1
|
Díez-Palet I, Jaén C, Marco E, Van Drooge BL, Fernández P, Grimalt JO. Measurement of volatile organic compounds using tethered balloons in a polluted industrial site in Catalonia (Spain). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024:10.1007/s11356-024-34020-3. [PMID: 38922473 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-34020-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
Understanding the chemical composition of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) near emission sources and in the background atmosphere above the mixing layer height (MLH) provides insight into the fate of VOCs and is essential for developing effective air pollution control strategies. Unfortunately, knowledge of the qualitative and quantitative changes of VOCs and their vertical transport in the atmosphere is limited due to challenging experimental setups. In this study, an innovative method using tethered balloons was tested and implemented to sample 40 VOCs and O3 below and above the MLH at an industrial site in Spain. VOC and O3 samples were collected with different types of sorbent cartridges and analyzed using chromatographic techniques. Overall, a decrease in VOC concentration with altitude was observed along with a homogeneous chemical composition up to 300 m AGL. This decrease with altitude denoted the primary origin of these VOCs, which were strongly influenced by industrial processes and the traffic emissions in the area. Conversely, O3 concentrations were notably higher at balloon level and increased during nighttime temperature inversion episodes in those samples collected above the mixing layer. Ground samples contained freshly emitted pollutants of industrial origin, while balloon samples consisted of aged pollutants from traffic, other combustion sources, or from a secondary origin. This study is the first to assess the vertical composition of VOCs at a site of these characteristics and demonstrates that tethered balloons are a cost-effective method for studying air pollution dynamics from the ground to higher altitudes in the low troposphere.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Díez-Palet
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona, 18-26, 08034, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1-11, 08028, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Clara Jaén
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona, 18-26, 08034, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1-11, 08028, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Esther Marco
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona, 18-26, 08034, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Barend L Van Drooge
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona, 18-26, 08034, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Pilar Fernández
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona, 18-26, 08034, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Joan O Grimalt
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona, 18-26, 08034, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Yeh CK, Tzu FM, Chen PY, Shen HC, Yuan CS, Lin C, Pu HP, Ngo HH, Bui XT. Emission characteristics of naphthalene from ship exhausts under global sulfur cap. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 902:166172. [PMID: 37562633 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
The global sulfur limit regulation mandates the use of 0.5 % low sulfur fuel oil (LSFO) to reduce emissions of sulfur oxides (SOx), nitrogen oxides (NOx), and particulate matter (PM). However, the addition of naphthalene (Nap) to LSFO to stabilize its quality has led to an increase in polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), with Nap being the main pollutant. This study investigates the effects of Nap in ship exhaust by analyzing the emission concentrations of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and Nap in the exhaust of 16 ships, including 2 container ships, 6 bulk carriers, 1 tanker, 2 ferries, 3 fishing vessels, and 2 harbor crafts, based on USEPA method TO-15A. The results show that the percentage of Nap emissions in the exhaust gases of the 16 ship engines ranged from 77 % to 97 % of the total volatile organic compound (TVOC). The Nap concentration in the exhaust of fishing vessels, tanker, and harbor craft exceeded the occupational exposure limit of 50,000 μg/m3, with fishing vessels having the highest TVOC and Nap concentrations. The enhanced Nap emission in the air degrades air quality in port cities and poses an obvious potential public health risk. While the benefits of the global sulfur cap are being secured, additional efforts should be made to reduce the undetected side effects. Alternative stabilizers of LSFO should be considered, or Nap emission control should be boosted to mitigate the potential negative impact on harbor air quality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chin-Ko Yeh
- Department of Marine Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung 805301, Taiwan
| | - Fu-Ming Tzu
- Department of Marine Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung 805301, Taiwan
| | - Po-Yang Chen
- Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung 811213, Taiwan
| | - Hsueh-Chen Shen
- Ph.D. Program in Maritime Science and Technology, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung 811213, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Shin Yuan
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 804201, Taiwan
| | - Chitsan Lin
- Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung 811213, Taiwan; Ph.D. Program in Maritime Science and Technology, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung 811213, Taiwan.
| | - Han-Pin Pu
- Department of Marine Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung 805301, Taiwan
| | - Huu Hao Ngo
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NWS 2007, Australia
| | - Xuan-Thanh Bui
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Waste Treatment Technology, Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources, Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology (HCMUT), 268 Ly Thuong Kiet Street, District 10, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam; Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City (VNU-HCM), Linh Trung ward, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Viet Nam
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Huo J, Zhang Y, Kang W, Shen Y, Li X, Yan Z, Pan Y, Sun W. Synthesis of F-doped materials and applications in catalysis and rechargeable batteries. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2023; 5:2846-2864. [PMID: 37260486 PMCID: PMC10228368 DOI: 10.1039/d3na00126a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Elemental doping is one of the most essential techniques for material modification. It is well known that fluorine is considered to be a highly efficient and inexpensive dopant in the field of materials. Fluorine is one of the most reactive elements with the highest electronegativity (χ = 3.98). Compared to cationic doping, anionic doping is another valuable method for improving the properties of materials. Many materials have physicochemical limitations that affect their practical application in the field of catalysis and rechargeable ion batteries. Many researchers have demonstrated that F-doping can significantly improve the performance of materials for practical applications. This paper reviews the applications of various F-doped materials in photocatalysis, electrocatalysis, lithium-ion batteries, and sodium-ion batteries, as well as briefly introducing their preparation methods and mechanisms to provide researchers with more ideas and options for material modification.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiale Huo
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes, Tiangong University Tianjin 300387 PR China
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Tiangong University Tianjin 300387 PR China
| | - Yaofang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes, Tiangong University Tianjin 300387 PR China
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Tiangong University Tianjin 300387 PR China
| | - Weimin Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes, Tiangong University Tianjin 300387 PR China
- School of Textile Science and Engineering, Tiangong University Tianjin 300387 China
| | - Yan Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes, Tiangong University Tianjin 300387 PR China
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Tiangong University Tianjin 300387 PR China
| | - Xiang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes, Tiangong University Tianjin 300387 PR China
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Tiangong University Tianjin 300387 PR China
| | - Zirui Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes, Tiangong University Tianjin 300387 PR China
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Tiangong University Tianjin 300387 PR China
| | - Yingwen Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes, Tiangong University Tianjin 300387 PR China
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Tiangong University Tianjin 300387 PR China
| | - Wei Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes, Tiangong University Tianjin 300387 PR China
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Tiangong University Tianjin 300387 PR China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Le TH, Lin C, Nguyen DH, Cheruiyot NK, Yuan CS, Hung CH. Volatile organic compounds in ambient air of a major Asian port: spatiotemporal variation and source apportionment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:28718-28729. [PMID: 36399295 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-24138-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the spatiotemporal variation and source characteristics of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in Kaohsiung Harbor, one of the busiest ports in the world. The VOCs' potential to form ozone (O3) and secondary organic aerosols (SOAs) was also examined. The temporal variation was studied in February, May, July, and November of 2020, while the spatial distribution was investigated in the export processing zone (KEPZ) and at the two port entrances (E1 and E2). The most polluted month in the harbor was November (37.7 ± 12.6 ppbv), while the most polluted site was the industrial area (KEPZ). A significant positive correlation was found between VOCs and O3 (r = 0.985). Meanwhile, a moderate positive correlation (r = 0.449) was observed between VOCs and secondary organic aerosol formation potential (SOAFP), mainly affected by the concentration of toluene in the study area. The diagnostic ratios indicated that the air parcels in the site were "fresh," and three possible ambient sources of VOC were identified by the positive matrix factorization (PMF): industrial emissions (53.6%), freight transport emissions (29.6%), and others (17.7%). The study highlights the current state of VOCs and their potential sources in the port city of Kaohsiung, which can be used to enhance the strategies for regulating and controlling industrial activities and improving air pollution control measures to reduce VOC emissions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thi-Hieu Le
- Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung, 811213, Taiwan
| | - Chitsan Lin
- Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung, 81157, Taiwan.
- College of Maritime, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung, 81157, Taiwan.
| | - Duy-Hieu Nguyen
- College of Maritime, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung, 81157, Taiwan
| | - Nicholas Kiprotich Cheruiyot
- Super Micro Mass Research and Technology Center, Cheng Shiu University, Kaohsiung, 833301, Taiwan
- Center for Environmental Toxin and Emerging-Contaminant Research, Cheng Shiu University, Kaohsiung, 833301, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Shin Yuan
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, 80424, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Hsuang Hung
- Department of Safety, Health and Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung, 81164, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Li B, Ho SSH, Li X, Guo L, Feng R, Fang X. Pioneering observation of atmospheric volatile organic compounds in Hangzhou in eastern China and implications for upcoming 2022 Asian Games. J Environ Sci (China) 2023; 124:723-734. [PMID: 36182177 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2021.12.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the emission sources of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) is critical for air pollution mitigation. Continuous measurements of atmospheric VOCs were conducted from January to February in Hangzhou in 2021. The average measured concentration of total VOCs (TVOCs) was 38.2 ± 20.9 ppb, > 42% lower than that reported by previous studies at the urban center in Hangzhou. The VOC concentrations and proportions were similar between weekdays and weekends. During the long holidays of the Spring Festival in China, the concentrations of TVOCs were ∼50% lower than those during the regular days, but their profiles showed no significant difference (p > 0.05). Further, we deduced that aromatics and alkenes were the most crucial chemicals promoting the formation of O3 and secondary organic aerosol (SOA) in Hangzhou. According to interspecies correlations, combustion processes and solvent use were inferred as major VOC emission sources. This study provides implications for air quality improvements before and during the upcoming Asian Games that will be hosted in Hangzhou in 2022.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bowei Li
- College of Environmental & Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Steven Sai Hang Ho
- Division of Atmospheric Sciences, Desert Research Institute, Reno, Nevada, 89512, USA
| | - Xinhe Li
- College of Environmental & Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Liya Guo
- College of Environmental & Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Rui Feng
- College of Environmental & Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xuekun Fang
- College of Environmental & Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Center for Global Change Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Xing C, Liu C, Hong Q, Liu H, Wu H, Lin J, Song Y, Chen Y, Liu T, Hu Q, Tan W, Lin H. Vertical distributions and potential sources of wintertime atmospheric pollutants and the corresponding ozone production on the coast of Bohai Sea. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2022; 319:115721. [PMID: 35863306 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.115721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the wintertime vertical distributions and source areas of aerosols, NO2, and HCHO in a coastal city of Dongying from December 2020 to March 2021, using ground-based multi-axis differential optical absorption spectroscopy (MAX-DOAS) and a potential source contribution function (PSCF) model, respectively. Moreover, the chemical production sensitivity of O3 at different height layers was analyzed using HCHO/NO2 ratios. The results revealed that the wintertime averaged highest concentrations of aerosol (1.25 km-1), NO2 (14.81 ppb), and HCHO (2.32 ppb) were mainly distributed at the surface layer, 100-200 m layer, and 200-300 m layer, respectively. Regarding the diurnal cycles, high concentrations of aerosol (>1.4 km-1) and NO2 (>16.0 ppb) usually appeared in the early morning and late afternoon, while high concentrations of HCHO (>2.5 ppb) usually occurred during 12:00-15:00. The PSCF model revealed that the wintertime aerosol mainly originated from Shandong, northern Jiangsu, Korea, and the northwestern Mongolian Plateau. Below 200 m, NO2 was mainly from western Shandong, whereas above 600 m, it was mainly from northern Shandong and the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei (BTH) region. The corresponding sources for HCHO were central and southern Shandong (below 200 m) and northern Shandong, northern Jiangsu, and southeastern BTH (above 600 m). In addition, the chemical production sensitivity of O3 below 100 m was observed only in the VOC-limited regime. The percentages of O3 production under the NOx-limited, NOx-VOC-limited, and VOC-limited regimes were 10.75% (31.18%), 4.30% (19.35%), and 84.95% (49.47%) at the 500-600 m (900-1000 m) layer. This study has guiding significance for the coordinated control of PM2.5 and O3, and can assist in the implementation of regional joint prevention and control strategies for air pollutants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chengzhi Xing
- Key Lab of Environmental Optics & Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, China
| | - Cheng Liu
- Key Lab of Environmental Optics & Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, China; Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China; Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China; Key Laboratory of Precision Scientific Instrumentation of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China.
| | - Qianqian Hong
- School of Environment and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.
| | - Hanyang Liu
- School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Hongyu Wu
- School of Environmental Science and Optoelectronic Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Jinan Lin
- Key Lab of Environmental Optics & Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, China
| | - Yuhang Song
- Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Yujia Chen
- Key Lab of Environmental Optics & Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, China
| | - Ting Liu
- School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Qihou Hu
- Key Lab of Environmental Optics & Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, China
| | - Wei Tan
- Key Lab of Environmental Optics & Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, China
| | - Hua Lin
- School of Environmental Science and Optoelectronic Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Kim SJ, Lee SJ, Lee HY, Son JM, Lim HB, Kim HW, Shin HJ, Lee JY, Choi SD. Characteristics of volatile organic compounds in the metropolitan city of Seoul, South Korea: Diurnal variation, source identification, secondary formation of organic aerosol, and health risk. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 838:156344. [PMID: 35654203 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in Seoul, the capital of South Korea, have attracted increased attention owing to their emission, secondary formation, and human health risk. In this study, we collected 24 hourly samples once a month at an urban site in Seoul for a year (a total of 288 samples) using a sequential tube sampler. Analysis results revealed that toluene (9.08 ± 8.99 μg/m3) exhibited the highest annual mean concentration, followed by ethyl acetate (5.55 ± 9.09 μg/m3), m,p-xylenes (2.79 ± 4.57 μg/m3), benzene (2.37 ± 1.55 μg/m3), ethylbenzene (1.81 ± 2.27 μg/m3), and o-xylene (0.91 ± 1.47 μg/m3), indicating that these compounds accounted for 77.8-85.6% of the seasonal mean concentrations of the total (Σ59) VOCs. The concentrations of the Σ59 VOCs were statistically higher in spring and winter than in summer and fall because of meteorological conditions, and the concentrations of individual VOCs were higher during the daytime than nighttime owing to higher human activities during the daytime. The conditional bivariate probability function and concentration weighted trajectory analysis results suggested that domestic effects (e.g., vehicular exhaust and solvents) exhibited a dominant effect on the presence of VOCs in Seoul, as well as long-range atmospheric transport of VOCs. Further, the most important secondary organic aerosol formation potential (SOAFP) compounds included benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and m,p,o-xylenes, and the total SOAFP of nine VOCs accounted for 5-29% of the seasonal mean PM2.5 concentrations. The cancer and non-cancer risks of the selected VOCs were below the tolerable (1 × 10-4) and acceptable (Hazard quotient: HQ < 1) levels, respectively. Overall, this study highlighted the feasibility of the sequential sampling of VOCs and hybrid receptor modeling to further understand the source-receptor relationship of VOCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seong-Joon Kim
- Department of Urban and Environmental Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Jin Lee
- Department of Urban and Environmental Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho-Young Lee
- Department of Urban and Environmental Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Min Son
- Department of Urban and Environmental Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung-Bae Lim
- Air Quality Research Division, National Institute of Environmental Research (NIER), Incheon 22689, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeon-Woong Kim
- Air Quality Research Division, National Institute of Environmental Research (NIER), Incheon 22689, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Jung Shin
- Air Quality Research Division, National Institute of Environmental Research (NIER), Incheon 22689, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Yi Lee
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Deuk Choi
- Department of Urban and Environmental Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Identification of Emission Source Using a Micro Sampler Carried by a Drone. DRONES 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/drones6050116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
A micro needle trap sampler (NTS) was carried by a mini quadrotor drone (Mavic Pro, DJI) to collect volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from industries. The NTS was fabricated using a 7 cm long, 22-gauge stainless steel needle by packing powdered divinylbenzene (DVB) adsorbents (60–80 mesh diameters). The telescoping sampling shaft was installed on the drone to extend the NTS beyond the downward air turbulence that was caused by the rotation of its propellers. The total mass of the sampling device, including an NTS, a telescoping shaft, a mini-air pump, and an ABS (acrylonitrile butadiene styrene) rack, was not more than 200 g. The emitted VOCs, those from a steel processing plant, including aromatic hydrocarbons (toluene of 15 ppb, ethylbenzene of 9 ppb and p-xylene 12 ppb), and those from a semiconductor processing factory, including trace amounts of methanol (1.96–2.00 ppm), acetone (0.05–0.10 ppm), and toluene (1.04–2.00 ppm), were extracted by the NTS on the drone and identified using a gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) system in the laboratory. According to the results of VOC detection during the sampling flight of a drone, the stationary pollution sources were successfully identified.
Collapse
|
9
|
Li L, Lu C, Chan PW, Lan Z, Zhang W, Yang H, Wang H. Impact of the COVID-19 on the vertical distributions of major pollutants from a tower in the Pearl River Delta. ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT (OXFORD, ENGLAND : 1994) 2022; 276:119068. [PMID: 35342324 PMCID: PMC8934250 DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2022.119068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The outbreak of the 2019 novel coronavirus (COVID-19) had a large impact on human health and socio-economics worldwide. The lockdown implemented in China beginning from January 23, 2020 led to sharp reductions in human activities and associated emissions. The declines in primary pollution provided a unique opportunity to examine the relationship between anthropogenic emissions and air quality. This study reports on air pollutant and meteorological measurements at different heights from a tall tower in the Pearl River Delta. These measurements were used to investigate the vertical scale response of pollutants to understand reductions in human activities. Compared to that in the pre-lockdown period (from December 16, 2019), the concentrations of surface layer nitric oxide (NOx), fine particulate matter (PM2.5), and daily maximum 8 h average ozone (MDA8O3) declined significantly during the lockdown by 76.8%, 49.4%, and 18.6%, respectively. Although the vertical profiles of NOx and O3 changed during the lockdown period, those of PM2.5 remained the same. During the lockdown period, there were statistically significant correlations between PM2.5 and O3 but not between PM2.5 and NOx at four heights, indicating that the main composition of PM2.5 have dramatically changed, during which the impact of NOx on PM2.5 became insignificant. Additionally, O3 concentrations were also insensitive to NOx concentrations during the lockdown, implying that O3 levels were more of a representative of regional background level. In this case, local photochemical formation is no longer a significant ozone source. This evidence suggests that it is possible to mitigation of PM2.5 and O3 levels simultaneously by significant reductions in anthropogenic emissions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Li
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai, 519082, PR China
- Guangdong Provincial Observation and Research Station for Climate Environment and Air Quality Change in the Pearl River Estuary, Zhuhai, 519082, China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Atmosphere-Ocean System (Sun Yat-sen University), Ministry of Education, Zhuhai, 519082, China
| | - Chao Lu
- Shenzhen National Climate Observatory, Meteorological Bureau of Shenzhen Municipality, Shenzhen, 518040, PR China
| | | | - Zijuan Lan
- Shenzhen Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shenzhen, 518001, PR China
| | - Wenhai Zhang
- Shenzhen Academy of Severe Storms Science, Shenzhen, 518057, PR China
| | - Honglong Yang
- Shenzhen National Climate Observatory, Meteorological Bureau of Shenzhen Municipality, Shenzhen, 518040, PR China
| | - Haichao Wang
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai, 519082, PR China
- Guangdong Provincial Observation and Research Station for Climate Environment and Air Quality Change in the Pearl River Estuary, Zhuhai, 519082, China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Atmosphere-Ocean System (Sun Yat-sen University), Ministry of Education, Zhuhai, 519082, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Qin C, Jiang C, Guo M, Liu R, Yu R, Huang J, Yan D, Li S, Dang X. Dielectric barrier discharge coupled with Fe 2+, Mn 2+ and Cu 2+ scrubbing for toluene removal. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 290:133306. [PMID: 34922966 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.133306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
By-product ozone emission is one of the challenges for applying dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) technology for volatile organic compounds (VOCs) removal. In this study, a DBD reactor followed by a wet scrubber (WS) containing a solution of metal ions (Fe2+/Mn2+/Cu2+) was used to reuse ozone for further oxidation of typical VOC toluene. Compared with the degradation effect of the DBD reactor alone, DBD coupled WS/iron system not only improved the toluene removal efficiency but also significantly reduced the ozone emission. The ozone removal efficiency reached as high as 98% in the DBD coupled WS/Fe2+ system. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) tests showed that ozone was converted into radicals such as hydroxyl radicals in Fe2+ and Cu2+ solution, which further oxidized toluene in WS/iron. Quenching experiments showed that the contribution for toluene degradation by radicals was up to 75% and 62% in Fe2+ and Mn2+ reactor, respectively. This study demonstrates that the DBD coupled WS system has the potential to be an environmentally friendly technology for gaseous VOCs removal.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caihong Qin
- School of Environment & Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture & Technology, Xi'an, 710055, China
| | - Chaochao Jiang
- School of Environment & Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture & Technology, Xi'an, 710055, China
| | - Mengke Guo
- School of Environment & Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture & Technology, Xi'an, 710055, China
| | - Rongrong Liu
- School of Environment & Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture & Technology, Xi'an, 710055, China
| | - Rui Yu
- Research Center of Air Pollution Control Technology, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Jiayu Huang
- Research Center of Air Pollution Control Technology, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Dongjie Yan
- School of Environment & Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture & Technology, Xi'an, 710055, China
| | - Shijie Li
- School of Environment & Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture & Technology, Xi'an, 710055, China
| | - Xiaoqing Dang
- School of Environment & Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture & Technology, Xi'an, 710055, China.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Mo Z, Huang S, Yuan B, Pei C, Song Q, Qi J, Wang M, Wang B, Wang C, Shao M. Tower-based measurements of NMHCs and OVOCs in the Pearl River Delta: Vertical distribution, source analysis and chemical reactivity. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 292:118454. [PMID: 34737024 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 10/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Measurements of vertical distribution of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) have attracted wide attentions, which could help to understand atmospheric oxidation mechanism and provide implications for VOC control. This study measured the non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHCs) and oxygenated VOCs (OVOCs) simultaneously for the first time at three different heights, namely ground, 118 m and 488 m, in the Canton Tower located in the urban core of the Pearl River Delta (PRD). The results show that NMHCs decreased while some OVOC species such as formaldehyde and acetaldehyde increased with increasing height. It was mainly attributed to the dilution and chemical loss of NMHCs but secondary production of OVOCs during vertical transport. Ratio analysis and receptor modeling indicate that vehicle exhausts (47%) and fuel evaporation (39%) were major sources of the total NMHCs. Interestingly, industry contributed much more at 118 m, probably affected by organic gas discharge from the high chimney of industrial factories. The chemical reactivities in terms of OH radical loss rate (LOH), ozone formation potential (OFP) and secondary organic aerosol potential (SOAP) were lowest at 118 m, smaller than those influenced by high fresh NMHC emissions at ground and strong formation of secondary species (e.g. OVOCs) at 488 m. OH exposure estimated by isoprene and m,p-xylene/ethylbenzene was different depending on their time scale of vertical turbulent mixing and chemical loss. OVOC species measured at different heights were positively correlated with Ox (R = 0.48-0.87), indicating that OVOCs were largely contributed by secondary formation in photochemical process. The tower measurements of NMHCs and OVOCs provided a unique opportunity to investigate the VOC distribution and chemical behaviors, which could give important information for understanding O3 and PM2.5 pollution mechanism in the PRD region with fast developing urban setting and substantially changing air quality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ziwei Mo
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, 519082, China
| | - Shan Huang
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 511443, China; Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Guangzhou, 511443, China.
| | - Bin Yuan
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 511443, China; Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Guangzhou, 511443, China
| | - Chenglei Pei
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou, 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China; Guangzhou Sub-branch of Guangdong Ecological and Environmental Monitoring Center, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Qicong Song
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 511443, China; Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Guangzhou, 511443, China
| | - Jipeng Qi
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 511443, China; Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Guangzhou, 511443, China
| | - Ming Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Baolin Wang
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, China
| | - Chen Wang
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, China
| | - Min Shao
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 511443, China; Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Guangzhou, 511443, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
A Critical Review of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) Use in Architecture and Urbanism: Scientometric and Bibliometric Analysis. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app11219966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In recent years the use of UAVs (Unmanned aerial vehicles) have proliferated in the civil sector for purposes such as search and rescue, remote sensing or real-time monitoring of road traffic, among others. In the architecture, engineering and construction fields (AEC) UAVs have demonstrated to be an ideal technology due to their optimal performance in terms of time, precision, safety and cost. Given the rapid growth of interest in this technology, this research presents a critical review of the literature on the use of UAVs in architecture and urbanism to define the most widely used techniques and delimit the fields of application based on the experimentation published by the scientific community. A scientific mapping was carried out in two stages using the VOSviewerTM software: a scientometric and a bibliometric analysis. This technique allowed us to analyse a large body of literature and bibliographic data to obtain trends, patterns and directions of this domain of knowledge. Then, a literature review was presented, highlighting the relevant information identified in the previous analysis. The fields of application of UAVs were delimited and the most commonly used payload types and the most appropriate post-processing techniques were specified, depending on the aerial mission objective. The fields of application identified included different techniques related to the generation of 3D models, land mapping, construction site monitoring, building surveying to detect structural damage and energy losses and urban remote sensing. The literature review showed that UAVs provide a useful multi-tasking tool at any stage of an architectural project. These techniques can be applied to buildings or public spaces from the design and construction processes when the project is initiated to the later stages of maintenance and inspection of the building during its life cycle.
Collapse
|
13
|
Mannu A, Blangetti M, Baldino S, Prandi C. Promising Technological and Industrial Applications of Deep Eutectic Systems. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 14:2494. [PMID: 34065921 PMCID: PMC8151193 DOI: 10.3390/ma14102494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Deep Eutectic Systems (DESs) are obtained by combining Hydrogen Bond Acceptors (HBAs) and Hydrogen Bond Donors (HBDs) in specific molar ratios. Since their first appearance in the literature in 2003, they have shown a wide range of applications, ranging from the selective extraction of biomass or metals to medicine, as well as from pollution control systems to catalytic active solvents and co-solvents. The very peculiar physical properties of DESs, such as the elevated density and viscosity, reduced conductivity, improved solvent ability and a peculiar optical behavior, can be exploited for engineering modular systems which cannot be obtained with other non-eutectic mixtures. In the present review, selected DESs research fields, as their use in materials synthesis, as solvents for volatile organic compounds, as ingredients in pharmaceutical formulations and as active solvents and cosolvents in organic synthesis, are reported and discussed in terms of application and future perspectives.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Mannu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turin, Via Pietro Giuria 7, I-10125 Turin, Italy; (M.B.); (S.B.)
| | | | | | - Cristina Prandi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turin, Via Pietro Giuria 7, I-10125 Turin, Italy; (M.B.); (S.B.)
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Asher E, Hills AJ, Hornbrook RS, Shertz S, Gabbard S, Stephens BB, Helmig D, Apel EC. Unpiloted Aircraft System Instrument for the Rapid Collection of Whole Air Samples and Measurements for Environmental Monitoring and Air Quality Studies. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:5657-5667. [PMID: 33881834 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c07213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A new airborne system, the Whole Air Sampling Pilotless Platform (WASPP), is described for the collection of whole air samples and in situ meteorological measurements onboard a commercial hexacopter. Rapid sample collection enables the collection ≤15 air samples per flight in positively pressurized miniature canisters, subsequently analyzed on a mated analytical system for up to 80 nonmethane volatile organic compounds (VOCs). The WASPP is well suited to investigate VOC gradients in urban environments impacted by traffic, industry, and oil and natural gas (O&NG) development, but has the sensitivity to characterize continental background conditions, as shown here using a subset of >40 species. We document empirical tests to minimize the influence of rotor wash and other sampling artifacts and report favorable results of laboratory-based calibrations of the WASPP's meteorological sensors and field-based comparisons of WASPP's VOC measurements and horizontal wind velocity measurements. Airborne WASPP measurements can complement and enhance ground-based VOC monitoring efforts by providing substantial meteorological and VOC measurement capability across vertical and horizontal spatial scales. These measurements reveal strong vertical gradients in VOC mixing ratios, depending on local meteorology and sources. WASPP has wide applicability for pollution source identification and quantification of hazardous air pollutants and precursors of criteria pollutants, including monitoring O&NG emissions or industry fenceline monitoring.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Asher
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations & Modeling Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado 80301, United States
- Earth Observing Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado 80301, United States
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
| | - Alan J Hills
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations & Modeling Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado 80301, United States
| | - Rebecca S Hornbrook
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations & Modeling Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado 80301, United States
| | - Stephen Shertz
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations & Modeling Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado 80301, United States
| | - Stephen Gabbard
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations & Modeling Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado 80301, United States
| | - Britton B Stephens
- Earth Observing Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado 80301, United States
| | - Detlev Helmig
- Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Eric C Apel
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations & Modeling Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado 80301, United States
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Shao L, Chang L, Finkelman RB, Wang W, Liu J, Li J, Xing J, Hou C. Distribution of rare earth elements in PM 10 emitted from burning coals and soil-mixed coal briquettes. J Environ Sci (China) 2020; 97:96-101. [PMID: 32933744 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2020.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Emission from burning coals is one of the major sources of the airborne particles in China. We carried out a study on the rare earth elements (REEs) in the inhalable particulate matter (PM10) emitted from burning coals and soil-coal honeycomb briquettes with different volatile contents and ash yields in a combustion-dilution system. Gravimetric analysis indicates that the equivalent mass concentration of the PM10 emitted from burning the coals is higher than that emitted from burning the briquettes. The ICP-MS analysis indicates that the contents of total REEs in the coal-burning PM10 are lower than those in the briquette-burning PM10. In addition, the contents of the light rare earth elements (LREEs) are higher than those of the heavy rare earth elements (HREEs) in the PM10 emitted from burning the coals and briquettes, demonstrating that the REEs in both the coal-burning and briquette-burning PM10 are dominated by LREEs. The higher contents of total REEs and LREEs in the coal-burning PM10 are associated with the higher ash yields and lower volatile contents in the raw coals. A comparative analysis indicates that the La/Sm ratios in the PM10 emitted from burning the coals and briquettes, being lower than 2, are lower than those in the particles from gasoline-powered vehicle emission.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Longyi Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Resources and Safe Mining, College of Geoscience and Surveying Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Lingli Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Resources and Safe Mining, College of Geoscience and Surveying Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China
| | - Robert B Finkelman
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Resources and Safe Mining, College of Geoscience and Surveying Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China; University of Texas Dallas, Richardson, TX, 75080, USA
| | - Wenhua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Resources and Safe Mining, College of Geoscience and Surveying Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China
| | - Junxia Liu
- China Association of Circular Economy, Beijing 100037, China
| | - Jie Li
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Resources and Safe Mining, College of Geoscience and Surveying Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China
| | - Jiaoping Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Resources and Safe Mining, College of Geoscience and Surveying Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China; 2011 Collaborative Innovation Center of Jiangxi Typical Trees Cultivation and Utilization, School of Forestry, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Cong Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Resources and Safe Mining, College of Geoscience and Surveying Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China; Hebei University of Economics and Business, Shijiazhuang 050061, China
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Geng C, Wang J, Yin B, Zhao R, Li P, Yang W, Xiao Z, Li S, Li K, Bai Z. Vertical distribution of volatile organic compounds conducted by tethered balloon in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region of China. J Environ Sci (China) 2020; 95:121-129. [PMID: 32653171 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2020.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) as precursors of ozone and secondary organic aerosols can cause adverse effects on the environment and human health. However, knowledge of the VOC vertical profile in the lower troposphere of major Chinese cities is poorly understood. In this study, tethered balloon flights were conducted over the juncture of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei in China during the winter of 2016. Thirty-six vertical air samples were collected on selected heavy and light pollution days at altitudes of 50-1000 meters above ground level. On average, the concentration of total VOCs (TVOCs) at 50-100 m was 4.9 times higher than at 900-1000 m (46.9 ppbV vs. 8.0 ppbV). TVOC concentrations changed rapidly from altitudes of 50-100 to 401-500 m, with an average decrease of 72%. With further altitude increase, the TVOC concentration gradually decreased. The xylene/benzene ratios of 34/36 air samples were lower than 1.1, and the benzene/toluene ratios of 34/36 samples were higher than 0.4, indicating the occurrence of aged air mass during the sampling period. Alkenes contributed most in terms of both OH loss rate (39%-71%) and ozone formation potential (40%-72%), followed by aromatics (6%-38%). Finally, the main factors affecting the vertical distributions of VOCs were local source emission and negative dispersion conditions on polluted days. These data could advance our scientific understanding of VOC vertical distribution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chunmei Geng
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Jing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Baohui Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Ruojie Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Peng Li
- Tianjin Eco-Environmental Monitoring Center, Tianjin 300191, China
| | - Wen Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
| | - Zhimei Xiao
- Tianjin Eco-Environmental Monitoring Center, Tianjin 300191, China
| | - Shijie Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Kangwei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Zhipeng Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Liu J, Zheng G. Emission of volatile organic compounds from a small-scale municipal solid waste transfer station: Ozone-formation potential and health risk assessment. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2020; 106:193-202. [PMID: 32234654 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2020.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 03/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are the main precursors of tropospheric ozone and secondary aerosol generation, posing a threat to human health and affecting the environmental climate. A large quantity of VOCs can be produced in the initial decomposition stage of municipal solid waste (MSW). In this study, the atmosphere in an MSW transfer station was monitored for one year. The emission characteristics of VOCs in different seasons and working hours were analyzed, and the ozone-formation potential of VOCs was calculated through the maximum incremental reaction method, and health risks posed by the VOCs in the MSW transfer station were assessed. The results showed that the highest concentration of VOCs appeared in spring and summer, accounting for 70.6% and 26.6% of total VOCs (TVOCs) in peak working periods, respectively. Oxygenated compounds and terpenes contributed most to ozone formation, accounting for 41.0% and 50.6% of total ozone formation, respectively. The carcinogenic risks were above the safe threshold, labeled "probable risks". Tetrachloroethylene and 1,2-dichloroethane were the main contributors to carcinogenic risks. The mean non-carcinogenic risks were within the safe threshold in the MSW transfer station. From the perspective of protecting human health and ecological environmental safety, VOC control needs to be further strengthened in the transfer station.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junwan Liu
- Center for Environmental Remediation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Guodi Zheng
- Center for Environmental Remediation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Shen H, Yang TM, Lu CC, Yuan CS, Hung CH, Lin CT, Lee CW, Jing G, Hu G, Lo KC. Chemical fingerprint and source apportionment of PM 2.5 in highly polluted events of southern Taiwan. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:6918-6935. [PMID: 31879868 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-07328-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the spatial distribution and diurnal variation of the chemical composition of PM2.5 pollution in an industrial city of southern Taiwan, 12-h PM2.5 was diurnally continuously collected simultaneously at the Kaoping Air Quality Zone (KAQZ) during one highly PM2.5-polluted episode. Water-soluble ions, metallic elements, carbonaceous contents, dicarboxylic acids, and anhydrosugars were analyzed to characterize the chemical fingerprint of PM2.5. Backward trajectory simulation and chemical mass balance (CMB) receptor modeling were applied to identify the potential sources of PM2.5 and their contributions. It showed that Chaozhou (rural area) accompanying the highest SORs and NORs suffered from the most severe PM2.5 pollution during the episode. Sulfate (SO42-) was probably formed by the atmospheric chemical reaction in the daytime, while NO3- processed at nighttime at the KAQZ. A homogeneous formation of NO3- occurred at Chaozhou. The concentrations of Zn, Pb, Fe, Cu, V, and Al, mainly emitted from anthropogenic sources, increased significantly at the KAQZ. The highest OC, SOC/OC, and DA/OCs at Daliao (industrial area) were attributed to the transformation of primary VOCs to secondary OC via photo-oxidation during the episode. Oxalic acid was mainly produced through photochemical reactions since a high correlation between oxalic acid and Ca2+ was observed at Nanzi (urban area) and Daliao during the episode. During the episode, PM2.5 mostly originated from local primary or secondary aerosol than long-range overseas transport. The dominant source was anthropogenic emissions, accounting for 67.1% and 70.4% of PM2.5 at Nanzi and Daliao, respectively. At Chaozhou, the contribution of anthropogenic emissions was the lowest (42.4%), but secondary aerosols had the highest contribution of 38.3% of PM2.5 among the three areas during the episode.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huazhen Shen
- College of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Tsung-Mou Yang
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Sun Yat-Sen University, No. 70, Lian-Hai Road, Kaohsiung, 804, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Chun-Chung Lu
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Sun Yat-Sen University, No. 70, Lian-Hai Road, Kaohsiung, 804, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Chung-Shin Yuan
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Sun Yat-Sen University, No. 70, Lian-Hai Road, Kaohsiung, 804, Taiwan, Republic of China.
| | - Chung-Hsuang Hung
- Department of Safety, Health and Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, No. 2, Juoyue Road, Nanzih District, Kaohsiung, 811, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Chi-Tsan Lin
- Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, No. 142, Haijhuan Road, Nanzih District, Kaohsiung, 811, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Chia-Wei Lee
- Department of Safety, Health and Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, No. 2, Juoyue Road, Nanzih District, Kaohsiung, 811, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Guohua Jing
- College of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Gongren Hu
- College of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Kuo-Cheng Lo
- Department of Safety, Health and Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, No. 2, Juoyue Road, Nanzih District, Kaohsiung, 811, Taiwan, Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Vikrant K, Kim KH, Szulejko JE, Boukhvalov D, Shang J, Rinklebe J. Evidence of inter-species swing adsorption between aromatic hydrocarbons. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 181:108814. [PMID: 31784078 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2019.108814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Revised: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In this research, the competitive adsorption characteristics between aromatic hydrocarbons were investigated. It is well-known that an industrial effluent may contain a mixture of pollutants. The composition of effluents is usually highly variable in nature to depend upon the feedstock. Hence, one of the pollutants that is present in larger amounts may have the potential to dominate the sorption processes. Although many studies have investigated the competitive adsorption of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) onto activated carbon (AC) in detail, little is known about how the overall process is influenced when a fresh incoming VOC molecule encounters a sorbent bed pre-loaded with other VOCs. Consequently, the objective of the present study was to investigate the stability of pre-adsorbed VOC molecules in the presence of other potentially competitive VOCs in the influent stream. In this regard, the sorbent bed of AC was first preloaded with benzene (50 ppm (0.16 mg L-1)) and subsequently challenged by either high purity nitrogen or a stream of xylene (at 10, 50, or 100 ppm (0.043, 0.22, or 0.43 mg L-1)). The desorption rate of preloaded benzene and uptake rate of challenger xylene were assessed simultaneously. The maximum desorption rates of benzene (Rb) against two challenge scenarios (e.g., 100 ppm (0.43 mg L-1) xylene and pure N2) were very different from each other, i.e., 663 vs. 257 g kg-1 h-1, and their final benzene recoveries were 84% and 42%, respectively. The initially high desorption rate for the former quickly decreased with decreasing benzene residual capacity (C, mg g-1). Interestingly, the adsorption capacity of xylene increased considerably after the preloading of benzene (relative to no preloading). As such, 10% breakthrough volumes (BTV10) of 100, 50, and 10 ppm (0.43, 0.22, and 0.043 mg L-1) xylene challenge scenarios increased significantly from 100 to 186, 43.4 to 694, and 600 to 1000 L atm g-1, respectively. The prevalent mechanisms were analyzed using density functional theory (DFT)-based modelling approaches. The results demonstrated effective replacement of pre-adsorbed molecules with weaker affinity (e.g., benzene) when challenged by molecules with stronger affinity (e.g., xylene) toward the sorbent; this was accompanied by noticeable synergistic enhancement in the adsorption capacity of the latter.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kumar Vikrant
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-Ro, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-Hyun Kim
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-Ro, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jan E Szulejko
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-Ro, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Danil Boukhvalov
- College of Science, Institute of Materials Physics and Chemistry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, PR China; Theoretical Physics and Applied Mathematics Department, Ural Federal University, Mira Street 19, 620002, Ekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Jin Shang
- School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jörg Rinklebe
- University of Wuppertal, School of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Institute of Foundation Engineering, Water- and Waste-Management, Laboratory of Soil- and Groundwater-Management, Pauluskirchstraße 7, Wuppertal, 42285, Germany; Department of Environment, Energy and Geoinformatics, Sejong University, 98 Gunja-Dong, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Rohi G, Ejofodomi O, Ofualagba G. Autonomous monitoring, analysis, and countering of air pollution using environmental drones. Heliyon 2020; 6:e03252. [PMID: 31993524 PMCID: PMC6971350 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e03252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The effect of air pollution on the environment, economic and health of the people in the affected countries cannot be overemphasized. This paper investigates large scale air pollution elimination to remove pollutants that are already in existence in the environment. This method involves the use of Environmental Drones (E-drones) to autonomously monitor the air quality at a specific location. The E-drone flies up to a predetermined height (Ealtitude) every hour, measures the air pollutants at that location, implements on-board pollution abatement solutions for pollutants above the recommended threshold, and then flies back down to its location on the ground. The advantages of this system is its ability to measure air pollution concentration of CO2, CO, NH3, SO2, PM, O3 and NO2, detect when they are too high, and implement on-board pollution abatement solutions as needed. This system's novelty lies in the fact that it not only detects when there is excessive pollution, but it also automatically deals with and abates the detected air pollution above earth. When multiple E-drones are used in different locations, a custom software generates an Air Quality Health Index (AQHI) map of the region that can be used for present and long-term environmental analysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Godall Rohi
- Racett Canada Inc, 404 St George Street, Moncton, New Brunswick, E1C 1X0, Canada.,Racett Nigeria Ltd., Zone 8, FCT, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - O'tega Ejofodomi
- Racett Canada Inc, 404 St George Street, Moncton, New Brunswick, E1C 1X0, Canada.,Racett Nigeria Ltd., Zone 8, FCT, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Godswill Ofualagba
- Racett Canada Inc, 404 St George Street, Moncton, New Brunswick, E1C 1X0, Canada.,Racett Nigeria Ltd., Zone 8, FCT, Abuja, Nigeria
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Dieu Hien VT, Lin C, Thanh VC, Kim Oanh NT, Thanh BX, Weng CE, Yuan CS, Rene ER. An overview of the development of vertical sampling technologies for ambient volatile organic compounds (VOCs). JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2019; 247:401-412. [PMID: 31254756 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.06.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are harmful to human health and the environment, and are precursors of other toxic air pollutants, e.g. ozone (O3) and secondary organic aerosols (SOAs). In recent years, due to scientific and technological advancements, vertical VOC profile in the atmosphere has been increasingly studied since it plays an essential role in the atmospheric research by providing multilevel three-dimensional data. Such information will improve the predictive ability of existing air quality models. This review summarizes the latest development of vertical VOC sampling technologies, highlighting the technical and non-technical challenges with possible solutions and future applications of vertical VOC sampling technologies. Further, other important issues concerning ambient VOCs have also been discussed, e.g. emission sources, VOC air samplers, VOC monitoring strategies, factors influencing airborne VOC measurement, the use of VOC data in air quality models and future smart city air quality management. Since ambient VOC levels can fluctuate significantly with altitude, technologies for vertical VOC profiling have been developed from building/tower-based measurements and tethered balloons to aircrafts, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) and satellites in order to improve the temporal-spatial capacity and accuracy. Between the existing sampling methods, so far, UAVs are capable of providing more reliable VOC measurements and better temporal-spatial capacities. Heretofore, their disadvantages and challenges, e.g. sampling height, sampling time, sensitivity of the sensors and interferences from other chemical species, have limited the application of UAV for vertical VOC profiling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vo Thi Dieu Hien
- Institute of Marine Science and Technology, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung, 81157, Taiwan
| | - Chitsan Lin
- Institute of Marine Science and Technology, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung, 81157, Taiwan.
| | - Vu Chi Thanh
- Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, AL, 35899, USA
| | - Nguyen Thi Kim Oanh
- Environmental Engineering and Management, Asian Institute of Technology, Thailand
| | - Bui Xuan Thanh
- Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources, University of Technology, Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam.
| | - Chien-Erh Weng
- Department of Electronic Communication Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung, 81157, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Shin Yuan
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, 80424, Taiwan
| | - Eldon R Rene
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Water Technology, IHE-Delft Institute for Water Education, 2601DA Delft, the Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
In Plasma Catalytic Oxidation of Toluene Using Monolith CuO Foam as a Catalyst in a Wedged High Voltage Electrode Dielectric Barrier Discharge Reactor: Influence of Reaction Parameters and Byproduct Control. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16050711. [PMID: 30818848 PMCID: PMC6427108 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16050711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Revised: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emission from anthropogenic sources has becoming increasingly serious in recent decades owing to the substantial contribution to haze formation and adverse health impact. To tackle this issue, various physical and chemical techniques are applied to eliminate VOC emissions so as to reduce atmospheric pollution. Among these methods, non-thermal plasma (NTP) is receiving increasing attention for the higher removal efficiency, non-selectivity, and moderate operation, whereas the unwanted producing of NO2 and O3 remains important drawback. In this study, a dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) reactor with wedged high voltage electrode coupled CuO foam in an in plasma catalytic (IPC) system was developed to remove toluene as the target VOC. The monolith CuO foam exhibits advantages of easy installation and controllable of IPC length. The influencing factors of IPC reaction were studied. Results showed stronger and more stable plasma discharge in the presence of CuO foam in DBD reactor. Enhanced performance was observed in IPC reaction for both of toluene conversion rate and CO2 selectivity compared to the sole NTP process at the same input energy. The longer the contributed IPC length, the higher the toluene removal efficiency. The toluene degradation mechanism under IPC condition was speculated. The producing of NO2 and O3 under IPC process were effectively removed using Na2SO3 bubble absorption.
Collapse
|
23
|
Gambi A, Pietropolli Charmet A, Stoppa P, Tasinato N, Ceselin G, Barone V. Molecular synthons for accurate structural determinations: the equilibrium geometry of 1-chloro-1-fluoroethene. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:3615-3625. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cp04888f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The equilibrium structure for 1-chloro-1-fluoroethene is obtained by high-level quantum chemical calculations and the semi-experimental approach.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Gambi
- Università degli Studi di Udine
- Dipartimento Politecnico di Ingegneria e Architettura
- I-33100 Udine
- Italy
| | | | - Paolo Stoppa
- Università Ca’ Foscari Venezia
- Dipartimento di Scienze Molecolari e Nanosistemi
- I-30172 Mestre (VE)
- Italy
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Gu Q, R Michanowicz D, Jia C. Developing a Modular Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) Platform for Air Pollution Profiling. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2018; 18:E4363. [PMID: 30544691 PMCID: PMC6308618 DOI: 10.3390/s18124363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Revised: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
The unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) offers great potential for collecting air quality data with high spatial and temporal resolutions. The objective of this study is to design and develop a modular UAV-based platform capable of real-time monitoring of multiple air pollutants. The system comprises five modules: the UAV, the ground station, the sensors, the data acquisition (DA) module, and the data fusion (DF) module. The hardware was constructed with off-the-shelf consumer parts and the open source software Ardupilot was used for flight control and data fusion. The prototype UAV system was tested in representative settings. Results show that this UAV platform can fly on pre-determined pathways with adequate flight time for various data collection missions. The system simultaneously collects air quality and high precision X-Y-Z data and integrates and visualizes them in a real-time manner. While the system can accommodate multiple gas sensors, UAV operations may electronically interfere with the performance of chemical-resistant sensors. Our prototype and experiments prove the feasibility of the system and show that it features a stable and high precision spatial-temporal platform for air sample collection. Future work should be focused on gas sensor development, plug-and-play interfaces, impacts of rotor wash, and all-weather designs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qijun Gu
- Department of Computer Science, Texas State University, San Marcos, TX 78666, USA.
| | - Drew R Michanowicz
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Chunrong Jia
- School of Public Health, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN 38152, USA.
| |
Collapse
|