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Zhang Y, Zhong X, Xi Z, Li Y, Xu H. Antiviral Potential of the Genus Panax: An updated review on their effects and underlying mechanism of action. J Ginseng Res 2023; 47:183-192. [PMID: 36926608 PMCID: PMC10014226 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2022.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral infections are known as one of the major factors causing death. Ginseng is a medicinal plant that demonstrated a wide range of antiviral potential, and saponins are the major bioactive ingredients in the genus Panax with vast therapeutic potential. Studies focusing on the antiviral activity of the genus Panax plant-derived agents (extracts and saponins) and their mechanisms were identified and summarized, including contributions mainly from January 2016 until January 2022. P. ginseng, P. notoginseng, and P. quinquefolius were included in the review as valuable medicinal herbs against infections with 14 types of viruses. Reports from 9 extracts and 12 bioactive saponins were included, with 6 types of protopanaxadiol (PPD) ginsenosides and 6 types of protopanaxatriol (PPT) ginsenosides. The mechanisms mainly involved the inhibition of viral attachment and replication, the modulation of immune response by regulating signaling pathways, including the Janus kinase (JAK)/signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) pathway, cystathionine γ-lyase (CSE)/hydrogen sulfide (H2S) pathway, phosphoinositide-dependent kinase-1 (PDK1)/ protein kinase B (Akt) signaling pathway, c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK)/activator protein-1 (AP-1) pathway, and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) pathway. This review includes detailed information about the mentioned antiviral effects of the genus Panax extracts and saponins in vitro and in vivo, and in human clinical trials, which provides a scientific basis for ginseng as an adjunctive therapeutic drug or nutraceutical.
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Key Words
- ARI, acute respiratory illness
- BG, black ginseng
- BVDV, bovine viral diarrhea virus
- CHB, chronic hepatitis B
- CSFV, classical swine fever virus
- CVBs, group B coxsackieviruses
- DAA, direct-acting antiviral therapies
- EBV, the Epstein-Barr virus
- EV, enterovirus
- EV71, human enterovirus 71
- GCRV, grass carp reovirus
- GSLS, Ginseng stem-leaf saponins
- HAART, highly active antiretroviral drug therapy
- HBV, hepatitis B virus
- HCV, Hepatitis C virus
- HIV-1, human immunodeficiency virus type 1
- HP, highly pathogenic
- HSV, herpes simplex virus
- HVJ, hemagglutinating virus of Japan
- IFN-1, type-I interferon
- JAK, janus kinase
- JNK, c-Jun N-terminal kinase
- KRG, Korean Red Ginseng
- KSHV, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus
- MHV-68, murine gammaherpesvirus 68
- NDV, Newcastle disease virus
- NK, natural killer
- PNAB, PEGylated nanoparticle albumin-bound
- PNR, P. notoginseng root water extract
- PPD, protopanaxadiol
- PPT, protopanaxatriol
- PRRSV, porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus
- Panax ginseng
- RSV, respiratory syncytial virus
- RV, rotavirus
- STAT, signal transducer and activator of transcription
- antiviral activity
- ginseng
- ginsenosides
- mechanism of action
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Affiliation(s)
- Yibo Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Engineering Research Center of Shanghai Colleges for TCM New Drug Discovery, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuanlei Zhong
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Engineering Research Center of Shanghai Colleges for TCM New Drug Discovery, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhichao Xi
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Engineering Research Center of Shanghai Colleges for TCM New Drug Discovery, Shanghai, China
| | - Yang Li
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Engineering Research Center of Shanghai Colleges for TCM New Drug Discovery, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongxi Xu
- Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Shiraki K, Sato N, Sakai K, Matsumoto S, Kaszynski RH, Takemoto M. Antiviral therapy for COVID-19: Derivation of optimal strategy based on past antiviral and favipiravir experiences. Pharmacol Ther 2022; 235:108121. [PMID: 35121001 PMCID: PMC8806403 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2022.108121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Favipiravir, a broad-spectrum RNA-dependent RNA polymerase inhibitor, inhibits the replication of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) at significantly lower concentrations than the plasma trough levels achieved by the dosage adopted for influenza treatment and exhibits efficacy against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pneumonia. Although high doses of favipiravir are required due to the molecule being a purine analog, its conversion into the active form in infected cells with active viral RNA synthesis enhances the antiviral specificity and selectivity as a chain terminator with lethal mutagenesis. Another characteristic feature is the lack of generation of favipiravir-resistant virus. COVID-19 pneumonia is caused by strong cell-mediated immunity against virus-infected cells, and the inflammatory response induced by adaptive immunity continues to peak for 3 to 5 days despite antiviral treatment. This has also been observed in herpes zoster (HZ) and cytomegalovirus (CMV) pneumonia. Inflammation due to an immune response may mask the effectiveness of favipiravir against COVID-19 pneumonia. Favipiravir significantly shortened the recovery time in patients with mild COVID-19 pneumonia by 3 days with the start of treatment by the 5th day of symptom onset. Since both CMV and COVID-19 pneumonia are caused by adaptive immunity and prevention of cytomegalovirus pneumonia is the standard treatment due to difficulties in treating refractory CMV pneumonia, COVID-19 pneumonia should be prevented with early treatment as well. In the present study, we have comprehensively reviewed the optimal antiviral therapy for COVID-19 based on clinical trials of favipiravir for the treatment of COVID-19 pneumonia and the concurrently established therapies for other viral infections, particularly HZ and CMV pneumonia. Optimally, antivirals should be administered immediately after COVID-19 diagnosis, similar to that after influenza diagnosis, to prevent COVID-19 pneumonia and complications resulting from microangiopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Noriaki Sato
- Department of Biomedical Data Intelligence, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kaoru Sakai
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shirou Matsumoto
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Japan
| | - Richard H Kaszynski
- Stanford Solutions, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Masaya Takemoto
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokuriku University, Kanazawa, Japan
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Helicase primase inhibitors (HPIs) are efficacious for therapy of human herpes simplex virus (HSV) disease in an infection mouse model. Antiviral Res 2021; 195:105190. [PMID: 34666109 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2021.105190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Although the seroprevalence of Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) currently amounts to ∼ 67% worldwide, the annual incidence of a severe disease progression, particularly herpes encephalitis, is approximately 2-4 cases per 1,000,000 infections. Nucleoside analogues, such as acyclovir (ACV), valacyclovir (VACV) or famciclovir, are still the therapeutic treatment of choice for HSV infections. However, nucleoside drugs have limited efficacy against severe HSV disease and for treatment of nucleoside-resistant viral strains, alternative therapies such as helicase-primase inhibitors (HPIs) which are highly potent by inhibiting viral replication are under development. In preclinical studies we analyzed the antiviral efficacy of drug candidates of a novel compound class of HPIs for the treatment of HSV to identify the most active eutomer structure in an intranasal infection mouse lethal challenge model. HSV-1 infected BALB/c mice treated with vehicle control developed fatal disease according to humane endpoints after 5-7 days. In contrast, the animals dosed orally once daily with the HPI compounds at 10 or 4 mg/kg/day showed a significantly increased survival (70% and 100% for 10 mg/kg/day; 90% and 100% for 4 mg/kg/day, respectively) compared to the vehicle treatment (0-10%), when therapy was initiated 6 h post HSV-1 inoculation. We observed a significantly improved outcome in clinical parameters and survival over 21 days in the group receiving novel HPI candidates using even the lowest dose of 4 mg/kg/day. With VACV treatment of 75 mg/kg daily survival was also significantly increased (80%-90% for 75 mg/kg/day) but to lesser extent. Initial IM-250 therapy at 10 mg/kg/day could be delayed up to 72 h resulting in significantly increased survival compared to the vehicle control. Furthermore, we detected significantly fewer viral genome copies in the lungs and brains of HPI treated animals compared to vehicle (440-fold reduction for 4 mg/kg/day IM-250 in the brain) or VACV controls by quantitative PCR. In conclusion the preclinical studies of the novel HPI compounds showed superior efficacy in comparison to the current standard HSV treatment represented by VACV with respect to the survival according humane endpoints, the clinical score and virus load in lungs and brains. Thus, candidates of this new drug class are promising antivirals of HSV infections and further translation into clinical trials is warranted.
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Shiraki K, Takemoto M, Daikoku T. Emergence of varicella-zoster virus resistance to acyclovir: epidemiology, prevention, and treatment. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2021; 19:1415-1425. [PMID: 33853490 DOI: 10.1080/14787210.2021.1917992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Acyclovir has led to the development of successful systemic therapy for herpes simplex virus and varicella-zoster virus (VZV) infection, and the use of valacyclovir and famciclovir has improved treatment. Additionally, the use of a helicase-primase (HP) inhibitor (HPI), amenamevir, is changing the treatment of herpes zoster (HZ).Area covered: VZV infection is prevented by vaccines and is treated with antiviral agents. Acyclovir and penciclovir are phosphorylated by viral thymidine kinase and work as chain terminators. Improvements in the management of immunocompromised patients have reduced severe and prolonged immunosuppression and chronic VZV infection with acyclovir-resistant mutants has become rarer. The HP is involved in the initial step of DNA synthesis and amenamevir has novel mechanisms of action, efficacy to acyclovir-resistant mutants, and pharmacokinetic characteristics. The literature search for PUBMED was conducted on 10 April 2020 and updated on 4 November 2020.Expert opinion: Amenamevir has been used to treat HZ in Japan. Although the number of patients with VZV infection will decrease owing to the use of vaccines, the addition of HPI will improve treatment and treatment options for resistant viruses. The clinical use of HPIs in addition to current nucleoside analogs opens a new era of antiherpes therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimiyasu Shiraki
- Senri Kinran University & Department of Virology, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Masaya Takemoto
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokuriku University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Tohru Daikoku
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokuriku University, Kanazawa, Japan
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Oka T, Hishizawa M, Yamashita K, Shiraki K, Takaori-Kondo A. Successful treatment with famciclovir for varicella zoster virus infection resistant to acyclovir. J Infect Chemother 2020; 27:755-758. [PMID: 33358593 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiac.2020.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Varicella zoster virus (VZV) reactivates more frequently in immunocompromised patients than immunocompetent subjects and is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality. Acyclovir is frequently used for treatment against VZV reactivation. However, long-term use of acyclovir can result in the emergence of VZV strain resistant to acyclovir. Here, we report a 67-year-old man with adult T-cell leukemia who suffered from herpes zoster with acyclovir-resistant VZV after long-term prophylaxis. The isolated viruses from his skin lesions were a mixture of acyclovir-resistant and acyclovir-susceptible strains. Sequence analysis showed the presence of thymidine kinase (TK) mutations in the resistant clones. Interestingly, oral administration of famciclovir, a prodrug form of penciclovir, resulted in resolution of his herpes zoster, although most acyclovir-resistant strains of VZV were reported to be resistant to penciclovir. This implied that a certain amount of susceptible VZV with wild-type viral TK gene was present in vivo, and that famciclovir could be phosphorylated intracellularly by the intact viral kinases. As famciclovir is more potent and longer-acting than acyclovir, the susceptible strains might have suppressed the generation and proliferation of the resistant in vivo. Even when VZV is developing resistance to acyclovir, famciclovir might be effective at least in the early resistant phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomomi Oka
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; Department of Hematology, Kansai Electrical Power Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masakatsu Hishizawa
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; Department of Hematology, Kyoto-Katsura Hospital, Kyoto, Japan.
| | - Kouhei Yamashita
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | | | - Akifumi Takaori-Kondo
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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Shiraki K, Daikoku T. Favipiravir, an anti-influenza drug against life-threatening RNA virus infections. Pharmacol Ther 2020; 209:107512. [PMID: 32097670 PMCID: PMC7102570 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 286] [Impact Index Per Article: 71.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Favipiravir has been developed as an anti-influenza drug and licensed as an anti-influenza drug in Japan. Additionally, favipiravir is being stockpiled for 2 million people as a countermeasure for novel influenza strains. This drug functions as a chain terminator at the site of incorporation of the viral RNA and reduces the viral load. Favipiravir cures all mice in a lethal influenza infection model, while oseltamivir fails to cure the animals. Thus, favipiravir contributes to curing animals with lethal infection. In addition to influenza, favipiravir has a broad spectrum of anti-RNA virus activities in vitro and efficacies in animal models with lethal RNA viruses and has been used for treatment of human infection with life-threatening Ebola virus, Lassa virus, rabies, and severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome. The best feature of favipiravir as an antiviral agent is the apparent lack of generation of favipiravir-resistant viruses. Favipiravir alone maintains its therapeutic efficacy from the first to the last patient in an influenza pandemic or an epidemic lethal RNA virus infection. Favipiravir is expected to be an important therapeutic agent for severe influenza, the next pandemic influenza strain, and other severe RNA virus infections for which standard treatments are not available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimiyasu Shiraki
- Senri Kinran University and Department of Virology, University of Toyama, Japan.
| | - Tohru Daikoku
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokuriku University, Japan
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Akahoshi Y, Kanda J, Ohno A, Komiya Y, Gomyo A, Hayakawa J, Harada N, Kameda K, Ugai T, Wada H, Ishihara Y, Kawamura K, Sakamoto K, Sato M, Terasako-Saito K, Kimura SI, Kikuchi M, Nakasone H, Kako S, Shiraki K, Kanda Y. Acyclovir-resistant herpes simplex virus 1 infection early after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation with T-cell depletion. J Infect Chemother 2017; 23:485-487. [PMID: 28262533 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiac.2017.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Revised: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We previously reported that oral low-dose acyclovir (200 mg/day) for the prevention of herpes simplex virus (HSV) infections after allogenic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is effective without the emergence of acyclovir-resistant HSV infections. However, HSV infections are of significant concern because the number of allogeneic HSCT with T-cell depletion, which is a risk factor of the emergence of drug-resistant HSV infections, has been increasing. We experienced a 25-year-old female who received allogenic HSCT from an unrelated donor with 1-antigen mismatch using anti-thymocyte globulin. Despite acyclovir prophylaxis (200 mg/day), she developed the right palatal ulcer that was positive for HSV-1 specific antigen by fluorescent antibody on day 20 and developed new hypoglossal and tongue ulcers on day 33. Replacement of acyclovir with foscarnet improved her ulcers. We isolated 2 acyclovir-resistant and foscarnet-sensitive strains from the right palatal and hypoglossal ulcers, which had the same frame shift mutation in the thymidine kinase genes. The rate of proliferation of the isolate from the hypoglossal ulcer was faster than that from the right palatal ulcer in the plaque reduction assay. HSV strains that acquired acyclovir-resistant mutations at the right palatal ulcer with larger plaque might spread to the hypoglossal ulcer as the secondary site of infection because of better growth property. Second-line antiviral agents should be considered when we suspect treatment failure of HSV infection, especially in HSCT with T-cell depletion. Further studies are required whether low-dose acyclovir prophylaxis leads to the emergence of virological resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Akahoshi
- Division of Hematology, Saitama Medical Center, Jichi Medical University, 1-847, Amanuma, Omiya-ku, Saitama, Saitama 330-8503, Japan
| | - Junya Kanda
- Division of Hematology, Saitama Medical Center, Jichi Medical University, 1-847, Amanuma, Omiya-ku, Saitama, Saitama 330-8503, Japan
| | - Ayumu Ohno
- Department of Virology, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Yusuke Komiya
- Division of Hematology, Saitama Medical Center, Jichi Medical University, 1-847, Amanuma, Omiya-ku, Saitama, Saitama 330-8503, Japan
| | - Ayumi Gomyo
- Division of Hematology, Saitama Medical Center, Jichi Medical University, 1-847, Amanuma, Omiya-ku, Saitama, Saitama 330-8503, Japan
| | - Jin Hayakawa
- Division of Hematology, Saitama Medical Center, Jichi Medical University, 1-847, Amanuma, Omiya-ku, Saitama, Saitama 330-8503, Japan
| | - Naonori Harada
- Division of Hematology, Saitama Medical Center, Jichi Medical University, 1-847, Amanuma, Omiya-ku, Saitama, Saitama 330-8503, Japan
| | - Kazuaki Kameda
- Division of Hematology, Saitama Medical Center, Jichi Medical University, 1-847, Amanuma, Omiya-ku, Saitama, Saitama 330-8503, Japan
| | - Tomotaka Ugai
- Division of Hematology, Saitama Medical Center, Jichi Medical University, 1-847, Amanuma, Omiya-ku, Saitama, Saitama 330-8503, Japan
| | - Hidenori Wada
- Division of Hematology, Saitama Medical Center, Jichi Medical University, 1-847, Amanuma, Omiya-ku, Saitama, Saitama 330-8503, Japan
| | - Yuko Ishihara
- Division of Hematology, Saitama Medical Center, Jichi Medical University, 1-847, Amanuma, Omiya-ku, Saitama, Saitama 330-8503, Japan
| | - Koji Kawamura
- Division of Hematology, Saitama Medical Center, Jichi Medical University, 1-847, Amanuma, Omiya-ku, Saitama, Saitama 330-8503, Japan
| | - Kana Sakamoto
- Division of Hematology, Saitama Medical Center, Jichi Medical University, 1-847, Amanuma, Omiya-ku, Saitama, Saitama 330-8503, Japan
| | - Miki Sato
- Division of Hematology, Saitama Medical Center, Jichi Medical University, 1-847, Amanuma, Omiya-ku, Saitama, Saitama 330-8503, Japan
| | - Kiriko Terasako-Saito
- Division of Hematology, Saitama Medical Center, Jichi Medical University, 1-847, Amanuma, Omiya-ku, Saitama, Saitama 330-8503, Japan
| | - Shun-Ichi Kimura
- Division of Hematology, Saitama Medical Center, Jichi Medical University, 1-847, Amanuma, Omiya-ku, Saitama, Saitama 330-8503, Japan
| | - Misato Kikuchi
- Division of Hematology, Saitama Medical Center, Jichi Medical University, 1-847, Amanuma, Omiya-ku, Saitama, Saitama 330-8503, Japan
| | - Hideki Nakasone
- Division of Hematology, Saitama Medical Center, Jichi Medical University, 1-847, Amanuma, Omiya-ku, Saitama, Saitama 330-8503, Japan
| | - Shinichi Kako
- Division of Hematology, Saitama Medical Center, Jichi Medical University, 1-847, Amanuma, Omiya-ku, Saitama, Saitama 330-8503, Japan
| | - Kimiyasu Shiraki
- Department of Virology, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Yoshinobu Kanda
- Division of Hematology, Saitama Medical Center, Jichi Medical University, 1-847, Amanuma, Omiya-ku, Saitama, Saitama 330-8503, Japan.
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