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Jiang Z, Liang Y, Guo F, Wang Y, Li R, Tang A, Tu Y, Zhang X, Wang J, Li S, Kong L. Microwave-Assisted Pyrolysis-A New Way for the Sustainable Recycling and Upgrading of Plastic and Biomass: A Review. CHEMSUSCHEM 2024:e202400129. [PMID: 38773732 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202400129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2024] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/24/2024]
Abstract
The efficient utilization of organic solid waste resources can help reducing the consumption of conventional fossil fuels, mitigating environmental pollution, and achieving green sustainable development. Due to its dual nature of being both a resource and a source of pollution, it is crucial to implement suitable recycling technologies throughout the recycling and upgrading processes for plastics and biomass, which are organic solid wastes with complex mixture of components. The conventional pyrolysis and hydropyrolysis were summarized for recycling plastics and biomass into high-value fuels, chemicals, and materials. To enhance reaction efficiency and improve product selectivity, microwave-assisted pyrolysis was introduced to the upgrading of plastics and biomass through efficient energy supply especially with the aid of catalysts and microwave absorbers. This review provides a detail summary of microwave-assisted pyrolysis for plastics and biomass from the technical, applied, and mechanistic perspectives. Based on the recent technological advances, the future directions for the development of microwave-assisted pyrolysis technologies are predicted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhicheng Jiang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, 215009, P. R. China
| | - Yuan Liang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, 215009, P. R. China
| | - Fenfen Guo
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, 215009, P. R. China
| | - Yuxuan Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, 215009, P. R. China
| | - Ruikai Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, 215009, P. R. China
| | - Aoyi Tang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, 215009, P. R. China
| | - Youjing Tu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, 215009, P. R. China
| | - Xingyu Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, 215009, P. R. China
| | - Junxia Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, 215009, P. R. China
| | - Shenggang Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Low-Carbon Conversion Science and Engineering, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201210, P. R. China
| | - Lingzhao Kong
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, 215009, P. R. China
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2
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Tran T, Singh S, Cheng S, Lin H. Scalable and Highly Porous Membrane Adsorbents for Direct Air Capture of CO 2. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:22715-22723. [PMID: 38626804 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c02873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
Direct air capture (DAC) of CO2 is a carbon-negative technology to mitigate carbon emissions, and it requires low-cost sorbents with high CO2 sorption capacity that can be easily manufactured on a large scale. In this work, we develop highly porous membrane adsorbents comprising branched polyethylenimine (PEI) impregnated in low-cost, porous Solupor supports. The effect of the PEI molecular mass and loading on the physical properties of the adsorbents is evaluated, including porosity, degradation temperature, glass transition temperature, and CO2 permeance. CO2 capture from simulated air containing 400 ppm of CO2 in these sorbents is thoroughly investigated as a function of temperature and relative humidity (RH). Polymer dynamics was examined using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and broadband dielectric spectroscopy (BDS), showing that CO2 sorption is limited by its diffusion in these PEI-based sorbents. A membrane adsorbent containing 48 mass% PEI (800 Da) with a porosity of 72% exhibits a CO2 sorption capacity of 1.2 mmol/g at 25 °C and RH of 30%, comparable to the state-of-the-art adsorbents. Multicycles of sorption and desorption were performed to determine their regenerability, stability, and potential for practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thien Tran
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14260, United States
- U.S. Department of Energy, National Energy Technology Laboratory, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15236, United States
- NETL Support Contractor, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15236, United States
| | - Shweta Singh
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14260, United States
| | - Shiwang Cheng
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Haiqing Lin
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14260, United States
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Shaw V, Koley R, Das S, Saha T, Mondal NK. Sustainable use of plastic-derived nanocarbons as a promising larvicidal and growth inhibitor agent towards control of mosquitoes. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 921:171055. [PMID: 38387582 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2023] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Nanoscale carbon was obtained from six widely used plastics (PET, HDPE, PVC, LDPE, PP and PP) via thermal degradation (600 °C) under inert atmosphere. The thermally degraded products were processed through bath sonication followed by lyophilisation and the same was characterized through proximate analysis, UV-Vis spectroscopy, Scanning electron micrograph (SEM) with energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis, Transmission electron micrograph (TEM), Dynamic light scattering (DLS) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). A series of aqueous solution of nanoscale carbon (5-30 mg/L) were prepared and same were used as both mosquito growth inhibitor and larvicidal agent against 3rd and 4th instar larvae of Culex pipiens. The significant percent mortality results were recorded for LDPE (p < 0.007) with average particle size of 3.01 nm and 62.95 W% of carbon and PS (p < 0.002) with average particle size of 12.80 nm and 58.73 W% of carbon against 3rd instar larvae, respectively. Similarly, for 4th instar larvae, both significant pupicidal and adulticidal activity were also recorded for PET (F = 24.0, p < 0.0001 and F = 5.73, p < 0.006), and HDPE (F = 26.0, p < 0.0001) and F = 5.30, p < 0.008). However, significant pupicidal activity were observed for PVC (F = 6.90, p < 0.003), and PS (F = 21.30, p < 0.0001). Histological, bio-chemical and microscopic studies were revealed that nanoscale carbon causes mild to severe damage of external and internal cellular integrity of larvae. However, nanoscale carbon does not exhibit any chromosomal abnormality and anatomical irregularities in Allium cepa and Cicer arietinum, respectively. Similarly, non-significant results with respect to blood cell deformation were also recorded from blood smear of Poecilia reticulata. Therefore, it can be concluded that plastic origin nanoscale carbon could be a viable sustainable nano-weapon towards control of insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikky Shaw
- Environmental Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Environmental Science, The University of Burdwan, India
| | - Rajesh Koley
- Environmental Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Environmental Science, The University of Burdwan, India
| | - Sugata Das
- Environmental Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Environmental Science, The University of Burdwan, India
| | - Tulika Saha
- Environmental Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Environmental Science, The University of Burdwan, India
| | - Naba Kumar Mondal
- Environmental Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Environmental Science, The University of Burdwan, India.
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Manjunathan J, Pavithra K, Nangan S, Prakash S, Saxena KK, Sharma K, Muzammil K, Verma D, Gnanapragasam JR, Ramasubburayan R, Revathi M. Polyethylene terephthalate waste derived nanomaterials (WDNMs) and its utilization in electrochemical devices. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 353:141541. [PMID: 38423149 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 01/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Plastics are a vital component of our daily lives in the contemporary globalization period; they are present in all facets of modern life. Because the bulk of synthetic plastics utilized in the market are non-biodegradable by nature, the issues associated with their contamination are unavoidable in an era dominated by polymers. Polyethylene terephthalate (PET), which is extensively used in industries such as automotive, packaging, textile, food, and beverages production represents a major share of these non-biodegradable polymer productions. Given its extensive application across various sectors, PET usage results in a considerable amount of post-consumer waste, majority of which require disposal after a certain period. However, the recycling of polymeric waste materials has emerged as a prominent topic in research, driven by growing environmental consciousness. Numerous studies indicate that products derived from polymeric waste can be converted into a new polymeric resource in diverse sectors, including organic coatings and regenerative medicine. This review aims to consolidate significant scientific literatures on the recycling PET waste for electrochemical device applications. It also highlights the current challenges in scaling up these processes for industrial application.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Manjunathan
- Department of Biotechnology, Vels Institute of Science Technology and Advanced Studies, Pallavaram, Chennai, 600117, India
| | - K Pavithra
- Department of Chemistry, School of Basic Sciences, Vels Institute of Science Technology and Advanced Studies, Pallavaram, Chennai, 600 117, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Senthilkumar Nangan
- Department of Chemistry, Graphic Era Deemed to be University, Dehradun, Uttarkhand, India; Chitkara Centre for Research and Development, Chitkara University, Himachal Pradesh, 174103, India
| | - S Prakash
- Department of Basic Sciences, Institute of Fisheries Post Graduate Studies, Tamilnadu Dr. J. Jayalalithaa Fisheries University, OMR Campus, Chennai, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Kuldeep K Saxena
- Division of Research and Development, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India
| | - Kuldeep Sharma
- Centre for Research Impact and Outcomes, Chitkara University, Rajpura, Punjab, India
| | - Khursheed Muzammil
- Department of Public Health, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Khamis Mushait Campus, King Khalid University, Abha, 62561, Saudi Arabia
| | - Deepak Verma
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Graphic Era Hill University, Dehradun, Uttarkhand, India
| | | | - R Ramasubburayan
- Centre for Marine Research and Conservation, Department of Prosthodontics, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Saveetha University, Chennai, 600 077, Tamilnadu, India.
| | - M Revathi
- Department of Chemistry, School of Basic Sciences, Vels Institute of Science Technology and Advanced Studies, Pallavaram, Chennai, 600 117, Tamilnadu, India.
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Valizadeh S, Valizadeh B, Seo MW, Choi YJ, Lee J, Chen WH, Lin KYA, Park YK. Recent advances in liquid fuel production from plastic waste via pyrolysis: Emphasis on polyolefins and polystyrene. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 246:118154. [PMID: 38218520 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.118154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2024] [Indexed: 01/15/2024]
Abstract
The management of plastic waste (PW) has become an indispensable worldwide issue because of the enhanced accumulation and environmental impacts of these waste materials. Thermo-catalytic pyrolysis has been proposed as an emerging technology for the valorization of PW into value-added liquid fuels. This review provides a comprehensive investigation of the latest advances in thermo-catalytic pyrolysis of PW for liquid fuel generation, by emphasizing polyethylene, polypropylene, and polystyrene. To this end, the current strategies of PW management are summarized. The various parameters affecting the thermal pyrolysis of PW (e.g., temperature, residence time, heating rate, pyrolysis medium, and plastic type) are discussed, highlighting their significant influence on feed reactivity, product yield, and carbon number distribution of the pyrolysis process. Optimizing these parameters in the pyrolysis process can ensure highly efficient energy recovery from PW. In comparison with non-catalytic PW pyrolysis, catalytic pyrolysis of PW is considered by discussing mechanisms, reaction pathways, and the performance of various catalysts. It is established that the introduction of either acid or base catalysts shifts PW pyrolysis from the conventional free radical mechanism towards the carbonium ion mechanism, altering its kinetics and pathways. This review also provides an overview of PW pyrolysis practicality for scaling up by describing techno-economic challenges and opportunities, environmental considerations, and presenting future outlooks in this field. Overall, via investigation of the recent research findings, this paper offers valuable insights into the potential of thermo-catalytic pyrolysis as an emerging strategy for PW management and the production of liquid fuels, while also highlighting avenues for further exploration and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soheil Valizadeh
- School of Environmental Engineering, University of Seoul, Seoul 02504, South Korea
| | - Behzad Valizadeh
- School of Environmental Engineering, University of Seoul, Seoul 02504, South Korea
| | - Myung Won Seo
- School of Environmental Engineering, University of Seoul, Seoul 02504, South Korea
| | - Yong Jun Choi
- School of Environmental Engineering, University of Seoul, Seoul 02504, South Korea
| | - Jechan Lee
- Department of Global Smart City, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon, 16419, South Korea; School of Civil, Architectural Engineering, and Landscape Architecture, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon, 16419, South Korea
| | - Wei-Hsin Chen
- Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan; Research Center for Smart Sustainable Circular Economy, Tunghai University, Taichung 407, Taiwan; Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Chin-Yi University of Technology, Taichung 411, Taiwan
| | - Kun-Yi Andrew Lin
- Department of Environmental Engineering & Innovation and Development Center of Sustainable Agriculture, National Chung Hsing University, 145 Xingda Rd., South Dist., Taichung City 402, Taiwan; Institute of Analytical and Environmental Sciences, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Young-Kwon Park
- School of Environmental Engineering, University of Seoul, Seoul 02504, South Korea.
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Pal SK, Prabhudesai VS, Vinu R. Catalytic upcycling of post-consumer multilayered plastic packaging wastes for the selective production of monoaromatic hydrocarbons. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024; 351:119630. [PMID: 38043308 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.119630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
In order to obtain extended storage life of food-grade materials and better barrier properties against environmental factors, a multilayer plastic packaging (MLP) is often used. The multilayer packaging plastics are labelled as "other" (SPI#7) category, and are manufactured with a combination of barrier plastics, rigid plastics and printing surface. Owing to their complex composition and difficulty in separating the layers of MLP, its mechanical recycling is challenging. In this study, MLP wastes (MLPWs) were collected from zero-waste garbage collection center of IIT Madras, India, and thoroughly characterized to determine their composition and plastic types. MLPWs were characterized using various physico-chemical methods such as thermogravimetric/differential scanning calorimetric analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, bomb calorimetry, and proximate and ultimate analyses. The MLPWs were mainly made up of polyethylene (PE) and polyethylene terephthalate (PET). Further, the non-catalytic and zeolite-catalyzed fast pyrolysis of these MLPWs were studied using analytical pyrolysis coupled with gas chromatograph/mass spectrometer (Py-GC/MS). The non-catalytic fast pyrolysis of MLPWs primarily produced a mixture of aliphatic and alicyclic hydrocarbons, while zeolite catalyzed fast pyrolysis resulted in the formation of mono-aromatic hydrocarbons (MAHs). The activity of HZSM-5, zeolite Y (HY) and zeolite beta (Hβ) catalysts were evaluated, and the salient products were quantified. The yields of MAHs like benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene using the zeolites followed the trend: HZSM-5 (14.9 wt%) > HY (8.1 wt%) > Hβ (7.8 wt%), at 650 °C. The use of HZSM-5 resulted in highest yield of MAHs, viz. 16.1 wt%, at the optimum temperature of 550 °C and MLPW-to-catalyst ratio of 1:15 (w/w). The superior activity of HZSM-5 is due to its nominal acidity and larger pore size of 4.24 nm, as compared to HY and Hβ. The MAHs yield from three other types of MLPWs varied in the range of 9-16 wt%. The present study demonstrates a promising pathway for the catalytic upcycling of highly heterogeneous MLPWs in the context of circular economy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhan Kumar Pal
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, 600036, India
| | - Vallabh S Prabhudesai
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, 600036, India
| | - Ravikrishnan Vinu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, 600036, India; Indo German Center for Sustainability, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, 600036, India.
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Subhashini, Mondal T. Experimental investigation on slow thermal pyrolysis of real-world plastic wastes in a fixed bed reactor to obtain aromatic rich fuel grade liquid oil. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 344:118680. [PMID: 37531671 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.118680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
Plastic wastes have become one of the biggest global environmental issues and thus recycling such massive quantities is targeted. Thermal pyrolysis has been the most suitable approach to convert the waste plastic into a source of energy. This study aims to compare the thermal pyrolysis of waste plastic with that of the modal plastic compounds in a fixed bed reactor. The liquid oil, obtained from the thermal pyrolysis of HDPE, LDPE, PP and PS wastes were characterized using FT-IR, GC-MS and 1H NMR. Also, their fuel properties such as viscosity and calorific values were characterized using parallel plate rheometer and bomb calorimeter respectively. C10-C44 paraffins and C10-C22 olefins were obtained along with aromatics and alcohols in different type of plastic waste pyrolysis oil. The viscosity of the plastic oil is within kerosene and diesel range. The calorific values of the oils are at par with the Petro fuels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhashini
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Ropar, Rupnagar, Punjab, 140001, India
| | - Tarak Mondal
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Ropar, Rupnagar, Punjab, 140001, India.
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Nolasco Cruz J, Donjuan Martínez K, López Ávila JJ, Pérez Hernández I, Castellanos Villalobos MDL. Recovery of plastic waste through its thermochemical degradation: a review. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2023; 195:1166. [PMID: 37682497 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-023-11725-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
The demand to produce plastic has increased yearly; only in 2020, there was a production of approximately 368 million tons worldwide. According to Plastics Europe, from 2016 to 2018, a total of 29.1 Mt of plastic waste was generated, and 24% of this ended up in a landfill, generating problems due to accumulation. The increase in the demand for plastics has begun to contribute to the shortage of oil sources, a non-renewable resource. On the other hand, various researchers have reported effects on human health such as neurological damage, cancer in the nasal cavities, prostate, and ovarian cancer, and in animal species, destruction of the digestive and respiratory tracts due to the consumption of microplastics in food. Due to these reasons, various solutions have been proposed for recovering and recycling plastic waste. One of the most promising technologies is thermal and catalytic degradation, known as pyrolysis. This technology allows the recovery of chemical compounds of high energy value. In this work, the various environmental and social impacts caused by plastic are discussed. Worldwide consumption data is provided by sector and type of plastic, and the different routes of thermal degradation for each type of thermoplastic are shown.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Nolasco Cruz
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Guanajuato, Carretera Salamanca- Valle de Santiago km 3.5 + 1.8 Comunidad de Palo Blanco, Salamanca, Guanajuato, 36885, México.
| | - Karla Donjuan Martínez
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Guanajuato, Carretera Salamanca- Valle de Santiago km 3.5 + 1.8 Comunidad de Palo Blanco, Salamanca, Guanajuato, 36885, México
| | - Juan José López Ávila
- Idioms Center, University of Veracruz, Av. Universidad Veracruzana km 7.5, Col. Santa Isabel, Coatzacoalcos, Veracruz, 96538, México
| | - Irma Pérez Hernández
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Veracruz, Adolfo Ruiz Cortínez s/n, Costa Verde, Boca del Rio, Veracruz, 94294, México
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Pan R, Bittencourt FLF, Martins MF, Debenest G. Production of diesel-range oil through pyrolysis of polyolefins recovered from municipal solid waste. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:93155-93164. [PMID: 37505383 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-28941-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Pyrolysis is an effective method to valorize plastic waste and obtain value-added fuels. This study adopted the ANN-GA (artificial neural network-genetic algorithm) coupled with a central composition factorial design to optimize the oil production from the pyrolysis of waste polyolefins (WP). The interactive effects of PE mass fraction (20-80 wt%), residence time (20-60 min), and carrier gas flow rate (0-100 mL/min) on the yields of WP pyrolysis products were investigated extensively by ANN. Moreover, the highest WP pyrolysis oil production of 78.87 wt%, optimized by GA, was obtained under 80 wt% PE, 60 min, and 0 mL/min. It was found that the different conditions of PE mass fraction, residence time, and carrier gas flow rate did not change the types of oil's main functional groups (-CH2-, -C=C-, -C=CH2, -CH3, and =C-H). The conditions affected the WP pyrolysis oil fractions significantly. The highest diesel selectivity of 91.42% was obtained under 20 wt% PE, 20 min, and 0 mL/min. Additionally, according to the interactive effects of different conditions on the productions of WP pyrolysis products, the pyrolysis pathways were proposed to understand the pyrolysis mechanism of WP better.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruming Pan
- School of Energy Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Flávio Lopes Francisco Bittencourt
- Laboratory of Combustion and Combustible Matter (LCC), PPGEM, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória, 29075-910, Brazil
- Federal Institute of Espirito Santo, 660 Augusto Costa de Oliveira St., Piuma, 29285-000, Brazil
| | - Marcio Ferreira Martins
- Laboratory of Combustion and Combustible Matter (LCC), PPGEM, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória, 29075-910, Brazil
| | - Gérald Debenest
- Institut de Mécanique des Fluides de Toulouse (IMFT), Université de Toulouse, CNRS-INPT-UPS, 31400, Toulouse, France.
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10
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Abbas-Abadi MS, Kusenberg M, Zayoud A, Roosen M, Vermeire F, Madanikashani S, Kuzmanović M, Parvizi B, Kresovic U, De Meester S, Van Geem KM. Thermal pyrolysis of waste versus virgin polyolefin feedstocks: The role of pressure, temperature and waste composition. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2023; 165:108-118. [PMID: 37119685 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2023.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Due to the complexity and diversity of polyolefinic plastic waste streams and the inherent non-selective nature of the pyrolysis chemistry, the chemical decomposition of plastic waste is still not fully understood. Accurate data of feedstock and products that also consider impurities is, in this context, quite scarce. Therefore this work focuses on the thermochemical recycling via pyrolysis of different virgin and contaminated waste-derived polyolefin feedstocks (i.e., low-density polyethylene (LDPE), polypropylene (PP) as main components), along with an investigation of the decomposition mechanisms based on the detailed composition of the pyrolysis oils. Crucial in this work is the detailed chemical analysis of the resulting pyrolysis oils by comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC × GC) and ICP-OES, among others. Different feedstocks were pyrolyzed at a temperature range of 430-490 °C and at pressures between 0.1 and 2 bar in a continuous pilot-scale pyrolysis unit. At the lowest pressure, the pyrolysis oil yield of the studied polyolefins reached up to 95 wt%. The pyrolysis oil consists of primarily α-olefins (37-42 %) and n-paraffins (32-35 %) for LDPE pyrolysis, while isoolefins (mostly C9 and C15) and diolefins accounted for 84-91 % of the PP-based pyrolysis oils. The post-consumer waste feedstocks led to significantly less pyrolysis oil yields and more char formation compared to their virgin equivalents. It was found that plastic aging, polyvinyl chloride (PVC) (3 wt%), and metal contamination were the main causes of char formation during the pyrolysis of polyolefin waste (4.9 wt%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehrdad Seifali Abbas-Abadi
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology (LCT), Department of Materials, Textiles and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Architecture, Ghent University, B-9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | - Marvin Kusenberg
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology (LCT), Department of Materials, Textiles and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Architecture, Ghent University, B-9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | - Azd Zayoud
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology (LCT), Department of Materials, Textiles and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Architecture, Ghent University, B-9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | - Martijn Roosen
- Laboratory for Circular Process Engineering (LCPE), Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, B-8500 Kortrijk, Belgium
| | - Florence Vermeire
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology (LCT), Department of Materials, Textiles and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Architecture, Ghent University, B-9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | - Sepehr Madanikashani
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology (LCT), Department of Materials, Textiles and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Architecture, Ghent University, B-9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium; Materials and Process Engineering (IMAP), Institute of Mechanics, Materials and Civil Engineering (iMMC), Université catholique de Louvain - Place Sainte Barbe 2, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Maja Kuzmanović
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology (LCT), Department of Materials, Textiles and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Architecture, Ghent University, B-9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium; College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University (Wangjiang campus), No.24 South Section 1, Yihuan Road, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Behzad Parvizi
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology (LCT), Department of Materials, Textiles and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Architecture, Ghent University, B-9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | | | - Steven De Meester
- Laboratory for Circular Process Engineering (LCPE), Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, B-8500 Kortrijk, Belgium
| | - Kevin M Van Geem
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology (LCT), Department of Materials, Textiles and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Architecture, Ghent University, B-9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium.
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11
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Chang SH. Plastic waste as pyrolysis feedstock for plastic oil production: A review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 877:162719. [PMID: 36933741 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Turning plastic waste into plastic oil by pyrolysis is one of the promising techniques to eradicate plastic waste pollution and accelerate the circular economy of plastic materials. Plastic waste is an attractive pyrolysis feedstock for plastic oil production owing to its favorable chemical properties of proximate analysis, ultimate analysis, and heating value other than its abundant availability. Despite the exponential growth of scientific output from 2015 to 2022, a vast majority of the current review articles cover the pyrolysis of plastic waste into a series of fuels and value-added products, and up-to-date reviews exclusively on plastic oil production from pyrolysis are relatively scarce. In light of this void in the current review articles, this review attempts to provide an up-to-date overview of plastic waste as pyrolysis feedstock for plastic oil production. A particular emphasis is placed on the common types of plastic as primary sources of plastic pollution, the characteristics (proximate analysis, ultimate analysis, hydrogen/carbon ratio, heating value, and degradation temperature) of various plastic wastes and their potential as pyrolysis feedstock, and the pyrolysis systems (reactor type and heating method) and conditions (temperature, heating rate, residence time, pressure, particle size, reaction atmosphere, catalyst and its operation modes, and single and mixed plastic wastes) used in plastic waste pyrolysis for plastic oil production. The characteristics of plastic oil from pyrolysis in terms of physical properties and chemical composition are also outlined and discussed. The major challenges and future prospects for the large-scale production of plastic oil from pyrolysis are also addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siu Hua Chang
- Waste Management and Resource Recovery (WeResCue) Group, Chemical Engineering Studies, College of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Cawangan Pulau Pinang, 13500 Permatang Pauh, Penang, Malaysia.
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12
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Veksha A, Wang Y, Foo JW, Naruse I, Lisak G. Defossilization and decarbonization of hydrogen production using plastic waste: Temperature and feedstock effects during thermolysis stage. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 452:131270. [PMID: 36989781 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The replacement of natural gas with plastic-derived pyrolysis gas can defossilize H2 production, while subsequent capture, utilization and storage of carbon in a solid form can decarbonize the process. The objective of this study was to investigate H2 production from three types of plastics using a process comprising pyrolysis (600 °C) and thermolysis stages (1200-1500 °C). Depending on the plastic feedstock and thermolysis temperature, the laboratory-scale setup generated 1000-1350 mL/min product gas with H2 purity of 74.3-94.2 vol%. The recovery of 5-9 wt% molecular H2 per mass of plastics was achieved. Other products included solid residue (0.1-12 wt%) and oil (8-52 wt%) from the pyrolysis reactor, solid carbon (36-53 wt%) and gas impurities (2-16 wt%) from the thermolysis reactor. The purity of H2 gas was detrimentally influenced by polyethylene terephthalate in the feedstock due to the dilution of gas by CO. The decomposition of methane containing in the pyrolysis gas was the limiting reaction step during H2 production and improved at higher thermolysis temperature. Three solid carbon structures were formed during the thermolysis stage regardless of the plastic type: carbon black aggregates, carbon black aggregates coated with a layer of pyrolytic carbon and a carbon film on the inner reactor wall. Among the three types of carbon, the highest valorization potential was identified for carbon black aggregates. Plastic feedstock composition had little if any effect on carbon black properties, while high thermolysis temperature (1500 °C) reduced the particle sizes and increased the surface area of aggregates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrei Veksha
- Residues and Resource Reclamation Centre (R3C), Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute, Nanyang Technological University, 637141, Singapore.
| | - Yuxin Wang
- Residues and Resource Reclamation Centre (R3C), Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute, Nanyang Technological University, 637141, Singapore; Department of Mechanical Systems Engineering, Nagoya University, Tokai National Higher Education and Research, 464-8603, Japan
| | - Jun Wei Foo
- Residues and Resource Reclamation Centre (R3C), Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute, Nanyang Technological University, 637141, Singapore
| | - Ichiro Naruse
- Institute of Materials and Systems for Sustainability, Nagoya University, Tokai National Higher Education and Research, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Grzegorz Lisak
- Residues and Resource Reclamation Centre (R3C), Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute, Nanyang Technological University, 637141, Singapore; School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore.
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13
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Irfan M, Saleem R, Shoukat B, Hussain H, Shukrullah S, Naz MY, Rahman S, Ghanim AAJ, Nawalany G, Jakubowski T. Production of combustible fuels and carbon nanotubes from plastic wastes using an in-situ catalytic microwave pyrolysis process. Sci Rep 2023; 13:9057. [PMID: 37270598 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-36254-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/05/2023] Open
Abstract
This study performed in-situ microwave pyrolysis of plastic waste into hydrogen, liquid fuel and carbon nanotubes in the presence of Zeolite Socony Mobil ZSM-5 catalyst. In the presented microwave pyrolysis of plastics, activated carbon was used as a heat susceptor. The microwave power of 1 kW was employed to decompose high-density polyethylene (HDPE) and polypropylene (PP) wastes at moderate temperatures of 400-450 °C. The effect of plastic composition, catalyst loading and plastic type on liquid, gas and solid carbon products was quantified. This in-situ CMP reaction resulted in heavy hydrocarbons, hydrogen gas and carbon nanotubes as a solid residue. A relatively better hydrogen yield of 129.6 mmol/g as a green fuel was possible in this process. FTIR and gas chromatography analysis revealed that liquid product consisted of C13+ fraction hydrocarbons, such as alkanes, alkanes, and aromatics. TEM micrographs showed tubular-like structural morphology of the solid residue, which was identified as carbon nanotubes (CNTs) during X-ray diffraction analysis. The outer diameter of CNTs ranged from 30 to 93 nm from HDPE, 25-93 nm from PP and 30-54 nm for HDPE-PP mixure. The presented CMP process took just 2-4 min to completely pyrolyze the plastic feedstock into valuable products, leaving no polymeric residue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Irfan
- Electrical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, Najran University Saudi Arabia, Najran, 61441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rishmail Saleem
- Department of Physics, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad, 38040, Pakistan
| | - Bilal Shoukat
- Department of Physics, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad, 38040, Pakistan
| | - Hammad Hussain
- Department of Agricultural Engineering, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering & Technology, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad, 38040, Pakistan
| | - Shazia Shukrullah
- Department of Physics, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad, 38040, Pakistan.
| | - Muhammad Yasin Naz
- Department of Physics, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad, 38040, Pakistan.
| | - Saifur Rahman
- Electrical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, Najran University Saudi Arabia, Najran, 61441, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Grzegorz Nawalany
- Department of Rural Building, Faculty of Environmental Engineering and Land Surveying, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Al. Mickiewicza 24/28, 30-059, Krakow, Poland
| | - Tomasz Jakubowski
- Department of Machine Operation, Ergonomics and Production Processes, Faculty of Production and Power Engineering, University of Agriculture in Krakow, 30-059, Krakow, Poland
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14
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Terry LM, Wee MXJ, Chew JJ, Khaerudini DS, Darsono N, Aqsha A, Saptoro A, Sunarso J. Catalytic co-pyrolysis of oil palm trunk and polypropylene with Ni-Mo/TiO 2 and Ni/Al 2O 3: Oil composition and mechanism. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 224:115550. [PMID: 36841526 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.115550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Pyrolysis oil from oil palm biomass can be a sustainable alternative to fossil fuels and the precursor for synthesizing petrochemical products due to its carbon-neutral properties and low sulfur and nitrogen content. This work investigated the effect of applying mesoporous acidic catalysts, Ni-Mo/TiO2 and Ni/Al2O3, in a catalytic co-pyrolysis of oil palm trunk (OPT) and polypropylene (PP) from 500 to 700 °C. The obtained oil yields varied between 12.67 and 19.50 wt.% and 12.33-17.17 wt.% for Ni-Mo/TiO2 and Ni/Al2O3, respectively. The hydrocarbon content in oil significantly increased up to 54.07-58.18% and 37.28-68.77% after adding Ni-Mo/TiO2 and Ni/Al2O3, respectively. The phenolic compounds content was substantially reduced to 8.46-20.16% for Ni-Mo/TiO2 and 2.93-14.56% for Ni/Al2O3. Minor reduction in oxygenated compounds was noticed from catalytic co-pyrolysis, though the parametric effects of temperature and catalyst type remain unclear. The enhanced deoxygenation and cracking of phenolic and oxygenated compounds and the PP decomposition resulted in increased hydrocarbon production in oil during catalytic co-pyrolysis. Catalyst addition also promoted the isomerization and oligomerization reactions, enhancing the formation of cyclic relative to aliphatic hydrocarbon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liza Melia Terry
- Research Centre for Sustainable Technologies, Faculty of Engineering, Computing and Science, Swinburne University of Technology, Jalan Simpang Tiga, 93350, Kuching, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - Melvin Xin Jie Wee
- Department of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Curtin University Malaysia, CDT 250, Miri, Sarawak, 98009, Malaysia
| | - Jiuan Jing Chew
- Research Centre for Sustainable Technologies, Faculty of Engineering, Computing and Science, Swinburne University of Technology, Jalan Simpang Tiga, 93350, Kuching, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - Deni Shidqi Khaerudini
- Research Center for Advanced Materials, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Bld. 440 Kawasan Puspiptek Serpong, South Tangerang, 15314, Banten, Indonesia
| | - Nono Darsono
- Research Center for Advanced Materials, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Bld. 440 Kawasan Puspiptek Serpong, South Tangerang, 15314, Banten, Indonesia
| | - Aqsha Aqsha
- Department of Bioenergy Engineering and Chemurgy, Faculty of Industrial Technology, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Bandung, 40132, Jawa Barat, Indonesia
| | - Agus Saptoro
- Department of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Curtin University Malaysia, CDT 250, Miri, Sarawak, 98009, Malaysia
| | - Jaka Sunarso
- Research Centre for Sustainable Technologies, Faculty of Engineering, Computing and Science, Swinburne University of Technology, Jalan Simpang Tiga, 93350, Kuching, Sarawak, Malaysia.
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15
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Faisal F, Rasul MG, Jahirul MI, Schaller D. Pyrolytic conversion of waste plastics to energy products: A review on yields, properties, and production costs. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 861:160721. [PMID: 36496020 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, about 370 million tonnes of waste plastic are generated annually with about 9 % recycled, 80 % landfilled and 11 % converted to energy. As recycling of waste plastics are quite expensive and labour-intensive, the focus has now been shifted towards converting waste plastics into energy products. Pyrolysis of waste plastic generates liquid oil (crude), gas, char and wax among which liquid oil is the most valuable product. In this review, emphasis has been given on the pyrolysis products yield from both thermal and catalytic pyrolysis and the factors that affect pyrolysis products yield. The use of homogenous catalysts, for example AlCl3, can significantly improve the quality of waste plastic pyrolytic oil (WPPO), reduce time and energy consumption of the process, and help remove the contaminants of waste plastic. This study also thoroughly reviewed physico-chemical properties of WPPO to understand their thermal stability, elemental composition, and functional groups. Although liquid oil exhibits comparable heating value with commercial fuel (diesel/petrol), for example higher heating value of Polypropylene (PP) and Polyethylene (PE) are 50 and 42 MJ/kg which is between 42 and 46 MJ/kg for commercial diesel the other properties depend on several parameters such as plastic and pyrolysis reactor types, temperature, feed size, reaction time, heating rate and catalysts. A techno-economic analysis indicate that the liquid oil production cost could be about 0.6 USD/l if plant capacity is ≥175,000 million litres/year with a breakeven of 1 year. After-treatment of WPPO through distillation and hydrotreatment is recommended for improving the physio-chemical properties comparable to commercial fuel to use in automobile applications. This paper will be a valuable guide for stakeholders, and decision and policy makers for proper utilization of waste plastics.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Faisal
- Fuel and Energy Research Group, School of Engineering and Technology, Central Queensland University, Rockhampton, Queensland 4702, Australia
| | - M G Rasul
- Fuel and Energy Research Group, School of Engineering and Technology, Central Queensland University, Rockhampton, Queensland 4702, Australia.
| | - M I Jahirul
- Fuel and Energy Research Group, School of Engineering and Technology, Central Queensland University, Rockhampton, Queensland 4702, Australia
| | - D Schaller
- Northern Oil Refineries Pty Ltd, 39 Guerassimoff Rd, Yarwun, Queensland 4694, Australia
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16
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Co-pyrolysis of oil palm trunk and polypropylene: Pyrolysis oil composition and formation mechanism. SOUTH AFRICAN JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sajce.2022.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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17
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Nguyen MK, Hadi M, Lin C, Nguyen HL, Thai VB, Hoang HG, Vo DVN, Tran HT. Microplastics in sewage sludge: Distribution, toxicity, identification methods, and engineered technologies. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 308:136455. [PMID: 36116626 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.136455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Microplastic pollution is becoming a global challenge due to its long-term accumulation in the environment, causing adverse effects on human health and the ecosystem. Sludge discharged from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) plays a critical role as a carrier and primary source of environmental microplastic contamination. A significantly average microplastic variation between 1000 and 301,400 particles kg-1 has been reported in the sludge samples. In recent years, advanced technologies have been successfully applied to address this issue, including adsorption, advanced oxidation processes (AOPs), and membrane bioreactors (MBRs). Adsorption technologies are essential to utilizing novel adsorbents (e.g., biochar, graphene, zeolites) for effectively removing MPs. Especially, the removal efficiency of polymer microspheres from an aqueous solution by Mg/Zn modified magnetic biochars (Mg/Zn-MBC) was obtained at more than 95%. Also, advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) are widely applied to degrade microplastic contaminants, in which photocatalytic by semiconductors (e.g., TiO2 and ZnO) is a highly suitable approach to promote the degradation reactions owing to strongly hydroxyl radicals (OH*). Biological degradation-aided microorganisms (e.g., bacterial and fungal strains) have been reported to be suitable for removing microplastics. Yet, it was affected by biotic and abiotic factors of the environmental conditions (e.g., pH, light, temperature, moisture, bio-surfactants, microorganisms, enzymes) as well as their polymer characteristics, i.e., molecular weight, functional groups, and crystallinity. Notably, membrane bioreactors (MBRs) showed the highest efficiency in removing up to 99% microplastic particles and minimizing their contamination in sewage sludge. Further, MBRs illustrate the suitability for treating high-strength compounds, e.g., polymer debris and microplastic fibers from complex industrial wastewater. Finally, this study provided a comprehensive understanding of potential adverse risks, transportation pathways, and removal mechanisms of microplastic, which full-filled the knowledge gaps in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minh Ky Nguyen
- Ph.D. Program in Maritime Science and Technology, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung, 81157, Taiwan; Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources, Nong Lam University, Ho Chi Minh City, 700000, Viet Nam
| | - Mohammed Hadi
- Department of Ocean Operations and Civil Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Norway
| | - Chitsan Lin
- Ph.D. Program in Maritime Science and Technology, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung, 81157, Taiwan; Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung, 81157, Taiwan.
| | - Hoang-Lam Nguyen
- Department of Civil Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Vu-Binh Thai
- Institute for Environment and Resource, Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh, 700000, Viet Nam
| | - Hong-Giang Hoang
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Finance - Accounting, Dong Nai Technology University, Bien Hoa, Dong Nai, 76100, Viet Nam
| | - Dai-Viet N Vo
- Center of Excellence for Green Energy and Environmental Nanomaterials (CE@GrEEN), Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Ho Chi Minh City, 700000, Viet Nam
| | - Huu-Tuan Tran
- Laboratory of Ecology and Environmental Management, Science and Technology Advanced Institute, Van Lang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam; Faculty of Applied Technology, School of Engineering and Technology, Van Lang University, Ho Chi Minh City, 700000, Viet Nam.
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18
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Gonzalez-Aguilar AM, Cabrera-Madera VP, Vera-Rozo JR, Riesco-Ávila JM. Effects of Heating Rate and Temperature on the Thermal Pyrolysis of Expanded Polystyrene Post-Industrial Waste. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14224957. [PMID: 36433086 PMCID: PMC9699519 DOI: 10.3390/polym14224957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of plastic as material in various applications has been essential in the evolution of the technology industry and human society since 1950. Therefore, their production and waste generation are high due to population growth. Pyrolysis is an effective recycling method for treating plastic waste because it can recover valuable products for the chemical and petrochemical industry. This work addresses the thermal pyrolysis of expanded polystyrene (EPS) post-industrial waste in a semi-batch reactor. The influence of reaction temperature (350-500 °C) and heating rate (4-40 °C min-1) on the liquid conversion yields and physicochemical properties was studied based on a multilevel factorial statistical analysis. In addition, the analysis of the obtaining of mono-aromatics such as styrene, toluene, benzene, ethylbenzene, and α-methyl styrene was performed. Hydrocarbon liquid yields of 76.5-93% were achieved at reaction temperatures between 350 and 450 °C, respectively. Styrene yields reached up to 72% at 450 °C and a heating rate of 25 °C min-1. Finally, the potential application of the products obtained is discussed by proposing the minimization of EPS waste via pyrolysis.
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19
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Paultre CB, Mebel AM, O’Shea KE. Computational Study of the Gas-Phase Thermal Degradation of Perfluoroalkyl Carboxylic Acids. J Phys Chem A 2022; 126:8753-8760. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c06437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Claude-Bernard Paultre
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, Miami, Florida 33199, United States
| | - Alexander M. Mebel
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, Miami, Florida 33199, United States
| | - Kevin E. O’Shea
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, Miami, Florida 33199, United States
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20
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Mensah I, Ahiekpor JC, Bensah EC, Narra S, Amponsem B, Antwi E. Modeling the behavior of Celtis mildbraedii sawdust and polyethylene terephthalate co-pyrolysis for syngas production. SCIENTIFIC AFRICAN 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sciaf.2022.e01450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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21
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Mohammadi A, Malakootian M, Dobaradaran S, Hashemi M, Jaafarzadeh N. Occurrence, seasonal distribution, and ecological risk assessment of microplastics and phthalate esters in leachates of a landfill site located near the marine environment: Bushehr port, Iran as a case. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 842:156838. [PMID: 35750192 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 06/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Plastic wastes are produced in a large amount everywhere, and are commonly disposed in landfills. So landfill leachate seems an obvious source of microplastics (MPs) and phthalate esters (PAEs) due to a huge usage as plastic additives and plasticizers. But this issue still lacks attention and the present study provides the first information on the levels of MPs and PAEs in the fresh landfill leachate of Bushehr port during different seasons. The mean levels of MPs and PAEs in the fresh leachate in all seasons were 79.16 items/L and 3.27 mg/L, respectively. Also, the mean levels of PAEs in MPs were 48.33 μg/g. A statistically significant difference was detected in the levels of MPs and PAEs among different seasons with the highest values in summer and fall. MPs with a size of >1000 μm had the highest abundance in all seasons. The most prominent shape, color, and type of MPs in the leachate were fibers black, and nylon, respectively. Dibutyl phthalate (DBP) and Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) were the most dominant PAEs present in the leachate samples. The results of this study revealed high hazard index (HI) and pollution load index (PLI) of MPs in all seasons. Dioctyl phthalate (DOP), DEHP, DBP, diisobutyl phthalate (DiBP), butyl benzyl phthalate (BBP), and diethyl phthalate (DEP) represented a high risk to the sensitive organisms. The results of this study showed that significant levels of MPs and PAEs may release into the surrounding environment from the landfill sites without sufficient protection. This issue is more critical when the landfill sites in particular are located near the marine environments like the Bushehr landfill that is located near the Persian Gulf, which can lead to serious environmental problems. Thus permanent control and monitor of landfills, especially in the coastal areas are highly needed to prevent further pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azam Mohammadi
- Environmental Health Engineering Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran; Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Public Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Mohammad Malakootian
- Environmental Health Engineering Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran; Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Public Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
| | - Sina Dobaradaran
- Systems Environmental Health and Energy Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran; Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health and Nutrition, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran; Instrumental Analytical Chemistry and Centre for Water and Environmental Research (ZWU), Faculty of Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.
| | - Majid Hashemi
- Environmental Health Engineering Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran; Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Public Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Neemat Jaafarzadeh
- Environmental Technologies Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
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22
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Akgül A, Palmeiro-Sanchez T, Lange H, Magalhaes D, Moore S, Paiva A, Kazanç F, Trubetskaya A. Characterization of tars from recycling of PHA bioplastic and synthetic plastics using fast pyrolysis. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 439:129696. [PMID: 36104917 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.129696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the pyrolysis products of polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), carbon fiber reinforced composite (CFRC), and block co-polymers (PS-b-P2VP and PS-b-P4VP). The studied PHA samples were produced at temperatures of 15 and 50 oC (PHA15 and PHA50), and commercially obtained from GlasPort Bio (PHAc). Initially, PHA samples were analyzed by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and size exclusion chromatography (SEC) to determine the molecular weight, and structure of the polymers. Thermal techniques such as thermogravimetry (TG) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analyses were performed for PHA, CFRC, and block co-polymers to investigate the degradation temperature range and thermal stability of samples. Fast pyrolysis (500 oC, ∼102 °C s-1) experiments were conducted for all samples in a wire mesh reactor to investigate tar products and char yields. The tar compositions were investigated by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and statistical modeling was performed. The char yields of block co-polymers and PHA samples (<2 wt. %) were unequivocally less than that of the PET sample (~10.7 wt. %). All PHA compounds contained a large fraction of ethyl cyclopropane carboxylate (~ 38-58 %), whereas PAH15 and PHA50 additionally showed a large quantity of 2-butenoic acid (~8-12 %). The PHAc sample indicated the presence of considerably high amount of methyl ester (~15 %), butyl citrate (~12.9 %), and tributyl ester (~17 %). The compositional analyses of the liquid fraction of the PET and block co-polymers have shown carcinogenic and toxic properties. Pyrolysis removed matrices in the CRFC composites which is an indication of potential recovery of the original fibers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alican Akgül
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey
| | | | - Heiko Lange
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 1, 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - Duarte Magalhaes
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey; Dept. of Energy, Environmental & Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Sean Moore
- Department of Engineering, University of Limerick, Castletroy, Ireland
| | - Alexandre Paiva
- NOVA School of Science and Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Feyza Kazanç
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Anna Trubetskaya
- Department of Engineering, University of Limerick, Castletroy, Ireland.
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Deng J, Ibrahim MS, Tan LY, Yeo XY, Lee YA, Park SJ, Wüstefeld T, Park JW, Jung S, Cho NJ. Microplastics released from food containers can suppress lysosomal activity in mouse macrophages. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 435:128980. [PMID: 35523089 PMCID: PMC9552567 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.128980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The ingestion and accumulation of microplastics is a serious threat to the health and survival of humans and other organisms given the increasing use of daily-use plastic products, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic. However, whether direct microplastic contamination from plastic packaging is a threat to human health remains unclear. We analyzed the market demand for plastic packaging in Asia-Pacific, North America, and Europe and identified the commonly used plastic food packaging products. We found that food containers exposed to high-temperature released more than 10 million microplastics per mL in water. Recycled plastic food packaging was demonstrated to continuously leach micro- and nanoplastics. In vitro cell engulfing experiments revealed that both micro- and nanoplastic leachates are readily taken up by murine macrophages without any preconditioning, and that short-term microplastic exposure may induce inflammation while exposure to nanoplastic substantially suppressed the lysosomal activities of macrophages. We demonstrated that the ingestion of micro- and nanoplastics released from food containers can exert differential negative effects on macrophage activities, proving that the explosive growth in the use of plastic packaging can poses significant health risks to consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyu Deng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Republic of Singapore
| | - Mohammed Shahrudin Ibrahim
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Republic of Singapore
| | - Li Yang Tan
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A⁎STAR), Singapore 138667, Republic of Singapore; Department of Psychological Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119228, Republic of Singapore
| | - Xin Yi Yeo
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A⁎STAR), Singapore 138667, Republic of Singapore; Department of Psychological Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119228, Republic of Singapore
| | - Yong An Lee
- Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A⁎STAR), 60 Biopolis Street, Singapore 138672, Republic of Singapore
| | - Sung Jin Park
- Translational Cardiovascular Imaging Group, Institute of Bioengineering and Bioimaging (IBB), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A⁎STAR), Republic of Singapore
| | - Torsten Wüstefeld
- Laboratory of In Vivo Genetics & Gene Therapy, Genome Institute of Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - June-Woo Park
- Department of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Jinju 52834, South Korea
| | - Sangyong Jung
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A⁎STAR), Singapore 138667, Republic of Singapore; Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117593, Republic of Singapore.
| | - Nam-Joon Cho
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Republic of Singapore.
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Uebe J, Kryzevicius Z, Majauskiene R, Dulevicius M, Kosychova L, Zukauskaite A. Use of polypropylene pyrolysis oil in alternative fuel production. WASTE MANAGEMENT & RESEARCH : THE JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOLID WASTES AND PUBLIC CLEANSING ASSOCIATION, ISWA 2022; 40:1220-1230. [PMID: 35132890 PMCID: PMC9203672 DOI: 10.1177/0734242x211068243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In this study, polypropylene (PP) was recycled in a non-stirred batch reactor by slow pyrolysis at low temperature. Virgin PP and waste PP as well as mixed material of equal amounts of virgin PP plus virgin PP pyrolysis oil (ratio 1:1 w/w) were used as raw material. The highest yields of liquid product were obtained at 350°C and 400°C (82.0 and 82.3 w/w%, respectively). The density, viscosity and calorific value of the gasoline and diesel fractions of the obtained pyrolysis oils comply with EN228 and EN590 standards, respectively. The flash point corresponded to the standard only for some of the oils, but the cold filter clogging point, the pour point and especially the oxidation stability were far above the stated reference values of the standards. The pyrolysis oils as products of thermal decomposition were determined by the methods of 1H and 13C and two-dimensional-heteronuclear single quantum coherence nuclear magnetic resonance (2D-HSQC NMR) spectra. Spectral analysis showed that only very little aromatic compounds were present in the oils, but they contained many unsaturated compounds, which is presumably consistent with the measured oxidation stability and limits their use in the production of alternative fuels. The research octane number (RON) calculated from the NMR analyses corresponds to the lower limit of gasoline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jochen Uebe
- Faculty of Marine Technology and Natural Sciences, Klaipeda University, Klaipeda, Lithuania
| | - Zilvinas Kryzevicius
- Faculty of Marine Technology and Natural Sciences, Klaipeda University, Klaipeda, Lithuania
| | - Rasa Majauskiene
- Faculty of Marine Technology and Natural Sciences, Klaipeda University, Klaipeda, Lithuania
| | - Marijus Dulevicius
- Faculty of Marine Technology and Natural Sciences, Klaipeda University, Klaipeda, Lithuania
| | - Lidija Kosychova
- Faculty of Marine Technology and Natural Sciences, Klaipeda University, Klaipeda, Lithuania
- Life Science Center, Institute of Biochemistry, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Audrone Zukauskaite
- Faculty of Marine Technology and Natural Sciences, Klaipeda University, Klaipeda, Lithuania
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Palmay P, Haro C, Huacho I, Barzallo D, Bruno JC. Production and Analysis of the Physicochemical Properties of the Pyrolytic Oil Obtained from Pyrolysis of Different Thermoplastics and Plastic Mixtures. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27103287. [PMID: 35630764 PMCID: PMC9143201 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27103287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The constant search for the proper management of non-degradable waste in conjunction with the circular economy makes the thermal pyrolysis of plastics an important technique for obtaining products with industrial interest. The present study aims to produce pyrolytic oil from thermoplastics and their different mixtures in order to determine the best performance between these and different mixtures, as well as to characterize the liquid fraction obtained to analyze its use based on said properties. This was carried out in a batch type reactor at a temperature of 400 °C for both individual plastics and their mixtures, from which the yields of the different fractions are obtained. The liquid fraction of interest is characterized by gas chromatography and its properties are characterized by ASTM standards. The product of the pyrolysis of mixtures of 75% polystyrene and 25% polypropylene presents a yield of 82%, being the highest, with a viscosity of 1.12 cSt and a calorific power of 42.5 MJ/kg, which has a composition of compounds of carbon chains ranging between C6 and C20, for which it is proposed as a good additive agent to conventional fuels for industrial use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Palmay
- Escuela Superior Politécnica de Chimborazo ESPOCH, Panamericana Sur Km 1 1/2, Riobamba 060155, Ecuador; (C.H.); (I.H.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Carla Haro
- Escuela Superior Politécnica de Chimborazo ESPOCH, Panamericana Sur Km 1 1/2, Riobamba 060155, Ecuador; (C.H.); (I.H.)
| | - Iván Huacho
- Escuela Superior Politécnica de Chimborazo ESPOCH, Panamericana Sur Km 1 1/2, Riobamba 060155, Ecuador; (C.H.); (I.H.)
| | - Diego Barzallo
- Facultad Ciencias e Ingeniería, Universidad Estatal de Milagro, Milagro 091050, Ecuador;
- Environmental Analytical Chemistry Group, University of the Balearic Islands, Cra. Valldemossa Km 7.5, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Joan Carles Bruno
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Avenida Paisos Catalans, 26, 43007 Tarragona, Spain;
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BOIKO V, RIABOV S, KOBRINA L, DMITRIEVA T. REVIEW OF EVALUATION METHODS FOR BIODEGRADABILITY OF POLYMERIC MATERIALS. Polym J 2022. [DOI: 10.15407/polymerj.44.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Development and further use of biodegradable polymeric materials requires prior assessment the degree of their biodegradation. There are a large number of methods developed taking into account the specifics of the destruction of polymeric materials. The purpose of this review is to systematize scientific and technical information regarding methods for assessing the biodegradation of polymeric materials. Laboratory methods of researches, including the following: influence of abiotic factors (temperature, moisture, UV irradiation), impact of microorganisms (fungi, bacteria, yeast), respiratory methods (Sturm, Zahn-Wellness, etc.), conditions of composting, enzyme analysis methods, ecotoxicity tests are given. Test methods in both aqueous and solid media are also presented. The parameters of biodegradability, which determine the degree of destruction (mass, strain strength, molecular weight distribution, temperature characteristics, macro-and microstructure of samples, etc.) or the composition and properties of the biological system in which biodegradation takes place (acidity, respiratory activity, chemical and microbiological composition of soil or other biological environment, etc.) are considered as well. Advantages of laboratory methods for studying the biodegradation of polymeric materials could be realized in the given directions: varying of the experimental conditions (temperature, humidity, UV and IR radiation, the presence of aggressive media, etc.), biochemical compositions of the environment; study of the ability of individual strains of microorganisms to dispose of polymer composites and targeted selection of the most active microbial associations (in particular, for the manufacture of special biocomposts); utilize of simple and fast methodical approaches and modern devices for evaluation experiments. However, laboratory methods do not always allow modeling a set of endogenous and exogenous factors that define the process of biodegradation in the natural environment. Therefore, this review also considers methods for assessing biodegradation in the environment. So, the essence of the test regarding the samples’ burial in the ground is given. International standards governing methods for assessing the biodegradability of organic substances and polymeric materials are summarized. Applying different test methods, one can evaluate the whole process of biodegradation of polymeric materials, consisting of several stages, which occur regardless the type of microorganisms and accompanying abiotic factors, and can be represented as follows: adhesion → colonization → biodeterioration → biofragmentation → assimilation → mineralization. Thus, the adhesion and colonization of microorganisms can be estimated by visual, bioindicator and spectral methods. Abiotic degradation and biodeterioration are associated with physical tests (e.g., thermal and physico-mechanical). Biofragmentation is detected by identifying fragments of lower molecular weight (i.e. by chromatographic methods). In turn, assimilation is assessed by the amount of metabolites produced using, for example, respirometric methods or involving analysis of microbial biomass (e.g., macroscopic and microscopic observations). The most productive should be considered a comprehensive approach to the study of biodegradation of polymers. To determine the reliable kinetic parameters and link the mechanism of this process, it is necessary to carry out a comparative analysis of the results of physical, chemical, microbiological experiments, which are carried out in both laboratory and natural conditions.
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27
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Biodegradation Study of Polyurethanes from Linseed and Passion Fruit Oils. COATINGS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/coatings12050617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Bio-based polyurethanes (PU) have been developed as biodegradable and biocompatible, promising materials. In this work, PU foams with interesting properties and biodegradable characteristics were prepared from the polyols of linseed oil (LO) and passion fruit oil (PFO). The PUs reported herein were synthesized in 0.8 and 1.2 [NCO]/[OH] molar ratios, and were submitted to a soil degradation test, followed by analyses via scanning electron microscopy (SEM), stereomicroscope, thermogravimetry (TG/DTG), and Fourier transform infra-red (FTIR) spectroscopy. The results obtained indicate significant biodegradation activity. SEM micrographs of the PUs after soil the degradation test showed that the materials were susceptible to microbiological deterioration. TG/DTG curves showed that the PU samples were less thermally stable after the period of landfill than those freshly prepared. FTIR spectroscopy was used to identify chemical changes that occurred during biodegradation.
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Plastic Waste Management towards Energy Recovery during the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Example of Protective Face Mask Pyrolysis. ENERGIES 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/en15072629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents an assessment of the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the waste management sector, and then, based on laboratory tests and computer calculations, indicates how to effectively manage selected waste generated during the pandemic. Elemental compositions—namely, C, H, N, S, Cl, and O—were determined as part of the laboratory tests, and the pyrolysis processes of the above wastes were analysed using the TGA technique. The calculations were performed for a pilot pyrolysis reactor with a continuous flow of 240 kg/h in the temperature range of 400–900 °C. The implemented calculation model was experimentally verified for the conditions of the refuse-derived fuel (RDF) pyrolysis process. As a result of the laboratory tests and computer simulations, comprehensive knowledge was obtained about the pyrolysis of protective masks, with particular emphasis on the gaseous products of this process. The high calorific value of the pyrolysis gas, amounting to approx. 47.7 MJ/m3, encourages the management of plastic waste towards energy recovery. The proposed approach may be helpful in the initial assessment of the possibility of using energy from waste, depending on its elemental composition, as well as in the assessment of the environmental effects.
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Huang J, Meng H, Luo X, Mu X, Xu W, Jin L, Lai B. Insights into the thermal degradation mechanisms of polyethylene terephthalate dimer using DFT method. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 291:133112. [PMID: 34856241 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.133112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 10/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The thermal degradation mechanisms of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) dimer were studied by the B3P86 density functional theory (DFT) approach at 6-31++G (d, p) base set in this paper. Seven possible reaction paths were designed and analyzed, and the thermodynamic parameters for all reactions were computed. The calculated results indicate that the bond dissociation energy values (BDEs) of C-C bonds on the main-chain are the smallest, followed by those of C-O bonds. The kinetics analysis indicates that the concerted reactions are obviously liable to occur rather than radical reactions in the initial thermal decomposition process. In the processes of initial reactions, all concerted reactions occurred by six-membered cyclic transition states (TSs) are more prone to carry out than those happened by four-membered cyclic transition states. The research results show that the primary products of PET dimer pyrolysis are terephthalic acid, vinyl terephthalate, CH3CHO and divinyl terephthalate. CH3CHO is mainly formed by a concerted reaction in the initial degradation process, and CO2 is mainly produced by the decarboxylation via a concerted reaction and CO is mainly produced by the decarbonylation of a radical in secondary degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinbao Huang
- School of Mechatronics Engineering, Guizhou Minzu University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Hanxian Meng
- School of Mechatronics Engineering, Guizhou Minzu University, Guiyang, 550025, China.
| | - Xiaosong Luo
- School of Mechatronics Engineering, Guizhou Minzu University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Xin Mu
- School of Mechatronics Engineering, Guizhou Minzu University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Weiwei Xu
- School of Mechatronics Engineering, Guizhou Minzu University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Li Jin
- School of Mechatronics Engineering, Guizhou Minzu University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Baosheng Lai
- Ningbo Shuanglin Mould Auto Parts Co.Ltd, Ningbo, 315613, China
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30
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Singh RK, Ruj B, Sadhukhan AK, Gupta P. Conventional pyrolysis of Plastic waste for Product recovery and utilization of pyrolytic gases for carbon nanotubes production. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:20007-20016. [PMID: 33179183 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-11204-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Inevitably increase in plastic demand has resulted in an overgrowing production on a global scale. The utilization of plastics has been applied to a number of industries as it is a durable, moldable, and inexpensive material. High exploitation of plastic had resulted in a hefty amount of waste production, which is not easy to recycle due to its non-degradable nature and results in landfills. Nowadays, waste to energy processes such as pyrolysis has emerged as a superlative process for the management of plastic waste by converting it into useful products. On the other hand, the employment of carbon nanotubes (CNT's) has shown high growth in their production. CNT's were generally synthesized from conventional gases like methane, ethane, and ethylene. Plastic waste can be utilized to substitute the feed material for the CNT synthesis via pyrolysis method. In this study, a two-step pyrolysis process was investigated for product recovery and CNT's production. The first steps consisted of catalytic and non-catalytic degradation of mixed plastic waste in a vertical fixed bed reactor at 500 °C with a heating rate of 20 °C/min for the production of pyrolytic oil and gases and were analyzed. The second step consists of the employment of catalytic pyrolysis gases in a horizontal tube reactor maintained at a temperature of 800 °C over a bed of catalyst for the synthesis of CNT's via catalytic vapor deposition (CVD) technique. It was established that the use of catalyst decreases the oil phase production from 80.5 to 64%, char from 9 to 6.5% while an increase in gas phase production from 10.5 to 29.5% was reported. The alteration of hydrocarbons to CNT's was investigated via pre- and post-GC analysis of the gas samples. Post gas investigation indicates an increased concentration of hydrogen in the sample. Also, the decline of hydrocarbon gases concentration was observed in post sample analysis. Also, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis confirms the synthesis of CNT's.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohit Kumar Singh
- Chemical Engineering Department, National Institute of Technology, M.G. Avenue, Durgapur, West Bengal, 713209, India.
| | - Biswajit Ruj
- Environmental Engineering Group, CSIR-Central Mechanical Engineering Research Institute, M.G. Avenue, Durgapur, West Bengal, 713209, India
| | - Anup Kumar Sadhukhan
- Chemical Engineering Department, National Institute of Technology, M.G. Avenue, Durgapur, West Bengal, 713209, India
| | - Parthapratim Gupta
- Chemical Engineering Department, National Institute of Technology, M.G. Avenue, Durgapur, West Bengal, 713209, India
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31
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Li N, Liu H, Cheng Z, Yan B, Chen G, Wang S. Conversion of plastic waste into fuels: A critical review. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 424:127460. [PMID: 34653868 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 10/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Plastic wastes have posed serious threats to the environment, including decrease of soil nutrient effectiveness and agricultural production as well as emerge of ecological instability. Fuel conversion from plastic waste is regarded as a promising strategy for its disposal and energy utilization. Plastic wastes can be converted into target fuels by adjusting cracking of chemical bonds. Currently, numerous technologies regarding fuel conversion from plastic wastes have been reported, including conventional pyrolysis, novel heat treatment and advanced oxidation. However, systematic summary and comparative analysis of different technologies are still scarcely reported. In this review, fuel conversion from plastic wastes was summarized comprehensively, highlighting novel heat treatment and advanced oxidation technologies reported in recent years. Furthermore, the superiority and drawbacks of each technology were analyzed, and future prospects of technology application were proposed. With lower reaction temperature and higher-value fuel, novel heat treatment of plastics is more popular than traditional one. Advanced oxidation can be controlled to convert plastics into fuels under room temperature and pressure, guiding the new normal in energy utilization of plastic wastes. This review aims to provide inspiration for energy utilization of solid waste, addressing the issues of white pollution and energy shortage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering/Tianjin Engineering Research Center of Bio Gas/Oil Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Hengxin Liu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering/Tianjin Engineering Research Center of Bio Gas/Oil Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Zhanjun Cheng
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering/Tianjin Engineering Research Center of Bio Gas/Oil Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Beibei Yan
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering/Tianjin Engineering Research Center of Bio Gas/Oil Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Guanyi Chen
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering/Tianjin Engineering Research Center of Bio Gas/Oil Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; School of Mechanical Engineering, Tianjin University of Commerce, Tianjin 300134, China; School of Science, Tibet University, Lhasa 850012, Tibet Autonomous Region, China.
| | - Shaobin Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
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Fulgencio-Medrano L, García-Fernández S, Asueta A, Lopez-Urionabarrenechea A, Perez-Martinez BB, Arandes JM. Oil Production by Pyrolysis of Real Plastic Waste. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14030553. [PMID: 35160542 PMCID: PMC8838440 DOI: 10.3390/polym14030553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this paper is for the production of oils processed in refineries to come from the pyrolysis of real waste from the high plastic content rejected by the recycling industry of the Basque Country (Spain). Concretely, the rejected waste streams were collected from (1) a light packaging waste sorting plant, (2) the paper recycling industry, and (3) a waste treatment plant of electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE). The influence of pre-treatments (mechanical separation operations) and temperature on the yield and quality of the liquid fraction were evaluated. In order to study the pre-treatment effect, the samples were pyrolyzed at 460 °C for 1 h. As pre-treatments concentrate on the suitable fraction for pyrolysis and reduce the undesirable materials (metals, PVC, PET, inorganics, cellulosic materials), they improve the yield to liquid products and considerably reduce the halogen content. The sample with the highest polyolefin content achieved the highest liquid yield (70.6 wt.% at 460 °C) and the lowest chlorine content (160 ppm) among the investigated samples and, therefore, was the most suitable liquid to use as refinery feedstock. The effect of temperature on the pyrolysis of this sample was studied in the range of 430–490 °C. As the temperature increased the liquid yield increased and solid yield decreased, indicating that the conversion was maximized. At 490 °C, the pyrolysis oil with the highest calorific value (44.3 MJ kg−1) and paraffinic content (65% area), the lowest chlorine content (128 ppm) and more than 50 wt.% of diesel was obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Fulgencio-Medrano
- Gaiker Technology Center, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Parque Tecnológico de Bizkaia, Edificio 202, 48170 Zamudio, Spain; (L.F.-M.); (S.G.-F.); (A.A.)
| | - Sara García-Fernández
- Gaiker Technology Center, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Parque Tecnológico de Bizkaia, Edificio 202, 48170 Zamudio, Spain; (L.F.-M.); (S.G.-F.); (A.A.)
| | - Asier Asueta
- Gaiker Technology Center, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Parque Tecnológico de Bizkaia, Edificio 202, 48170 Zamudio, Spain; (L.F.-M.); (S.G.-F.); (A.A.)
| | - Alexander Lopez-Urionabarrenechea
- Chemical and Environmental Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering of Bilbao, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Plaza Ingeniero Torres Quevedo 1, 48013 Bilbao, Spain;
- Correspondence:
| | - Borja B. Perez-Martinez
- Chemical and Environmental Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering of Bilbao, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Plaza Ingeniero Torres Quevedo 1, 48013 Bilbao, Spain;
| | - José María Arandes
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), P.O. Box 644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain;
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De Jesus R, Alkendi R. A minireview on the bioremediative potential of microbial enzymes as solution to emerging microplastic pollution. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1066133. [PMID: 36938133 PMCID: PMC10018190 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1066133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Accumulating plastics in the biosphere implicates adverse effects, raising serious concern among scientists worldwide. Plastic waste in nature disintegrates into microplastics. Because of their minute appearance, at a scale of <5 mm, microplastics easily penetrate different pristine water bodies and terrestrial niches, posing detrimental effects on flora and fauna. The potential bioremediative application of microbial enzymes is a sustainable solution for the degradation of microplastics. Studies have reported a plethora of bacterial and fungal species that can degrade synthetic plastics by excreting plastic-degrading enzymes. Identified microbial enzymes, such as IsPETase and IsMHETase from Ideonella sakaiensis 201-F6 and Thermobifida fusca cutinase (Tfc), are able to depolymerize plastic polymer chains producing ecologically harmless molecules like carbon dioxide and water. However, thermal stability and pH sensitivity are among the biochemical limitations of the plastic-degrading enzymes that affect their overall catalytic activities. The application of biotechnological approaches improves enzyme action and production. Protein-based engineering yields enzyme variants with higher enzymatic activity and temperature-stable properties, while site-directed mutagenesis using the Escherichia coli model system expresses mutant thermostable enzymes. Furthermore, microalgal chassis is a promising model system for "green" microplastic biodegradation. Hence, the bioremediative properties of microbial enzymes are genuinely encouraging for the biodegradation of synthetic microplastic polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rener De Jesus
- College of Graduate Studies, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Ruwaya Alkendi
- Department of Biology, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
- *Correspondence: Ruwaya Alkendi,
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34
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Kinetics Study of Hydrothermal Degradation of PET Waste into Useful Products. Processes (Basel) 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/pr10010024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Kinetics of hydrothermal degradation of colorless polyethylene terephthalate (PET) waste was studied at two temperatures (300 °C and 350 °C) and reaction times from 1 to 240 min. PET waste was decomposed in subcritical water (SubCW) by hydrolysis to terephthalic acid (TPA) and ethylene glycol (EG) as the main products. This was followed by further degradation of TPA to benzoic acid by decarboxylation and degradation of EG to acetaldehyde by a dehydration reaction. Furthermore, by-products such as isophthalic acid (IPA) and 1,4-dioxane were also detected in the reaction mixture. Taking into account these most represented products, a simplified kinetic model describing the degradation of PET has been developed, considering irreversible consecutive reactions that take place as parallel in reaction mixture. The reaction rate constants (k1–k6) for the individual reactions were calculated and it was observed that all reactions follow first-order kinetics.
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Salaudeen SA, Al-Salem SM, Sharma S, Dutta A. Pyrolysis of High-Density Polyethylene in a Fluidized Bed Reactor: Pyro-Wax and Gas Analysis. Ind Eng Chem Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.1c03373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shakirudeen A. Salaudeen
- Faculty of Sustainable Design Engineering, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Avenue, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island C1A 4P3, Canada
| | - Sultan M. Al-Salem
- Environment and Life Sciences Research Centre, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research (KISR), P.O. Box 24885, Safat 13109, Kuwait
| | - Sonu Sharma
- Biological Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Animesh Dutta
- Mechanical Engineering Program, School of Engineering, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
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Gebre SH, Sendeku MG, Bahri M. Recent Trends in the Pyrolysis of Non-Degradable Waste Plastics. ChemistryOpen 2021; 10:1202-1226. [PMID: 34873881 PMCID: PMC8649616 DOI: 10.1002/open.202100184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 10/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Waste plastics are non-degradable constituents that can stay in the environment for centuries. Their large land space consumption is unsafe to humans and animals. Concomitantly, the continuous engineering of plastics, which causes depletion of petroleum, poses another problem since they are petroleum-based materials. Therefore, energy recovering trough pyrolysis is an innovative and sustainable solution since it can be practiced without liberating toxic gases into the atmosphere. The most commonly used plastics, such as HDPE, LDPE (high- and low-density polyethylene), PP (polypropylene), PS (polystyrene), and, to some extent, PC (polycarbonate), PVC (polyvinyl chloride), and PET (polyethylene terephthalate), are used for fuel oil recovery through this process. The oils which are generated from the wastes showed caloric values almost comparable with conventional fuels. The main aim of the present review is to highlight and summarize the trends of thermal and catalytic pyrolysis of waste plastic into valuable fuel products through manipulating the operational parameters that influence the quality or quantity of the recovered results. The properties and product distribution of the pyrolytic fuels and the depolymerization reaction mechanisms of each plastic and their byproduct composition are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marshet Getaye Sendeku
- CAS Center for Excellence in NanoscienceCAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical FabricationNational Center for Nanoscience and TechnologyBeijing100190P.R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of ScienceBeijing100190P.R. China
| | - Mohamed Bahri
- University of Chinese Academy of ScienceBeijing100190P.R. China
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Liquid fuel oil produced from plastic based medical wastes by thermal cracking. Sci Rep 2021; 11:17048. [PMID: 34426621 PMCID: PMC8382708 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-96424-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The present work is an effort to produce liquid fuel oil from plastic based medical wastes through thermal cracking process under oxidizing conditions. The mixed plastics from medical wastes were considered as a feedstock, shredded into small pieces and heated at 773 ± 10 K for 40 min with a heating rate of 20 K/min in a batch reactor for thermal cracking process. The feedstock was characterized by proximate and ultimate analysis along with thermogravimetric investigation. Moreover, chemical compositions of the liquid fuel oil were examined by FTIR and GC–MS spectroscopy. The properties of liquid product were also examined and compared to the commercial fuel oil. The average yield of brownish and sticky liquid fuel was obtained to be 52 wt% and the gross calorific value of the liquid was found 41.32 MJ/kg which is comparable to that of commercial diesel. FTIR spectrum showed characteristic absorption bands of C–H and =CH2 groups indicating presence of alkane and alkene compounds. GC–MS study demonstrated the chemical constituents of the liquid product that is mostly aliphatic compounds of mainly alkanes (16.28%), alkenes (10.67%), alcohols (14.65%) and ester groups (10.38%) including iso-phthalate (40.02%) as a predominant product. This experiment concludes that the liquid oil derived from thermal cracking of mixed plastics comprised of a composite mixture of organic components. A significant amount of non-degraded constituents like plasticizers, precursors, etc. remained in the product having some economic values with human health and environmental impacts during burning has been addressed in the current issue.
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Modification of banana starch (Musa paradisiaca L.) with polyethylene terephthalate: Virgin and bottle waste. Carbohydr Res 2021; 508:108401. [PMID: 34280805 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2021.108401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 06/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Chemical modification of banana starch (Musa paradisiaca L.) with the degradation products of virgin and bottle waste of polyethylene terephthalate was carried out in situ. The modified starch was characterized by FTIR and NMR, which allowed proposing three chemical structures. SEM micrographs showed that the morphology of the modified starch granule is directly related with mass ratio of Starch/PET and type of PET used in the reaction. The crystallinity of the modified starch decreased up to 92.6% and 62.5% using bottle waste and virgin PET, respectively, according to XRD diffractograms. TGA analysis showed that the starch degradation temperature decreased by 12 °C. Modified starch films were elaborate and its electrical conductivity was found to be 2.9 times compared to that of native starch. The starch/PET film presented the highest value in the mechanical property of elongation at break compared to the starch-only film. The modified starch film was degraded above 80% by aqueous hydrolysis.
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Zhang H, Zhou XL, Shao LM, Lü F, He PJ. Upcycling of PET waste into methane-rich gas and hierarchical porous carbon for high-performance supercapacitor by autogenic pressure pyrolysis and activation. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 772:145309. [PMID: 33578147 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The explosive growth of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) wastes has brought serious pollution to the environment. Here, PET waste was upcycled into methane-rich pyrolysis gas and carbon material for energy storage through autogenic pressure pyrolysis and post-activation. The pyrolysis gas contained 34.58 ± 0.23 vol% CH4. After CO2 removal, the high caloric value of the pyrolysis gas could reach 29.2 MJ m-3, which could be used as a substitute natural gas. Pyrolytic carbon was further activated by KOH and ZnCl2. KOH-activated carbon (AC-K) obtained a hierarchical porous structure, a high specific surface area of 2683 m2 g-1 and abundant surface functional groups. Working as supercapacitor electrodes, AC-K exhibited an outstanding specific capacitance of 325 F g-1 at a current density of 0.5 A g-1. After 5000 charge-discharge cycles, AC-K still retained 91.86% of the initial specific capacitance. This study provides a sustainable way to control plastic-derived pollution and alleviate the energy crisis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, PR China; Institute of Waste Treatment & Reclamation, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, PR China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Xiao-Li Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, PR China; Institute of Waste Treatment & Reclamation, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, PR China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Li-Ming Shao
- Institute of Waste Treatment & Reclamation, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, PR China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Fan Lü
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, PR China; Institute of Waste Treatment & Reclamation, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, PR China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Pin-Jing He
- Institute of Waste Treatment & Reclamation, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, PR China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, PR China.
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Pyrolytic Conversion of Plastic Waste to Value-Added Products and Fuels: A Review. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14102586. [PMID: 34065677 PMCID: PMC8157045 DOI: 10.3390/ma14102586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Plastic production has been rapidly growing across the world and, at the end of their use, many of the plastic products become waste disposed of in landfills or dispersed, causing serious environmental and health issues. From a sustainability point of view, the conversion of plastic waste to fuels or, better yet, to individual monomers, leads to a much greener waste management compared to landfill disposal. In this paper, we systematically review the potential of pyrolysis as an effective thermochemical conversion method for the valorization of plastic waste. Different pyrolysis types, along with the influence of operating conditions, e.g., catalyst types, temperature, vapor residence time, and plastic waste types, on yields, quality, and applications of the cracking plastic products are discussed. The quality of pyrolysis plastic oil, before and after upgrading, is compared to conventional diesel fuel. Plastic oil yields as high as 95 wt.% can be achieved through slow pyrolysis. Plastic oil has a heating value approximately equivalent to that of diesel fuel, i.e., 45 MJ/kg, no sulfur, a very low water and ash content, and an almost neutral pH, making it a promising alternative to conventional petroleum-based fuels. This oil, as-is or after minor modifications, can be readily used in conventional diesel engines. Fast pyrolysis mainly produces wax rather than oil. However, in the presence of a suitable catalyst, waxy products further crack into oil. Wax is an intermediate feedstock and can be used in fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) units to produce fuel or other valuable petrochemical products. Flash pyrolysis of plastic waste, performed at high temperatures, i.e., near 1000 °C, and with very short vapor residence times, i.e., less than 250 ms, can recover up to 50 wt.% ethylene monomers from polyethylene waste. Alternatively, pyrolytic conversion of plastic waste to olefins can be performed in two stages, with the conversion of plastic waste to plastic oil, followed by thermal cracking of oil to monomers in a second stage. The conversion of plastic waste to carbon nanotubes, representing a higher-value product than fuel, is also discussed in detail. The results indicate that up to 25 wt.% of waste plastic can be converted into carbon nanotubes.
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44
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Liang J, Zhang P, Cai Y, Wang Q, Zhou Z. Thermal effects. WATER ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH : A RESEARCH PUBLICATION OF THE WATER ENVIRONMENT FEDERATION 2020; 92:1406-1411. [PMID: 32291829 DOI: 10.1002/wer.1337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This review paper focuses on the researches published in 2019 in the field of thermal effects in wastewater and solid waste treatment. The content of this review paper includes five parts: wastewater and sludge treatment, nutrient removal and recovery, membrane technology, heavy metal removal and immobilization, and organic waste utilization. © 2020 Water Environment Federation PRACTITIONER POINTS: Thermal effect plays an important role in treatment of wastewater and sewage sludge. Recovery of nitrogen and phosphorus from wastewater and sewage sludge reduces environmental pollution and offers new products. Temperature improves removal and recovery of heavy metals and organic wastes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinsong Liang
- College of Environmental Science & Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Panyue Zhang
- College of Environmental Science & Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Yajing Cai
- College of Environmental Science & Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Qingyan Wang
- College of Environmental Science & Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Zeyan Zhou
- College of Environmental Science & Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
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Gerassimidou S, Velis CA, Williams PT, Komilis D. Characterisation and composition identification of waste-derived fuels obtained from municipal solid waste using thermogravimetry: A review. WASTE MANAGEMENT & RESEARCH : THE JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOLID WASTES AND PUBLIC CLEANSING ASSOCIATION, ISWA 2020; 38:942-965. [PMID: 32705957 PMCID: PMC7498913 DOI: 10.1177/0734242x20941085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) is the most widespread thermal analytical technique applied to waste materials. By way of critical review, we establish a theoretical framework for the use of TGA under non-isothermal conditions for compositional analysis of waste-derived fuels from municipal solid waste (MSW) (solid recovered fuel (SRF), or refuse-derived fuel (RDF)). Thermal behaviour of SRF/RDF is described as a complex mixture of several components at multiple levels (including an assembly of prevalent waste items, materials, and chemical compounds); and, operating conditions applied to TGA experiments of SRF/RDF are summarised. SRF/RDF mainly contains cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, polyethylene, polypropylene, and polyethylene terephthalate. Polyvinyl chloride is also used in simulated samples, for its high chlorine content. We discuss the main limitations for TGA-based compositional analysis of SRF/RDF, due to inherently heterogeneous composition of MSW at multiple levels, overlapping degradation areas, and potential interaction effects among waste components and cross-contamination. Optimal generic TGA settings are highlighted (inert atmosphere and low heating rate (⩽10°C), sufficient temperature range for material degradation (⩾750°C), and representative amount of test portion). There is high potential to develop TGA-based composition identification and wider quality assurance and control methods using advanced thermo-analytical techniques (e.g. TGA with evolved gas analysis), coupled with statistical data analytics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Costas A Velis
- School of Civil Engineering,
University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Paul T Williams
- School of Chemical and Process
Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Dimitrios Komilis
- Department of Environmental
Engineering, Democritus University of Thrace, Xanthi, Greece
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Gala A, Guerrero M, Serra JM. Characterization of post-consumer plastic film waste from mixed MSW in Spain: A key point for the successful implementation of sustainable plastic waste management strategies. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2020; 111:22-33. [PMID: 32470724 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2020.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to provide a full characterization of post-consumer plastic film recovered from mixed municipal solid waste (MSW) treatment plants in Spain. Currently, this type of plastic waste is not recycled due to technical or economic barriers and is still sent to landfill. Different types of municipal plastic waste (MPW) from manual and automated sorting were studied: i) colour plastic film recovered by ballistic separators and then manual sorting in different seasons; ii) colour plastic film recovered by automated sorting (air suction); and iii) white plastic film from primary manual sorting process. The samples were characterized by different techniques, including the ultimate and proximate analysis, Higher Heating Value (HHV) and Lower Heating Value (LHV), metal content, Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) and Derivative Thermogravimetry (DTG), Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) analysis and Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC). The results were compared to those obtained for pretreated colour and white plastic film waste and contrasted with industrial recycled film granules of polyethylene (as a reference material for packaging film). Additionally, pretreated plastic film samples were also characterized by analyzing viscosity, Pressure-Volume-Temperature (PVT) diagram, specific heat capacity and halogen and sulphur contents. Characterization data from this study will contribute to identify and develop potential recycling alternatives for a more sustainable municipal plastic waste management, which is recognized as a priority in the European Circular Economy Action Plan to use resources in a more sustainable way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Gala
- Department of Innovation, Technological Waste Innovation Centre (CIAM), URBASER S.A., C/ Azufre 120, 50720 La Cartuja Baja, Zaragoza, Spain.
| | - Marta Guerrero
- Department of Innovation, Technological Waste Innovation Centre (CIAM), URBASER S.A., C/ Azufre 120, 50720 La Cartuja Baja, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Jose Manuel Serra
- Instituto de Tecnología Química, Universitat Politècnica de València-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Av. Los Naranjos s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
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Singh RK, Ruj B, Sadhukhan AK, Gupta P. Thermal degradation of waste plastics under non-sweeping atmosphere: Part 2: Effect of process temperature on product characteristics and their future applications. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2020; 261:110112. [PMID: 32001431 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.110112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The current energy demand and diminishing conventional fuels have forced researchers to find an alternative source of energy. Waste to energy is the current trend for converting waste materials (plastic waste) into valuable fuels. This article mainly discussed the detailed characterization of the pyrolytic products, their comparative analysis and the reaction mechanism at varying operating temperature. This article is a successor of part 1, which primarily focused on the characterization of different waste plastics, their TG analysis, the effect of reactor temperature on yield analysis in a batch reactor and their detailed degradation mechanism. Furthermore, the results presented in this article report the characterization of products at three processing temperatures of 450, 500 and 550 °C. The pyrolytic oils from all wastes excluding PS show a very low density ranging from 0.71 to 0.76 kg/m3, whereas PS pyrolytic density is reported between 0.86 and 0.88 kg/m3. The viscosity of oils increases with an increase in the processing temperature and is similar to the conventional fuels. The FTIR analysis of the products (oil & gases) obtained from HDPE, PP and mixed plastic waste (MIX) shows a large presence of alkanes and a higher presence of aromatics. PS analysis reported a large presence of aromatics (~75%). The GC-MS analysis of all pyrolytic oils from waste plastics, simulated wastes (virgin plastics) and distilled fraction of MIX pyrolysis oil is compared. The GC analysis of non-condensable gases at all processing temperature reports that MIX produce the maximum H2; HDPE, PS and MIX produces a high amounts of CH4 too. The formation of lower hydrocarbons (C5-C12) in pyrolysis oil shows a trend as MIX > PP > PS > HDPE, while for the heavier hydrocarbons (>C19) it is HDPE > PP > PS > MIX. The potential of the utilization of these products has been discussed in different sectors for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohit Kumar Singh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Durgapur, 713209, West Bengal, India
| | - Biswajit Ruj
- Environmental Engineering Group, CSIR-Central Mechanical Engineering Research Institute, Durgapur, 713209, West Bengal, India.
| | - Anup Kumar Sadhukhan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Durgapur, 713209, West Bengal, India
| | - Parthapratim Gupta
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Durgapur, 713209, West Bengal, India
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