prodrugs extremely uplift the physicochemical properties, site-specificity, and antitumor activities of therapeutic agents while reducing systemic toxicity. Although great perspectives have been summarized in the progress of prodrug-based nanoplatforms, no attention has been paid to emphasizing the rational design of small-molecule lipidic prodrugs (SLPs). With the aim of outlining the prospect of the SLPs approach, the review will first provide an overview of conjugation strategies that are amenable to SLPs fabrication. Then, the rational design of SLPs in response to the physiological barriers of chemotherapeutic agents is highlighted. Finally, their biomedical applications are also emphasized with special functions, followed by a brief introduction of the promising opportunities and potential challenges of SLPs-based drug delivery systems (DDSs) in clinical application.
Graphical Abstract
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13
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Elz AS, Trevaskis NL, Porter CJH, Bowen JM, Prestidge CA. Smart design approaches for orally administered lipophilic prodrugs to promote lymphatic transport. J Control Release 2021; 341:676-701. [PMID: 34896450 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2021.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Challenges to effective delivery of drugs following oral administration has attracted growing interest over recent decades. Small molecule drugs (<1000 Da) are generally absorbed across the gastrointestinal tract into the portal blood and further transported to the systemic circulation via the liver. This can result in a significant reduction to the oral bioavailability of drugs that are metabolically labile and ultimately lead to ineffective exposure and treatment. Targeting drug delivery to the intestinal lymphatics is attracting increased attention as an alternative route of drug transportation providing multiple benefits. These include bypassing hepatic first-pass metabolism and selectively targeting disease reservoirs residing within the lymphatic system. The particular physicochemical requirements for drugs to be able to access the lymphatics after oral delivery include high lipophilicity (logP>5) and high long-chain triglyceride solubility (> 50 mg/g), properties required to enable drug association with the lipoprotein transport pathway. The majority of small molecule drugs, however, are not this lipophilic and therefore not substantially transported via the intestinal lymph. This has contributed to a growing body of investigation into prodrug approaches to deliver drugs to the lymphatic system by chemical manipulation. Optimised lipophilic prodrugs have the potential to increase lymphatic transport thereby improving oral pharmacokinetics via a reduction in first pass metabolism and may also target of disease-specific reservoirs within the lymphatics. This may provide advantages for current pharmacotherapy approaches for a wide array of pathological conditions, e.g. immune disease, cancer and metabolic disease, and also presents a promising approach for advanced vaccination strategies. In this review, specific emphasis is placed on medicinal chemistry strategies that have been successfully employed to design lipophilic prodrugs to deliberately enable lymphatic transport. Recent progress and opportunities in medicinal chemistry and drug delivery that enable new platforms for efficacious and safe delivery of drugs are critically evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurelia S Elz
- Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia.
| | - Natalie L Trevaskis
- Department of Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia.
| | - Christopher J H Porter
- Department of Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia.
| | - Joanne M Bowen
- School of Biomedicine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia.
| | - Clive A Prestidge
- Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia.
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14
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Miao YB, Lin YJ, Chen KH, Luo PK, Chuang SH, Yu YT, Tai HM, Chen CT, Lin KJ, Sung HW. Engineering Nano- and Microparticles as Oral Delivery Vehicles to Promote Intestinal Lymphatic Drug Transport. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2104139. [PMID: 34596293 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202104139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Targeted oral delivery of a drug via the intestinal lymphatic system (ILS) has the advantages of protecting against hepatic first-pass metabolism of the drug and improving its pharmacokinetic performance. It is also a promising route for the oral delivery of vaccines and therapeutic agents to induce mucosal immune responses and treat lymphatic diseases, respectively. This article describes the anatomical structures and physiological characteristics of the ILS, with an emphasis on enterocytes and microfold (M) cells, which are the main gateways for the transport of particulate delivery vehicles across the intestinal epithelium into the lymphatics. A comprehensive overview of recent advances in the rational engineering of particulate vehicles, along with the challenges and opportunities that they present for improving ILS drug delivery, is provided, and the mechanisms by which such vehicles target and transport through enterocytes or M cells are discussed. The use of naturally sourced materials, such as yeast microcapsules and their derived polymeric β-glucans, as novel ILS-targeting delivery vehicles is also reviewed. Such use is the focus of an emerging field of research. Their potential use in the oral delivery of nucleic acids, such as mRNA vaccines, is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang-Bao Miao
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Frontier Research Center on Fundamental and Applied Sciences of Matters, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Yu-Jung Lin
- Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Kuan-Hung Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Frontier Research Center on Fundamental and Applied Sciences of Matters, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Po-Kai Luo
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Frontier Research Center on Fundamental and Applied Sciences of Matters, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Shun-Hao Chuang
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Frontier Research Center on Fundamental and Applied Sciences of Matters, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Yu-Tzu Yu
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Frontier Research Center on Fundamental and Applied Sciences of Matters, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Hsien-Meng Tai
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Frontier Research Center on Fundamental and Applied Sciences of Matters, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Chiung-Tong Chen
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Kun-Ju Lin
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging Center, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, and Department of Medical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Hsing-Wen Sung
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Frontier Research Center on Fundamental and Applied Sciences of Matters, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, Republic of China
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15
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Han S, Mei L, Quach T, Porter C, Trevaskis N. Lipophilic Conjugates of Drugs: A Tool to Improve Drug Pharmacokinetic and Therapeutic Profiles. Pharm Res 2021; 38:1497-1518. [PMID: 34463935 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-021-03093-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Lipophilic conjugates (LCs) of small molecule drugs have been used widely in clinical and pre-clinical studies to achieve a number of pharmacokinetic and therapeutic benefits. For example, lipophilic derivatives of drugs are employed in several long acting injectable products to provide sustained drug exposure for hormone replacement therapy and to treat conditions such as neuropsychiatric diseases. LCs can also be used to modulate drug metabolism, and to enhance drug permeation across membranes, either by increasing lipophilicity to enhance passive diffusion or by increasing protein-mediated active transport. Furthermore, such conjugation strategies have been employed to promote drug association with endogenous macromolecular carriers (e.g. albumin and lipoproteins), and this in turn results in altered drug distribution and pharmacokinetic profiles, where the changes can be 'general' (e.g. prolonged plasma half-life) or 'specific' (e.g. enhanced delivery to specific tissues in parallel with the macromolecular carriers). Another utility of LCs is to enhance the encapsulation of drugs within engineered nanoscale drug delivery systems, in order to best take advantage of the targeting and pharmacokinetic benefits of nanomedicines. The current review provides a summary of the mechanisms by which lipophilic conjugates, including in combination with delivery vehicles, can be used to control drug delivery, distribution and therapeutic profiles. The article is structured into sections which highlight a specific benefit of LCs and then demonstrate this benefit with case studies. The review attempts to provide a toolbox to assist researchers to design and optimise drug candidates, including consideration of drug-formulation compatibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sifei Han
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia.
- Suzhou Institute of Drug Innovation, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China.
| | - Lianghe Mei
- Suzhou Institute of Drug Innovation, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
| | - Tim Quach
- Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
- PureTech Health, 6 Tide Street, Boston, MA, 02210, USA
| | - Chris Porter
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Natalie Trevaskis
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia.
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16
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Assessing Lymphatic Uptake of Lipids Using Magnetic Resonance Imaging: A Feasibility Study in Healthy Human Volunteers with Potential Application for Tracking Lymph Node Delivery of Drugs and Formulation Excipients. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13091343. [PMID: 34575420 PMCID: PMC8470042 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13091343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Dietary lipids and some pharmaceutical lipid excipients can facilitate the targeted delivery of drugs to the intestinal lymphatics. Here, the feasibility of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for imaging lipid uptake into the intestinal lymphatics was assessed, shedding light on which lymph nodes can be targeted using this approach. Three healthy male volunteers were scanned at 3.0 T at baseline, 120, 180, 240, and 300 min post high-fat meal. A sagittal multi-slice image was acquired using a diffusion-weighted whole-body imaging sequence with background suppression (DWIBS) (pre inversion TI = 260 ms). Changes in area, major, and minor axis length were compared at each time point. Apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) was calculated (b = 0 and 600 s/mm2) across eight slices. An average of 22 nodes could be visualised across all time points. ADC increased at 120 and 180 min compared to the baseline in all three participants by an average of 9.2% and 6.8%, respectively. In two participants, mean node area and major axis lengths increased at 120 and 180 min relative to the baseline. In conclusion, the method described shows potential for repeated lymph node measurements and the tracking of lipid uptake into the lymphatics. Further studies should focus on methodology optimisation in a larger cohort.
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17
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Pandya P, Giram P, Bhole RP, Chang HI, Raut SY. Nanocarriers based oral lymphatic drug targeting: Strategic bioavailability enhancement approaches. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2021.102585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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18
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Zhang Z, Lu Y, Qi J, Wu W. An update on oral drug delivery via intestinal lymphatic transport. Acta Pharm Sin B 2021; 11:2449-2468. [PMID: 34522594 PMCID: PMC8424224 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2020.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2020] [Revised: 11/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Orally administered drug entities have to survive the harsh gastrointestinal environment, penetrate the enteric epithelia and circumvent hepatic metabolism before reaching the systemic circulation. Whereas the gastrointestinal stability can be well maintained by taking proper measures, hepatic metabolism presents as a formidable barrier to drugs suffering from first-pass metabolism. The pharmaceutical academia and industries are seeking alternative pathways for drug transport to circumvent problems associated with the portal pathway. Intestinal lymphatic transport is emerging as a promising pathway to this end. In this review, we intend to provide an updated overview on the rationale, strategies, factors and applications involved in intestinal lymphatic transport. There are mainly two pathways for peroral lymphatic transport-the chylomicron and the microfold cell pathways. The underlying mechanisms are being unraveled gradually and nowadays witness increasing research input and applications.
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Key Words
- ACQ, aggregation-caused quenching
- ASRT, apical sodium-dependent bile acid transporter
- AUC, area under curve
- BCS, biopharmaceutics classification system
- CM, chylomicron
- Chylomicron
- DC, dendritic cell
- DDT, dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane
- DTX, docetaxel
- Drug absorption
- Drug carriers
- Drug delivery
- FA, fatty acid
- FAE, follicle-associated epithelia
- FRET, Föster resonance energy transfer
- GIT, gastrointestinal tract
- HBsAg, hepatitis B surface antigen
- HIV, human immunodeficiency virus
- LDL, low-density lipoprotein
- LDV, Leu-Asp-Val
- LDVp, LDV peptidomimetic
- Lymphatic transport
- M cell, microfold cells
- MG, monoglyceride
- MPA, mycophenolic acid
- MPS, mononuclear phagocyte system
- Microfold cell
- Nanoparticles
- OA, oleate
- Oral
- PCL, polycaprolactone
- PEG-PLA, polyethylene glycol-poly(lactic acid)
- PEI, polyethyleneimine
- PLGA, poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)
- PVA, poly(vinyl alcohol)
- RGD, Arg-Gly-Asp
- RGDp, RGD peptidomimetic
- SEDDS, self-emulsifying drug delivery system
- SLN, solid lipid nanoparticles
- SNEDDS, self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system
- TEM, transmission electron microscopy
- TG, triglyceride
- TPGS, D-α-tocopherol polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate
- TU, testosterone undecanoate
- WGA, wheat germ agglutinin
- YCW, yeast cell wall
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Affiliation(s)
- Zichen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery of MOE, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yi Lu
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery of MOE, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jianping Qi
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery of MOE, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Wei Wu
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery of MOE, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
- Center for Medical Research and Innovation, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, Shanghai 201399, China
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19
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Ye J, Gao Y, Ji M, Yang Y, Wang Z, Wang B, Jin J, Li L, Wang H, Xu X, Liao H, Lian C, Xu Y, Li R, Sun T, Gao L, Li Y, Chen X, Liu Y. Oral SMEDDS promotes lymphatic transport and mesenteric lymph nodes target of chlorogenic acid for effective T-cell antitumor immunity. J Immunother Cancer 2021; 9:jitc-2021-002753. [PMID: 34272308 PMCID: PMC8287630 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2021-002753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mesenteric lymph nodes (MLNs) are critical draining lymph nodes of the immune system that accommodate more than half of the body's lymphocytes, suggesting their potential value as a cancer immunotherapy target. Therefore, efficient delivery of immunomodulators to the MLNs holds great potential for activating immune responses and enhancing the efficacy of antitumor immunotherapy. Self-microemulsifying drug delivery systems (SMEDDS) have attracted increasing attention to improving oral bioavailability by taking advantage of the intestinal lymphatic transport pathway. Relatively little focus has been given to the lymphatic transport advantage of SMEDDS for efficient immunomodulators delivery to the MLNs. In the present study, we aimed to change the intestinal lymphatic transport paradigm from increasing bioavailability to delivering high concentrations of immunomodulators to the MLNs. METHODS Chlorogenic acid (CHA)-encapsulated SMEDDS (CHA-SME) were developed for targeted delivery of CHA to the MLNs. The intestinal lymphatic transport, immunoregulatory effects on immune cells, and overall antitumor immune efficacy of CHA-SME were investigated through in vitro and in vivo experiments. RESULTS CHA-SME enhanced drug permeation through intestinal epithelial cells and promoted drug accumulation within the MLNs via the lymphatic transport pathway. Furthermore, CHA-SME inhibited tumor growth in subcutaneous and orthotopic glioma models by promoting dendritic cell maturation, priming the naive T cells into effector T cells, and inhibiting the immunosuppressive component. Notably, CHA-SME induced a long-term immune memory effect for immunotherapy. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that CHA-SME have great potential to enhance the immunotherapeutic efficacy of CHA by activating antitumor immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery Technology and Novel Formulation, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery Technology and Novel Formulation, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanfang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery Technology and Novel Formulation, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhaohui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery Technology and Novel Formulation, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Baolian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ling Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongliang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery Technology and Novel Formulation, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery Technology and Novel Formulation, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Hengfeng Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery Technology and Novel Formulation, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunfang Lian
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery Technology and Novel Formulation, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yaqi Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery Technology and Novel Formulation, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Renjie Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery Technology and Novel Formulation, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Tong Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery Technology and Novel Formulation, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Lili Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery Technology and Novel Formulation, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoguang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuling Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China .,Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery Technology and Novel Formulation, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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20
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Masaryk L, Nemec I, Kašpárková J, Brabec V, Štarha P. Unexpected solution behaviour of ester-functionalized half-sandwich Ru(II) and Ir(III) complexes. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:8017-8028. [PMID: 34008653 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt00466b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Complexes [Ru(η6-pcym)(bpydca)Cl]PF6 (Rudca) and [Ir(η5-Cp*)(bpydca)Cl]PF6 (Irdca) were developed as model compounds for the investigation of multi-targeted ester-functionalized half-sandwich ruthenium(ii) and iridium(iii) complexes; pcym = 1-methyl-4-(propan-2-yl)benzene (p-cymene), bpydca = 2,2'-bipyridine-4,4'-diyldimethanediyl bis(dichloroacetate), Cp* = pentamethylcyclopentadienyl. Aiming to understand the in-solution behaviour of these first-in-class complexes containing the pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase inhibitor dichloroacetate (dca) as the terminal bioactive substituent, several experiments were performed under aqueous conditions for Rudca and Irdca, as well as for compounds [Ru(η6-pcym)(bpyOH)Cl]PF6 (RuOH) and [Ir(η5-Cp*)(bpyOH)Cl]PF6 (IrOH), and acetyl analogues [Ru(η6-pcym)(bpyac)Cl]PF6 (Ruac) and [Ir(η5-Cp*)(bpyac)Cl]PF6 (Irac) bearing a different (biologically inactive) terminal substituent; bpyOH = 2,2'-bipyridine-4,4'-diyldimethanol, bpyac = 2,2'-bipyridine-4,4'-diyldimethanediyl diacetate. The experiments were also conducted in the presence of porcine liver esterase (PLE). All the six complexes were characterized by relevant techniques (e.g., NMR and mass spectrometry), including a single-crystal X-ray analysis of complexes Rudca, Ruac, RuOH and IrOH. Although designed as model compounds, Rudca, Irdca, RuOH and IrOH were also screened for their antiproliferative activity in four human cancer cell lines (HCT116 colon carcinoma, MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 breast adenocarcinomas, DU145 prostate carcinoma), where the tested complexes did not show any effect (IC50 > 100 μM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukáš Masaryk
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacky University in Olomouc, 17. listopadu 12, 77146 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
| | - Ivan Nemec
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacky University in Olomouc, 17. listopadu 12, 77146 Olomouc, Czech Republic. and Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkynova 123, 61200 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Kašpárková
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Science, Palacky University in Olomouc, Slechtitelu 27, 78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Viktor Brabec
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Science, Palacky University in Olomouc, Slechtitelu 27, 78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Štarha
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacky University in Olomouc, 17. listopadu 12, 77146 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
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21
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Chu Y, Qin C, Feng W, Sheriston C, Jane Khor Y, Medrano-Padial C, Watson BE, Chan T, Ling B, Stocks MJ, Fischer PM, Gershkovich P. Oral administration of tipranavir with long-chain triglyceride results in moderate intestinal lymph targeting but no efficient delivery to HIV-1 reservoir in mesenteric lymph nodes. Int J Pharm 2021; 602:120621. [PMID: 33892057 PMCID: PMC11244656 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.120621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 03/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The introduction of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) led to substantial improvement in mortality and morbidity of HIV-1 infection. However, the poor penetration of antiretroviral agents to HIV-1 reservoirs limit the ability of the antiretroviral agents to eliminate the virus. Mesenteric lymph nodes (MLNs) are one of the main HIV-1 reservoirs in patients under suppressive cART. Intestinal lymphatic absorption pathway substantially increases the concentration of lipophilic drugs in mesenteric lymph and MLNs when they are co-administered with long-chain triglyceride (LCT). Chylomicrons (CM) play a crucial role in the intestinal lymphatic absorption as they transport drugs to the lymph lacteals rather than blood capillary by forming CM-drug complexes in the enterocytes. Thus, lipophilic antiretroviral drugs could potentially be delivered to HIV-1 reservoirs in MLNs by LCT-based formulation approach. In this study, protease inhibitors (PIs) were initially screened for their potential for intestinal lymphatic targeting using a computational model. The candidates were further assessed for their experimental affinity to CM. Tipranavir (TPV) was the only-candidate with substantial affinity to both artificial and natural CM in vitro and ex vivo. Pharmacokinetics and biodistribution studies were then performed to evaluate the oral bioavailability and intestinal lymphatic targeting of TPV in rats. The results showed similar oral bioavailability of TPV with and without co-administration of LCT vehicle. Although LCT-based formulation led to 3-fold higher concentrations of TPV in mesenteric lymph compared to plasma, the levels of the drug in MLNs were similar to plasma in both LCT-based and lipid-free formulation groups. Thus, LCT-based formulation approach alone was not sufficient for effective delivery of TPV to MLNs. Future efforts should be directed to a combined highly lipophilic prodrugs/lipid-based formulation approach to target TPV, other PIs and potentially other classes of antiretroviral agents to viral reservoirs within the mesenteric lymphatic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yenju Chu
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Tri-Service General Hospital, Medical Supplies and Maintenance Office, National Defense Medical Centre, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chaolong Qin
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Wanshan Feng
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Charles Sheriston
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Yu Jane Khor
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Concepción Medrano-Padial
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Seville, Spain
| | - Birgit E Watson
- British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Teddy Chan
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Binhua Ling
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, 78227, USA
| | - Michael J Stocks
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Peter M Fischer
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Pavel Gershkovich
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom.
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22
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Feng W, Qin C, Chu Y, Berton M, Lee JB, Zgair A, Bettonte S, Stocks MJ, Constantinescu CS, Barrett DA, Fischer PM, Gershkovich P. Natural sesame oil is superior to pre-digested lipid formulations and purified triglycerides in promoting the intestinal lymphatic transport and systemic bioavailability of cannabidiol. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2021; 162:43-49. [PMID: 33677067 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2021.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Lipid-based formulations play a significant role in oral delivery of lipophilic drugs. Previous studies have shown that natural sesame oil promotes the intestinal lymphatic transport and oral bioavailability of the highly lipophilic drug cannabidiol (CBD). However, both lymphatic transport and systemic bioavailability were also associated with considerable variability. The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that pre-digested lipid formulations (oleic acid, linoleic acid, oleic acid with 2-oleoylglycerol, oleic acid with 2-oleoylglycerol and oleic acid with glycerol) could reduce variability and increase the extent of the intestinal lymphatic transport and oral bioavailability of CBD. The in vivo studies in rats showed that pre-digested or purified triglyceride did not improve the lymphatic transport and bioavailability of CBD in comparison to sesame oil. Moreover, the results suggest that both the absorption of lipids and the absorption of co-administered CBD were more efficient following administration of natural sesame oil vehicle compared with pre-digested lipids or purified trioleate. Although multiple small molecule constituents and unique fatty acid compositions could potentially contribute to a better performance of sesame oil in oral absorption of lipids or CBD, further investigation will be needed to identify the mechanisms involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanshan Feng
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Chaolong Qin
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - YenJu Chu
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK; Tri-Service General Hospital, Medical Supplies and Maintenance Office, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Mattia Berton
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Jong Bong Lee
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Atheer Zgair
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK; College of Pharmacy, University of Anbar, Ramadi, Anbar 31001, Iraq
| | - Sara Bettonte
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Michael J Stocks
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Cris S Constantinescu
- Division of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Nottingham and Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
| | - David A Barrett
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Peter M Fischer
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Pavel Gershkovich
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK.
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23
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Vinarov Z, Abrahamsson B, Artursson P, Batchelor H, Berben P, Bernkop-Schnürch A, Butler J, Ceulemans J, Davies N, Dupont D, Flaten GE, Fotaki N, Griffin BT, Jannin V, Keemink J, Kesisoglou F, Koziolek M, Kuentz M, Mackie A, Meléndez-Martínez AJ, McAllister M, Müllertz A, O'Driscoll CM, Parrott N, Paszkowska J, Pavek P, Porter CJH, Reppas C, Stillhart C, Sugano K, Toader E, Valentová K, Vertzoni M, De Wildt SN, Wilson CG, Augustijns P. Current challenges and future perspectives in oral absorption research: An opinion of the UNGAP network. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 171:289-331. [PMID: 33610694 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Although oral drug delivery is the preferred administration route and has been used for centuries, modern drug discovery and development pipelines challenge conventional formulation approaches and highlight the insufficient mechanistic understanding of processes critical to oral drug absorption. This review presents the opinion of UNGAP scientists on four key themes across the oral absorption landscape: (1) specific patient populations, (2) regional differences in the gastrointestinal tract, (3) advanced formulations and (4) food-drug interactions. The differences of oral absorption in pediatric and geriatric populations, the specific issues in colonic absorption, the formulation approaches for poorly water-soluble (small molecules) and poorly permeable (peptides, RNA etc.) drugs, as well as the vast realm of food effects, are some of the topics discussed in detail. The identified controversies and gaps in the current understanding of gastrointestinal absorption-related processes are used to create a roadmap for the future of oral drug absorption research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahari Vinarov
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Sofia University, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Bertil Abrahamsson
- Oral Product Development, Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, Operations, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Per Artursson
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Hannah Batchelor
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Philippe Berben
- Pharmaceutical Development, UCB Pharma SA, Braine- l'Alleud, Belgium
| | - Andreas Bernkop-Schnürch
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - James Butler
- GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Ware, United Kingdom
| | | | - Nigel Davies
- Advanced Drug Delivery, Pharmaceutical Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | - Gøril Eide Flaten
- Department of Pharmacy, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Nikoletta Fotaki
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Martin Kuentz
- Institute for Pharma Technology, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Alan Mackie
- School of Food Science & Nutrition, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Anette Müllertz
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | | | | - Petr Pavek
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | | | - Christos Reppas
- Department of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Kiyohiko Sugano
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga, Japan
| | - Elena Toader
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Iasi, Romania
| | - Kateřina Valentová
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Maria Vertzoni
- Department of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Saskia N De Wildt
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Clive G Wilson
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Patrick Augustijns
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
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24
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Kochappan R, Cao E, Han S, Hu L, Quach T, Senyschyn D, Ferreira VI, Lee G, Leong N, Sharma G, Lim SF, Nowell CJ, Chen Z, von Andrian UH, Bonner D, Mintern JD, Simpson JS, Trevaskis NL, Porter CJH. Targeted delivery of mycophenolic acid to the mesenteric lymph node using a triglyceride mimetic prodrug approach enhances gut-specific immunomodulation in mice. J Control Release 2021; 332:636-651. [PMID: 33609620 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2021.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN) are a key site for the generation of adaptive immune responses to gut-derived antigenic material and immune cells within the MLN contribute to the pathophysiology of a range of conditions including inflammatory and autoimmune diseases, viral infections, graft versus host disease and cancer. Targeting immunomodulating drugs to the MLN may thus be beneficial in a range of conditions. This paper investigates the potential benefit of targeting a model immunosuppressant drug, mycophenolic acid (MPA), to T cells in the MLN, using a triglyceride (TG) mimetic prodrug approach. We confirmed that administration of MPA in the TG prodrug form (MPA-TG), increased lymphatic transport of MPA-related species 83-fold and increased MLN concentrations of MPA >20 fold, when compared to MPA alone, for up to 4 h in mice. At the same time, the plasma exposure of MPA and MPA-TG was similar, limiting the opportunity for systemic side effects. Confocal microscopy and flow cytometry studies with a fluorescent model prodrug (Bodipy-TG) revealed that the prodrug accumulated in the MLN cortex and paracortex at 5 and 10 h following administration and was highly associated with B cells and T cells that are found in these regions of the MLN. Finally, we demonstrated that MPA-TG was significantly more effective than MPA at inhibiting CD4+ and CD8+ T cell proliferation in the MLN of mice in response to an oral ovalbumin antigen challenge. In contrast, MPA-TG was no more effective than MPA at inhibiting T cell proliferation in peripheral LN when mice were challenged via SC administration of ovalbumin. This paper provides the first evidence of an in vivo pharmacodynamic benefit of targeting the MLN using a TG mimetic prodrug approach. The TG mimetic prodrug technology has the potential to benefit the treatment of a range of conditions where aberrant immune responses are initiated in gut-associated lymphoid tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruby Kochappan
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Enyuan Cao
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Sifei Han
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia.
| | - Luojuan Hu
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Tim Quach
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia; Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Danielle Senyschyn
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Vilena Ivanova Ferreira
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Given Lee
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Nathania Leong
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Garima Sharma
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Shea Fern Lim
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia; Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Cameron J Nowell
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Ziqi Chen
- Dept. of Immunology, Harvard Medical School and Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, 77 Ave. Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ulrich H von Andrian
- Dept. of Immunology, Harvard Medical School and Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, 77 Ave. Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Daniel Bonner
- PureTech Health, 6 Tide Street, Boston, MA 02210, USA
| | - Justine D Mintern
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Melbourne, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Jamie S Simpson
- Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia; PureTech Health, 6 Tide Street, Boston, MA 02210, USA
| | - Natalie L Trevaskis
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia.
| | - Christopher J H Porter
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia.
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25
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Strawberry Decreases Intraluminal and Intestinal Wall Hydrolysis of Testosterone Undecanoate. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26010233. [PMID: 33466340 PMCID: PMC7795771 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26010233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 12/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Male hypogonadism is often treated by testosterone (T) replacement therapy such as oral administration of the ester prodrug, testosterone undecanoate (TU). However, the systemic exposure to T following oral TU is very low due to esterase-mediated metabolism, particularly in the small intestine. The aim of this work was to examine the esterase-inhibitory effect of natural fruit extract of strawberry (STW) on the intestinal degradation of TU as a potential approach to increasing the oral bioavailability of T. Herein, the hydrolysis of TU was assessed in fasted state simulated intestinal fluid with added esterase activity (FaSSIF/ES) and Caco-2 cell homogenates in the presence of STW extract. It is noteworthy that STW substantially inhibited the degradation of TU in FaSSIF/ES and Caco-2 cell homogenates at concentrations that could be achieved following oral consumption of less than one serving of STW fruit. This can significantly increase the fraction of unhydrolyzed TU in the intestinal lumen as well as in enterocytes. In addition, it was demonstrated that TU has high intestinal lymphatic transport potential as the association of TU with plasma-derived human chylomicrons was in the range of 84%. Therefore, oral co-administration of TU with STW could potentially increase the intestinal stability of TU and consequently the contribution of lymphatically delivered TU to the systemic exposure of T in vivo.
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26
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Targeted delivery of lopinavir to HIV reservoirs in the mesenteric lymphatic system by lipophilic ester prodrug approach. J Control Release 2021; 329:1077-1089. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2020.10.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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27
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Lymph-directed immunotherapy - Harnessing endogenous lymphatic distribution pathways for enhanced therapeutic outcomes in cancer. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2020; 160:115-135. [PMID: 33039497 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2020.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The advent of immunotherapy has revolutionised the treatment of some cancers. Harnessing the immune system to improve tumour cell killing is now standard clinical practice and immunotherapy is the first line of defence for many cancers that historically, were difficult to treat. A unifying concept in cancer immunotherapy is the activation of the immune system to mount an attack on malignant cells, allowing the body to recognise, and in some cases, eliminate cancer. However, in spite of a significant proportion of patients that respond well to treatment, there remains a subset who are non-responders and a number of cancers that cannot be treated with these therapies. These limitations highlight the need for targeted delivery of immunomodulators to both tumours and the effector cells of the immune system, the latter being highly concentrated in the lymphatic system. In this context, macromolecular therapies may provide a significant advantage. Macromolecules are too large to easily access blood capillaries and instead typically exhibit preferential uptake via the lymphatic system. In contexts where immune cells are the therapeutic target, particularly in cancer therapy, this may be advantageous. In this review, we examine in brief the current immunotherapy approaches in cancer and how macromolecular and nanomedicine strategies may improve the therapeutic profiles of these drugs. We subsequently discuss how therapeutics directed either by parenteral or mucosal administration, can be taken up by the lymphatics thereby accessing a larger proportion of the body's immune cells. Finally, we detail drug delivery strategies that have been successfully employed to target the lymphatics.
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Franco V, Gershkovich P, Perucca E, Bialer M. The Interplay Between Liver First-Pass Effect and Lymphatic Absorption of Cannabidiol and Its Implications for Cannabidiol Oral Formulations. Clin Pharmacokinet 2020; 59:1493-1500. [DOI: 10.1007/s40262-020-00931-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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29
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Ryšánek P, Grus T, Šíma M, Slanař O. Lymphatic Transport of Drugs after Intestinal Absorption: Impact of Drug Formulation and Physicochemical Properties. Pharm Res 2020; 37:166. [PMID: 32770268 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-020-02858-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To provide a comprehensive and up-to-date overview focusing on the extent of lymphatic transport of drugs following intestinal absorption and to summarize available data on the impact of molecular weight, lipophilicity, formulation and prandial state. METHODS Literature was searched for in vivo studies quantifying extent of lymphatic transport of drugs after enteral dosing. Pharmacokinetic data were extracted and summarized. Influence of molecular weight, log P, formulation and prandial state was analyzed using relative bioavailability via lymph (FRL) as the parameter for comparison. The methods and animal models used in the studies were also summarized. RESULTS Pharmacokinetic data on lymphatic transport were available for 103 drugs. Significantly higher FRL [median (IQR)] was observed in advanced lipid based formulations [54.4% (52.0)] and oil solutions [38.9% (60.8)] compared to simple formulations [2.0% (27.1)], p < 0.0001 and p = 0.004, respectively. Advanced lipid based formulations also provided substantial FRL in drugs with log P < 5, which was not observed in simple formulations and oil solutions. No relation was found between FRL and molecular weight. There were 10 distinct methods used for in vivo testing of lymphatic transport after intestinal absorption so far. CONCLUSION Advanced lipid based formulations provide superior ability to increase lymphatic absorption in drugs of various molecular weights and in drugs with moderate to low lipophilicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Ryšánek
- Institute of Pharmacology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Tomáš Grus
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Šíma
- Institute of Pharmacology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Slanař
- Institute of Pharmacology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
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Perucca E, Bialer M. Critical Aspects Affecting Cannabidiol Oral Bioavailability and Metabolic Elimination, and Related Clinical Implications. CNS Drugs 2020; 34:795-800. [PMID: 32504461 DOI: 10.1007/s40263-020-00741-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This article provides a critical appraisal of the available evidence concerning clinical exposure to orally administered cannabidiol (CBD), with special reference to factors affecting gastrointestinal absorption, presystemic elimination, and susceptibility to metabolic drug interactions. Although detailed studies have not been published, the available data suggest that the absolute bioavailability of CBD after oral dosing under fasting conditions is approximately 6%, and increases fourfold when the medication is co-administered with a high-fat meal. Based on measurements of CBD plasma exposure after oral dosing and a 6% absolute oral bioavailability estimate, the actual clearance of CBD in adults can be inferred to be in the order of 67 L/h, which is similar to the value of 74 ± 14 L/h (mean ± standard deviation) determined after intravenous injection of a 20-mg dose of deuterium-labeled CBD in five healthy subjects. Assuming that the CBD blood-to-plasma ratio is about 1, as in the case of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), and that CBD metabolism takes place virtually entirely in the liver, it can be estimated that about 70 to 75% of an orally absorbed dose of CBD can be removed by hepatic metabolism before reaching the systemic circulation, and additionally CBD gastrointestinal absorption is incomplete. A formulation with improved biopharmaceutical properties could increase the extent of CBD absorption about fourfold (i.e., to the level achieved with the currently available formulations co-administered with a high-fat meal) and minimize the influence of food effects on CBD bioavailability. There is also potential for favoring the absorption of CBD through the enteric lymphatic system, thereby reducing the extent of presystemic hepatic elimination. Evidence that CBD can behave as a high hepatic clearance compound also has implications when predicting the magnitude of drug-drug interactions affecting CBD metabolism. These considerations have important clinical relevance, particularly with respect to the objective of minimizing pharmacokinetic variability and consequent intra- and interindividual differences in therapeutic response and susceptibility to adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilio Perucca
- Division of Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology, Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.,IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Meir Bialer
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Drug Research, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel. .,David R. Bloom Center for Pharmacy, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel.
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31
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Sharma KS, Thoh M, Dubey AK, Phadnis PP, Sharma D, Sandur SK, Vatsa RK. The synthesis of rare earth metal-doped upconversion nanoparticles coated with d-glucose or 2-deoxy- d-glucose and their evaluation for diagnosis and therapy in cancer. NEW J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0nj00666a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Silica coated NaY0.8Yb0.16Tm0.04F4 NPs functionalized with d-glucose or 2-deoxy-d-glucose were prepared. Cytotoxicity and uptake studies on MCF-7 cells revealed the potential of formulation in bioimaging, therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maikho Thoh
- Radiation Biology & Health Sciences Division
- Bhabha Atomic Research Centre
- Mumbai 400 085
- India
| | - Akhil K. Dubey
- Bio-Organic Division
- Bhabha Atomic Research Centre
- Mumbai 400 085
- India
| | - Prasad P. Phadnis
- Chemistry Division
- Bhabha Atomic Research Centre
- Mumbai 400 085
- India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushaktinagar
| | - Deepak Sharma
- Radiation Biology & Health Sciences Division
- Bhabha Atomic Research Centre
- Mumbai 400 085
- India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushaktinagar
| | - Santosh K. Sandur
- Radiation Biology & Health Sciences Division
- Bhabha Atomic Research Centre
- Mumbai 400 085
- India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushaktinagar
| | - Rajesh K. Vatsa
- Chemistry Division
- Bhabha Atomic Research Centre
- Mumbai 400 085
- India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushaktinagar
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32
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A novel nucleoside rescue metabolic pathway may be responsible for therapeutic effect of orally administered cordycepin. Sci Rep 2019; 9:15760. [PMID: 31673018 PMCID: PMC6823370 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-52254-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Although adenosine and its analogues have been assessed in the past as potential drug candidates due to the important role of adenosine in physiology, only little is known about their absorption following oral administration. In this work, we have studied the oral absorption and disposition pathways of cordycepin, an adenosine analogue. In vitro biopharmaceutical properties and in vivo oral absorption and disposition of cordycepin were assessed in rats. Despite the fact that numerous studies showed efficacy following oral dosing of cordycepin, we found that intact cordycepin was not absorbed following oral administration to rats. However, 3′-deoxyinosine, a metabolite of cordycepin previously considered to be inactive, was absorbed into the systemic blood circulation. Further investigation was performed to study the conversion of 3′-deoxyinosine to cordycepin 5′-triphosphate in vitro using macrophage-like RAW264.7 cells. It demonstrated that cordycepin 5′-triphosphate, the active metabolite of cordycepin, can be formed not only from cordycepin, but also from 3′-deoxyinosine. The novel nucleoside rescue metabolic pathway proposed in this study could be responsible for therapeutic effects of adenosine and other analogues of adenosine following oral administration. These findings may have importance in understanding the physiology and pathophysiology associated with adenosine, as well as drug discovery and development utilising adenosine analogues.
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Soni D, Bade AN, Gautam N, Herskovitz J, Ibrahim IM, Smith N, Wojtkiewicz MS, Dyavar Shetty BL, Alnouti Y, McMillan J, Gendelman HE, Edagwa BJ. Synthesis of a long acting nanoformulated emtricitabine ProTide. Biomaterials 2019; 222:119441. [PMID: 31472458 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2019.119441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2019] [Revised: 08/04/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
While antiretroviral therapy (ART) has revolutionized treatment and prevention of human immunodeficiency virus type one (HIV-1) infection, regimen adherence, viral mutations, drug toxicities and access stigma and fatigue are treatment limitations. These have led to new opportunities for the development of long acting (LA) ART including implantable devices and chemical drug modifications. Herein, medicinal and formulation chemistry were used to develop LA prodrug nanoformulations of emtricitabine (FTC). A potent lipophilic FTC phosphoramidate prodrug (M2FTC) was synthesized then encapsulated into a poloxamer surfactant (NM2FTC). These modifications extended the biology, apparent drug half-life and antiretroviral activities of the formulations. NM2FTC demonstrated a >30-fold increase in macrophage and CD4+ T cell drug uptake with efficient conversion to triphosphates (FTC-TP). Intracellular FTC-TP protected macrophages against an HIV-1 challenge for 30 days. A single intramuscular injection of NM2FTC, at 45 mg/kg native drug equivalents, into Sprague Dawley rats resulted in sustained prodrug levels in blood, liver, spleen and lymph nodes and FTC-TP in lymph node and spleen cells at one month. In contrast, native FTC-TPs was present for one day. These results are an advance in the transformation of FTC into a LA agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhruvkumar Soni
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Aditya N Bade
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Nagsen Gautam
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Jonathan Herskovitz
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Ibrahim M Ibrahim
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Nathan Smith
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Melinda S Wojtkiewicz
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Bhagya Laxmi Dyavar Shetty
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Yazen Alnouti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - JoEllyn McMillan
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Howard E Gendelman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA.
| | - Benson J Edagwa
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA.
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Wang L, Subasic C, Minchin RF, Kaminskas LM. Drug formulation and nanomedicine approaches to targeting lymphatic cancer metastases. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2019; 14:1605-1621. [PMID: 31166140 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2018-0478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymphatic metastasis plays an important role in cancer progression and prognosis. However, conventional small-molecule chemotherapy drugs inefficiently access the lymphatic system, making the effective eradication of lymphatic metastases difficult without dose-limiting toxicity. Various formulation and nanomedicine-based approaches can be used to significantly enhance the trafficking of small-molecule, peptide and protein drugs toward the lymphatic system to enhance drug exposure at sites of lymphatic cancer growth. However, a number of obstacles exist in translating improved lymphatic exposure into improved chemotherapeutic outcomes. This review highlights the opportunities and challenges inherent in employing formulation and nanomedicinal approaches to improve chemotherapeutic drug activity within the lymphatic system and, importantly, at sites of lymphatic cancer metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Wang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Christopher Subasic
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Rodney F Minchin
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Lisa M Kaminskas
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
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35
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Zheng Y, Yan X, Wang Y, Duan X, Wang X, Chen C, Tian D, Luo Z, Zhang Z, Zeng Y. Hydrophobized SN38 to redox-hypersensitive nanorods for cancer therapy. J Mater Chem B 2019; 7:265-276. [DOI: 10.1039/c8tb02319k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Redox-hypersensitive hydrophobized SN38 self-assembled into rod-shaped nanoaggregates with uncompromised in vitro cytotoxicity and potent in vivo antitumor effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaxin Zheng
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province for Specific Structure of Small Molecule Drugs, Chengdu Medical College
- Chengdu
- China
| | - Xueling Yan
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province for Specific Structure of Small Molecule Drugs, Chengdu Medical College
- Chengdu
- China
| | - Yalun Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province for Specific Structure of Small Molecule Drugs, Chengdu Medical College
- Chengdu
- China
| | - Xing Duan
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province for Specific Structure of Small Molecule Drugs, Chengdu Medical College
- Chengdu
- China
| | - Xinming Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province for Specific Structure of Small Molecule Drugs, Chengdu Medical College
- Chengdu
- China
| | - Chaorong Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province for Specific Structure of Small Molecule Drugs, Chengdu Medical College
- Chengdu
- China
| | - Dongmei Tian
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province for Specific Structure of Small Molecule Drugs, Chengdu Medical College
- Chengdu
- China
| | - Zhihong Luo
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province for Specific Structure of Small Molecule Drugs, Chengdu Medical College
- Chengdu
- China
| | - Zhonglin Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province for Specific Structure of Small Molecule Drugs, Chengdu Medical College
- Chengdu
- China
| | - Yingchun Zeng
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province for Specific Structure of Small Molecule Drugs, Chengdu Medical College
- Chengdu
- China
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36
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Lee JB, Kim TH, Feng W, Choi HG, Zgair A, Shin S, Yoo SD, Gershkovich P, Shin BS. Quantitative Prediction of Oral Bioavailability of a Lipophilic Antineoplastic Drug Bexarotene Administered in Lipidic Formulation Using a Combined In Vitro Lipolysis/Microsomal Metabolism Approach. J Pharm Sci 2018; 108:1047-1052. [PMID: 30268807 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2018.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Revised: 09/02/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
For performance assessment of the lipid-based drug delivery systems (LBDDSs), in vitro lipolysis is commonly applied because traditional dissolution tests do not reflect the complicated in vivo micellar formation and solubilization processes. Much of previous research on in vitro lipolysis has mostly focused on rank-ordering formulations for their predicted performances. In this study, we have incorporated in vitro lipolysis with microsomal stability to quantitatively predict the oral bioavailability of a lipophilic antineoplastic drug bexarotene (BEX) administered in LBDDS. Two types of LBDDS were applied: lipid solution and lipid suspension. The predicted oral bioavailability values of BEX from linking in vitro lipolysis with microsomal stability for lipid solution and lipid suspension were 34.2 ± 1.6% and 36.2 ± 2.6%, respectively, whereas the in vivo oral bioavailability of BEX was tested as 31.5 ± 13.4% and 31.4 ± 5.2%, respectively. The predicted oral bioavailability corresponded well with the oral bioavailability for both formulations, demonstrating that the combination of in vitro lipolysis and microsomal stability can quantitatively predict oral bioavailability of BEX. In vivo intestinal lymphatic uptake was also assessed for the formulations and resulted in <1% of the dose, which confirmed that liver microsomal stability was necessary for correct prediction of the bioavailability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong Bong Lee
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Tae Hwan Kim
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea; College of Pharmacy, Daegu Catholic University, Gyeongsan 38430, Republic of Korea
| | - Wanshan Feng
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Hyeon Gwan Choi
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Atheer Zgair
- College of Pharmacy, University of Anbar, Anbar 31001, Iraq
| | - Soyoung Shin
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Jeonbuk 54538, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Dong Yoo
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Pavel Gershkovich
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Beom Soo Shin
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea.
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Sapozhnikov AM, Klinkova AV, Shustova OA, Grechikhina MV, Kilyachus MS, Stremovskiy OA, Kovalenko EI, Deyev SM. A Novel Approach to Anticancer Therapy: Molecular Modules Based on the Barnase:Barstar Pair for Targeted Delivery of HSP70 to Tumor Cells. Acta Naturae 2018; 10:85-91. [PMID: 30397532 PMCID: PMC6209404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
One important distinction between many tumor cell types and normal cells consists in the translocation of a number of intracellular proteins, in particular the 70 kDa heat shock protein (HSP70), to the surface of the plasma membrane. It has been demonstrated that such surface localization of HSP70 on tumor cells is recognized by cytotoxic effectors of the immune system, which increases their cytolytic activity. The mechanisms behind this interaction are not fully clear; however, the phenomenon of surface localization of HSP70 on cancer cells can be used to develop new approaches to antitumor immunotherapy. At the same time, it is known that the presence of HSP70 on a cell's surface is not a universal feature of cancer cells. Many types of tumor tissues do not express membrane-associated HSP70, which limits the clinical potential of these approaches. In this context, targeted delivery of exogenous HSP70 to the surface of cancer cells with the aim of attracting and activating the cytotoxic effectors of the immune system can be considered a promising means of antitumor immunotherapy. Molecular constructs containing recombinant mini-antibodies specific to tumor-associated antigens (in particular, antibodies specific to HER2/neu-antigen and other markers highly expressed on the surface of a wide range of cancer cells) can be used to target the delivery of HSP70 to tumor tissues. In order to assess the feasibility and effectiveness of this approach, recombinant constructs containing a mini-antibody specific to the HER2/ neu-antigen in the first module and HSP70 molecule or a fragment of this protein in the second module were developed in this study. Strong selective interaction between the modules was ensured by a cohesive unit formed by the barnase:barstar pair, a heterodimer characterized by an unusually high constant of association. During testing of the developed constructs in in vitro models the constructs exhibited targeted binding to tumor cells expressing the HER2/neu antigen and the agents had a significant stimulating effect on the cytotoxic activity of NK cells against the respective cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. M. Sapozhnikov
- Shemyakin – Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry RAS, Miklukho-Maklaya Str., 16/10, Moscow, 117997, Russia
| | - A. V. Klinkova
- Shemyakin – Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry RAS, Miklukho-Maklaya Str., 16/10, Moscow, 117997, Russia
| | - O. A. Shustova
- Shemyakin – Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry RAS, Miklukho-Maklaya Str., 16/10, Moscow, 117997, Russia
| | - M. V. Grechikhina
- Shemyakin – Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry RAS, Miklukho-Maklaya Str., 16/10, Moscow, 117997, Russia
| | - M. S. Kilyachus
- Shemyakin – Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry RAS, Miklukho-Maklaya Str., 16/10, Moscow, 117997, Russia
| | - O. A. Stremovskiy
- Shemyakin – Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry RAS, Miklukho-Maklaya Str., 16/10, Moscow, 117997, Russia
| | - E. I. Kovalenko
- Shemyakin – Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry RAS, Miklukho-Maklaya Str., 16/10, Moscow, 117997, Russia
| | - S. M. Deyev
- Shemyakin – Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry RAS, Miklukho-Maklaya Str., 16/10, Moscow, 117997, Russia
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