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Lei EK, Azmat A, Henry KA, Hussack G. Outer membrane vesicles as a platform for the discovery of antibodies to bacterial pathogens. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 108:232. [PMID: 38396192 PMCID: PMC10891261 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-024-13033-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Bacterial outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) are nanosized spheroidal particles shed by gram-negative bacteria that contain biomolecules derived from the periplasmic space, the bacterial outer membrane, and possibly other compartments. OMVs can be purified from bacterial culture supernatants, and by genetically manipulating the bacterial cells that produce them, they can be engineered to harbor cargoes and/or display molecules of interest on their surfaces including antigens that are immunogenic in mammals. Since OMV bilayer-embedded components presumably maintain their native structures, OMVs may represent highly useful tools for generating antibodies to bacterial outer membrane targets. OMVs have historically been utilized as vaccines or vaccine constituents. Antibodies that target bacterial surfaces are increasingly being explored as antimicrobial agents either in unmodified form or as targeting moieties for bactericidal compounds. Here, we review the properties of OMVs, their use as immunogens, and their ability to elicit antibody responses against bacterial antigens. We highlight antigens from bacterial pathogens that have been successfully targeted using antibodies derived from OMV-based immunization and describe opportunities and limitations for OMVs as a platform for antimicrobial antibody development. KEY POINTS: • Outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) of gram-negative bacteria bear cell-surface molecules • OMV immunization allows rapid antibody (Ab) isolation to bacterial membrane targets • Review and analysis of OMV-based immunogens for antimicrobial Ab development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric K Lei
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Aruba Azmat
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Kevin A Henry
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Greg Hussack
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
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2
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Fuhrmann G, Mehanny M. Spray Drying of Bacterial Membrane Vesicles for Vaccine Delivery. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2843:163-175. [PMID: 39141300 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-4055-5_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/15/2024]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles are nanosized lipid-bilayered spheres secreted from every living cell and they serve physiological and pathophysiological functions. Bacterial membrane vesicles are shed from both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria and harbor many virulence factors, nuclear material, polysaccharides, proteins, and antigenic determinants, which are essential for immune recognition and evasion. Hence, bacterial membrane vesicles are very promising vaccine candidates. Spray drying is a well-established pharmaceutical technique to produce inhalable dry powders with enhanced stability for formulations of vaccines. In this chapter, we illustrate general guidelines for spray drying of bacterial extracellular vesicles to improve their stability without compromising their immunogenic protective effect. We discuss some of the most important experiments to characterize the generated spray-dried bacterial membrane vesicle powder vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregor Fuhrmann
- Department of Biology, Pharmaceutical Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany.
- FAU NeW-Research Center New Bioactive Compounds, Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Mina Mehanny
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.
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3
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Molenaar-de Backer MWA, Doodeman P, Rezai F, Verhagen LM, van der Ark A, Plagmeijer EM, Metz B, van Vlies N, Ophorst O, Raeven RHM. In vitro alternative for reactogenicity assessment of outer membrane vesicle based vaccines. Sci Rep 2023; 13:12675. [PMID: 37542099 PMCID: PMC10403550 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-39908-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Intrinsic or added immune activating molecules are key for most vaccines to provide desired immunity profiles but may increase systemic reactogenicity. Regulatory agencies require rabbit pyrogen testing (RPT) for demonstration of vaccine reactogenicity. Recently, the monocyte activation test (MAT) gained popularity as in vitro alternative, yet this assay was primarily designed to test pyrogen-free products. The aim was to adjust the MAT to enable testing of pyrogen containing vaccines in an early stage of development where no reference batch is yet available. The MAT and RPT were compared for assessing unknown safety profiles of pertussis outer membrane vesicle (OMV) vaccine candidates to those of Bexsero as surrogate reference vaccine. Pertussis OMVs with wild-type LPS predominantly activated TLR2 and TLR4 and were more reactogenic than Bexsero. However, this reactogenicity profile for pertussis OMVs could be equalized or drastically reduced compared to Bexsero or a whole-cell pertussis vaccine, respectively by dose changing, modifying the LPS, intranasal administration, or a combination of these. Importantly, except for LPS modified products, reactogenicity profiles obtained with the RPT and MAT were comparable. Overall, we demonstrated that this pertussis OMV vaccine candidate has an acceptable safety profile. Furthermore, the MAT proved its applicability to assess reactogenicity levels of pyrogen containing vaccines at multiple stages of vaccine development and could eventually replace rabbit pyrogen testing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paulien Doodeman
- Department of Virology and MAT Services, Sanquin Diagnostiek, Plesmanlaan 125, 1066CX, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Fereshte Rezai
- Department of Virology and MAT Services, Sanquin Diagnostiek, Plesmanlaan 125, 1066CX, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lisa M Verhagen
- Intravacc, Antonie Van Leeuwenhoeklaan 9, 3721 MA, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Arno van der Ark
- Intravacc, Antonie Van Leeuwenhoeklaan 9, 3721 MA, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Els M Plagmeijer
- Department of Virology and MAT Services, Sanquin Diagnostiek, Plesmanlaan 125, 1066CX, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bernard Metz
- Intravacc, Antonie Van Leeuwenhoeklaan 9, 3721 MA, Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
| | - Naomi van Vlies
- Intravacc, Antonie Van Leeuwenhoeklaan 9, 3721 MA, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Olga Ophorst
- Intravacc, Antonie Van Leeuwenhoeklaan 9, 3721 MA, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - René H M Raeven
- Intravacc, Antonie Van Leeuwenhoeklaan 9, 3721 MA, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
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Yılmaz Çolak Ç, Tefon Öztürk BE. Bordetella pertussis and outer membrane vesicles. Pathog Glob Health 2023; 117:342-355. [PMID: 36047634 PMCID: PMC10177744 DOI: 10.1080/20477724.2022.2117937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Bordetella pertussis is the causative agent of a respiratory infection called pertussis (whooping cough) that can be fatal in newborns and infants. The pathogen produces a variety of antigenic compounds which alone or simultaneously can damage various host cells. Despite the availability of pertussis vaccines and high vaccination coverage around the world, a resurgence of the disease has been observed in many countries. Reasons for the increase in pertussis cases may include increased awareness, improved diagnostic techniques, low vaccine efficacy, especially acellular vaccines, and waning immunity. Many efforts have been made to develop more effective strategies to fight against B. pertussis and one of the strategies is the use of outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) in vaccine formulations. OMVs are attracting great interest as vaccine platforms since they can carry immunogenic structures such as toxins and LPS. Many studies have been carried out with OMVs from different B. pertussis strains and they revealed promising results in the animal challenge and human preclinical model. However, the composition of OMVs differs in terms of isolation and purification methods, strains, culture, and stress conditions. Although the vesicles from B. pertussis represent an attractive pertussis vaccine candidate, further studies are needed to advance clinical research for next-generation pertussis vaccines. This review summarizes general information about pertussis, the history of vaccines against the disease, and the immune response to these vaccines, with a focus on OMVs. We discuss progress in developing an OMV-based pertussis vaccine platform and highlight successful applications as well as potential challenges and gaps.
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Higham SL, Baker S, Flight KE, Krishna A, Kellam P, Reece ST, Tregoning JS. Intranasal immunization with outer membrane vesicles (OMV) protects against airway colonization and systemic infection with Acinetobacter baumannii. J Infect 2023; 86:563-573. [PMID: 36858180 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2023.02.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The multidrug-resistant bacteria Acinetobacter baumannii is a major cause of hospital-associated infection; a vaccine could significantly reduce this burden. The aim was to develop a clinically relevant model of A. baumannii respiratory tract infection and to test the impact of different immunization routes on protective immunity provided by an outer membrane vesicle (OMV) vaccine. METHODS BALB/c mice were intranasally challenged with isolates of oxa23-positive global clone GC2 A. baumannii from the lungs of patients with ventilator-associated pneumonia. Mice were immunized with OMVs by the intramuscular, subcutaneous or intranasal routes; protection was determined by measuring local and systemic bacterial load. RESULTS Infection with A. baumannii clinical isolates led to a more disseminated infection than the prototype A. baumannii strain ATCC17978; with bacteria detectable in upper and lower airways and the spleen. Intramuscular immunization induced an antibody response but did not protect against bacterial infection. However, intranasal immunization significantly reduced airway colonization and prevented systemic bacterial dissemination. CONCLUSIONS Use of clinically relevant isolates of A. baumannii provides stringent model for vaccine development. Intranasal immunization with OMVs was an effective route for providing protection, demonstrating that local immunity is important in preventing A. baumannii infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie L Higham
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, St Marys Campus, Norfolk Place, London W2 1PG, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen Baker
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, University of Cambridge, Puddicombe Way, Cambridge CB2 0AW, United Kingdom
| | - Katie E Flight
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, St Marys Campus, Norfolk Place, London W2 1PG, United Kingdom
| | - Aishwarya Krishna
- Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, Kymab, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge CB22 3AT, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Kellam
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, St Marys Campus, Norfolk Place, London W2 1PG, United Kingdom; Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, Kymab, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge CB22 3AT, United Kingdom; RQ Biotechnology Ltd, 7-12 Tavistock Square, London WC1H 9LT, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen T Reece
- Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, Kymab, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge CB22 3AT, United Kingdom.
| | - John S Tregoning
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, St Marys Campus, Norfolk Place, London W2 1PG, United Kingdom.
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Castillo-Romero KF, Santacruz A, González-Valdez J. Production and purification of bacterial membrane vesicles for biotechnology applications: Challenges and opportunities. Electrophoresis 2023; 44:107-124. [PMID: 36398478 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202200133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial membrane vesicles (BMVs) are bi-layered nanostructures derived from Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. Among other pathophysiological roles, BMVs are critical messengers in intercellular communication. As a result, BMVs are emerging as a promising technology for the development of numerous therapeutic applications. Despite the remarkable progress in unveiling BMV biology and functions in recent years, their successful isolation and purification have been limited. Several challenges related to vesicle purity, yield, and scalability severely hamper the further development of BMVs for biotechnology and clinical applications. This review focuses on the current technologies and methodologies used in BMV production and purification, such as ultracentrifugation, density-gradient centrifugation, size-exclusion chromatography, ultrafiltration, and precipitation. We also discuss the current challenges related to BMV isolation, large-scale production, storage, and stability that limit their application. More importantly, the present work explains the most recent strategies proposed for overcoming those challenges. Finally, we summarize the ongoing applications of BMVs in the biotechnological field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keshia F Castillo-Romero
- School of Engineering and Science, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Av. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501 Sur, Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - Arlette Santacruz
- School of Engineering and Science, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Av. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501 Sur, Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - José González-Valdez
- School of Engineering and Science, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Av. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501 Sur, Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico
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7
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Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 outer membrane vesicles-diphtheria toxoid conjugate as a vaccine candidate in a murine burn model. Sci Rep 2022; 12:22324. [PMID: 36566282 PMCID: PMC9789887 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-26846-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic pathogen considered a common cause of nosocomial infection with high morbidity and mortality in burn patients. Immunoprophylaxis techniques may lower the mortality rate of patients with burn wounds infected by P. aeruginosa; consequently, this may be an efficient strategy to manage infections caused by this bacterium. Several pathogenic Gram-negative bacteria like P. aeruginosa release outer membrane vesicles (OMVs), and structurally OMV consists of several antigenic components capable of generating a wide range of immune responses. Here, we evaluated the immunogenicity and efficacy of P. aeruginosa PA-OMVs (PA-OMVs) conjugated with the diphtheria toxoid (DT) formulated with alum adjuvant (PA-OMVs-DT + adj) in a mice model of burn wound infection. ELISA results showed that in the group of mice immunized with PA-OMVs-DT + adj conjugated, there was a significant increase in specific antibodies titer compared to non-conjugated PA-OMVs or control groups. In addition, the vaccination of mice with PA-OMVs-DT + adj conjugated generated greater protective effectiveness, as seen by lower bacterial loads, and eightfold decreased inflammatory cell infiltration with less tissue damage in the mice burn model compared to the control group. The opsonophagocytic killing results confirmed that humoral immune response might be critical for PA-OMVs mediated protection. These findings suggest that PA-OMV-DT conjugated might be used as a new vaccine against P. aeruginosa in burn wound infection.
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8
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Spray-dried Pneumococcal Membrane Vesicles are Promising Candidates for Pulmonary Immunization. Int J Pharm 2022; 621:121794. [PMID: 35525468 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.121794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Pneumococcal infections represent a global health threat, which requires novel vaccine developments. Extracellular vesicles are secreted from most cells, including prokaryotes, and harbor virulence factors and antigens. Hence, bacterial membrane vesicles (MVs) may induce a protective immune response. For the first time, we formulate spray-dried gram-positive pneumococcal MVs-loaded vaccine microparticles using lactose/leucine as inert carriers to enhance their stability and delivery for pulmonary immunization. The optimized vaccine microparticles showed a mean particle size of 1-2µm, corrugated surface, and nanocrystalline nature. Their aerodynamic diameter of 2.34µm, average percentage emitted dose of 88.8%, and fine powder fraction 79.7%, demonstrated optimal flow properties for deep alveolar delivery using a next-generation impactor. Furthermore, confocal microscopy confirmed the successful encapsulation of pneumococcal MVs within the prepared microparticles. Human macrophage-like THP-1 cells displayed excellent viability, negligible cytotoxicity, and a rapid uptake around 60% of fluorescently labeled MVs after incubation with vaccine microparticles. Moreover, vaccine microparticles increased the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor and interleukin-6 from primary human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Vaccine microparticles exhibited excellent properties as promising vaccine candidates for pulmonary immunization and are optimal for further animal testing, scale-up and clinical translation.
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9
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Kumar R, Srivastava V, Baindara P, Ahmad A. Thermostable vaccines: an innovative concept in vaccine development. Expert Rev Vaccines 2022; 21:811-824. [PMID: 35285366 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2022.2053678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Vaccines represent one of the most common and safer ways of combating infectious diseases. Loss of potency owing to thermal denaturation or degradation of almost all the commercially available vaccines necessitates their storage, transportation, and final dissemination under refrigerated or deep-freeze conditions. However, maintenance of a continuous cold chain at every step raises the cost of vaccines significantly. A large number of life-saving vaccines are discarded before their application owing to exposure to sub-optimum temperatures. Therefore, there is a pressing need for the development of a thermostable vaccine with a long shelf life at ambient temperature. AREAS COVERED A literature search was performed to compile a list of different vaccines, along with their storage and handling conditions. Similarly, a separate list was prepared for different coronavirus vaccines which are in use against coronavirus disease 2019. A literature survey was also performed to look at different approaches undertaken globally to address the issue of the cold-chain problem. We emphasised the importance of yeast cells in the development of thermostable vaccines. In the end, we discussed why thermostable vaccines are required, not only in resource-poor settings in Asian and African countries but also for resource-rich settings in Europe and North America. EXPERT OPINION : Temperature change can severely impact the stability of various life-saving vaccines. Therefore, there is a pressing need for the development of thermostable vaccines with a long shelf life at ambient temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravinder Kumar
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Science, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco 94143, California, USA
| | - Vartika Srivastava
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, School of Pathology, University of Witwatersrand, Wits Medical School, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa
| | - Piyush Baindara
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Missouri, Columbia 65201, Missouri, USA
| | - Aijaz Ahmad
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, School of Pathology, University of Witwatersrand, Wits Medical School, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa.,Infection Control, Charlotte Maxeke Johannesburg Academic Hospital, National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, 2193, South Africa
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10
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Jiang L, Driedonks TA, Jong WS, Dhakal S, Bart van den Berg van Saparoea H, Sitaras I, Zhou R, Caputo C, Littlefield K, Lowman M, Chen M, Lima G, Gololobova O, Smith B, Mahairaki V, Riley Richardson M, Mulka KR, Lane AP, Klein SL, Pekosz A, Brayton C, Mankowski JL, Luirink J, Villano JS, Witwer KW. A bacterial extracellular vesicle-based intranasal vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 protects against disease and elicits neutralizing antibodies to wild-type and Delta variants. J Extracell Vesicles 2022; 11:e12192. [PMID: 35289114 PMCID: PMC8920961 DOI: 10.1002/jev2.12192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Several vaccines have been introduced to combat the coronavirus infectious disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Current SARS-CoV-2 vaccines include mRNA-containing lipid nanoparticles or adenoviral vectors that encode the SARS-CoV-2 Spike (S) protein of SARS-CoV-2, inactivated virus, or protein subunits. Despite growing success in worldwide vaccination efforts, additional capabilities may be needed in the future to address issues such as stability and storage requirements, need for vaccine boosters, desirability of different routes of administration, and emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants such as the Delta variant. Here, we present a novel, well-characterized SARS-CoV-2 vaccine candidate based on extracellular vesicles (EVs) of Salmonella typhimurium that are decorated with the mammalian cell culture-derived Spike receptor-binding domain (RBD). RBD-conjugated outer membrane vesicles (RBD-OMVs) were used to immunize the golden Syrian hamster (Mesocricetus auratus) model of COVID-19. Intranasal immunization resulted in high titres of blood anti-RBD IgG as well as detectable mucosal responses. Neutralizing antibody activity against wild-type and Delta variants was evident in all vaccinated subjects. Upon challenge with live virus, hamsters immunized with RBD-OMV, but not animals immunized with unconjugated OMVs or a vehicle control, avoided body mass loss, had lower virus titres in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, and experienced less severe lung pathology. Our results emphasize the value and versatility of OMV-based vaccine approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linglei Jiang
- Department of Molecular and Comparative PathobiologyJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMDUSA
| | - Tom A.P. Driedonks
- Department of Molecular and Comparative PathobiologyJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMDUSA
| | | | - Santosh Dhakal
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and ImmunologyThe Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public HealthBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | | | - Ioannis Sitaras
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and ImmunologyThe Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public HealthBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Ruifeng Zhou
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and ImmunologyThe Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public HealthBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Christopher Caputo
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and ImmunologyThe Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public HealthBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Kirsten Littlefield
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and ImmunologyThe Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public HealthBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Maggie Lowman
- Department of Molecular and Comparative PathobiologyJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMDUSA
| | - Mengfei Chen
- Department of Otolaryngology‐Head and Neck SurgeryJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMDUSA
| | - Gabriela Lima
- Department of Molecular and Comparative PathobiologyJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMDUSA
| | - Olesia Gololobova
- Department of Molecular and Comparative PathobiologyJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMDUSA
| | - Barbara Smith
- Department of Cell BiologyJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMDUSA
| | - Vasiliki Mahairaki
- Department of Genetic Medicine and The Richman Family Precision Medicine Centre of Excellence in Alzheimer's Disease Johns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - M. Riley Richardson
- Department of Molecular and Comparative PathobiologyJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMDUSA
| | - Kathleen R. Mulka
- Department of Molecular and Comparative PathobiologyJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMDUSA
| | - Andrew P. Lane
- Department of Otolaryngology‐Head and Neck SurgeryJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMDUSA
| | - Sabra L. Klein
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and ImmunologyThe Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public HealthBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Andrew Pekosz
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and ImmunologyThe Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public HealthBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Cory Brayton
- Department of Molecular and Comparative PathobiologyJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMDUSA
| | - Joseph L. Mankowski
- Department of Molecular and Comparative PathobiologyJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMDUSA
- Department of Neurology and NeurosurgeryJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMDUSA
| | - Joen Luirink
- Abera Bioscience ABUppsalaSweden
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules Medicines and Systems (AIMMS)Vrije UniversiteitAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Jason S. Villano
- Department of Molecular and Comparative PathobiologyJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMDUSA
| | - Kenneth W. Witwer
- Department of Molecular and Comparative PathobiologyJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMDUSA
- Department of Genetic Medicine and The Richman Family Precision Medicine Centre of Excellence in Alzheimer's Disease Johns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
- Department of Neurology and NeurosurgeryJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMDUSA
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11
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Gomez M, Vehring R. Spray Drying and Particle Engineering in Dosage Form Design for Global Vaccines. J Aerosol Med Pulm Drug Deliv 2022; 35:121-138. [PMID: 35172104 DOI: 10.1089/jamp.2021.0056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccines are a very important tool in the effort to reduce the global burden of infectious diseases. Modern vaccines can be formulated in several ways to induce specific immunity, including through the use of live bacteria, subunit antigens, and even genetic material. However, vaccines typically need to be transported and stored under controlled refrigerated or frozen conditions to maintain potency. This strict temperature control is incompatible with the available infrastructure in many developing countries. One method of improving the thermostability of a vaccine is through drying of a liquid presentation into a dry dosage form. In addition to enhancing the capability for distribution in resource-poor settings, these dry vaccine forms are more suitable for long-term stockpiling. Spray drying is a drying method that has been successfully used to stabilize many experimental vaccines into a dry form for storage above refrigerated temperatures. Additionally, the use of spray drying allows for the production of engineered particles suitable for respiratory administration. These particles can be further designed for increased out-of-package robustness against high humidity. Furthermore, there are already commercial dry powder delivery devices available that can be used to safely deliver vaccines to the respiratory system. The research in this field demonstrates that the resources to develop highly stable vaccines in flexible dosage forms are available and that these presentations offer many advantages for global vaccination campaigns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mellissa Gomez
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Reinhard Vehring
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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12
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Jiang L, Driedonks TA, Jong WS, Dhakal S, van den Berg van Saparoea HB, Sitaras I, Zhou R, Caputo C, Littlefield K, Lowman M, Chen M, Lima G, Gololobova O, Smith B, Mahairaki V, Richardson MR, Mulka KR, Lane AP, Klein SL, Pekosz A, Brayton CF, Mankowski JL, Luirink J, Villano JS, Witwer KW. A bacterial extracellular vesicle-based intranasal vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 protects against disease and elicits neutralizing antibodies to wild-type and Delta variants. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2022:2021.06.28.450181. [PMID: 35132418 PMCID: PMC8820665 DOI: 10.1101/2021.06.28.450181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Several vaccines have been introduced to combat the coronavirus infectious disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Current SARS-CoV-2 vaccines include mRNA-containing lipid nanoparticles or adenoviral vectors that encode the SARS-CoV-2 Spike (S) protein of SARS-CoV-2, inactivated virus, or protein subunits. Despite growing success in worldwide vaccination efforts, additional capabilities may be needed in the future to address issues such as stability and storage requirements, need for vaccine boosters, desirability of different routes of administration, and emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants such as the Delta variant. Here, we present a novel, well-characterized SARS-CoV-2 vaccine candidate based on extracellular vesicles (EVs) of Salmonella typhimurium that are decorated with the mammalian cell culture-derived Spike receptor-binding domain (RBD). RBD-conjugated outer membrane vesicles (RBD-OMVs) were used to immunize the golden Syrian hamster ( Mesocricetus auratus ) model of COVID-19. Intranasal immunization resulted in high titers of blood anti-RBD IgG as well as detectable mucosal responses. Neutralizing antibody activity against wild-type and Delta variants was evident in all vaccinated subjects. Upon challenge with live virus, hamsters immunized with RBD-OMV, but not animals immunized with unconjugated OMVs or a vehicle control, avoided body mass loss, had lower virus titers in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, and experienced less severe lung pathology. Our results emphasize the value and versatility of OMV-based vaccine approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linglei Jiang
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Tom A.P. Driedonks
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Santosh Dhakal
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Ioannis Sitaras
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Ruifeng Zhou
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Christopher Caputo
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Kirsten Littlefield
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Maggie Lowman
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Mengfei Chen
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Gabriela Lima
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Olesia Gololobova
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Barbara Smith
- Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Vasiliki Mahairaki
- Department of Genetic Medicine and The Richman Family Precision Medicine Center of Excellence in Alzheimer’s Disease Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - M. Riley Richardson
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kathleen R. Mulka
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Andrew P. Lane
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Sabra L. Klein
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Andrew Pekosz
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Cory F. Brayton
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Joseph L. Mankowski
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Joen Luirink
- Abera Bioscience AB, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules Medicines and Systems (AIMMS), Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- These authors are designated as co-corresponding authors. ; ;
| | - Jason S. Villano
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- These authors are designated as co-corresponding authors. ; ;
| | - Kenneth W. Witwer
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Genetic Medicine and The Richman Family Precision Medicine Center of Excellence in Alzheimer’s Disease Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- These authors are designated as co-corresponding authors. ; ;
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Masjedi M, Montahaei T, Sharafi Z, Jalali A. Pulmonary vaccine delivery: An emerging strategy for vaccination and immunotherapy. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2022.103184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Gomez M, Ahmed M, Das S, McCollum J, Mellett L, Swanson R, Gupta A, Carrigy NB, Wang H, Barona D, Bachchhav S, Gerhardt A, Press C, Archer MC, Liang H, Seydoux E, Kramer RM, Kuehl PJ, Vehring R, Khader SA, Fox CB. Development and Testing of a Spray-Dried Tuberculosis Vaccine Candidate in a Mouse Model. Front Pharmacol 2022; 12:799034. [PMID: 35126135 PMCID: PMC8814656 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.799034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Converting a vaccine into a thermostable dry powder is advantageous as it reduces the resource burden linked with the cold chain and provides flexibility in dosage and administration through different routes. Such a dry powder presentation may be especially useful in the development of a vaccine towards the respiratory infectious disease tuberculosis (TB). This study assesses the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of spray-dried ID93+GLA-SE, a promising TB vaccine candidate, against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) in a murine model when administered via different routes. Four administration routes for the spray-dried ID93+GLA-SE were evaluated along with relevant controls—1) reconstitution and intramuscular injection, 2) reconstitution and intranasal delivery, 3) nasal dry powder delivery via inhalation, and 4) pulmonary dry powder delivery via inhalation. Dry powder intranasal and pulmonary delivery was achieved using a custom nose-only inhalation device, and optimization using representative vaccine-free powder demonstrated that approximately 10 and 44% of the maximum possible delivered dose would be delivered for intranasal delivery and pulmonary delivery, respectively. Spray-dried powder was engineered according to the different administration routes including maintaining approximately equivalent delivered doses of ID93 and GLA. Vaccine properties of the different spray-dried lots were assessed for quality control in terms of nanoemulsion droplet diameter, polydispersity index, adjuvant content, and antigen content. Our results using the Mtb mouse challenge model show that both intranasal reconstituted vaccine delivery as well as pulmonary dry powder vaccine delivery resulted in Mtb control in infected mice comparable to traditional intramuscular delivery. Improved protection in these two vaccinated groups over their respective control groups coincided with the presence of cytokine-producing T cell responses. In summary, our results provide novel vaccine formulations and delivery routes that can be harnessed to provide protection against Mtb infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mellissa Gomez
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Mushtaq Ahmed
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University in St. Louis, School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Shibali Das
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University in St. Louis, School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Joseph McCollum
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Leah Mellett
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University in St. Louis, School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Rosemary Swanson
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University in St. Louis, School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Ananya Gupta
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University in St. Louis, School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Nicholas B. Carrigy
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - David Barona
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Shital Bachchhav
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Alana Gerhardt
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Chris Press
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States
| | | | - Hong Liang
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Emilie Seydoux
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Ryan M. Kramer
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States
| | | | - Reinhard Vehring
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Shabaana A. Khader
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University in St. Louis, School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
- *Correspondence: Shabaana A. Khader, ; Christopher B. Fox,
| | - Christopher B. Fox
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
- *Correspondence: Shabaana A. Khader, ; Christopher B. Fox,
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de Jonge EF, Balhuizen MD, van Boxtel R, Wu J, Haagsman HP, Tommassen J. Heat shock enhances outer-membrane vesicle release in Bordetella spp. CURRENT RESEARCH IN MICROBIAL SCIENCES 2021; 2:100009. [PMID: 34841303 PMCID: PMC8610307 DOI: 10.1016/j.crmicr.2020.100009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pertussis, also known as whooping cough, is caused by the Gram-negative bacterium Bordetella pertussis, an obligate human pathogen. Despite high vaccination rates in high-income countries, resurgence of pertussis cases is an occurring problem that urges the necessity of developing an improved vaccine. Likewise, the efficacy of vaccines for Bordetella bronchiseptica, which causes similar disease in pigs and companion animals, is debatable. A promising approach for novel vaccines is the use of outer membrane vesicles (OMVs). However, spontaneous OMV (sOMV) release by Bordetella spp. is too low for cost-effective vaccine production. Therefore, we investigated the influence of growth in various media commonly used for culturing Bordetella in the Bvg+, i.e. virulent, phase and of a heat shock applied to inactivate the cells on OMV production. Inactivation of the bacterial cells at 56 °C before OMV isolation greatly enhanced OMV release in both Bordetella spp. without causing significant cell lysis. The growth medium used barely affected the efficiency of OMV release but did affect the protein pattern of the OMVs. Differences were found to be related, at least in part, to different availability of the nutrient metals iron and zinc in the media and include expression of potentially relevant vaccine antigens, such as the receptors FauA and ZnuD. The protein content of OMVs released by heat shock was comparable to that of sOMVs as determined by SDS-PAGE and Western blot analysis, and their heat-modifiable electrophoretic mobility suggests that also protein conformation is unaffected. However, significant differences were noticed between the protein content of OMVs and that of a purified outer membrane fraction, with two major outer membrane proteins, porin OmpP and the peptidoglycan-associated RmpM, being underrepresented in the OMVs. Altogether, these results indicate that the application of a heat shock is potentially an important step in the development of cost-effective, OMV-based vaccines for both Bordetella spp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eline F. de Jonge
- Section Molecular Microbiology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Institute of Biomembranes, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Melanie D. Balhuizen
- Section Molecular Host Defence, Division Infectious Diseases & Immunology, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Ria van Boxtel
- Section Molecular Microbiology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Jianjun Wu
- Section Molecular Microbiology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Henk P. Haagsman
- Section Molecular Host Defence, Division Infectious Diseases & Immunology, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Jan Tommassen
- Section Molecular Microbiology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Institute of Biomembranes, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
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Production, Isolation, and Characterization of Bioengineered Bacterial Extracellular Membrane Vesicles Derived from Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron and Their Use in Vaccine Development. METHODS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY (CLIFTON, N.J.) 2021; 2414:171-190. [PMID: 34784038 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1900-1_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial extracellular vesicles (BEVs) possess features that make them well suited for the delivery of therapeutics and vaccines. This chapter describes methods for engineering the commensal human intestinal bacterium Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron (Bt) to produce BEVs carrying vaccine antigens and accompanying methods for isolating and purifying BEVs for mucosal vaccination regimens.
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Saso A, Kampmann B, Roetynck S. Vaccine-Induced Cellular Immunity against Bordetella pertussis: Harnessing Lessons from Animal and Human Studies to Improve Design and Testing of Novel Pertussis Vaccines. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:877. [PMID: 34452002 PMCID: PMC8402596 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9080877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Pertussis ('whooping cough') is a severe respiratory tract infection that primarily affects young children and unimmunised infants. Despite widespread vaccine coverage, it remains one of the least well-controlled vaccine-preventable diseases, with a recent resurgence even in highly vaccinated populations. Although the exact underlying reasons are still not clear, emerging evidence suggests that a key factor is the replacement of the whole-cell (wP) by the acellular pertussis (aP) vaccine, which is less reactogenic but may induce suboptimal and waning immunity. Differences between vaccines are hypothesised to be cell-mediated, with polarisation of Th1/Th2/Th17 responses determined by the composition of the pertussis vaccine given in infancy. Moreover, aP vaccines elicit strong antibody responses but fail to protect against nasal colonisation and/or transmission, in animal models, thereby potentially leading to inadequate herd immunity. Our review summarises current knowledge on vaccine-induced cellular immune responses, based on mucosal and systemic data collected within experimental animal and human vaccine studies. In addition, we describe key factors that may influence cell-mediated immunity and how antigen-specific responses are measured quantitatively and qualitatively, at both cellular and molecular levels. Finally, we discuss how we can harness this emerging knowledge and novel tools to inform the design and testing of the next generation of improved infant pertussis vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Saso
- The Vaccine Centre, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London WC1 7HT, UK; (B.K.); (S.R.)
- Vaccines and Immunity Theme, MRC Unit, The Gambia at London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Banjul P.O. Box 273, The Gambia
| | - Beate Kampmann
- The Vaccine Centre, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London WC1 7HT, UK; (B.K.); (S.R.)
- Vaccines and Immunity Theme, MRC Unit, The Gambia at London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Banjul P.O. Box 273, The Gambia
| | - Sophie Roetynck
- The Vaccine Centre, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London WC1 7HT, UK; (B.K.); (S.R.)
- Vaccines and Immunity Theme, MRC Unit, The Gambia at London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Banjul P.O. Box 273, The Gambia
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Gomez M, McCollum J, Wang H, Bachchhav S, Tetreau I, Gerhardt A, Press C, Kramer RM, Fox CB, Vehring R. Evaluation of the stability of a spray-dried tuberculosis vaccine candidate designed for dry powder respiratory delivery. Vaccine 2021; 39:5025-5036. [PMID: 34256969 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Particle engineering via spray drying was used to develop a dry powder presentation of an adjuvanted tuberculosis vaccine candidate. This presentation utilizing a trileucine-trehalose excipient system was designed to be both thermostable and suitable for respiratory delivery. The stability of the spray-dried vaccine powder was assessed over one year at various storage temperatures (-20, 5, 25, 40, 50 °C) in terms of powder stability, adjuvant stability, and antigen stability. A formulation without trileucine was included as a control. The results showed that the interior particle structure and exterior particle morphology of the powder was maintained for one year at 40 °C, while the control case exhibited a small extent of particle fusing under the same storage conditions. Moisture content was maintained, and powder solid state remained amorphous for all storage temperatures. Aerosol performance was assessed with a commercial dry powder inhaler in combination with a human mouth-throat model. The emitted dose and lung dose were maintained for all samples after one year at temperatures up to 40 °C. Nanoemulsion size and oil content of the adjuvant system were maintained after one year at temperatures up to 40 °C, and the agonist content was maintained after one year at temperatures up to 25 °C. The antigen was completely degraded in the control formulation at seven months of storage at 40 °C; by contrast, 45% of the antigen was still present in the trehalose-trileucine formulation after one year of storage at 50 °C. Comparatively, the antigen was completely degraded in a liquid sample of the vaccine candidate after only one month of storage at 37 °C. The spray-dried trehalose-trileucine vaccine powder clearly maintained its inhalable properties after one year's storage at high temperatures and improved overall thermostability of the vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mellissa Gomez
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | | | - Hui Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Shital Bachchhav
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Isobel Tetreau
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | | | - Chris Press
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Ryan M Kramer
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Christopher B Fox
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Reinhard Vehring
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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Dubois V, Locht C. Mucosal Immunization Against Pertussis: Lessons From the Past and Perspectives. Front Immunol 2021; 12:701285. [PMID: 34211481 PMCID: PMC8239240 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.701285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Current vaccination strategies against pertussis are sub-optimal. Optimal protection against Bordetella pertussis, the causative agent of pertussis, likely requires mucosal immunity. Current pertussis vaccines consist of inactivated whole B. pertussis cells or purified antigens thereof, combined with diphtheria and tetanus toxoids. Although they are highly protective against severe pertussis disease, they fail to elicit mucosal immunity. Compared to natural infection, immune responses following immunization are short-lived and fail to prevent bacterial colonization of the upper respiratory tract. To overcome these shortcomings, efforts have been made for decades, and continue to be made, toward the development of mucosal vaccines against pertussis. Objectives In this review we systematically analyzed published literature on protection conferred by mucosal immunization against pertussis. Immune responses mounted by these vaccines are summarized. Method The PubMed Library database was searched for published studies on mucosal pertussis vaccines. Eligibility criteria included mucosal administration and the evaluation of at least one outcome related to efficacy, immunogenicity and safety. Results While over 349 publications were identified by the search, only 63 studies met the eligibility criteria. All eligible studies are included here. Initial attempts of mucosal whole-cell vaccine administration in humans provided promising results, but were not followed up. More recently, diverse vaccination strategies have been tested, including non-replicating and replicating vaccine candidates given by three different mucosal routes: orally, nasally or rectally. Several adjuvants and particulate formulations were tested to enhance the efficacy of non-replicating vaccines administered mucosally. Most novel vaccine candidates were only tested in animal models, mainly mice. Only one novel mucosal vaccine candidate was tested in baboons and in human trials. Conclusion Three vaccination strategies drew our attention, as they provided protective and durable immunity in the respiratory tract, including the upper respiratory tract: acellular vaccines adjuvanted with lipopeptide LP1569 and c-di-GMP, outer membrane vesicles and the live attenuated BPZE1 vaccine. Among all experimental vaccines, BPZE1 is the only one that has advanced into clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Violaine Dubois
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019 - UMR 8204 - CIIL - Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Camille Locht
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019 - UMR 8204 - CIIL - Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Lille, France
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Gomez M, Archer M, Barona D, Wang H, Ordoubadi M, Bin Karim S, Carrigy NB, Wang Z, McCollum J, Press C, Gerhardt A, Fox CB, Kramer RM, Vehring R. Microparticle encapsulation of a tuberculosis subunit vaccine candidate containing a nanoemulsion adjuvant via spray drying. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2021; 163:23-37. [PMID: 33753213 PMCID: PMC8096719 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2021.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Spray drying is a technique that can be used to stabilize biopharmaceuticals, such as vaccines, within dry particles. Compared to liquid pharmaceutical products, dry powder has the potential to reduce costs associated with refrigerated storage and transportation. In this study, spray drying was investigated for processing an adjuvanted tuberculosis subunit vaccine, formulated as an oil-in-water nanoemulsion, into a dry powder composed of microparticles. Applying in-silico approaches to the development of formulation and processing conditions, successful encapsulation of the adjuvanted vaccine within amorphous microparticles was achieved in only one iteration, with high retention (>90%) of both the antigen and adjuvant system. Moisture-controlled stability studies on the powder were conducted over 26 months at temperatures up to 40 °C. Results showed that the powder was physically stable after 26 months of storage for all tested temperatures. Adjuvant system integrity was maintained at temperatures up to 25 °C after 26 months and after one month of storage at 40 °C. The spray-dried product demonstrated improved antigen thermostability when stored above refrigerated temperatures as compared to the liquid product. These results demonstrate the feasibility of spray drying as a method of encapsulating and stabilizing an adjuvanted vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mellissa Gomez
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | | | - David Barona
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Mani Ordoubadi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Shabab Bin Karim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Nicholas B Carrigy
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Zheng Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | | | - Chris Press
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Christopher B Fox
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Ryan M Kramer
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Reinhard Vehring
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
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21
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Preston KB, Randolph TW. Stability of lyophilized and spray dried vaccine formulations. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 171:50-61. [PMID: 33484735 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Liquid formulations of vaccines are subject to instabilities that result from degradation processes that proceed via a variety of physical and chemical pathways. In dried formulations, such as those prepared by lyophilization or spray drying, many of these degradation pathways may be avoided or inhibited. Thus, the stability of vaccine formulations can be enhanced significantly in the absence of bulk water. Potential advantages of dry vaccine formulations include extended shelf lives and less stringent cold-chain storage requirements, both of which offer possibilities of reduced vaccine wastage and facilitated distribution to resource-poor areas. Lyophilization and spray drying represent the most common methods of stabilizing vaccines through drying. This article reviews several lyophilized and spray dried vaccines that address a diverse set of pathogens, as well as some of the assays used to quantify their stability. Recent dry vaccine trends include needle-free delivery of dry powder via non-parenteral routes of administration and the incorporation of advanced vaccine adjuvants into formulations, which further contribute to the goal of increasing vaccine distribution to resource-poor areas. Challenges associated with development of these newer technologies are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kendall B Preston
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80303, United States of America
| | - Theodore W Randolph
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80303, United States of America.
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Outer Membrane Vesicles (OMVs) Produced by Gram-Negative Bacteria: Structure, Functions, Biogenesis, and Vaccine Application. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 2021:1490732. [PMID: 33834062 PMCID: PMC8016564 DOI: 10.1155/2021/1490732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Gram-negative bacteria produce outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) with 10 to 300 nm of diameter. The contribution of OMVs to bacterial pathogenesis is a topic of great interest, and their capacity to be combined with antigens impact in the future to the development of vaccines.
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Locht C. The Path to New Pediatric Vaccines against Pertussis. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9030228. [PMID: 33807962 PMCID: PMC7998139 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9030228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Whooping cough, or pertussis, mostly caused by Bordetella pertussis, is a respiratory disease that affects all age groups, but severe and fatal pertussis occurs almost exclusively in young children. The widespread use of whole-cell and, more recently, of acellular vaccines has substantially reduced the disease incidence. However, it has not been eliminated in any part of the world and has made a worrisome rebound in several areas. Cocoon and maternal immunization have been implemented in several countries but have their intrinsic limitations. To effectively control pertussis, novel vaccines are needed that protect against disease and prevent B. pertussis infection and transmission, which is not the case for current vaccines. Several approaches are contemplated, including alternative administration routes, such as nasal immunization, improvement of acellular vaccines by adding more antigens and T-cell-promoting adjuvants, and the development of novel vaccines, such as outer membrane vesicles and live attenuated vaccines. Among them, only a live attenuated vaccine has so far been assessed for safety and immunogenicity in preclinical models other than mice and is in clinical development. Before any of these vaccines can be used in neonates, extensive safety and immunogenicity assessment in pre-clinical neonatal models and in carefully designed clinical trials is necessary. The aim of this review is to discuss the current pertussis problem, implemented strategies to resolve it, the value of animal models and novel vaccine approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Locht
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019-UMR 8204-CIIL-Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
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Raeven RHM, van Vlies N, Salverda MLM, van der Maas L, Uittenbogaard JP, Bindels THE, Rigters J, Verhagen LM, Kruijer S, van Riet E, Metz B, van der Ark AAJ. The Role of Virulence Proteins in Protection Conferred by Bordetella pertussis Outer Membrane Vesicle Vaccines. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:E429. [PMID: 32751680 PMCID: PMC7563335 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8030429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The limited protective immunity induced by acellular pertussis vaccines demands development of novel vaccines that induce broader and longer-lived immunity. In this study, we investigated the protective capacity of outer membrane vesicle pertussis vaccines (omvPV) with different antigenic composition in mice to gain insight into which antigens contribute to protection. We showed that total depletion of virulence factors (bvg(-) mode) in omvPV led to diminished protection despite the presence of high antibody levels. Antibody profiling revealed overlap in humoral responses induced by vaccines in bvg(-) and bvg(+) mode, but the potentially protective responses in the bvg(+) vaccine were mainly directed against virulence-associated outer membrane proteins (virOMPs) such as BrkA and Vag8. However, deletion of either BrkA or Vag8 in our outer membrane vesicle vaccines did not affect the level of protection. In addition, the vaccine-induced immunity profile, which encompasses broad antibody and mixed T-helper 1, 2 and 17 responses, was not changed. We conclude that the presence of multiple virOMPs in omvPV is crucial for protection against Bordetella pertussis. This protective immunity does not depend on individual proteins, as their absence or low abundance can be compensated for by other virOMPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- René H. M. Raeven
- Intravacc (Institute for Translational Vaccinology), Antonie van Leeuwenhoeklaan 9, 3721 MA Bilthoven, The Netherlands; (N.v.V.); (M.L.M.S.); (L.v.d.M.); (J.P.U.); (T.H.E.B.); (J.R.); (L.M.V.); (S.K.); (E.v.R.); (B.M.); (A.A.J.v.d.A.)
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25
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Ramkissoon S, MacArthur I, Ibrahim M, de Graaf H, Read RC, Preston A. A qPCR assay for Bordetella pertussis cells that enumerates both live and dead bacteria. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0232334. [PMID: 32353041 PMCID: PMC7192480 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0232334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Bordetella pertussis is the causative agent of whooping cough, commonly referred to as pertussis. Although the incidence of pertussis was reduced through vaccination, during the last thirty years it has returned to high levels in a number of countries. This resurgence has been linked to the switch from the use of whole-cell to acellular vaccines. Protection afforded by acellular vaccines appears to be short-lived compared to that afforded by whole cell vaccines. In order to inform future vaccine improvement by identifying immune correlates of protection, a human challenge model of B. pertussis colonisation has been developed. Accurate measurement of colonisation status in this model has required development of a qPCR-based assay to enumerate B. pertussis in samples that distinguishes between viable and dead bacteria. Here we report the development of this assay and its performance in the quantification of B. pertussis from human challenge model samples. This assay has future utility in diagnostic labs and in research where a quantitative measure of both B. pertussis number and viability is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacy Ramkissoon
- Milner Centre for Evolution, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Iain MacArthur
- Milner Centre for Evolution, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Muktar Ibrahim
- Faculty of Medicine and Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
- School of Clinical Experimental Sciences, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton General Hospital, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
- NIHR Clinical Research Facility, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton General Hospital, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
- NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton General Hospital, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Hans de Graaf
- Faculty of Medicine and Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
- School of Clinical Experimental Sciences, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton General Hospital, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
- NIHR Clinical Research Facility, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton General Hospital, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
- NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton General Hospital, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Robert C. Read
- Faculty of Medicine and Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
- School of Clinical Experimental Sciences, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton General Hospital, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
- NIHR Clinical Research Facility, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton General Hospital, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
- NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton General Hospital, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Preston
- Milner Centre for Evolution, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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26
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Raeven RHM, Rockx-Brouwer D, Kanojia G, van der Maas L, Bindels THE, Ten Have R, van Riet E, Metz B, Kersten GFA. Intranasal immunization with outer membrane vesicle pertussis vaccine confers broad protection through mucosal IgA and Th17 responses. Sci Rep 2020; 10:7396. [PMID: 32355188 PMCID: PMC7192948 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-63998-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A vaccine based on outer membrane vesicles of pertussis (omvPV) is protective in a mouse-challenge model and induces a broad antibody and mixed Th1/Th2/Th17 response against multiple antigens following subcutaneous immunization. However, this route did not result in mucosal immunity and did not prevent nasopharyngeal colonization. In this study, we explored the potential of intranasal immunization with omvPV. Only intranasal immunization induced strong mucosal immune responses that encompasses enhanced pulmonary and nasal IgA antibody levels, mainly directed against Vag8 and LPS. Furthermore, high numbers of IgA- and IgG-producing plasma cells were detected as well as lung-resident IgA memory B-cells. Finally, only intranasal immunization induced pulmonary Th1/Th17-related cytokine responses. The magnitude and type of systemic immunity was comparable between both routes and included high systemic IgG antibody levels, strong IgG-producing plasma cell responses, memory B-cells residing in the spleen and systemic Th1/Th2/Th17-related cytokine responses. Importantly, only intranasal immunization prevented colonization in both the lungs and the nasal cavity. In conclusion, intranasal omvPV immunization induces mucosal IgA and Th17-mediated responses without influencing the systemic immunity profile. These responses resulted in prevention of Bordetella pertussis colonization in the respiratory tract, including the nasal cavity, thereby potentially preventing transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- René H M Raeven
- Intravacc (Institute for Translational Vaccinology), Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
| | | | - Gaurav Kanojia
- Intravacc (Institute for Translational Vaccinology), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | | | - Tim H E Bindels
- Intravacc (Institute for Translational Vaccinology), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Rimko Ten Have
- Intravacc (Institute for Translational Vaccinology), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Elly van Riet
- Intravacc (Institute for Translational Vaccinology), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Bernard Metz
- Intravacc (Institute for Translational Vaccinology), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Gideon F A Kersten
- Intravacc (Institute for Translational Vaccinology), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
- Division of Drug Delivery Technology, Leiden Academic Center for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
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27
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Abstract
Mucosal surfaces represent important routes of entry into the human body for the majority of pathogens, and they constitute unique sites for targeted vaccine delivery. Nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems are emerging technologies for delivering and improving the efficacy of mucosal vaccines. Recent studies have provided new insights into formulation and delivery aspects of importance for the design of safe and efficacious mucosal subunit vaccines based on nanoparticles. These include novel nanomaterials, their physicochemical properties and formulation approaches, nanoparticle interaction with immune cells in the mucosa, and mucosal immunization and delivery strategies. Here, we present recent progress in the application of nanoparticle-based approaches for mucosal vaccine delivery and discuss future research challenges and opportunities in the field.
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Gestal MC, Johnson HM, Harvill ET. Immunomodulation as a Novel Strategy for Prevention and Treatment of Bordetella spp. Infections. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2869. [PMID: 31921136 PMCID: PMC6923730 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Well-adapted pathogens have evolved to survive the many challenges of a robust immune response. Defending against all host antimicrobials simultaneously would be exceedingly difficult, if not impossible, so many co-evolved organisms utilize immunomodulatory tools to subvert, distract, and/or evade the host immune response. Bordetella spp. present many examples of the diversity of immunomodulators and an exceptional experimental system in which to study them. Recent advances in this experimental system suggest strategies for interventions that tweak immunity to disrupt bacterial immunomodulation, engaging more effective host immunity to better prevent and treat infections. Here we review advances in the understanding of respiratory pathogens, with special focus on Bordetella spp., and prospects for the use of immune-stimulatory interventions in the prevention and treatment of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica C Gestal
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Hannah M Johnson
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Eric T Harvill
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
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29
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Nguyen KTT, Frijlink HW, Hinrichs WLJ. Inhomogeneous Distribution of Components in Solid Protein Pharmaceuticals: Origins, Consequences, Analysis, and Resolutions. J Pharm Sci 2019; 109:134-153. [PMID: 31606540 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2019.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2019] [Revised: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Successful development of stable solid protein formulations usually requires the addition of one or several excipients to achieve optimal stability. In these products, there is a potential risk of an inhomogeneous distribution of the various ingredients, specifically the ratio of protein and stabilizer may vary. Such inhomogeneity can be detrimental for stability but is mostly neglected in literature. In the past, it was challenging to analyze inhomogeneous component distribution, but recent advances in analytical techniques have revealed new options to investigate this phenomenon. This paper aims to review fundamental aspects of the inhomogeneous distribution of components of freeze-dried and spray-dried protein formulations. Four key topics will be presented and discussed, including the sources of component inhomogeneity, its consequences on protein stability, the analytical methods to reveal component inhomogeneity, and possible solutions to prevent or mitigate inhomogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khanh T T Nguyen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, University of Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Henderik W Frijlink
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, University of Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Wouter L J Hinrichs
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, University of Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, the Netherlands.
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30
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LeClair DA, Li L, Rahman N, Cranston ED, Xing Z, Thompson MR. Stabilization of HSV-2 viral vaccine candidate by spray drying. Int J Pharm 2019; 569:118615. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2019.118615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Revised: 07/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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31
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Yang G, Chen S, Zhang J. Bioinspired and Biomimetic Nanotherapies for the Treatment of Infectious Diseases. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:751. [PMID: 31333467 PMCID: PMC6624236 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
There are still great challenges for the effective treatment of infectious diseases, although considerable achievement has been made by using antiviral and antimicrobial agents varying from small-molecule drugs, peptides/proteins, to nucleic acids. The nanomedicine approach is emerging as a new strategy capable of overcoming disadvantages of molecular therapeutics and amplifying their anti-infective activities, by localized delivery to infection sites, reducing off-target effects, and/or attenuating resistance development. Nanotechnology, in combination with bioinspired and biomimetic approaches, affords additional functions to nanoparticles derived from synthetic materials. Herein, we aim to provide a state-of-the-art review on recent progress in biomimetic and bioengineered nanotherapies for the treatment of infectious disease. Different biomimetic nanoparticles, derived from viruses, bacteria, and mammalian cells, are first described, with respect to their construction and biophysicochemical properties. Then, the applications of diverse biomimetic nanoparticles in anti-infective therapy are introduced, either by their intrinsic activity or by loading and site-specifically delivering various molecular drugs. Bioinspired and biomimetic nanovaccines for prevention and/or therapy of infectious diseases are also highlighted. At the end, major translation issues and future directions of this field are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoyu Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
- The First Clinical College, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Sheng Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jianxiang Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
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32
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Abstract
Pertussis or whooping cough, mainly caused by Bordetella pertussis, is a severe respiratory disease that can affect all age groups but is most severe and can be life-threatening in young children. Vaccines against this disease are widely available since the 1950s. Despite high global vaccination coverage, the disease is not under control in any country, and its incidence is even increasing in several parts of the world. Epidemiological and experimental evidence has shown that the vaccines fail to prevent B. pertussis infection and transmission, although they are very effective in preventing disease. Given the high infection rate of B. pertussis, effective control of the disease likely requires prevention of infection and transmission in addition to protection against disease. With rare exceptions B. pertussis infections are restricted to the airways and do not usually disseminate beyond the respiratory epithelium. Therefore, protection at the level of the respiratory mucosa may be helpful for an improved control of pertussis. Yet, compared to systemic responses, mucosal immune responses have attracted relatively little attention in the context of pertussis vaccine development. In this review we summarize the available literature on the role of mucosal immunity in the prevention of B. pertussis infection. In contrast to vaccination, natural infection in humans and experimental infections in animals induce strong secretory IgA responses in the naso-pharynx and in the lungs. Several studies have shown that secretory IgA may be instrumental in the control of B. pertussis infection. Furthermore, studies in mouse models have revealed that B. pertussis infection, but not immunization with current acellular pertussis vaccines induces resident memory T cells, which may also contribute to protection against colonization by B. pertussis. As these resident memory T cells are long lived, vaccines that are able to induce them should provide long-lasting immunity. As of today, only one vaccine designed to induce potent mucosal immunity is in clinical development. This vaccine is a live attenuated B. pertussis strain delivered nasally in order to mimic the natural route of infection. Due to its ability to induce mucosal immunity it is expected that this approach will contribute to improved control of pertussis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Solans
- Center of Infection and Immunity of Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France
- Inserm U1019, Lille, France
- CNRS UMR8204, Lille, France
- Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Univ. Lille, Lille, France
| | - Camille Locht
- Center of Infection and Immunity of Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France
- Inserm U1019, Lille, France
- CNRS UMR8204, Lille, France
- Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Univ. Lille, Lille, France
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