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Jiang CL, Lin FJ. Insights into the roles of Apolipoprotein E in adipocyte biology and obesity. Int J Obes (Lond) 2024:10.1038/s41366-024-01549-9. [PMID: 38839985 DOI: 10.1038/s41366-024-01549-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
Apolipoprotein E (APOE) is a multifunctional protein expressed by various cell types, including hepatocytes, adipocytes, immune cells of the myeloid lineage, vascular smooth muscle cells, astrocytes, etc. Initially, APOE was discovered as an arginine-rich peptide within very-low-density lipoprotein, but it was subsequently found in triglyceride-rich lipoproteins in humans and other animals, where its presence facilitates the clearance of these lipoproteins from circulation. Recent epidemiolocal studies and experimental research in mice suggest a link between ApoE and obesity. The latest findings highlight the role of endogenous adipocyte ApoE in regulating browning of white adipose tissue, beige adipocyte differentiation, thermogenesis and energy homeostasis. This review focuses on the emerging evidence showing the involvement of ApoE in the regulation of obesity and its associated metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Lin Jiang
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Fu-Jung Lin
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
- Research Center for Development Biology and Regenerative Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Reas ET, Triebswetter C, Banks SJ, McEvoy LK. Effects of APOE2 and APOE4 on brain microstructure in older adults: modification by age, sex, and cognitive status. Alzheimers Res Ther 2024; 16:7. [PMID: 38212861 PMCID: PMC10782616 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-023-01380-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND APOE4 is the strongest genetic risk factor for sporadic Alzheimer's disease (AD), whereas APOE2 confers protection. However, effects of APOE on neurodegeneration in cognitively intact individuals, and how these associations evolve with cognitive decline, are unclear. Furthermore, few studies have evaluated whether effects of APOE on neurodegenerative changes are modified by other AD key risk factors including age and sex. METHODS Participants included older adults (57% women; 77 ± 7 years) from the Rancho Bernardo Study of Health Aging and the University of California San Diego Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, including 192 cognitively normal (CN) individuals and 33 with mild cognitive impairment. Participants underwent diffusion MRI, and multicompartment restriction spectrum imaging (RSI) metrics were computed in white matter, gray matter, and subcortical regions of interest. Participants were classified as APOE4 carriers, APOE2 carriers, and APOE3 homozygotes. Analysis of covariance among CN (adjusting for age, sex, and scanner) assessed differences in brain microstructure by APOE, as well as interactions between APOE and sex. Analyses across all participants examined interactions between APOE4 and cognitive status. Linear regressions assessed APOE by age interactions. RESULTS Among CN, APOE4 carriers showed lower entorhinal cortex neurite density than non-carriers, whereas APOE2 carriers showed lower cingulum neurite density than non-carriers. Differences in entorhinal microstructure by APOE4 and in entorhinal and cingulum microstructure by APOE2 were present for women only. Age correlated with lower entorhinal restricted isotropic diffusion among APOE4 non-carriers, whereas age correlated with lower putamen restricted isotropic diffusion among APOE4 carriers. Differences in microstructure between cognitively normal and impaired participants were stronger for APOE4-carriers in medial temporal regions, thalamus, and global gray matter, but stronger for non-carriers in caudate. CONCLUSIONS The entorhinal cortex may be an early target of neurodegenerative changes associated with APOE4 in presymptomatic individuals, whereas APOE2 may support beneficial white matter and entorhinal microstructure, with potential sex differences that warrant further investigation. APOE modifies microstructural patterns associated with aging and cognitive impairment, which may advance the development of biomarkers to distinguish microstructural changes characteristic of normal brain aging, APOE-dependent pathways, and non-AD etiologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie T Reas
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, Mail Code 0841, UCSD,9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, San Diego, CA, 92093-0841, USA.
| | - Curtis Triebswetter
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, Mail Code 0841, UCSD,9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, San Diego, CA, 92093-0841, USA
| | - Sarah J Banks
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, Mail Code 0841, UCSD,9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, San Diego, CA, 92093-0841, USA
| | - Linda K McEvoy
- Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health and Human Longevity Science, University of California, San Diego, USA
- Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
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Wong SK, Ramli FF, Ali A, Ibrahim N‘I. Genetics of Cholesterol-Related Genes in Metabolic Syndrome: A Review of Current Evidence. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10123239. [PMID: 36551995 PMCID: PMC9775320 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10123239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) refers to a cluster of metabolic dysregulations, which include insulin resistance, obesity, atherogenic dyslipidemia and hypertension. The complex pathogenesis of MetS encompasses the interplay between environmental and genetic factors. Environmental factors such as excessive nutrients and sedentary lifestyle are modifiable and could be improved by lifestyle modification. However, genetic susceptibility to MetS, a non-modifiable factor, has attracted the attention of researchers, which could act as the basis for future diagnosis, prognosis, and therapy for MetS. Several cholesterol-related genes associated with each characteristic of MetS have been identified, such as apolipoprotein, lipoprotein lipase (LPL), cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) and adiponectin. This review aims to summarize the genetic information of cholesterol-related genes in MetS, which may potentially serve as biomarkers for early prevention and management of MetS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sok Kuan Wong
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Bandar Tun Razak, Cheras 56000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Fitri Fareez Ramli
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Bandar Tun Razak, Cheras 56000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Clinical Psychopharmacology Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Warneford Hospital, Oxford OX3 7JX, UK
| | - Adli Ali
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Bandar Tun Razak, Cheras 56000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Nurul ‘Izzah Ibrahim
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Bandar Tun Razak, Cheras 56000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +60-39145-9545
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Suchy-Dicey A, Howard B, Longstreth WT, Reiman EM, Buchwald D. APOE genotype, hippocampus, and cognitive markers of Alzheimer's disease in American Indians: Data from the Strong Heart Study. Alzheimers Dement 2022; 18:2518-2526. [PMID: 35142437 PMCID: PMC9363523 DOI: 10.1002/alz.12573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The apolipoprotein E (APOE) ε4 allele confers higher risk of neurodegeneration and Alzheimer's disease (AD), but differs by race/ethnicity. We examined this association in American Indians. METHODS The Strong Heart Study is a population-based cohort of American Indians who were 64 to 95 years of age in 2010 to 2013. APOE ε4 status, brain imaging, and neuropsychological testing was collected in N = 811 individuals. Summary statistics, graphics, and generalized linear regressions-adjusted for sociodemographics, clinical features, and intracranial volume with bootstrap variance estimator-compared APOE ε4 carriers with non-carriers. RESULTS APOE ε4 carriers comprised 22% of the population (0.7% homozygotes). Participants were mean 73 years, 67% female, and 54% had some college education. The majority were obese (>50%), hypertensive (>80%), and diabetic (>50%). Neither imaging findings nor multidomain cognitive testing showed any substantive differences between APOE ε4 carriers and non-carriers. CONCLUSION We found no evidence of neurodegenerative risk from APOE ε4 in American Indians. Additional studies are needed to examine potential protective features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astrid Suchy-Dicey
- Washington State University Elson S Floyd College of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Barbara Howard
- MedStar Health Research Institute, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | - W T Longstreth
- University of Washington Neurology and Epidemiology Departments, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | - Dedra Buchwald
- Washington State University Elson S Floyd College of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
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Niu R, Guo L, Dong X, Pan L, Hai Y, Chen X, Duan B. Analysis of the difference in SLCO1B1 and APOE gene polymorphisms between Mongolian and Han populations. Pharmacogenomics 2022; 23:783-790. [PMID: 36073969 DOI: 10.2217/pgs-2022-0072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: To analyze SLCO1B1 and APOE polymorphisms and their clinical significance in the Mongolian and Han populations in Ordos, Inner Mongolia. Methods: Mongolian patients (n = 200) with cardiovascular disease admitted to our hospital from January 2018 to December 2020 were selected as the Mongolian population group. Han patients (n = 200) with cardiovascular diseases admitted during the same period were selected as the Han population group. Mutations in SLCO1B1 and APOE were detected by real-time fluorescence qPCR, and the differences between the two groups were analyzed. Results: The nucleotide polymorphisms of SLCO1B1 and APOE in the Mongolian and Han populations were consistent with the Hardy-Weinberg law. There were significant differences in gender, age, BMI, hypertension, alcohol consumption, dyslipidemia and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels between the two groups. APOE genotypes were classified according to those related to the efficacy of statins and the risk of atherosclerosis, and there was a significant difference between the two groups. Conclusion: There were differences in SLCO1B1 and APOE polymorphisms between the Mongolian and Han populations in Ordos. These may explain the differences in the incidence of cardiovascular diseases and the lipid-lowering efficacy of statins between the two populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruibing Niu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Ordos Central Hospital, Ordos, Inner Mongolia, 017000, China
| | - Liping Guo
- Department of Dermatology, Ordos Central Hospital, Ordos, Inner Mongolia, 017000, China
| | - Xiaoxian Dong
- Department of Dermatology, Ordos Central Hospital, Ordos, Inner Mongolia, 017000, China
| | - Li Pan
- Department of General practice, Ordos Central Hospital, Ordos, Inner Mongolia, 017000, China
| | - Yueqin Hai
- Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, 010000, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Chen
- Baotou Medical College, Inner Mongolia University of Science & Technology, Baotou, Inner Mongolia, 014000, China
| | - Baosheng Duan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Ordos Central Hospital, Ordos, Inner Mongolia, 017000, China
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Zarkasi KA, Abdul Murad NA, Ahmad N, Jamal R, Abdullah N. Coronary Heart Disease in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Genetic Factors and Their Mechanisms, Gene-Gene, and Gene-Environment Interactions in the Asian Populations. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:647. [PMID: 35055468 PMCID: PMC8775550 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19020647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Asians are more susceptible to type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) and its coronary heart disease (CHD) complications than the Western populations, possibly due to genetic factors, higher degrees of obesity, insulin resistance, and endothelial dysfunction that could occur even in healthy individuals. The genetic factors and their mechanisms, along with gene-gene and gene-environment interactions associated with CHD in T2D Asians, are yet to be explored. Therefore, the objectives of this paper were to review the current evidence of genetic factors for CHD, summarize the proposed mechanisms of these genes and how they may associate with CHD risk, and review the gene-gene and gene-environment interactions in T2D Asians with CHD. The genetic factors can be grouped according to their involvement in the energy and lipoprotein metabolism, vascular and endothelial pathology, antioxidation, cell cycle regulation, DNA damage repair, hormonal regulation of glucose metabolism, as well as cytoskeletal function and intracellular transport. Meanwhile, interactions between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from different genes, SNPs within a single gene, and genetic interaction with environmental factors including obesity, smoking habit, and hyperlipidemia could modify the gene's effect on the disease risk. Collectively, these factors illustrate the complexities of CHD in T2D, specifically among Asians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khairul Anwar Zarkasi
- UKM Medical Molecular Biology Institute (UMBI), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia; (K.A.Z.); (N.A.A.M.); (R.J.)
- Biochemistry Unit, Preclinical Department, Faculty of Medicine and Defence Health, Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia
| | - Nor Azian Abdul Murad
- UKM Medical Molecular Biology Institute (UMBI), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia; (K.A.Z.); (N.A.A.M.); (R.J.)
| | - Norfazilah Ahmad
- Epidemiology and Statistics Unit, Department of Community Health, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia;
| | - Rahman Jamal
- UKM Medical Molecular Biology Institute (UMBI), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia; (K.A.Z.); (N.A.A.M.); (R.J.)
| | - Noraidatulakma Abdullah
- UKM Medical Molecular Biology Institute (UMBI), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia; (K.A.Z.); (N.A.A.M.); (R.J.)
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Kuala Lumpur 50300, Malaysia
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Neumann NR, Thompson DC, Vasiliou V. AMPK activators for the prevention and treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2021; 17:1199-1210. [PMID: 34632898 DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2021.1991308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION As the global population ages at an unprecedented rate, the burden of neurodegenerative diseases is expected to grow. Given the profound impact illness like dementia exert on individuals and society writ large, researchers, physicians, and scientific organizations have called for increased investigation into their treatment and prevention. Both metformin and aspirin have been associated with improved cognitive outcomes. These agents are related in their ability to stimulate AMP kinase (AMPK). Momordica charantia, another AMPK activator, is a component of traditional medicines and a novel agent for the treatment of cancer. It is also being evaluated as a nootropic agent. AREAS COVERED This article is a comprehensive review which examines the role of AMPK activation in neuroprotection and the role that AMPK activators may have in the management of dementia and cognitive impairment. It evaluates the interaction of metformin, aspirin, and Momordica charantia, with AMPK, and reviews the literature characterizing these agents' impact on neurodegeneration. EXPERT OPINION We suggest that AMPK activators should be considered for the treatment and prevention of neurodegenerative diseases. We identify multiple areas of future investigation which may have a profound impact on patients worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie R Neumann
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - David C Thompson
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Colorado Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Vasilis Vasiliou
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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Gao C, Fu X, Chu Q, Li J, Shu G. Relationship Between the ApoE Gene Polymorphism and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Complications. Genet Test Mol Biomarkers 2021; 25:111-115. [PMID: 33596139 DOI: 10.1089/gtmb.2020.0130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Apolipoprotein E (ApoE) polymorphisms are associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and its complications, but studies have shown conflicting results. Objective: To examine the relationship of ApoE gene polymorphisms with T2DM and its complications. Materials and Methods: This case-control study of patients with T2DM was conducted between June 2016 and July 2019. Healthy individuals were recruited as controls. The patients were grouped according to coronary heart disease (CHD), cerebral infarction (CI), diabetic nephropathy (DN), and neurological complications. The ApoE genotype was determined using a commercial gene chip. Results: Compared with controls, the frequencies of genotype ɛ3/4 (20.8% vs. 11.7%, p = 0.04) and allele ɛ4 (14.3% vs. 8.3%, p = 0.03) of patients with T2DM were higher. The frequency of genotype ɛ3/4 was higher in the T2DM with CHD group (30.4% vs. 17.4%, p = 0.01 vs. non-CHD) and in T2DM with CI (29.2% vs. 18.1%, p = 0.045 vs. non-CI). The frequency of genotype ɛ2/3 was higher in the T2DM with DN group (19.3% vs. 9.1%, p = 0.01 vs. non-DN). There were no significant differences between T2DM with and without neuropathy (p > 0.05). Conclusion: The ApoE allele ɛ4 may be a risk factor for T2DM, CHD in T2DM, and CI in T2DM, while the ApoE allele ɛ2 may be a risk factor for DN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Gao
- Cadre Ward-2, Fourth Medical Center of General Hospital of PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoling Fu
- Cadre Ward-2, Fourth Medical Center of General Hospital of PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Qinying Chu
- Cadre Ward-2, Fourth Medical Center of General Hospital of PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Jianhua Li
- Cadre Ward-2, Fourth Medical Center of General Hospital of PLA, Beijing, China
| | - GangMing Shu
- Cadre Ward-2, Fourth Medical Center of General Hospital of PLA, Beijing, China
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Beyond the CNS: The many peripheral roles of APOE. Neurobiol Dis 2020; 138:104809. [PMID: 32087284 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2020.104809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Apolipoprotein E (APOE) is a multifunctional protein synthesized and secreted by multiple mammalian tissues. Although hepatocytes contribute about 75% of the peripheral pool, APOE can also be expressed in adipose tissue, the kidney, and the adrenal glands, among other tissues. High levels of APOE production also occur in the brain, where it is primarily synthesized by glia, and peripheral and brain APOE pools are thought to be distinct. In humans, APOE is polymorphic, with three major alleles (ε2, ε3, and ε4). These allelic forms dramatically alter APOE structure and function. Historically, the vast majority of research on APOE has centered on the important role it plays in modulating risk for cardiovascular disease and Alzheimer's disease. However, the established effects of this pleiotropic protein extend well beyond these two critical health challenges, with demonstrated roles across a wide spectrum of biological conditions, including adipose tissue function and obesity, metabolic syndrome and diabetes, fertility and longevity, and immune function. While the spectrum of biological systems in which APOE plays a role seems implausibly wide at first glance, there are some potential unifying mechanisms that could tie these seemingly disparate disorders together. In the current review, we aim to concisely summarize a wide breadth of APOE-associated pathologies and to analyze the influence of APOE in the development of several distinct disorders in order to provide insight into potential shared mechanisms implied in these various pathophysiological processes.
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Sanghera DK, Bejar C, Sapkota B, Wander GS, Ralhan S. Frequencies of poor metabolizer alleles of 12 pharmacogenomic actionable genes in Punjabi Sikhs of Indian Origin. Sci Rep 2018; 8:15742. [PMID: 30356105 PMCID: PMC6200732 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-33981-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Diversity in drug response is attributed to both genetic and non-genetic factors. However, there is paucity of pharmacogenetics information across ethnically and genetically diverse populations of India. Here, we have analyzed 21 SNPs from 12 pharmacogenomics genes in Punjabi Sikhs of Indian origin (N = 1,616), as part of the Sikh Diabetes Study (SDS). We compared the allele frequency of poor metabolism (PM) phenotype among Sikhs across other major global populations from the Exome Aggregation Consortium and 1000 Genomes. The PM phenotype of CYP1A2*1 F for slow metabolism of caffeine and carcinogens was significantly higher in Indians (SDS 42%, GIH [Gujarati] 51%, SAS [Pakistani] 45%) compared to Europeans 29% (pgenotype = 5.3E-05). Similarly, South Asians had a significantly higher frequency of CYP2C9*3 (12% SDS, 13% GIH, 11% SAS) vs. 7% in Europeans (pgenotype = <1.0E-05) and ‘T’ allele of CYP4F2 (36%) SDS, (43%) GIH, 40% (SAS) vs. (29%) in Europeans (pgenotype = <1.0E-05); both associated with a higher risk of bleeding with warfarin. All South Asians –the Sikhs (0.36), GIH (0.34), and SAS (0.36) had a higher frequency of the NAT2*6 allele (linked with slow acetylation of isoniazid) compared to Europeans (0.29). Additionally, the prevalence of the low activity ‘C’ allele of MTHFR (rs1801131) was highest in Sikhs compared to all other ethnic groups [SDS (44%), GIH (39%), SAS (42%) and European (32%) (pgenotype = <1.0E-05)]. SNPs in MTHFR affect metabolism of statins, 5-fluorouracil and methotrexate-based cancer drugs. These findings underscore the need for evaluation of other endogamous ethnic groups of India and beyond for establishing a global benchmark for pre-emptive genotyping in drug metabolizing genes before beginning therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dharambir K Sanghera
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA. .,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA. .,Oklahoma Center for Neuroscience, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA. .,Harold Hamm Diabetes Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA.
| | - Cynthia Bejar
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Bishwa Sapkota
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | | | - Sarju Ralhan
- Hero DMC Heart Institute, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
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Apolipoprotein E Gene Variants and Risk of Coronary Heart Disease: A Meta-Analysis. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 2016:3912175. [PMID: 27868062 PMCID: PMC5102878 DOI: 10.1155/2016/3912175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 10/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Objectives. Apo E genes involved in lipoprotein synthesis and metabolism are considered one of the candidates to CHD. However, the results remain conflicting. Methods. We performed this meta-analysis based on 30 published studies including 11,804 CHD patients and 17,713 controls. Results. Compared with the wild genotype E3/3, the variant genotypes ApoEE3/4 and E4/4 were associated with 22% and 45% increased risk of CHD, respectively (E3/4 versus E3/3: OR = 1.22, 95% CI = 1.15–1.29; E4/4 versus E3/3: OR = 1.45, 95% CI = 1.23–1.71). Besides, compared with ε3 allele, carriers with the ε4 allele had a 46% increased risk of CHD (OR = 1.46, 95% CI = 1.28–1.66), while the ε2 had no significantly decreased risk of CHD. In the subgroup analysis by ethnicity, ε4 had a 25% increased risk of CHD in Caucasians (OR = 1.25, 95% CI = 1.11–1.41), and the effects were more evident in Mongolians (OR = 2.29, 95% CI = 1.89–2.77). The ε2 allele had a decreased risk of CHD in Caucasians (OR = 0.84, 95% CI = 0.74–0.96), but not in Mongolians. Conclusions. The analysis suggested that ApoEε4 mutation was associated with the increased risk of CHD, while ApoEε2 allele had a decreased risk of CHD just in Caucasians.
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Ban CX, Zhong L, Wang T, Zhu MJ, Wang JH, Zhang ZL, Wang Z, Su N, Liu YY, Shi YC, Xiao SF, Li X. Enhanced Diabetes Susceptibility in Community Dwelling Han Elders Carrying the Apolipoprotein E 3/3 Genotype. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0151336. [PMID: 26998902 PMCID: PMC4801405 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0151336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2015] [Accepted: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite Apolipoprotein E (ApoE) being one of the main apolipoproteins in the blood, the association between its genotype and the high cholesterol or blood glucose levels commonly seen in clinical practice is inconclusive. Such research is also lacking in the Han population. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between APOE genotype, diabetes, and plasma glucose and lipid levels. We included 243 community-dwelling elderly residents in this study. Participant APOE genotypes were assessed and were simultaneously tested for weight, height, blood glucose, triglycerides, cholesterol, and high- and low-density lipoprotein. In addition, gender, age, years of education, cognitive function, and medical history was recorded. Subjects were divided into 3 groups based on APOE genotype: APOE ε2 group (ε2/ε2 and ε2/ε3), APOE ε3 group (ε3/ε3), and APOE ε4 group (ε2/ε4, ε3/ε4 and ε4/ε4). Comparisons between groups were conducted for the incidence of diabetes, high blood pressure, and dementia, as well as for differences in body-mass index, fasting plasma glucose, and blood lipids. The APOE ε3/ε3 genotype exhibited the highest frequency (70.4%) among the subjects. Participants in the APOE ε3 group demonstrated significantly higher levels of fasting plasma glucose than those in the APOE ε2 and APOE ε4 groups (P<0.05). The APOE ε3 group had slightly higher abnormal fasting plasma glucose values than did the APOE ε2 group (P = 0.065). Furthermore, the APOE3 genotype was significantly correlated with both fasting plasma glucose level and glucose abnormality (P< 0.05) and trended toward statistically significant correlation with diabetes (P = 0.082). The correlation between APOE2 and low low-density lipoprotein levels also approached statistical significance (P = 0.052). Thus, elderly community dwelling residents of Han ethnicity carrying the APOE ε3/ε3 genotype might have higher plasma glucose levels and a higher occurrence of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-xia Ban
- Department of Psychogeriatrics, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Zhong
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Psychogeriatrics, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Min-jie Zhu
- Department of Psychogeriatrics, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing-hua Wang
- Department of Psychogeriatrics, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhen-lian Zhang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Zhe Wang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Ning Su
- Department of Psychogeriatrics, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuan-yuan Liu
- Department of Psychogeriatrics, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan-chen Shi
- Department of Psychogeriatrics, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shi-fu Xiao
- Department of Psychogeriatrics, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xia Li
- Department of Psychogeriatrics, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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