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Kroeger M, Vargas-Bermudez DS, Jaime J, Parada J, Groeltz J, Gauger P, Piñeyro P. First detection of PCV4 in swine in the United States: codetection with PCV2 and PCV3 and direct detection within tissues. Sci Rep 2024; 14:15535. [PMID: 38969759 PMCID: PMC11226432 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-66328-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Since PCV4 was first described in 2019, the virus has been identified in several countries in Southeast Asia and Europe. Most studies have been limited to detecting PCV4 by PCR. Thus, PCV4 has an unclear association with clinical disease. This study utilized 512 porcine clinical lung, feces, spleen, serum, lymphoid tissue, and fetus samples submitted to the ISU-VDL from June-September 2023. PCV4 was detected in 8.6% of samples with an average Ct value of 33. While detection rates among sample types were variable, lymphoid tissue had the highest detection rate (18.7%). Two ORF2 sequences were obtained from lymphoid tissue samples and had 96.36-98.98% nucleotide identity with reference sequences. Direct detection of PCV4 by RNAscope revealed viral replication in B lymphocytes and macrophages in lymph node germinal centers and histiocytic and T lymphocyte infiltration in the lamina propria of the small intestine. PCV4 detection was most commonly observed in nursery to finishing aged pigs displaying respiratory and enteric disease. Coinfection with PCV2, PCV3, and other endemic pathogens was frequently observed, highlighting the complex interplay between different PCVs and their potential roles in disease pathogenesis. This study provides insights into the frequency of detection, tissue distribution, and genetic characteristics of PCV4 in the US.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly Kroeger
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, 1655 Veterinary Medicine, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Diana S Vargas-Bermudez
- Animal Health Department. Center of Infectious Diseases and Veterinary Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Production Animal, Colombia National University, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Jairo Jaime
- Animal Health Department. Center of Infectious Diseases and Veterinary Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Production Animal, Colombia National University, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Julian Parada
- CONICET- Animal Pathology Department. Agronomy and Veterinary College, Río Cuarto National University, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Jennifer Groeltz
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, 1655 Veterinary Medicine, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Philip Gauger
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, 1655 Veterinary Medicine, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Pablo Piñeyro
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, 1655 Veterinary Medicine, Ames, IA, 50011, USA.
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D’Annunzio G, Ostanello F, Muscatello LV, Orioles M, Bacci B, Jacumin N, Leotti G, Tommasini N, Alborali GL, Luppi A, Vio D, Mandrioli L, Sarli G. Porcine Lawsonia intracellularis Ileitis in Italy and Its Association with Porcine Circovirus Type 2 (PCV2) Infection. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13071170. [PMID: 37048426 PMCID: PMC10093578 DOI: 10.3390/ani13071170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to employ a diagnostic algorithm, which involves detecting positive farms by stool PCR followed by PCR and histology/immunohistochemistry on ileum samples, for diagnosing Lawsonia intracellularis proliferative enteritis in Northern Italy. The primary aim was to examine the relationship between the gold standard of L. intracellularis diagnostics, namely histology and immunohistochemistry, and PCR in acute and chronic cases of L. intracellularis enteritides. An additional goal was to investigate the coinfection of L. intracellularis with porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2). Twenty-eight ileum samples, including four from acute cases and 24 from chronic cases, were collected. PCR yielded positive results in 19 cases (four acute and 15 chronic cases). In comparison, immunohistochemistry was positive in 16 cases (four acute and 12 chronic cases), with an observed agreement of 89%. The findings suggest that performing the two tests in series can increase the specificity of the causal diagnosis. PCR may be used as a screening tool to identify the presence of the microorganism, and only positive cases will be examined by histology and immunohistochemistry to confirm the causative role of L. intracellularis. Co-infection with PCV2 was demonstrate in two out of four acute cases and in two out of 24 chronic cases, providing further evidence to support the hypothesis that when the infection starts with ubiquitous pathogens such as L. intracellularis, it may boost the possibility of PCV2 replication, especially in acute cases. As a result, this may trigger a transition from subclinical to clinical forms of PCV2 disease.
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TGF-β from the Porcine Intestinal Cell Line IPEC-J2 Induced by Porcine Circovirus 2 Increases the Frequency of Treg Cells via the Activation of ERK (in CD4 + T Cells) and NF-κB (in IPEC-J2). Viruses 2022; 14:v14112466. [PMID: 36366564 PMCID: PMC9698303 DOI: 10.3390/v14112466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2) causes immunosuppression. Piglets infected with PCV2 can develop enteritis. Given that the gut is the largest immune organ, however, the response of the gut's immune system to PCV2 is still unclear. Here, IPEC-J2 cells with different treatments were co-cultured with PBMC or CD4+ T cells (Transwell). Flow cytometry and Western blotting revealed that PCV2-infected IPEC-J2 increased the frequency of CD4+ T cells among piglets' peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and caused CD4+ T cells to undergo a transformation into Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Treg cells) via activating CD4+ T ERK. Cytokines production and an inhibitor assay showed that the induction of Tregs by PCV2-infected IPEC-J2 was dependent on TGF-β induced by PCV2 in IPEC-J2, which was associated with the activation of NF-κB. Taken together, PCV2-infected IPEC-J2 activated NF-κB to stimulate the synthesis of TGF-β, which enhanced the differentiation of CD4+ T cells into Treg cells through the activation of ERK in CD4+ T cells. This information sheds light on PCV2's function in the intestinal immune system and suggests a potential immunosuppressive mechanism for PCV2 infection.
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Hansen MS, Jensen TK, Hjulsager CK, Angen Ø, Riber U, Nielsen J, Heegaard PMH, Larsen LE. Experimental infection of high health pigs with porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) and Lawsonia intracellularis. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:994147. [PMID: 36277064 PMCID: PMC9583870 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.994147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) and Lawsonia intracellularis infections can cause enteritis in pigs. A Danish study showed a significantly higher probability of detecting PCV2 without concurrent L. intracellularis infection, indicating that one of these pathogens has an impact on the dynamics of the other. Therefore, a delayed co-infection model was set up, initially aiming at investigating the interaction between PCV2 and L. intracellularis in pigs challenged with PCV2 and 2 weeks later with L. intracellularis. But due to PCV2 contamination of the L. intracellularis inoculum the aim was revisited to describing the infection dynamics and pathogenesis of pigs infected with PCV2 followed by delayed simultaneous exposure to PCV2 and L. intracellularis. Twenty-four high-health piglets were divided into three groups of eight pigs (A, B, C) and inoculated at experimental day (EXD) 0 with mock (groups A and B) or PCV2 (group C), and at EXD 14 with mock (group A) or L. intracellularis/PCV2 (groups B and C). The pigs underwent daily clinical examination, and were necropsied at EXD 51–52. Furthermore, histology, immunohistochemistry, serology and PCR for PCV2 and L. intracellularis, and measurement of C-reactive protein were carried out. Results Group A remained negative for PCV2 and L. intracellularis. Following inoculation with L. intracellularis/PCV2, no significant differences were observed between group B and C, however pigs already infected with PCV2 (group C) showed milder clinical signs and exhibited milder intestinal lesions, less shedding of L. intracellularis and developed higher L. intracellularis antibody titers than the pigs in group B that only received the combined infection. Though the differences between group B and C were non-significant, all results pointed in the same direction, indicating that the pigs in group B were more affected by the L. intracellularis infection compared to the pigs in group C. Conclusions Previous exposure to PCV2 had limited impact on the subsequent exposure to a combined L. intracellularis/PCV2 inoculation. However, there was a tendency that the infection dynamics of PCV2 and development of antibodies to PCV2 and L. intracellularis were altered in pigs previously exposed to PCV2. These differences should be confirmed in further experimental trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mette S. Hansen
- Center for Diagnostic, Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark,The National Veterinary Institute, DTU, Kalvehave, Denmark,Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark,*Correspondence: Mette S. Hansen
| | - Tim K. Jensen
- Center for Diagnostic, Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Charlotte K. Hjulsager
- Center for Diagnostic, Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark,Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Øystein Angen
- Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark,The National Veterinary Institute, DTU, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Ulla Riber
- Center for Diagnostic, Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Jens Nielsen
- The National Veterinary Institute, DTU, Kalvehave, Denmark,National Institute of Aquatic Resources, DTU, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Peter M. H. Heegaard
- Center for Diagnostic, Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark,Experimental and Translational Immunology, Department of Health Technology, DTU, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Lars E. Larsen
- Center for Diagnostic, Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark,Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
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Suzuki K, Shinkai H, Yoshioka G, Matsumoto T, Tanaka J, Hayashi N, Kitazawa H, Uenishi H. NOD2 Genotypes Affect the Symptoms and Mortality in the Porcine Circovirus 2-Spreading Pig Population. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12091424. [PMID: 34573406 PMCID: PMC8469532 DOI: 10.3390/genes12091424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The nucleotide oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptor 2 (NOD2) is an intracellular pattern recognition receptor that detects components of peptidoglycans from bacterial cell walls. NOD2 regulates bowel microorganisms, provides resistance against infections such as diarrhea, and reduces the risk of inflammatory bowel diseases in humans and mice. We previously demonstrated that a specific porcine NOD2 polymorphism (NOD2-2197A > C) augments the recognition of peptidoglycan components. In this study, the relationships between porcine NOD2-2197A/C genotypes affecting molecular functions and symptoms in a porcine circovirus 2b (PCV2b)-spreading Duroc pig population were investigated. The NOD2 allele (NOD2-2197A) with reduced recognition of the peptidoglycan components augmented the mortality of pigs at the growing stage in the PCV2b-spreading population. Comparison of NOD2 allele frequencies in the piglets before and after invasion of PCV2b indicated that the ratio of NOD2-2197A decreased in the population after the PCV2b epidemic. This data indicated that functional differences caused by NOD2-2197 polymorphisms have a marked impact on pig health and livestock productivity. We suggest that NOD2-2197CC is a PCV2 disease resistant polymorphism, which is useful for selective breeding by reducing mortality and increasing productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasumi Suzuki
- Swine and Poultry Research Department, Gifu Prefectural Livestock Research Institute, Seki 501-3924, Japan; (K.S.); (G.Y.); (J.T.); (N.H.)
- Food and Feed Immunology Group, Laboratory of Animal Food Function, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8572, Japan
- Livestock Immunology Unit, International Education and Research Center for Food Agricultural Immunology (CFAI), Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8572, Japan
| | - Hiroki Shinkai
- National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tsukuba 305-0856, Japan;
| | - Gou Yoshioka
- Swine and Poultry Research Department, Gifu Prefectural Livestock Research Institute, Seki 501-3924, Japan; (K.S.); (G.Y.); (J.T.); (N.H.)
| | - Toshimi Matsumoto
- Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tsukuba 305-8634, Japan;
| | - Junji Tanaka
- Swine and Poultry Research Department, Gifu Prefectural Livestock Research Institute, Seki 501-3924, Japan; (K.S.); (G.Y.); (J.T.); (N.H.)
| | - Noboru Hayashi
- Swine and Poultry Research Department, Gifu Prefectural Livestock Research Institute, Seki 501-3924, Japan; (K.S.); (G.Y.); (J.T.); (N.H.)
| | - Haruki Kitazawa
- Food and Feed Immunology Group, Laboratory of Animal Food Function, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8572, Japan
- Livestock Immunology Unit, International Education and Research Center for Food Agricultural Immunology (CFAI), Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8572, Japan
- Correspondence: (H.K.); (H.U.); Tel.: +81-22-757-4372 (H.K.); +81-29-838-6292 (H.U.)
| | - Hirohide Uenishi
- Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tsukuba 305-8634, Japan;
- Correspondence: (H.K.); (H.U.); Tel.: +81-22-757-4372 (H.K.); +81-29-838-6292 (H.U.)
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Muwonge A, Karuppannan AK, Opriessnig T. Probiotics mediated gut microbiota diversity shifts are associated with reduction in histopathology and shedding of Lawsonia intracellularis. Anim Microbiome 2021; 3:22. [PMID: 33663618 PMCID: PMC7931366 DOI: 10.1186/s42523-021-00084-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clinical intervention during bacterial infections in farm animals such as pigs commonly includes the use of antimicrobials. With the rise of antimicrobial resistance and the attempts to reduce the use of antibiotics in food animals, effective alternatives are urgently needed to reduce or even remove pathogens and disease risks. Improving clinical outcomes and overall pig health by using probiotics appears attractive. However, reliable data sets on the efficacy of probiotics are scarce. The obligate intracellular bacterium Lawsonia intracellularis is widespread in pigs and associated with severe enteropathy, mainly in the ileum, commonly resulting in substantial reduction in weight gain. The impact of three in-feed probiotics and a commercial live L. intracellularis vaccine was compared in a pig challenge model. Probiotic treatment was associated with reduced L. intracellularis fecal shedding and reduced gut lesions. Here, the bacterial microbiota of the ileum of these pigs was characterized with 16S rRNA gene sequencing and was subsequently analyzed with bioinformatics tools. RESULTS The greatest microbial richness was observed in the probiotic treated group T03-LAW, which accounted for 87% of richness observed in the study. Treatment had a significant impact on both the microbiota structure and taxonomic profile in the ileum, explaining between 26 and 36% of the structural variation, with the strongest association in the T03-LAW group. Overall, the largest changes were observed for the pigs treated with in-feed Bacillus pumilus; the microbiota of these pigs had the greatest diversity and highest richness. We also observed depleted and enriched core microbiota amongst the groups; however, there was no correlation with clinical characteristics. The results suggest that an increased diversity of the ileal microbiota is associated with a reduction in shedding, i.e. a unit increase in Shannon diversity index resulted in 2.8 log reduction in shedding. CONCLUSIONS Probiotic supplementation of a base feed ration increased ileum microbiota diversity leading to a mitigation of the effects of a pathogenic L. intracellularis challenge. An even and diverse microbiota community benefits pigs infected with L. intracellularis, however, investigations are needed to determine if this is also true for other pathogens. The study unambiguously demonstrates the usefulness of probiotic supplementation in reducing the impact of enteric pathogens and pathogen shedding rates in food animals without the use of antimicrobials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Muwonge
- The Roslin Institute and The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, UK
| | - Anbu K Karuppannan
- Vaccine Research Centre-Viral Vaccines, Centre for Animal Health Studies, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai, India
| | - Tanja Opriessnig
- The Roslin Institute and The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, UK.
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA.
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Shi F, Li Q, Zou Z, Wang Y, Hou X, Zhang Y, Song Q, Zhou S, Li H. The changes of immune-related molecules within the ileal mucosa of piglets infected with porcine circovirus type 2. J Vet Sci 2020; 21:e78. [PMID: 33016023 PMCID: PMC7533395 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2020.21.e78] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2020] [Revised: 07/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Enteritis is one of the most frequently reported symptoms in piglets infected with porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2), but the immunopathogenesis has not been reported. Objectives This study examined the effect of a PCV2 infection on the intestinal mucosal immune function through morphological observations and immune-related molecular detection. Methods Morphological changes within the ileum of piglets during a PCV2 infection were observed. The expression of the related-molecules was analyzed using a gene chip. The immunocyte subsets were analyzed by flow cytometry. The secretory immunoglobulin A (SIgA) content was analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results The PCV2 infection caused ileal villus damage, intestinal epithelial cells exfoliation, and an increase in lymphocytes in the lamina propria at 21 days post-infection. Differentially expressed genes occurred in the defense response, inflammatory response, and the complement and coagulation cascade reactions. Most of them were downregulated significantly at the induction site and upregulated at the effector site. The genes associated with SIgA production were downregulated significantly at the induction site. In contrast, the expression of the Toll-like receptor-related genes was upregulated significantly at the effector site. The frequencies of dendritic cells, B cells, and CD8+T cells were upregulated at the 2 sites. The SIgA content decreased significantly in the ileal mucosa. Conclusions PCV2 infections can cause damage to the ileum that is associated with changes in immune-related gene expression, immune-related cell subsets, and SIgA production. These findings elucidated the molecular changes in the ileum after a PCV2 infection from the perspective of intestinal mucosal immunity, which provides insights into a further study for PCV2-induced enteritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengyang Shi
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Qiuming Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Zhanming Zou
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Yang Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Xiaolin Hou
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Yonghong Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Qinye Song
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Shuanghai Zhou
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China.
| | - Huanrong Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China.
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Opriessnig T, Karuppannan AK, Castro AMMG, Xiao CT. Porcine circoviruses: current status, knowledge gaps and challenges. Virus Res 2020; 286:198044. [PMID: 32502553 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2020.198044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Circoviruses (CV) include some of the smallest viruses known. They were named after their circularly arranged single-stranded DNA genome with a gene encoding a conserved replicase protein on the sense strand. Circoviruses are widely distributed in mammals, fish, avian species and even insects. In pigs, four different CVs have been identified and named with consecutive numbers based on the order of their discovery: Porcine circovirus 1 (PCV1), Porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2), Porcine circovirus 3 (PCV3) and most recently Porcine circovirus 4 (PCV4). PCVs are ubiquitous in global pig populations and uninfected herds are rarely found. It is generally accepted that PCV1 is non-pathogenic. In contrast, PCV2 is considered an important, economically challenging pathogen on a global scale with comprehensive vaccination schemes in place. The role of PCV3 is still controversial several years after its discovery. Propagation of PCV3 appears to be challenging and only one successful experimental infection model has been published to date. Similarly to PCV2, PCV3 is widespread and found in many pigs regardless of their health history, including high health herds. PCV4 has only recently been discovered and further information on this virus is required to understand its potential impact. This review summarizes current knowledge on CVs in pigs and aims to contrast and compare known facts on PCVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Opriessnig
- The Roslin Institute and The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, UK; Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA.
| | - Anbu K Karuppannan
- Vaccine Research Centre-Viral Vaccines, Centre for Animal Health Studies, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai, India
| | | | - Chao-Ting Xiao
- Institute of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, China
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Opriessnig T, Karuppannan AK, Beckler D, Ait-Ali T, Cubas-Atienzar A, Halbur PG. Bacillus pumilus probiotic feed supplementation mitigates Lawsonia intracellularis shedding and lesions. Vet Res 2019; 50:85. [PMID: 31640784 PMCID: PMC6806562 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-019-0696-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The causative agent of ileitis, Lawsonia intracellularis, is commonly associated with diarrhea and reduced weight gain in growing pigs. The effect of in-feed probiotics on L. intracellularis infection dynamics was evaluated. In brief, 70 2.5-week-old-pigs were randomly divided into six groups with 10–20 pigs each. All pigs were fed an age appropriate base ration for the duration of the study, which was supplemented with one of three Bacillus strains including B. amyloliquefaciens (T01), B. licheniformis (T02) and B. pumilus (T03). Another group was orally vaccinated with a commercial live L. intracellularis vaccine (VAC) at 3 weeks of age. At 7 weeks of age, T01-LAW, T02-LAW, T03-LAW, VAC-LAW and the POS-CONTROL groups were challenged with L. intracellularis while the NEG-CONTROL pigs were not challenged. All pigs were necropsied 16 days later. By the time of inoculation, all VAC-LAW pigs had seroconverted and at necropsy 10–65% of the pigs in all other challenged groups were also seropositive. The results indicate a successful L. intracellularis challenge with highest bacterial DNA levels in POS-CONTROL pigs, VAC-LAW pigs and T01-LAW pigs. There was a delay in onset of shedding in T02-LAW and T03-LAW groups, which was reflected in less severe macroscopic and microscopic lesions, reduced intralesional L. intracellularis antigen levels and a lower area under the curve for bacterial shedding. Under the study conditions, two of the probiotics tested suppressed L. intracellularis infection. The obtained findings show the potential of probiotics in achieving antibiotic-free control of L. intracellularis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Opriessnig
- The Roslin Institute and The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK. .,Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA.
| | - Anbu K Karuppannan
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | | | - Tahar Ait-Ali
- The Roslin Institute and The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Ana Cubas-Atienzar
- The Roslin Institute and The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Patrick G Halbur
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
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10
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Jäckel S, Muluneh A, Pöhle D, Ulber C, Dähnert L, Vina-Rodriguez A, Groschup MH, Eiden M. Co-infection of pigs with Hepatitis E and porcine circovirus 2, Saxony 2016. Res Vet Sci 2018; 123:35-38. [PMID: 30583230 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2018.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Revised: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a recognized zoonotic disease; autochthonous infections in Europe are caused to a great extent by HEV genotype 3. Pigs and wild boar are the main reservoirs for this genotype and normally they develop no or only subclinical symptoms with mild histopathological lesions. However, co-infections with other pig pathogens can lead to severe cases in pigs, including liver hemorrhage and necrosis. During a monitoring program 2016 in Saxony, Germany, farmed pigs with various clinical outcomes including fatalities were analysed for HEV and concurrent infections. We could detect eight HEV infected pigs from which six were co-infected with porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2). Phylogenetic analysis revealed HEV sub-genotypes 3e and 3f as well as PCV2 genotypes 2b and 2d. A direct correlation of the co-infection to the course of disease could not be determined, but the results provide hints that the immune modulatory effects of PCV2 combined with HEV influence the disease pattern in pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Jäckel
- Saxon State Laboratory of Health and Veterinary Affairs, Jägerstraße 8/10, 01099 Dresden, Germany
| | - Aemero Muluneh
- Saxon State Laboratory of Health and Veterinary Affairs, Jägerstraße 8/10, 01099 Dresden, Germany
| | - Dietrich Pöhle
- Saxon State Laboratory of Health and Veterinary Affairs, Jägerstraße 8/10, 01099 Dresden, Germany
| | - Claudia Ulber
- Saxon State Laboratory of Health and Veterinary Affairs, Jägerstraße 8/10, 01099 Dresden, Germany
| | - Lisa Dähnert
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Ariel Vina-Rodriguez
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Martin H Groschup
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Martin Eiden
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany.
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Liu S, Li W, Wang Y, Gu C, Liu X, Charreyre C, Fan S, He Q. Coinfection with Haemophilus parasuis serovar 4 increases the virulence of porcine circovirus type 2 in piglets. Virol J 2017; 14:227. [PMID: 29157279 PMCID: PMC5696968 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-017-0890-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS) is an emerging disease in swine. Pigs with PMWS are often infected with a variety of other pathogens, including bacteria, viruses and mycoplasm, in addition to porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2). PCV2 and Haemophilus parasuis serovar 4 (HPS4) coinfection remain epidemic in China. Methods Here we report construction of a three-week-old naturally farrowed, colostrum-deprived (NFCD) piglet’s infection model and demonstrate that PCV2-infected piglets with the HPS4 coinfection increased the virulence of PCV2 and these pathogens interact acquired PMWS. Results All the single infected piglets were transiently bacteremic or viremic. All the PCV2/HPS4 coinfected piglets developed PMWS, characterized by dyspnea, anorexia, prostration and lose weight severely. Co-infection with PCV2 and HPS4 resulted in an increased amount of virus in serum and tissues, presented a slower generation and lower levels of antibodies against PCV2. Co-infection with PCV2 and HPS4 resulted in further reductions in total and differential peripheral blood leukocyte counts. Meantime, PCV2/ HPS4 coinfection potentiated the severity of lung and lymphoid lesions by PCV2-associated, increased the virulence of PCV2-antigen and enhanced the incidence of PMWS in piglets. Conclusion Co-infection with PCV2 and HPS4 induce the exacerbation of system injuries and enhance the pathogenicity of PCV2 in piglets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuqing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China.,Key Laboratory of Medical Virology, Ministry of Health, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Wentao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Yang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Changqin Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Xiaoli Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | | | - Shenxian Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China.
| | - Qigai He
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China. .,Department of Animal Infectious Disease, State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China.
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Markedly different immune responses and virus kinetics in littermates infected with porcine circovirus type 2 or porcine parvovirus type 1. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2017; 191:51-59. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2017.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Revised: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Porcine Circovirus Type 2 (PCV2) Vaccines in the Context of Current Molecular Epidemiology. Viruses 2017; 9:v9050099. [PMID: 28481275 PMCID: PMC5454412 DOI: 10.3390/v9050099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Revised: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) is an economically important swine pathogen and, although small, it has the highest evolution rate among DNA viruses. Since the discovery of PCV2 in the late 1990s, this minimalistic virus with a 1.7 kb single-stranded DNA genome and two indispensable genes has become one of the most important porcine pathogens, and presently is subjected to the highest volume of prophylactic intervention in the form of vaccines in global swine production. PCV2 can currently be divided into five different genotypes, PCV2a through PCV2e. It is well documented that PCV2 continues to evolve, which is reflected by changes in the prevalence of genotypes. During 2006, commercial vaccines for PCV2 were introduced on a large scale in a pig population mainly infected with PCV2b. Since 2012, the PCV2d genotype has essentially replaced the previously predominant PCV2b genotype in North America and similar trends are also documented in other geographic regions such as China and South Korea. This is the second major PCV2 genotype shift since the discovery of the virus. The potential increase in virulence of the emergent PCV2 genotype and the efficacy of the current vaccines derived from PCV2a genotype against the PCV2d genotype viruses has received considerable attention. This review attempts to synthesize the understanding of PCV2 biology, experimental studies on the antigenic variability, and molecular epidemiological analysis of the evolution of PCV2 genotypes.
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Diseases of the Alimentary Tract. Vet Med (Auckl) 2017. [PMCID: PMC7167529 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-7020-5246-0.00007-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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15
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Komine M, Cunha TO, Mullaney TP, Smedley RC, Langohr IM. Pathology in Practice. Proliferative and necrotizing enterocolitis in a pig resulting from coinfection with L intracellularis and S enterica. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2016; 248:897-9. [PMID: 27031415 DOI: 10.2460/javma.248.8.897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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16
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Rieger J, Janczyk P, Hünigen H, Plendl J. Enhancement of immunohistochemical detection of Salmonella in tissues of experimentally infected pigs. Eur J Histochem 2015; 59:2516. [PMID: 26428884 PMCID: PMC4598596 DOI: 10.4081/ejh.2015.2516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Revised: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella Typhimurium is one of the main pathogens compromising porcine and human health as well as food safety, because it is a prevailing source of foodborne infections due to contaminated pork. A prominent problem in the management of this bacteriosis is the number of subclinically infected carrier pigs. As very little is known concerning the mechanisms allowing Salmonella to persist in pigs, the objective of this study was to develop an immunohistochemical approach for the detection of salmonellae in tissue of pigs experimentally infected with Salmonella Typhimurium. Samples were obtained from a challenge trial in which piglets of the German Landrace were intragastrically infected with Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium DT104 (1.4-2.1x1010 CFU). Piglets were sacrificed on days 2 and 28 post infection. Tissue samples of jejunum, ileum, colon, ileocecal mesenteric lymph nodes (Lnn. ileocolici), and tonsils (Tonsilla veli palatini) were fixed in Zamboni's fixative and paraffin-embedded. Different immunohistochemical staining protocols were evaluated. Salmonella was detected in varying amounts in the tissues. Brown iron-containing pigments in the lymph nodes interfered with the identification of Salmonella if DAB was used as a staining reagent. Detergents like Triton X-100 or Saponin enhanced the sensitivity. It seems advisable not to use a detection system with brown staining for bacteria in an experimental setup involving intestinal damage including haemorrhage. The use of detergents appears to result in a higher sensitivity in the immunohistochemical detection of salmonellae.
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17
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Xiao D, Yin J, Ren W, He J, Hu X, Yin Y, Luo W, Yu X. Porcine circovirus type 2 affects the serum profile of amino acids and intestinal expression of amino acid transporters in mice. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra12904d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
PCV2 is highly pathogenic, however, its effect on the serum amino acids profile is unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dingfu Xiao
- College of Animal Science and Technology
- Hunan Agricultural University
- Changsha
- China
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central
| | - Jie Yin
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central
- Ministry of Agriculture
- Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Healthy Livestock
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region
- Institute of Subtropical Agriculture
| | - Wenkai Ren
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central
- Ministry of Agriculture
- Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Healthy Livestock
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region
- Institute of Subtropical Agriculture
| | - Jianhua He
- College of Animal Science and Technology
- Hunan Agricultural University
- Changsha
- China
- Hunan Collaborative Innovation Center for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients
| | - Xionggui Hu
- Hunan Institute of Animal and Veterinary Science
- Changsha
- China
| | - Yulong Yin
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central
- Ministry of Agriculture
- Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Healthy Livestock
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region
- Institute of Subtropical Agriculture
| | - Wei Luo
- College of Veterinarian Sciences
- Hunan Agricultural University
- Changsha
- China
| | - Xinglong Yu
- College of Veterinarian Sciences
- Hunan Agricultural University
- Changsha
- China
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Yan M, Zhu L, Yang Q. Infection of porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2) in intestinal porcine epithelial cell line (IPEC-J2) and interaction between PCV2 and IPEC-J2 microfilaments. Virol J 2014; 11:193. [PMID: 25407967 PMCID: PMC4237784 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-014-0193-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2014] [Accepted: 10/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Porcine circovirus-associated disease (PCVAD) is caused by a small pathogenic DNA virus, Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2), and is responsible for severe economic losses. PCV2-associated enteritis appears to be a distinct clinical manifestation of PCV2. Most studies of swine enteritis have been performed in animal infection models, but none have been conducted in vitro using cell lines of porcine intestinal origin. An in vitro system would be particularly useful for investigating microfilaments, which are likely to be involved in every stage of the viral lifecycle. METHODS We confirmed that PCV2 infects the intestinal porcine epithelial cell line IPEC-J2 by means of indirect immunofluorescence, transmission electron microscopy, flow cytometry and qRT-PCR. PCV2 influence on microfilaments in IPEC-J2 cells was detected by fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry. We used Cytochalasin D or Cucurbitacin E to reorganize microfilaments, and observed changes in PCV2 invasion, replication and release in IPEC-J2 cells by qRT-PCR. RESULTS PCV2 infection changes the ultrastructure of IPEC-J2 cells. PCV2 copy number in IPEC-J2 cells shows a rising trend as infection proceeds. Microfilaments are polymerized at 1 h p.i., but densely packed actin stress fibres are disrupted and total F-actin increases at 24, 48 and 72 h p.i. After Cytochalasin D treatment, invasion of PCV2 is suppressed, while invasion is facilitated by Cucurbitacin E. The microfilament drugs have opposite effects on viral release. CONCLUSION PCV2 infects and proliferates in IPEC-J2 cells, demonstrating that IPEC-J2 cells can serve as a cell intestinal infection model for PCV2 pathogenesis. Furthermore, PCV2 rearranges IPEC-J2 microfilaments and increases the quantity of F-actin. Actin polymerization may facilitate the invasion of PCV2 in IPEC-J2 cells and the dissolution of cortical actin may promote PCV2 egress.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Qian Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China.
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Baumann A, McCullough KC, Summerfield A. Porcine circovirus type 2 stimulates plasmacytoid dendritic cells in the presence of IFN-gamma. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2013; 156:223-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2013.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2013] [Revised: 10/02/2013] [Accepted: 10/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Abstract
Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) is the primary causative agent of porcine circovirus-associated disease (PCVAD). The virus preferentially targets the lymphoid tissues, which leads to lymphoid depletion and immunosuppression in pigs. The disease is exacerbated by immunostimulation or concurrent infections with other pathogens. PCV2 resides in certain immune cells, such as macrophage and dendritic cells, and modulates their functions. Upregulation of IL-10 and proinflammatory cytokines in infected pigs may contribute to pathogenesis. Pig genetics influence host susceptibility to PCV2, but the viral genetic determinants for virulence remain unknown. PCV2 DNA and proteins interact with various cellular genes that control immune responses to regulate virus replication and pathogenesis. Both neutralizing antibodies and cell-mediated immunity are important immunological correlates of protection. Despite the availability of effective vaccines, variant strains of PCV2 continue to emerge. Although tremendous progress has been made toward understanding PCV2 pathogenesis and immune interactions, many important questions remain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Jin Meng
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061;
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21
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Grau-Roma L, Stockmarr A, Kristensen CS, Enøe C, López-Soria S, Nofrarías M, Bille-Hansen V, Hjulsager CK, Sibila M, Jorsal SE, Fraile L, Baekbo P, Vigre H, Segalés J, Larsen LE. Infectious risk factors for individual postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS) development in pigs from affected farms in Spain and Denmark. Res Vet Sci 2012; 93:1231-40. [PMID: 22884005 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2012.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2011] [Revised: 06/28/2012] [Accepted: 07/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Two prospective longitudinal studies in 13 postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS)-affected farms from Spain (n=3) and Denmark (n=10) were performed. Blood samples from pigs were longitudinally collected from 1st week until the occurrence of the PMWS outbreak. Wasted and healthy age-matched pigs were euthanized, necropsied and histopathologically characterised. PMWS diagnosis was confirmed by means of lymphoid lesions and detection of porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) in these tissues by in situ hybridization or immunohistochemistry. Serological analyses were performed in longitudinally collected serum samples to detect antibodies against, PCV2, porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), porcine parvovirus (PPV), swine influenza virus (SIV) and Lawsonia intracellularis (law), Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae, Aujeszky's disease virus (ADV) and Salmonella spp. A Cox proportional hazards model was used to investigate the simultaneous effects of seroconversion and maternal immunity against the studied pathogens. Results showed that high levels of maternal immunity against PCV2 had a protecting effect in farms from both countries. Moreover, for the Danish dataset, seroconversion against law had an overall protecting effect, but for animals with very low levels of maternal antibody levels against this pathogen, the effect appeared neutral or aggravating. Otherwise, for the Spanish dataset, maternal immunity against PPV and PRRSV gave protective and aggravating effects, respectively. In conclusion, the present study reflects the complex interaction among different pathogens and their effects in order to trigger PMWS in PCV2 infected pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Llorenç Grau-Roma
- Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.
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22
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Johansen M, Nielsen M, Dahl J, Svensmark B, Bækbo P, Kristensen CS, Hjulsager CK, Jensen TK, Ståhl M, Larsen LE, Angen O. Investigation of the association of growth rate in grower-finishing pigs with the quantification of Lawsonia intracellularis and porcine circovirus type 2. Prev Vet Med 2012; 108:63-72. [PMID: 22854321 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2012.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2012] [Revised: 07/03/2012] [Accepted: 07/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
As a part of a prospective cohort study in four herds, a nested case control study was carried out. Five slow growing pigs (cases) and five fast growing pigs (controls) out of 60 pigs were selected for euthanasia and laboratory examination at the end of the study in each herd. A total of 238 pigs, all approximately 12 weeks old, were included in the study during the first week in the grower-finisher barn. In each herd, approximately 60 pigs from four pens were individually ear tagged. The pigs were weighed at the beginning of the study and at the end of the 6-8 weeks observation period. Clinical data, blood and faecal samples were serially collected from the 60 selected piglets every second week in the observation period. In the killed pigs serum was examined for antibodies against Lawsonia intracellularis (LI) and procine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) and in addition PCV2 viral DNA content was quantified. In faeces the quantity of LI cells/g faeces and number of PCV2 copies/g faeces was measured by qPCR. The objective of the study was to examine if growth rate in grower-finishing pig is associated with the detection of LI and PCV2 infection or clinical data. This study has shown that diarrhoea is a significant risk factor for low growth rate and that one log(10) unit increase in LI load increases the odds ratio for a pig to have a low growth rate by 2.0 times. Gross lesions in the small intestine and LI load>log(10)6/g were significant risk factors for low growth. No association between PCV2 virus and low growth was found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markku Johansen
- Pig Research Centre, Danish Agriculture and Food Council, Vinkelvej 11, DK 8620 Kjellerup, Denmark.
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23
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Opriessnig T, Langohr I. Current State of Knowledge on Porcine Circovirus Type 2-Associated Lesions. Vet Pathol 2012; 50:23-38. [DOI: 10.1177/0300985812450726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2), a small single-stranded DNA virus, was initially discovered in 1998 and is highly prevalent in the domestic pig population. Disease manifestations associated with PCV2 include postweaning multisystemic wasting disease (PMWS), enteric disease, respiratory disease, porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome (PDNS), and reproductive failure. Although these clinical manifestations involve different organ systems, there is considerable overlap in clinical expression of disease and presence of lesions between pigs and within herds. It is now widely accepted that PCV2 can be further subdivided into different types, of which PCV2a and PCV2b are present worldwide and of greatest importance. This review will focus on PCV2-associated lesions in different organ systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- T. Opriessnig
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa
| | - I. Langohr
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
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Opriessnig T, Halbur PG. Concurrent infections are important for expression of porcine circovirus associated disease. Virus Res 2011; 164:20-32. [PMID: 21959087 PMCID: PMC7114432 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2011.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2011] [Revised: 09/06/2011] [Accepted: 09/07/2011] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) is the essential component of porcine circovirus disease (PCVD) as the disease syndrome is referred to in Europe and porcine circovirus associated disease (PCVAD) as it is referred to in North America. Singular PCV2 infection rarely results in clinical disease; however, PCVAD is often accelerated in onset, enhanced in severity and prolonged in duration by concurrent viral or bacterial infections. Due to its effect on the immune system, PCV2 has also been shown to enhance protozoal, metazoal, and fungal infections. Several retrospective or cross-sectional studies have investigated the presence and prevalence of various infectious agents associated with PCVAD under field conditions. Experimental models confirm that PCV2 replication and associated lesions can be enhanced by concurrent infection with other viruses or bacteria. The exact mechanisms by which concurrent pathogens upregulate PCV2 are unknown. Co-infections may promote PCV2 infection by increasing immune host cell replication and accumulation in tissues thereby enhancing targets for PCV2 replication. It has also been proposed that co-infections interfere with PCV2 clearance by alteration of cytokine production and profiles. The outcome of differences in timing of co-infections in PCV2-infected pigs is also likely very important and is an area where more research is needed. Given the current knowledge base, it is important that veterinarians do a thorough diagnostic investigation on herds where PCVAD is a recurrent problem in order to implement the most appropriate and cost effective intervention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Opriessnig
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50010, USA.
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Takada-Iwao A, Nakanishi M, Souma J, Chikata S, Okuda Y, Imai Y, Sato S. Porcine circovirus type 2 potentiates morbidity of Salmonella enterica serovar Choleraesuis in Cesarean-derived, colostrum-deprived pigs. Vet Microbiol 2011; 154:104-12. [PMID: 21782358 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2011.06.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2011] [Revised: 06/23/2011] [Accepted: 06/28/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
PROBLEM ADDRESSED Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) and Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar Choleraesuis (S. Choleraesuis) are two leading causes of economic loss in the swine industry. Although S. Choleraesuis infection occurs concurrently with PCV2-associated disease in many swine herds, the pathogenesis of concurrent infection with PCV2 and S. Choleraesuis remains largely undefined. OBJECTIVE We investigated the interactions between PCV2 and S. Choleraesuis in 20 Cesarean-derived, colostrum-deprived (CDCD) pigs randomly assigned to 4 groups (n=5 per group). METHODS AND APPROACH Pigs in the dual-infected and PCV2-infected groups were inoculated intranasally with PCV2 at 5 weeks of age, and pigs in the dual-infected and S. Choleraesuis-infected groups were inoculated intranasally with S. Choleraesuis at 7 weeks of age. Pigs in the control group served as uninfected controls. RESULTS After S. Choleraesuis inoculation, severe clinical signs, reduction of weight gain, and severe microscopic lung lesions were observed in dual-infected pigs compared to those in other groups. In addition, the pigs in the dual-infected group shed significantly (P=0.002) higher quantities of S. Choleraesuis in feces 12 days after S. Choleraesuis inoculation, and S. Choleraesuis was recovered from more tissues in this group 14 days after S. Choleraesuis inoculation. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that prior PCV2 infection potentiates the severity of clinical signs, lung lesions, and fecal shedding and tissue dissemination of S. Choleraesuis in infected pigs. Therefore, dual infection of pigs with PCV2 and S. Choleraesuis may increase clinical effects of salmonellosis in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Takada-Iwao
- Zen-noh Institute of Animal Health, 7 Ohja-machi, Sakura, Chiba 285-0043, Japan.
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