Nano-based smart pesticide formulations: Emerging opportunities for agriculture

Fatty acid-modified chitosan and nanoencapsulation of essential oils: A snapshot of applications

Chitosan (CS) and its modification with fatty acid (FA) in addition to the nanoencapsulation with essential oils (EOs) have emerged as promising approaches with diverse applications, particularly in food and fruit preservation. This review aims to curate data on the prospects of CS modified with FA as nanostructures, serving as carriers for EOs and its application in the preservation of fruits. A narrative review with no restricted period was used for the general overview of CS and strategies for its modification with FA. Report on CS modified with FA and nanoencapsulation with EO and their applications were appraised. The prospects of CS modified with FA and EO nanoencapsulation in food and fruit preservation were outlined. Most chitosan-fatty acid (CS-FA) studies have found relevance in water, medical and pharmaceutical industries, with few studies on food preservation. CS-FA formulation with EOs shows substantial potential in preserving fruits and will significantly impact the food industry in the future by extending the shelf life of fruits and reducing food waste.

Chitosan Coating as a Strategy to Increase Postemergent Herbicidal Efficiency and Alter the Interaction of Nanoatrazine with Bidens pilosa Plants

The atrazine nanodelivery system, composed of poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL+ATZ) nanocapsules (NCs), has demonstrated efficient delivery of the active ingredient to target plants in previous studies, leading to greater herbicide effectiveness than conventional formulations. Established nanosystems can be enhanced or modified to generate new biological activity patterns. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the effect of chitosan coating of PCL+ATZ NCs on herbicidal activity and interaction mechanisms with Bidens pilosa plants. Chitosan-coated NCs (PCL/CS+ATZ) were synthesized and characterized for size, zeta potential, polydispersity, and encapsulation efficiency. Herbicidal efficiency was assessed in postemergence greenhouse trials, comparing the effects of PCL/CS+ATZ NCs (coated), PCL+ATZ NCs (uncoated), and conventional atrazine (ATZ) on photosystem II (PSII) activity and weed control. Using a hydroponic system, we evaluated the root absorption and shoot translocation of fluorescently labeled NCs. PCL/CS+ATZ presented a positive zeta potential (25 mV), a size of 200 nm, and an efficiency of atrazine encapsulation higher than 90%. The postemergent herbicidal activity assay showed an efficiency gain of PSII activity inhibition of up to 58% compared to ATZ and PCL+ATZ at 96 h postapplication. The evaluation of weed control 14 days after application ratified the positive effect of chitosan coating on herbicidal activity, as the application of PCL/CS+ATZ at 1000 g of a.i. ha-1 resulted in better control than ATZ at 2000 g of a.i. ha-1 and PCL+ATZ at 1000 g of a.i. ha-1. In the hydroponic experiment, chitosan-coated NCs labeled with a fluorescent probe accumulated in the root cortex, with a small quantity reaching the vascular cylinder and leaves up to 72 h after exposure. This behavior resulted in lower leaf atrazine levels and PSII inhibition than ATZ. In summary, chitosan coating of nanoatrazine improved the herbicidal activity against B. pilosa plants when applied to the leaves but negatively affected the root-to-shoot translocation of the herbicide. This study opens avenues for further investigations to improve and modify established nanosystems, paving the way for developing novel biological activity patterns.

Immobilization of Bacillus thuringiensis Cry1Ac in metal-organic frameworks through biomimetic mineralization for sustainable pest management

Traditional chemical pesticide dosage forms and crude application methods have resulted in low pesticide utilization, increased environmental pollution, and the development of resistance. Compared to traditional pesticides, nanopesticides enhance the efficiency of pesticide utilization and reduce the quantity required, thereby decreasing environmental pollution. Herein, Cry1Ac insecticidal crystal protein from Bacillus thuringiensis Subsp. Kurstaki HD-73 was encapsulated in a metal-organic framework (zeolite imidazolate framework-8, ZIF-8) through biomimetic mineralization to obtain Cry1Ac@ZIF-8 nanopesticides. The Cry1Ac@ZIF-8 nanopesticides exhibited a dodecahedral porous structure, and the introduction of Cry1Ac did not affect the intrinsic crystal structure of ZIF-8. The indoor toxicity analysis revealed that the toxicity of Cry1Ac towards Ostrinia furnacalis (Guenée), Helicoverpa armigera Hubner, and Spodoptera litura Fabricius was not affected by ZIF-8 encapsulation. Surprisingly, Cry1Ac@ZIF-8 still exhibited excellent pest management efficacy even after exposure to heat, UV irradiation, and long-term storage. More importantly, the encapsulation of ZIF-8 significantly enhanced the internal absorption performance of Cry1Ac in maize leaves and extended its persistence period. Thus, ZIF-8 could potentially serve as a promising carrier for the preparation of nanopesticides with enhanced applicability, stability, and persistence period, providing a powerful strategy to improve the application of Cry1Ac in future agricultural pest management.

Dual-loaded nano pesticide system based on industrial grade scaleable carrier materials with combinatory efficacy and improved safety

Repeated and widespread use of single chemical pesticides raises concerns about efficiency and safety, developing multi-component synergistic pesticides provides a new route for efficient control of diseases. Most commercial compound formulations are open systems with non-adjustable released rates, resulting in a high frequency of applications. Meanwhile, although nano pesticide delivery systems constructed with different carrier materials have been extensively studied, realizing their actual scale-up production still has important practical significance due to the large-scale field application. In this study, a boscalid and pyraclostrobin dual-loaded nano pesticide system (BPDN) was constructed with industrial-grade carrier materials to facilitate the realization of large-scale production. The optimal industrial-scale preparation mechanism of BPDN was studied with surfactants as key factors. When agricultural emulsifier No.600 and polycarboxylate are used as the ratio of 1:2 in the preparation process, the BPDN has a spherical structure with an average size of 270 nm and exhibits superior physical stability. Compared with commercial formulation, BPDN maintains rate-stabilized release up to 5 times longer, exhibits better dispersion and spreading performance on foliar, has more than 20% higher deposition amounts, and reduces loss. A single application of BPDN could efficiently control tomato gray mold during the growing period of tomatoes due to extended duration and combinatory effectiveness, reducing two application times and labor costs. Toxicology tests on various objects systematically demonstrated that BPDN has improved safety for HepG2 cells, and nontarget organism earthworms. This research provides insight into creating safe, efficient, and environmentally friendly pesticide production to reduce manual operation times and labor costs. Accompanied by production strategies that can be easily scaled up industrially, this contributes to the efficient use of resources for sustainable agriculture.

Smart controlled-release nanopesticides based on metal-organic frameworks

The practical utilization rates of conventional pesticide formulations by target organisms are very low, which results in the pollution of ecological environments and the formation of pesticide residues in agricultural products. Water-based nanopesticide formulations could become alternative and effective formulations to eventually resolve the main issues of conventional pesticide formulations. In this feature article, we describe the design concept of smart (stimuli-responsive) controlled-release nanopesticides, which are created toward hierarchical targets (pests, pathogens, and foliage) in response to multidimensional stimuli from physiological and environmental factors (such as sunlight) of target organisms and plants, for achieving enhanced insecticidal and fungicidal efficacies. The pore sizes and functionalities of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) can be fine-tuned through the choice of metal-containing units and organic ligands. Tailor-made MOF nanoparticles with large microporous or mesoporous sizes, as well as good biocompatibility and high thermal, mechanical, and chemical durabilities, are used to load pesticides within these pores followed by coating of plant polyphenols and natural polymers for stimuli-responsive controlled pesticide release. This feature article highlights our works on smart controlled-release MOF-based nanopesticides and also includes related works from other laboratories. The future challenges and promising prospects of smart controlled-release MOF-based nanopesticides are also discussed.

Exploring chitin: novel pathways and structures as promising targets for biopesticides

Chitin, the most prevalent polymer in nature, a significant structural polysaccharide that comes in second only to cellulose. Chitin is a crucial component of fungal cell walls and also present in many other creatures, such as viruses, plants, animals, insect exoskeletons, and crustacean shells. Chitin presents itself as a promising target for the development of biopesticides. It focuses on unraveling the unique structures and biochemical pathways associated with chitin, aiming to identify vulnerabilities that can be strategically leveraged for effective and environmentally sustainable pest control. It involves a comprehensive analysis of chitinase enzymes, chitin biosynthesis, and chitin-related processes across diverse organisms. By elucidating the molecular intricacies involved in chitin metabolism, this review seeks to unveil potential points of intervention that can disrupt essential biological processes in target pests without harming non-target species. This holistic approach to understanding chitin-related pathways aims to inform the design and optimization of biopesticides with enhanced specificity and reduced ecological impact. The outcomes of this study hold great promise for advancing innovative and eco-friendly pest management strategies. By targeting chitin structures and pathways, biopesticides developed based on these findings may offer a sustainable and selective alternative to conventional chemical pesticides, contributing to the ongoing efforts towards more environmentally conscious and effective pest control solutions.

Agriculture and environmental management through nanotechnology: Eco-friendly nanomaterial synthesis for soil-plant systems, food safety, and sustainability

Through the advancement of nanotechnology, agricultural and food systems are undergoing strategic enhancements, offering innovative solutions to complex problems. This scholarly essay thoroughly examines nanotechnological innovations and their implications within these critical industries. Traditional practices are undergoing radical transformation as nanomaterials emerge as novel agents in roles traditionally filled by fertilizers, pesticides, and biosensors. Micronutrient management and preservation techniques are further enhanced, indicating a shift towards more nutrient-dense and longevity-oriented food production. Nanoparticles (NPs), with their unique physicochemical properties, such as an extraordinary surface-to-volume ratio, find applications in healthcare, diagnostics, agriculture, and other fields. However, concerns about their potential overuse and bioaccumulation raise unanswered questions about their health effects. Molecule-to-molecule interactions and physicochemical dynamics create pathways through which nanoparticles cause toxicity. The combination of nanotechnology and environmental sustainability principles leads to the examination of green nanoparticle synthesis. The discourse extends to how nanomaterials penetrate biological systems, their applications, toxicological effects, and dissemination routes. Additionally, this examination delves into the ecological consequences of nanomaterial contamination in natural ecosystems. Employing robust risk assessment methodologies, including the risk allocation framework, is recommended to address potential dangers associated with nanotechnology integration. Establishing standardized, universally accepted guidelines for evaluating nanomaterial toxicity and protocols for nano-waste disposal is urged to ensure responsible stewardship of this transformative technology. In conclusion, the article summarizes global trends, persistent challenges, and emerging regulatory strategies shaping nanotechnology in agriculture and food science. Sustained, in-depth research is crucial to fully benefit from nanotechnology prospects for sustainable agriculture and food systems.

The Chemical Landscape of Leaf Surfaces and Its Interaction with the Atmosphere

Atmospheric chemists have historically treated leaves as inert surfaces that merely emit volatile hydrocarbons. However, a growing body of evidence suggests that leaves are ubiquitous substrates for multiphase reactions-implying the presence of chemicals on their surfaces. This Review provides an overview of the chemistry and reactivity of the leaf surface's "chemical landscape", the dynamic ensemble of compounds covering plant leaves. We classified chemicals as endogenous (originating from the plant and its biome) or exogenous (delivered from the environment), highlighting the biological, geographical, and meteorological factors driving their contributions. Based on available data, we predicted ≫2 μg cm-2 of organics on a typical leaf, leading to a global estimate of ≫3 Tg for multiphase reactions. Our work also highlighted three major knowledge gaps: (i) the overlooked role of ambient water in enabling the leaching of endogenous substances and mediating aqueous chemistry; (ii) the importance of phyllosphere biofilms in shaping leaf surface chemistry and reactivity; (iii) the paucity of studies on the multiphase reactivity of atmospheric oxidants with leaf-adsorbed chemicals. Although biased toward available data, we hope this Review will spark a renewed interest in the leaf surface's chemical landscape and encourage multidisciplinary collaborations to move the field forward.

The Use and Impact of Antibiotics in Plant Agriculture: A Review

Growers have depended on the specificity and efficacy of streptomycin and oxytetracycline as a part of their plant disease arsenal since the middle of the 20th century. With climate change intensifying plant bacterial epidemics, the established success of these antibiotics remains threatened. Our strong reliance on certain antibiotics for devastating diseases eventually gave way to resistance development. Although antibiotics in plant agriculture equal to less than 0.5% of overall antibiotic use in the United States, it is still imperative for humans to continue to monitor usage, environmental residues, and resistance in bacterial populations. This review provides an overview of the history and use, resistance and mitigation, regulation, environmental impact, and economics of antibiotics in plant agriculture. Bacterial issues, such as the ongoing Huanglongbing (citrus greening) epidemic in Florida citrus production, may need antibiotics for adequate control. Therefore, preserving the efficacy of our current antibiotics by utilizing more targeted application methods, such as trunk injection, should be a major focus. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2024 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY 4.0 International license.

Nanomaterial-encapsulated dsRNA of ecdysone-induced early gene E75, a potential RNAi-based SIT strategy for pest control against Bactrocera dorsalis

Bactrocera dorsalis is a notorious pest widely distributed across most Asian countries. With the rapid development of pesticide resistance, new pest control methods are urgently needed. RNAi-based sterile insect technique (SIT) is a species-specific pest management strategy for B. dorsalis control. It is of great significance to identify more target genes from B. dorsalis, and improve the RNAi efficiency. In this study, microinjection-based RNAi results showed that six 20E response genes were necessary for male fertility of B. dorsalis, of which E75 was identified as the key target according to the lowest egg-laying number and hatching rate after E75 knockdown. Three nanoparticles chitosan (CS), chitosan‑sodium tripolyphosphate (CS-TPP), and star polycation (SPc) were used to encapsulate dsE75 expressed by HT115 strain. Properties analysis of nanoparticle-dsRNA complexes showed that both CS-TPP-dsRNA and SPc-dsRNA exhibited better properties (smaller size and polydispersity index) than CS-dsRNA. Moreover, oral administration of CS-TPP-dsE75 and SPc-dsE75 by males resulted in more abnormal testis and significantly lower fertility than feeding naked dsE75. Semi-field trials further confirmed that the number of hatched larvae was dramatically reduced in these two groups. Our study not only provides more valuable targets for RNAi-based SIT, but also promotes the application of environment-friendly management against B. dorsalis in the field.

Current developments and future perspectives of nanotechnology in orthopedic implants: an updated review

Orthopedic implants are the most commonly used fracture fixation devices for facilitating the growth and development of incipient bone and treating bone diseases and defects. However, most orthopedic implants suffer from various drawbacks and complications, including bacterial adhesion, poor cell proliferation, and limited resistance to corrosion. One of the major drawbacks of currently available orthopedic implants is their inadequate osseointegration at the tissue-implant interface. This leads to loosening as a result of immunological rejection, wear debris formation, low mechanical fixation, and implant-related infections. Nanotechnology holds the promise to offer a wide range of innovative technologies for use in translational orthopedic research. Nanomaterials have great potential for use in orthopedic applications due to their exceptional tribological qualities, high resistance to wear and tear, ability to maintain drug release, capacity for osseointegration, and capability to regenerate tissue. Furthermore, nanostructured materials possess the ability to mimic the features and hierarchical structure of native bones. They facilitate cell proliferation, decrease the rate of infection, and prevent biofilm formation, among other diverse functions. The emergence of nanostructured polymers, metals, ceramics, and carbon materials has enabled novel approaches in orthopaedic research. This review provides a concise overview of nanotechnology-based biomaterials utilized in orthopedics, encompassing metallic and nonmetallic nanomaterials. A further overview is provided regarding the biomedical applications of nanotechnology-based biomaterials, including their application in orthopedics for drug delivery systems and bone tissue engineering to facilitate scaffold preparation, surface modification of implantable materials to improve their osteointegration properties, and treatment of musculoskeletal infections. Hence, this review article offers a contemporary overview of the current applications of nanotechnology in orthopedic implants and bone tissue engineering, as well as its prospective future applications.

Herbicidal weed management practices: History and future prospects of nanotechnology in an eco-friendly crop production system

Weed management is an important aspect of crop production, as weeds cause significant losses in terms of yield and quality. Various approaches to weed management are commonly practiced by crop growers. Due to limitations in other control methods, farmers often choose herbicides as a cost-effective, rapid and highly efficient weed control strategy. Although herbicides are highly effective on most weeds, they are not a complete solution for weed management because of the genetic diversity and evolving flexibility of weed communities. The excessive and indiscriminate use of herbicides and their dominance in weed control have triggered the rapid generation of herbicide-resistant weed species. Moreover, environmental losses of active ingredients in the herbicides cause serious damage to the environment and pose a serious threat to living organisms. Scientific advances have enabled nanotechnology to emerge as an innovation with real potential in modern agriculture, adding a new dimension in the preparation of controlled release formulations (CRF) of herbicides. Here the required amount of active ingredients is released over longer periods of time to obtain the desired biological efficacy whilst reducing the harmful effects of these chemicals. Various organic and inorganic carrier materials have been utilised in CRF and researchers have a wide range of options for the synthesis of eco-friendly carrier materials, especially those with less or no toxicity to living organisms. This manuscript addresses the history, progress, and consequences of herbicide application, and discusses potential ways to reduce eco-toxicity due to herbicide application, along with directions for future research areas using the benefits of nanotechnology.

A highly effective SERS platform formed by the fabrication of Ag@ZIF-8@Au nanoparticles for rapid detection of acetamiprid in environment

The unreasonable spraying and random migration of acetamiprid may cause pollution of crops, soil and water resources in the environment, resulting in threatening ecosystem and human health. However, the monitoring of acetamiprid using mass spectrum in the environment encounters challenges due to high-cost instruments and complex processing time. Herein, we fabricated a rapid and reliable SERS method based on Ag@ZIF-8@Au platforms for tracing acetamiprid residues in the environment. In this method, a MOF material named ZIF-8 is coated with silver nanoparticles and distributed internally between AgNPs and AuNPs to enhance Raman signal, which can enrich pesticide molecules into the hotspots area provided by noble material and helps avoid the oxidation of silver nanoparticles. High sensitivity (LOD of 9.027 × 10-10 M for acetamiprid, and SERS enhancement factor of 4.3 × 107), excellent reproducibility (6.496% or 7.198% RSD for 30 random points) and superior stability (3.127% RSD for 6 weeks) were achieved using the proposed method. Acetamiprid with concentrations from 10-4 to 10-9 M were successfully detected by SERS method. Furthermore, the linear detection models of acetamiprid in different environment matrices (lake water, tea leaves, tea garden soil, oranges and oranges orchard soil) were established and all the correlation coefficient (R2) were higher than or equal to 95%, indicating the excellent adaptability of Ag@ZIF-8@Au platform in environment. The randomly spiked concentrations of acetamiprid were also tested with good recovery values and low relative error values, further confirming the reliability of the detection method.

Strategies for mitigation of pesticides from the environment through alternative approaches: A review of recent developments and future prospects

Chemical-based peticides are having negative impacts on both the healths of human beings and plants as well. The World Health Organisation (WHO), reported that each year, >25 million individuals in poor nations are having acute pesticide poisoning cases along with 20,000 fatal injuries at global level. Normally, only ∼0.1% of the pesticide reaches to the intended targets, and rest amount is expected to come into the food chain/environment for a longer period of time. Therefore, it is crucial to reduce the amounts of pesticides present in the soil. Physical or chemical treatments are either expensive or incapable to do so. Hence, pesticide detoxification can be achieved through bioremediation/biotechnologies, including nano-based methodologies, integrated approaches etc. These are relatively affordable, efficient and environmentally sound methods. Therefore, alternate strategies like as advanced biotechnological tools like as CRISPR Cas system, RNAi and genetic engineering for development of insects and pest resistant plants which are directly involved in the development of disease- and pest-resistant plants and indirectly reduce the use of pesticides. Omics tools and multi omics approaches like metagenomics, genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics for the efficient functional gene mining and their validation for bioremediation of pesticides also discussed from the literatures. Overall, the review focuses on the most recent advancements in bioremediation methods to lessen the effects of pesticides along with the role of microorganisms in pesticides elimination. Further, pesticide detection is also a big challenge which can be done by using HPLC, GC, SERS, and LSPR ELISA etc. which have also been described in this review.

Enhancing Systemic Translocation of Insecticides via Nanoformulations Incorporating β-Cyclodextrin Octadecarboxylate as a Carrier

The conversion of contact-killing pesticides into systemic pesticides can significantly enhance the bioavailability of pesticides, thereby reducing pesticide usage and environmental harm. A series of β-cyclodextrin fatty acid esters with varying branch chains were synthesized and employed as carriers in nanoformulation of insecticide. The investigation revealed that nanoformulations prepared using β-cyclodextrin octadecarboxylate (β-CDs) exhibited superior stability and remarkable systemic translocation within plants. Six contact-killing insecticide nanoformulations were developed utilizing β-CDs as carriers, and tests indicated that β-CDs significantly enhanced the systemic translocation of insecticides in plants compared to carrier-free nanoformulations. It was found that β-CDs increased the level of systemic translocation of insecticides by 5-12 times. Additionally, characterization results from λ-cyhalothrin-β-CDs nanoformulation demonstrated their superior ability to improve photolysis resistance, prolong release time, and extend insecticidal duration. Consequently, β-CDs can be utilized as a green additive in pesticide production to enhance the systemic translocation of pesticides in plants and increase their bioavailability.

Preparation and evaluation in vitro release of sodium alginate/chitosan polyelectrolyte microparticles containing rifampicin and theoretical study using DFT methods

In this work, rifampicin-loaded sodium alginate/chitosan polyelectrolyte microparticles were prepared by the ionotropic gelation technique using CaCl2 as a cross-linking agent. The influence of different sodium alginate and chitosan concentrations on particle size, surface properties, and in vitro release behavior was studied. An infrared spectroscopy investigation verified the lack of any drug-polymer interaction. The microparticles prepared using (30, 50) mg of sodium alginate were spherical while when using 75 mg of sodium alginate, vesicles with round heads and tapered tails were formed. The results showed that the microparticle diameters were between (11.872-35.3645) µm. The amount of rifampicin released and the kinetics of drug release from microparticles were studied, and the results showed that by increasing the concentration of the polymer, the release of the rifampicin from the microparticles decreased. The findings showed that rifampicin release followed zero-order kinetics and that drug release from these particles is frequently influenced by diffusion. The electronic structure and characteristics of the conjugated polymers (sodium alginate/Chitosan) were examined using density functional theory (DFT) and PM3 calculations with Gaussian 9, using the B3LYP, and electronic structure calculations using 6-311 G (d,p). The HOMO and LUMO energy levels are determined as the HOMO's maximum and the LUMO's minimum, respectively.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.

Exposure concentration ratios and biological responses play a critical role in determining the joint toxicity of TiO2 nanoparticles and As(V) to the organism: The case study in marine algae Phaeodactylum tricornutum

Environmental risks of manufactured nanomaterials (MNMs) have been widely investigated while the understanding for joint toxicity mechanism of MNMs with other contaminants is still limited. This limitation may be attributed to variations in the concentration ratios of MNMs and co-existing contaminants in the real environment. To better assess the joint toxicity and clarify its underlying mechanisms, this study exposed Phaeodactylum tricornutum to different concentration combinations of nano-sized titanium dioxide (nTiO2) and As(V) at toxic unit (TU) ratios of 1:4,1:1, and 4:1. The results demonstrated that the joint toxicity modes of nTiO2 and As(V) varied with the TU ratios exhibiting synergism for 1:4, partially addition for 1:1, and antagonism for 4:1. Specifically, at low TU ratio of 1:4, the adsorption of As(V) by nTiO2 together with the subsequent internalization of nTiO2 promoted a significant enrichment of As in algae. Simultaneously, the up-regulation of pst (phosphate transporter) genes in charge of the As(V) transport molecular further exacerbated the enrichment of inorganic As in algae, while the down-regulation of ArsM (arsenite S-adenosylmethionine methyltransferases) genes in charge of the As metabolism inhibited As biotransformation from toxic inorganic to nontoxic organic, causing the aggravated accumulation of toxic inorganic As in algae. At higher TU ratios of 1:1 and 4:1, the accumulation of As decreased in algae due to the higher sedimentation of nTiO2 and thus the lower internalization of As-adsorbed nTiO2, as well as the down-regulation of pst genes restricting the transportation of As(V) into algal cells, which jointly accelerated the As biotransformation from toxic inorganic to nontoxic organic. Our results suggest that more attention should be paid to exposure concentration ratios of MNMs and co-existing contaminants and biological responses including bioavailability, bioaccumulation, biotransformation, which would play a critical role in determining the joint toxicity to the organism.

Revolutionizing agriculture: Harnessing nano-innovations for sustainable farming and environmental preservation

The agricultural sector is currently confronted with a significant crisis stemming from the rapid changes in climate patterns, declining soil fertility, insufficient availability of essential macro and micronutrients, excessive reliance on chemical fertilizers and pesticides, and the presence of heavy metals in soil. These numerous challenges pose a considerable threat to the agriculture industry. Furthermore, the exponential growth of the global population has led to a substantial increase in food consumption, further straining agricultural systems worldwide. Nanotechnology holds great promise in revolutionizing the food and agriculture industry, decreasing the harmful effects of agricultural practices on the environment, and improving productivity. Nanomaterials such as inorganic, lipid, and polymeric nanoparticles have been developed for increasing productivity due to their unique properties. Various strategies can enhance product quality, such as the use of nano-clays, nano zeolites, and hydrogel-based materials to regulate water absorption and release, effectively mitigating water scarcity. The production of nanoparticles can be achieved through various methods, each of which has its own unique benefits and limitations. Among these methods, chemical synthesis is widely favored due to the impact that various factors such as concentration, particle size, and shape have on product quality and efficiency. This review provides a detailed examination of the roles of nanotechnology and nanoparticles in sustainable agriculture, including their synthetic methods, and presents an analysis of their associated advantages and disadvantages. To date, there are serious concerns and awareness about healthy agriculture and the production of healthy products, therefore the development of nanotech-enabled devices that act as preventive and early warning systems to identify health issues, offering remedial measures is necessary.

Chitosan nanoplatforms in agriculture for multi-potential applications - Adsorption/removal, sustained release, sensing of pollutants & delivering their alternatives - A comprehensive review

An increase in the global population has led to an increment in the food consumption, which has demanded high food production. To meet the production demands, different techniques and technologies are adopted in agriculture the past 70 years, where utilization of the industry-manufactured/synthetic pesticides (SPTCs - e.g., herbicides, insecticides, fungicides, bactericides, nematicides, acaricides, avicides, and so on) is one of them. However, it has been later revealed that the usage of SPTCs has negatively impacted the environment - especially water and soil, and also agricultural products - mainly foods. Though preventive measures are taken by government agencies, still the utilization rate of SPTCs is high, and consequently, their maximum residual limit (MRL) levels in food are above tolerance, which further results in serious health concerns in humans. So, there is an immediate need for decreasing the utilization of the SPTCs by delivering them effectively at reduced levels in agriculture but with the required efficacy. Apart from that, it is mandatory to detect/sense and also to remove them to lessen the environmental pollution, while developing effective alternative techniques/technologies. Among many suitable materials that are developed/idenified, chitosan, a bio-polymer has gained great attention and is comprehensively implemented in all the above-mentioned applications - sensing, delivery and removal, due to their excellent and required properties. Though many works are available, in this work, a special attention is given to chitosan and its derivatives (i.e., chitosan nanoparticles (CNPs))based removal, controlled release and sensing of the SPTCs - specifically herbicides and insecticides. Moreover, the chitosan/CNPs-based protective effects on the in vivo models during/after their exposure to the SPTCs, and the current technologies like clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) as alternatives for SPTCs are also reviewed.

Encapsulated nanopesticides application in plant protection: Quo vadis?

The increased global food insecurity due to the growing population can be addressed with precision and sustainable agricultural practices. To tackle the issues regarding food insecurity, farmers used different agrochemicals that improved plant growth and protection. Among these agrochemicals, synthetic pesticides used for plant protection in the agricultural field have various disadvantages. Conventional applications of synthetic pesticides have drawbacks such as rapid degradation, poor solubility, and non-target effects, as well as increased pesticide runoff that pollutes the environment. Nanotechnology has evolved as a potential solution to increase agricultural productivity through the development of different nanoforms of agrochemicals such as nanopesticides, nano-fabricated fertilizers, nanocapsules, nanospheres, nanogels, nanofibers, nanomicelles, and nano-based growth promoters. Encapsulation of these pesticides inside the nanomaterials has provided good biocompatibility over conventional application by inhibiting the early degradation of active ingredients (AI), increasing the uptake and adhesion of pesticides, improving the stability, solubility, and permeability of the pesticides, and decreasing the environmental impacts due to the pesticide runoff. In this review, different nanoforms of encapsulated pesticides and their smart delivery systems; nanocarriers in RNA interference (RNAi) based pesticides; environmental fate, practical implications, management of nanopesticides; and future perspectives are discussed.

Emamectin-sodium alginate nano-formulation based on charge attraction with highly improved systemic translocation and photolysis resistance

Nano pesticides offer an effective means of improving the bioavailability of pesticide due to their excellent solubility and wettability, superior foliar adhesion, and permeability to target insects. By using high-speed homogenization and ultrasonic dispersion technology, an emamectin-sodium alginate nano-formulation (EB@SA) with a particle size ranging from 30 to 50 nm was successfully fabricated using electrostatic self-assembly. The microscopic morphology and structure of EB@SA were further analyzed through transmission electron microscopy, dynamic light scattering, infrared spectroscopy, and 1H NMR. The photolysis resistance behavior of EB@SA demonstrated an improved anti-photolysis ability more than double that of conventional formulations while also exhibiting good sustained-release properties. Not only does EB@SA maintain the inherent insecticidal toxicity of emamectin benzoate (EB), but it also significantly prolongs its insecticidal duration. At a concentration of 20 mg/L, the lethality rate against Armyworms remains above 70 % over a period of 16 days compared to <50 % for general emamectin emulsifiable concentrate. Furthermore, EB@SA greatly enhances the systemic translocation of EB in corn plants by exhibiting favorable bidirectional systemic translocation characteristics. This research presents an efficient and environmentally friendly pesticide nano-formulation that can be effectively utilized for field pest control.

Redox/Near-Infrared Dual-Responsive Hollow Mesoporous Organosilica Nanoparticles for Pesticide Smart Delivery

Extremely inefficient utilization of pesticides has prompted a study of low-cost, sustainable, and smart application systems. Herein, as a promising pesticide nanocarrier, hollow mesoporous organosilica nanoparticles (HMONs) were first synthesized by using inexpensive CaCO3 nanoparticles as the hollow templates. A redox/near-infrared light dual-triggered pesticide release system was further achieved via loading avermectin (AVM) into the HMONs and coating a layer of polydopamine (PDA). The as-prepared AVM@HMONs@PDA displays a favorable pesticide load capability (24.8 wt %), outstanding photothermal performance, and high adhesion to leaves. In addition, with glutathione (GSH), the AVM cumulative release from AVM@HMONs@PDA was 3.5 times higher than that without GSH. Under ultraviolet light irradiation, the half-life of AVM@HMONs@PDA was prolonged by 17.0-fold compared to that of the AVM technical. At day 21 after treatment in the insecticidal activity, the median lethal concentrations (LC50) values displayed that the toxicity of AVM@HMONs@PDA for Panonychus citri (McGregor) was enhanced 4.0-fold compared with the commercial emulsifiable concentrate. In the field trial, at day 28 after spraying, AVM@HMONs@PDA was significantly more control effective than AVM-EC in controlling the P. citri (McGregor), even at a 50% reduced dosage. Moreover, HMONs@PDA was safe for crops. This research presents a novel preparation approach for HMONs, and it also offers a promising nanoplatform for the precise release of pesticides.

Cellulose Nanocrystal-Based Emulsion of Thyme Essential Oil: Preparation and Characterisation as Sustainable Crop Protection Tool

Essential oil-based pesticides, which contain antimicrobial and antioxidant molecules, have potential for use in sustainable agriculture. However, these compounds have limitations such as volatility, poor water solubility, and phytotoxicity. Nanoencapsulation, through processes like micro- and nanoemulsions, can enhance the stability and bioactivity of essential oils. In this study, thyme essential oil from supercritical carbon dioxide extraction was selected as a sustainable antimicrobial tool and nanoencapsulated in an oil-in-water emulsion system. The investigated protocol provided high-speed homogenisation in the presence of cellulose nanocrystals as stabilisers and calcium chloride as an ionic crosslinking agent. Thyme essential oil was characterised via GC-MS and UV-vis analysis, indicating rich content in phenols. The cellulose nanocrystal/essential oil ratio and calcium chloride concentration were varied to tune the nanoemulsions' physical-chemical stability, which was investigated via UV-vis, direct observation, dynamic light scattering, and Turbiscan analysis. Transmission electron microscopy confirmed the nanosized droplet formation. The nanoemulsion resulting from the addition of crosslinked nanocrystals was very stable over time at room temperature. It was evaluated for the first time on Pseudomonas savastanoi pv. savastanoi, the causal agent of olive knot disease. In vitro tests showed a synergistic effect of the formulation components, and in vivo tests on olive seedlings demonstrated reduced bacterial colonies without any phytotoxic effect. These findings suggest that crosslinked cellulose nanocrystal emulsions can enhance the stability and bioactivity of thyme essential oil, providing a new tool for crop protection.

Star Polymer-Based Nanodelivery System for Pesticides: Enhanced Broad-Spectrum Toxicity and Selective Toxicity

The application of nanotechnology in agriculture can break through many traditional problems of synthetic pesticides, especially for increasing bioactivity and reducing application amount. However, the safety and selective toxicity of nanocarrier-loaded pesticides should be clarified toward natural predators. In this context, an efficient spirotetramat nanodelivery system was successfully constructed based on a star polymer (SPc). Spirotetramat could complex with SPc through hydrogen bonding and van der Waals forces spontaneously. The self-assembly of the spirotetramat/SPc complex decreased the particle size of spirotetramat from 1292 to 710 nm. After the complexation with SPc, the lethal concentration 50 (LC50) values of spirotratemat decreased from 252.064 to 108.871 and 332.079 to 189.257 mg/L toward target pest Frankliniella occidentalis and nontarget predator Orius sauteri with the synergic ratios of 2.315 and 1.755, respectively. The possible reason might be due to the enhancement of the broad-spectrum toxicity of SPc-loaded pesticides. Importantly, the selective toxicity ratio (STR) of spirotetramat increased from 1.32 to 1.73 with the help of SPc, indicating the higher selectivity of the spirotratemat/SPc complex toward predators. Meanwhile, the safety coefficient (SC) of spirotratemat was not significantly changed after complexation with SPc, and the spirotratemat/SPc complex belonged to the medium risk pesticide. Overall, the assembly with SPc could not only improve the control efficacy of spirotetramat but also increase its selectivity as well as alleviate its negative effects on predators. The current study is beneficial for understanding the enhancement of broad-spectrum toxicity and the selective toxicity of nanocarrier-loaded pesticides.

Unleashing the potential of nanoparticles on seed treatment and enhancement for sustainable farming

The foremost challenge in farming is the storage of seeds after harvest and maintaining seed quality during storage. In agriculture, studies showed positive impacts of nanotechnology on plant development, seed storage, endurance under various types of stress, detection of seed damages, and seed quality. Seed's response varies with different types of nanoparticles depending on its physical and biochemical properties and plant species. Herein, we aim to cover the impact of nanoparticles on seed coating, dormancy, germination, seedling, nutrition, plant growth, stress conditions protection, and storage. Although the seed treatment by nanopriming has been shown to improve seed germination, seedling development, stress tolerance, and seedling growth, their full potential was not realized at the field level. Sustainable nano-agrochemicals and technology could provide good seed quality with less environmental toxicity. The present review critically discusses eco-friendly strategies that can be employed for the nanomaterial seed treatment and seed enhancement process to increase seedling vigor under different conditions. Also, an integrated approach involving four innovative concepts, namely green co-priming, nano-recycling of agricultural wastes, nano-pairing, and customized nanocontainer storage, has been proposed to acclimatize nanotechnology in farming.

Chitosan-Delivered Chlorantraniliprole for Pest Control: Preparation Optimization, Deposition Behavior, and Application Potential

Chitosan has emerged as a promising biopolymer carrier for the sustained release of pesticides owing to its good biocompatibility, biodegradability, and bioactivity. In this work, a controlled-release formulation of insecticide chlorantraniliprole was fabricated through coprecipitation-based synchronous encapsulation with chitosan, where the optimum preparation conditions, storage stability, deposition behavior, and application potential were investigated. Preparation of optimization data from response surface methodology showed high correlation coefficient (R2) of 0.9875 and adjusted coefficient (Radj2) of 0.9715. The resulting formulation displayed good loading content of 28.39%, high encapsulation efficiency of 75.71%, and good storage stability. Compared with the commercial suspension concentrate, the formulation exhibited better wettability and retention behaviors on plant leaves. Excitingly, effective control against one species of mealybug genus Paraputo Laing (outside the killing spectrum) on the Hippeastrum reticulatum plant was successfully achieved by spraying the controlled-release formulation at different time intervals. This work indicates the good potential of the developed formulation in expanding the application scope of chlorantraniliprole, which shows a new strategy for sustainable pest management.

Advanced nanopesticides: Advantage and action mechanisms

The use of various chemical substances to control pests, diseases, and weeds in the field is a necessary part of the agricultural development process in every country. While the application of pesticides can improve the quality and yield of crops, plant resistance and the harm caused by pesticide residues to the environment and humans have led to the search for greener and safer pesticide formulations to improve the current situation. In recent years, nanopesticides (NPts) have shown great potential in agriculture due to their high efficiency, low toxicity, targeting, resistance, and controlled slow release demonstrated in the experimental stage. Commonly used approaches to prepare NPts include the use of nanoscale metal materials as active ingredients (AI) (ingredients that can play a role in insecticide, sterilization and weeding) or the construction of carriers based on commonly used pesticides to make them stable in nano-sized form. This paper systematically summarizes the advantages and effects of NPts over conventional pesticides, analyzes the formation and functions of NPts in terms of structure, AI, and additives, and describes the mechanism of action of NPts. Despite the feasibility of NPts use, there is not enough comprehensive research on NPts, which must be supplemented by more experiments in terms of biotoxicology and ecological effects to provide strong support for NPts application.

Enhancing insecticidal efficacy of Bacillus thuringiensis Cry1Ab through pH-sensitive encapsulation

Nanotechnology is a promising way to enhance the stability of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) insecticidal proteins under environmental conditions. In this work, two emulsions were prepared through the Pickering emulsion technique, stabilized by Cu2+-SQDs/S-CN nanocomposites and by GO nanosheets. In addition, a pH-sensitive polymer was incorporated into these emulsions, allowing the Bt protein, Cry1Ab, to be released in an alkaline pH environment, as it occurs in the lepidopteran pests' gut. The effectiveness of these two nanomaterials in protecting Cry1Ab from degradation, and therefore enhancing its pesticidal activity, was assessed by exposing samples of the purified unprotected protein and encapsulated protein to high-intensity UV light and 40°C temperature treatments. The UV treatment results were evaluated using SDS-PAGE analysis and pointed out that Cry1Ab could be structurally protected by the emulsions. The bioassays with first instar larvae of the lepidopteran pest Ostrinia nubilalis confirm the nanomaterial protection to UV and temperature treatments, i.e., decreasing about half the degradation rate and increasing up to 12-fold the residual activity after UV treatment. Our results indicate that encapsulation could be an effective strategy to improve the effectiveness of Cry1Ab under environmental conditions. KEY POINTS: • Pickering emulsions are effective for solubilized Cry1Ab encapsulation. • Structural and toxicity Cry1Ab properties are enhanced by pH-sensitive encapsulation. • Cu2+-SQDs/S-CN and GO nanomaterials improve the efficacy of Bt insecticides.

Degradable PDA@PNIPAM-TA Nanocomposites for Temperature- and NIR light-Controlled Pesticide Release

Controlled pesticide delivery systems offer many distinctive advantages over conventional pesticide formulations. In this work, degradable poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM)-tannic acid (TA) microgels and multifunctional PDA@PNIPAM-TA nanocomposites were prepared in a high-gravity rotating packed bed reactor (RPB) for smart pesticide delivery and release. The as-prepared microgels and nanocomposites showed reversible temperature-dependent swelling/deswelling behavior and irreversible pH-induced degradation. A dynamic contact angle test suggested that the introduction of TA and PDA into the PNIPAM matrix could enhance foliar adhesion and deposition efficiency. The nanocomposites were further used for the encapsulation and delivery of imidacloprid (IMI) to protect it from rapid photolysis and improve its pest-control efficiency. Their thermoresponsive behavior as well as pesticide loading capacity could be tuned by tailoring the PNIPAM-TA shell thickness, which could be varied by the NIPAM amount. The release rate of IMI from the core/shell nanocomposites was positively correlated with environmental temperature and near-infrared (NIR) light, which was adaptive to the positive temperature-dependent toxicity correlation of IMI and the increasing trend of pests under high temperature. The cumulative release of IMI was 23.5% at 25 °C, while it was 81.2% at 40 °C after 24 h of incubation, and the release rate was greatly enhanced under NIR irradiation. The results indicated that the facile control of pesticide release could be realized by regulating environmental conditions. This work also provides an idea for using high-gravity technology to conveniently construct a smart, effective, and environmentally friendly pesticide delivery system for sustainable crop protection.

A general supramolecular adjuvant for pesticides based on host-guest recognition

BACKGROUND

Pesticides are indispensable in agriculture and can effectively improve the yields and quality of crops. Due to their weak water solubility, most pesticides need to be dissolved by adding solubilizing adjuvants. In this work, based on molecular recognition of the macrocyclic host, we developed a novel supramolecular adjuvant, called sulfonated azocalix[4]arene (SAC4A), which significantly improves the water solubility of pesticides.

RESULTS

SAC4A presents multiple advantages, including high water solubility, strong binding affinity, universality, and simple preparation. SAC4A showed an average binding constant value of 1.66 × 105  M-1 for 25 pesticides. Phase solubility results indicated that SAC4A increased the water solubility of pesticides by 80-1310 times. The herbicidal, fungicidal, and insecticidal activities of supramolecular formulations were found to be superior to those of technical pesticides, and the herbicidal effects were even better than those of commercial formulations.

CONCLUSION

Overall results revealed the potential of SAC4A to improve the solubility and effectiveness of pesticides, providing a new development idea for the application of adjuvants in agriculture. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.

The Impact of 2-Ketones Released from Solid Lipid Nanoparticles on Growth Modulation and Antioxidant System of Lactuca sativa

2-Ketones are signal molecules reported as plant growth stimulators, but their applications in vegetables have yet to be achieved. Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) emerge as a relevant nanocarrier to develop formulations for the controlled release of 2-ketones. In this sense, seedlings of Lactuca sativa exposed to 125, 375, and 500 µL L-1 of encapsulated 2-nonanone and 2-tridecanone into SLNs were evaluated under controlled conditions. SLNs evidenced a spherical shape with a size of 230 nm. A controlled release of encapsulated doses of 2-nonanone and 2-tridecanone was observed, where a greater release was observed as the encapsulated dose of the compound increased. Root development was strongly stimulated mainly by 2-tridecanone and leaf area (25-32%) by 2-nonanone. Chlorophyll content increased by 15.8% with exposure to 500 µL L-1 of 2-nonanone, and carotenoid concentration was maintained with 2-nonanone. Antioxidant capacity decreased (13-62.7%) in L. sativa treated with 2-ketones, but the total phenol concentration strongly increased in seedlings exposed to some doses of 2-ketones. 2-Tridecanone strongly modulates the enzymatic activities associated with the scavenging of H2O2 at intra- and extracellular levels. In conclusion, 2-ketones released from SLNs modulated the growth and the antioxidant system of L. sativa, depending on the dose released.

Translation of nanotechnology-based implants for orthopedic applications: current barriers and future perspective

The objective of bioimplant engineering is to develop biologically compatible materials for restoring, preserving, or altering damaged tissues and/or organ functions. The variety of substances used for orthopedic implant applications has been substantially influenced by modern material technology. Therefore, nanomaterials can mimic the surface properties of normal tissues, including surface chemistry, topography, energy, and wettability. Moreover, the new characteristics of nanomaterials promote their application in sustaining the progression of many tissues. The current review establishes a basis for nanotechnology-driven biomaterials by demonstrating the fundamental design problems that influence the success or failure of an orthopedic graft, cell adhesion, proliferation, antimicrobial/antibacterial activity, and differentiation. In this context, extensive research has been conducted on the nano-functionalization of biomaterial surfaces to enhance cell adhesion, differentiation, propagation, and implant population with potent antimicrobial activity. The possible nanomaterials applications (in terms of a functional nanocoating or a nanostructured surface) may resolve a variety of issues (such as bacterial adhesion and corrosion) associated with conventional metallic or non-metallic grafts, primarily for optimizing implant procedures. Future developments in orthopedic biomaterials, such as smart biomaterials, porous structures, and 3D implants, show promise for achieving the necessary characteristics and shape of a stimuli-responsive implant. Ultimately, the major barriers to the commercialization of nanotechnology-derived biomaterials are addressed to help overcome the limitations of current orthopedic biomaterials in terms of critical fundamental factors including cost of therapy, quality, pain relief, and implant life. Despite the recent success of nanotechnology, there are significant hurdles that must be overcome before nanomedicine may be applied to orthopedics. The objective of this review was to provide a thorough examination of recent advancements, their commercialization prospects, as well as the challenges and potential perspectives associated with them. This review aims to assist healthcare providers and researchers in extracting relevant data to develop translational research within the field. In addition, it will assist the readers in comprehending the scope and gaps of nanomedicine's applicability in the orthopedics field.

Mitigation of pesticide-mediated ocular toxicity via nanotechnology-based contact lenses: a review

The xenobiotic stress exerted by pesticides leads to the deterioration of human and animal health including ocular health. Acute or prolonged exposure to these agricultural toxicants has been implicated in a number of pathological conditions of the eye such as irritation, epiphora or hyper-lacrimation, abrasions on the ocular surface, and decreased visual acuity. The issue is compounded by the fact that tissues of the eye absorb pesticides faster than other organs of the body and are more susceptible to damage as well. However, there is a lacuna in our knowledge regarding the ways by which pesticide exposure-mediated ocular insult might be counteracted. Topical instillation of drugs known to combat the pesticide induced toxicity has been explored to mitigate the detrimental impact of pesticide exposure. However, topical eye drop solutions exhibit very low bioavailability and limited drug residence duration in the tear film decreasing their efficacy. Contact lenses have been explored in this respect to increase bioavailability of ocular drugs, while nanoparticles have lately been utilized to increase drug bioavailability and increase drug residence duration in different tissues. The current review focuses on drug delivery and futuristic aspects of corneal protection from ocular toxicity using contact lenses.

Nanotechnology in Food and Plant Science: Challenges and Future Prospects

Globally, food safety and security are receiving a lot of attention to ensure a steady supply of nutrient-rich and safe food. Nanotechnology is used in a wide range of technical processes, including the development of new materials and the enhancement of food safety and security. Nanomaterials are used to improve the protective effects of food and help detect microbial contamination, hazardous chemicals, and pesticides. Nanosensors are used to detect pathogens and allergens in food. Food processing is enhanced further by nanocapsulation, which allows for the delivery of bioactive compounds, increases food bioavailability, and extends food shelf life. Various forms of nanomaterials have been developed to improve food safety and enhance agricultural productivity, including nanometals, nanorods, nanofilms, nanotubes, nanofibers, nanolayers, and nanosheets. Such materials are used for developing nanofertilizers, nanopesticides, and nanomaterials to induce plant growth, genome modification, and transgene expression in plants. Nanomaterials have antimicrobial properties, promote plants' innate immunity, and act as delivery agents for active ingredients. Nanocomposites offer good acid-resistance capabilities, effective recyclability, significant thermostability, and enhanced storage stability. Nanomaterials have been extensively used for the targeted delivery and release of genes and proteins into plant cells. In this review article, we discuss the role of nanotechnology in food safety and security. Furthermore, we include a partial literature survey on the use of nanotechnology in food packaging, food safety, food preservation using smart nanocarriers, the detection of food-borne pathogens and allergens using nanosensors, and crop growth and yield improvement; however, extensive research on nanotechnology is warranted.

Rechargeable films for protection of dry foods: A sustainable method for covalent grafting of β-cyclodextrin-thymol complex on PET/viscose platform

Rechargeable materials for the effective protection of dry food products were developed. β-cyclodextrin-thymol inclusion complex was covalently grafted on a solid platform of polyethylene terephthalate-viscose using either traditional cross-linker of epichlorohydrin, or natural cross-linker of citric acid. A correlation between the grafting method and physicochemical properties, loading capacity and release capabilities of the resulted materials was studied. The developed materials demonstrated antimicrobial properties preventing mold propagation in wheat grains. The treated grains showed normal germination abilities verifying that the prepared materials can protect dry food products without using harmful chemicals. The suggested approach can be extended to other applications and active agents. A combination of rechargeable films with natural volatiles can serve as an effective platform for sustainable active materials for food protection and in other fields such as agriculture, cosmetics, and medicine.

Eco-Efficient Systems Based on Nanocarriers for the Controlled Release of Fertilizers and Pesticides: Toward Smart Agriculture

The excessive application of pesticides and fertilizers has generated losses in biological diversity, environmental pollution, and harmful effects on human health. Under this context, nanotechnology constitutes an innovative tool to alleviate these problems. Notably, applying nanocarriers as controlled release systems (CRSs) for agrochemicals can overcome the limitations of conventional products. A CRS for agrochemicals is an eco-friendly strategy for the ecosystem and human health. Nanopesticides based on synthetic and natural polymers, nanoemulsions, lipid nanoparticles, and nanofibers reduce phytopathogens and plant diseases. Nanoproducts designed with an environmentally responsive, controlled release offer great potential to create formulations that respond to specific environmental stimuli. The formulation of nanofertilizers is focused on enhancing the action of nutrients and growth stimulators, which show an improved nutrient release with site-specific action using nanohydroxyapatite, nanoclays, chitosan nanoparticles, mesoporous silica nanoparticles, and amorphous calcium phosphate. However, despite the noticeable results for nanopesticides and nanofertilizers, research still needs to be improved. Here, we review the relevant antecedents in this topic and discuss limitations and future challenges.

A nano-delivery system expands the insecticidal target of thiamethoxam to include a devastating pest, the fall armyworm

Nano-delivery systems have been applied to deliver various synthetic/botanical pesticides to increase the efficiency of pesticide use and reduce the volumes of pesticides applied. Previous studies have supported the hypothesis that the nanocarriers can help expand the insecticidal target of pesticides to include non-target pests. However, the potential mechanism underlying this interesting phenomenon remains unclear. Herein, a widely applied star polycation (SPc) nanocarrier was synthesized to construct a thiamethoxam (TMX) nano-delivery system. The SPc-based delivery system could promote the translocation of exogenous substances across the membrane of Sf9 cells, increase the cytotoxicity of TMX against Sf9 cells by nearly 20%, and expand the insecticidal target of TMX to include Spodoptera frugiperda (the fall armyworm), with a 27.5% mortality increase at a concentration of 0.25 mg/mL. Moreover, the RNA-seq analysis demonstrated that the SPc could upregulate various transport-related genes, such as Rab, SORT1, CYTH, and PIKfyve, for the enhanced cellular uptake of TMX. Furthermore, enhanced cell death in larvae treated with the TMX-SPc complex was observed through changes in the expression levels of death-related genes, such as Casp7, BIRC5, MSK1, and PGAM5. The SPc-based nano-delivery system improved the cellular uptake of TMX and expanded its insecticidal target by adjusting the expression levels of death-related genes. The current study mainly identified the transport and cell death genes related to nanocarrier-based insecticidal target expansion, which is beneficial for understanding the bioactivity enhancement of the nano-delivery system.

Cinnamon Oil Encapsulated with Silica Nanoparticles: Chemical Characterization and Evaluation of Insecticidal Activity Against the Rice Moth, Corcyra cephalonica

Cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum Blume) essential oil has vast potential as an antimicrobial but is limited by its volatility and rapid degradation. To decrease its volatility and prolong the efficacy of the biocide, cinnamon essential oil was encapsulated into mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs). The characterization of MSNs and cinnamon oil encapsulated with silica nanoparticles (CESNs) was estimated. Additionally, their insecticidal activity against the rice moth Corcyra cephalonica (Stainton) larvae was evaluated. The MSN surface area decreased from 893.6 to 720 m² g^-1 and the pore volume also decreased from 0.824 to 0.7275 cc/g after loading with cinnamon oil. X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and N2 sorption by Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) confirmed the successful formation and evolution of the synthesized MSNs and CESN structures. The surface characteristics of MSNs and CESNs were analyzed by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Compared with the sub-lethal activity values, the order of toxicity after 6 days of exposure was MSNs ˃ CESN ˃ cinnamon oil ˃ silica gel ˃ peppermint oil. The efficacy of CESNs gradually increases its toxicity more than MSN after the 9th day of exposure.

Nano-based smart formulations: A potential solution to the hazardous effects of pesticide on the environment

Inefficient usage, overdose, and post-application losses of conventional pesticides have resulted in severe ecological and environmental issues, such as pesticide resistance, environmental contamination, and soil degradation. Advances in nano-based smart formulations are promising novel methods to decrease the hazardous impacts of pesticide on the environment. In light of the lack of a systematic and critical summary of these aspects, this work has been structured to critically assess the roles and specific mechanisms of smart nanoformulations (NFs) in mitigating the adverse impacts of pesticide on the environment, along with an evaluation of their final environmental fate, safety, and application prospects. Our study provides a novel perspective for a better understanding of the potential functions of smart NFs in reducing environmental pollution. Additionally, this study offers meaningful information for the safe and effective use of these nanoproducts in field applications in the near future.

Nanopesticides in comparison with agrochemicals: Outlook and future prospects for sustainable agriculture

Agrochemicals are products of advanced technologies that use inorganic pesticides and fertilizers. Widespread use of these compounds has adverse environmental effects, leading to acute and chronic exposure. Globally, scientists are adopting numerous green technologies to ensure a healthy and safe food supply and a livelihood for everyone. Nanotechnologies significantly impact all aspects of human activity, including agriculture, even if synthesizing certain nanomaterials is not environmentally friendly. Numerous nanomaterials may therefore make it easier to create natural insecticides, which are more effective and environmentally friendly. Nanoformulations can improve efficacy, reduce effective doses, and extend shelf life, while controlled-release products can improve the delivery of pesticides. Nanotechnology platforms enhance the bioavailability of conventional pesticides by changing kinetics, mechanisms, and pathways. This allows them to bypass biological and other undesirable resistance mechanisms, increasing their efficacy. The development of nanomaterials is expected to lead to a new generation of pesticides that are more effective and safer for life, humans, and the environment. This article aims to express at how nanopesticides are being used in crop protection now and in the future. This review aims to shed some light on the various impacts of agrochemicals, their benefits, and the function of nanopesticide formulations in agriculture.

Interactive effects of changes in UV radiation and climate on terrestrial ecosystems, biogeochemical cycles, and feedbacks to the climate system

Terrestrial organisms and ecosystems are being exposed to new and rapidly changing combinations of solar UV radiation and other environmental factors because of ongoing changes in stratospheric ozone and climate. In this Quadrennial Assessment, we examine the interactive effects of changes in stratospheric ozone, UV radiation and climate on terrestrial ecosystems and biogeochemical cycles in the context of the Montreal Protocol. We specifically assess effects on terrestrial organisms, agriculture and food supply, biodiversity, ecosystem services and feedbacks to the climate system. Emphasis is placed on the role of extreme climate events in altering the exposure to UV radiation of organisms and ecosystems and the potential effects on biodiversity. We also address the responses of plants to increased temporal variability in solar UV radiation, the interactive effects of UV radiation and other climate change factors (e.g. drought, temperature) on crops, and the role of UV radiation in driving the breakdown of organic matter from dead plant material (i.e. litter) and biocides (pesticides and herbicides). Our assessment indicates that UV radiation and climate interact in various ways to affect the structure and function of terrestrial ecosystems, and that by protecting the ozone layer, the Montreal Protocol continues to play a vital role in maintaining healthy, diverse ecosystems on land that sustain life on Earth. Furthermore, the Montreal Protocol and its Kigali Amendment are mitigating some of the negative environmental consequences of climate change by limiting the emissions of greenhouse gases and protecting the carbon sequestration potential of vegetation and the terrestrial carbon pool.

Plant nanobionics: Fortifying food security via engineered plant productivity

The world's human population is increasing exponentially, increasing the demand for high-quality food sources. As a result, there is a major global concern over hunger and malnutrition in developing countries with limited food resources. To address this issue, researchers worldwide must focus on developing improved crop varieties with greater productivity to overcome hunger. However, conventional crop breeding methods require extensive periods to develop new varieties with desirable traits. To tackle this challenge, an innovative approach termed plant nanobionics introduces nanomaterials (NMs) into cell organelles to enhance or modify plant function and thus crop productivity and yield. A comprehensive review of nanomaterials affect crop yield is needed to guide nanotechnology research. This article critically reviews nanotechnology applications for engineering plant productivity, seed germination, crop growth, enhancing photosynthesis, and improving crop yield and quality, and discusses nanobionic approaches such as smart drug delivery systems and plant nanobiosensors. Moreover, the review describes NM classification and synthesis and human health-related and plant toxicity hazards. Our findings suggest that nanotechnology application in agricultural production could significantly increase crop yields to alleviate global hunger pressures. However, the environmental risks associated with NMs should be investigated thoroughly before their widespread adoption in agriculture.

Multifunctional Metal-Organic Framework (MOF)-Based Nanoplatforms for Crop Protection and Growth Promotion

Phytopathogen, pest, weed, and nutrient deficiency cause severe losses to global crop yields every year. As the core engine, agrochemicals drive the continuous development of modern agriculture to meet the demand for agricultural productivity and increase the environmental burden due to inefficient use. With new advances in nanotechnology, introducing nanomaterials into agriculture to realize agrochemical accurate and targeted delivery has brought new opportunities to support the sustainable development of green agriculture. Metal-Organic frameworks (MOFs), which weave metal ions/clusters and organic ligands into porous frameworks, have exhibited significant advantages in constructing biotic/abiotic stimuli-responsive nanoplatforms for controlled agrochemical delivery. This review emphasizes the recent developments of MOF-based nanoplatforms for crop protection, including phytopathogen, pest, and weed control, and crop growth promotion, including fertilizer/plant hormone delivery. Finally, forward-looking perspectives and challenges on MOF-based nanoplatforms for future applications in crop protection and growth promotion are also discussed.

Multifunctional Nanoparticles and Nanopesticides in Agricultural Application

The unscientific application of pesticides can easily cause a series of ecological environmental safety issues, which seriously restrict the sustainable development of modern agriculture. The great progress in nanotechnology has allowed the continuous development of plant protection strategies. The nanonization and delivery of pesticides offer many advantages, including their greater absorption and conduction by plants, improved efficacy, reduced dosage, delayed resistance, reduced residues, and protection from natural enemies and beneficial insects. In this review, we focus on the recent advances in multifunctional nanoparticles and nanopesticides. The definition of nanopesticides, the types of nanoparticles used in agriculture and their specific synergistic mechanisms are introduced, their safety is evaluated, and their future application prospects, about which the public is concerned, are examined.

Bioactivity, Uptake, and Distribution of Prothioconazole Loaded on Fluorescent Double-Hollow Shelled Mesoporous Silica in Soybean Plants

Prothioconazole (PTC) has been widely utilized for plant fungal disease control, but its metabolite prothioconazole-desthio (PTC-d) exhibits reproductive toxicity. In the present study, carbon quantum dot (CQD)-modified fluorescent double-hollow shelled mesoporous silica nanoparticles (FL-MSNs) loaded with PTC, referred to as PTC@FL-MSNs, were constructed with an average size of 369 nm and a loading capacity of 28.1 wt %, which could increase the antifungal efficiency of PTC. In addition, upright fluorescence microscope and UPLC-MS/MS studies showed that PTC@FL-MSNs could be effectively transported via root uptake and foliar spray in soybean plants. Compared to a 30% PTC dispersible oil suspension agent, the PTC@FL-MSN treatment group showed higher concentrations (leaves: 0.50 > 0.48 mg/kg), longer half-lives for degradation (leaves: 3.62 > 3.21 d; roots: 3.39 > 2.82 d), and fewer metabolites. These findings suggest that sustained pesticide release and toxicity reduction are potential applications for PTC nanofungicide delivery technology.

Overflow Control for Sustainable Development by Superwetting Surface with Biomimetic Structure

Liquid flowing around a solid edge, i.e., overflow, is a commonly observed flow behavior. Recent research into surface wetting properties and microstructure-controlled overflow behavior has attracted much attention. Achieving controllable macroscale liquid dynamics by manipulating the micro-nanoscale liquid overflow has stimulated diverse scientific interest and fostered widespread use in practical applications. In this review, we outline the evolution of overflow and present a critical survey of the mechanism of surface wetting properties and microstructure-controlled liquid overflow in multilength scales ranging from centimeter to micro and even nanoscale. We summarize the latest progress in utilizing the mechanisms to manipulate liquid overflow and achieve macroscale liquid dynamics and in emerging applications to manipulate overflow for sustainable development in various fields, along with challenges and perspectives.

Application of depolymerized chitosan in crop production: A review

Currently, chitosan (CHT) is well known for its uses, particularly in veterinary and agricultural fields. However, chitosan's uses suffer greatly due to its extremely solid crystalline structure, it is insoluble at pH levels above or equal to 7. This has sped up the process of derivatizing and depolymerizing it into low molecular weight chitosan (LMWCHT). As a result of its diverse physicochemical as well as biological features which include antibacterial activity, non-toxicity, and biodegradability, LMWCHT has evolved into new biomaterials with extremely complex functions. The most important physicochemical and biological property is antibacterial, which has some degree of industrialization today. CHT and LMWCHT have potential due to the antibacterial and plant resistance-inducing properties when applied in crop production. This study has highlighted the many advantages of chitosan derivatives as well as the most recent studies on low molecular weight chitosan applications in crop development.

Environmental effect of agriculture-related manufactured nano-objects on soil microbial communities

Agriculture-related manufactured nano-objects (MNOs) can revolutionize the crop production and help to achieve sustainable development goals. MNOs with diverse physico-chemical properties and ability to encapsulate and deliver active ingredients in controlled, targeted and stimuli responsive manner can enhance the efficiency while minimizing collateral damage to non-target organisms and environment. Application of MNOs in the form of nanopesticides and nanofertilizers is known to affect soil microbial communities both positively and negatively, but detailed studies with varying dose, type and environmental conditions are scarce. Therefore, it is imperative to understand the complex mechanisms and factors which shape the MNOs-microbial interactions through integrating state of the art technologies including omics (transcriptomics, metabolomics, and proteomics), artificial intelligence, and statistical frameworks. Lastly, we propose the idea of MNOs-mediated manipulation of soil microbiome to modify the soil microbial communities for improved microbial services. These microbial services, if harnessed appropriately, can revolutionize modern agriculture and help in achieving sustainable development goals.

Engineered silica nanomaterials in pesticide delivery: Challenges and perspectives

Over the past decade, nanopesticide has been developed rapidly for exploring effective and safe alternatives to conventional pesticides with significant drawbacks and risks. Many nanotechnologies, including pesticide nanoemulsions, polymer-based nanopesticides, and metal/metal oxide nanoparticle-based pesticides have emerged and are extensively reviewed. Engineered silica nanomaterials (ESNs) have also shown promising potential as carriers in nanopesticides for modern agriculture. However, there are limited reviews specifically on ESN-based nanopesticides. Herein, we provide a comprehensive review on the recent progress of ESN-based nanopesticide technologies. An introduction of synthetic technology, formation mechanism, and surface engineering technology is firstly presented. Then, the advantages of ESN-based pesticide formulation and their structure-function-relationship are illustrated in detail. Finally, our perspectives on challenges and future research in ESN-based nanopesticide development are discussed.

Functional characterization of tyrosine melanin genes in the white-backed planthopper and utilization of a spray-based nanoparticle-wrapped dsRNA technique for pest control

As a significant pest of rice the white-backed planthopper (WBPH) Sogatella furcifera is a focus of pest management. However, traditional chemical-based control methods risk the development of pesticide resistance as well as severe ecological repercussions. Although nanoparticle-encapsulated dsRNAs provide a promising alternative method for sustainable pest management, gene targets specific to WBPH have yet to be optimized. Genes in the tyrosine-melanin pathway impact epidermal melanization and sclerotization, two processes essential for insect development and metabolism, have been proposed as good candidate targets for pest management. Seven genes (aaNAT, black, DDC, ebony, tan, TH, and yellow-y) in this group were identified from WBPH genome and functionally characterized by using RNAi for their impact on WBPH body color, development, and mortality. Knockdown of SfDDC, Sfblack, SfaaNAT, and Sftan caused cuticles to turn black, whereas Sfyellow-y and Sfebony knockdown resulted in yellow coloration. SfTH knockdown resulted in pale-colored bodies and high mortality. Additionally, an Escherichia coli expression system for large-scale dsRNA production was coupled with star polycation nanoparticles to develop a sprayable RNAi method targeting SfTH that induced high WBPH mortality rates on rice seedlings. These findings lay the groundwork for the development of large-scale dsRNA nanoparticle sprays as a WBPH control method.