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Li JM, Zhao SM, Miao QY, Wu SP, Zhang J, Schwab JJ. Changes in source contributions to the oxidative potential of PM 2.5 in urban Xiamen, China. J Environ Sci (China) 2025; 149:342-357. [PMID: 39181647 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2024.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 08/27/2024]
Abstract
The toxicity of PM2.5 does not necessarily change synchronously with its mass concentration. In this study, the chemical composition (carbonaceous species, water-soluble ions, and metals) and oxidative potential (dithiothreitol assay, DTT) of PM2.5 were investigated in 2017/2018 and 2022 in Xiamen, China. The decrease rate of volume-normalized DTT (DTTv) (38%) was lower than that of PM2.5 (55%) between the two sampling periods. However, the mass-normalized DTT (DTTm) increased by 44%. Clear seasonal patterns with higher levels in winter were found for PM2.5, most chemical constituents and DTTv but not for DTTm. The large decrease in DTT activity (84%-92%) after the addition of EDTA suggested that water-soluble metals were the main contributors to DTT in Xiamen. The increased gap between the reconstructed and measured DTTv and the stronger correlations between the reconstructed/measured DTT ratio and carbonaceous species in 2022 were observed. The decrease rates of the hazard index (32.5%) and lifetime cancer risk (9.1%) differed from those of PM2.5 and DTTv due to their different main contributors. The PMF-MLR model showed that the contributions (nmol/(min·m3)) of vehicle emission, coal + biomass burning, ship emission and secondary aerosol to DTTv in 2022 decreased by 63.0%, 65.2%, 66.5%, and 22.2%, respectively, compared to those in 2017/2018, which was consistent with the emission reduction of vehicle exhaust and coal consumption, the adoption of low-sulfur fuel oil used on board ships and the reduced production of WSOC. However, the contributions of dust + sea salt and industrial emission increased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Min Li
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Coastal Ecology and Environmental Studies, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; Center for Marine Environmental Chemistry and Toxicology, College of Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Si-Min Zhao
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Coastal Ecology and Environmental Studies, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; Center for Marine Environmental Chemistry and Toxicology, College of Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Qi-Yu Miao
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Coastal Ecology and Environmental Studies, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; Center for Marine Environmental Chemistry and Toxicology, College of Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Shui-Ping Wu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Coastal Ecology and Environmental Studies, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; Center for Marine Environmental Chemistry and Toxicology, College of Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China.
| | - Jie Zhang
- Atmospheric Sciences Research Center, University at Albany, SUNY, Albany 12226, USA
| | - James J Schwab
- Atmospheric Sciences Research Center, University at Albany, SUNY, Albany 12226, USA
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2
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Expósito A, Maillo J, Uriarte I, Santibáñez M, Fernández-Olmo I. Kinetics of ascorbate and dithiothreitol oxidation by soluble copper, iron, and manganese, and 1,4-naphthoquinone: Influence of the species concentration and the type of fluid. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 361:142435. [PMID: 38797213 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.142435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
An alternative metric to account for particulate matter (PM) composition-based toxicity is the ability of PM-species to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) and deplete antioxidants, the so-called oxidative potential (OP). Acellular OP assays are the most used worldwide, mainly those based on ascorbic acid (AA) and dithiothreitol (DTT) depletion; OP values are calculated from AA/DTT concentration over time kinetic curves. Since a great variability in OP-DTT and OP-AA values can be found in the literature, the understanding of those factors affecting the kinetic rate of AA and DTT oxidation in the presence of PM-bound species will improve the interpretation of OP values. In this work, a kinetic study of the oxidation rate of AA and DTT driven by species usually found in PM (transition metals and naphthoquinone (NQ)) was carried out. In particular, the influence of the concentration of Cu(II), Fe(II), Fe(III), Mn(II), Mn(III), and 1,4-NQ, and the type of fluid used in the assay (phosphate buffer (PB), phosphate buffer saline (PBS) and artificial lysosomal fluid (ALF)) is analysed and discussed. The reaction orders with respect to the AA/DTT and the active compound, and the kinetic rate constants were also determined. The results show great variability in OP values among the studied species depending on the fluid used; the OP values were mostly higher in PB0.05 M, followed by PBS1x and ALF. Moreover, different species concentration-responses for OP-DTT/OP-AA were obtained. These differences were explained by the different reaction orders and kinetic rate constants obtained for each active compound in each fluid.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Expósito
- Dpto. de Ingenierias Química y Biomolecular, Universidad de Cantabria, Avda. Los Castros s/n, 39005, Santander, Cantabria, Spain.
| | - J Maillo
- Dpto. de Ingenierias Química y Biomolecular, Universidad de Cantabria, Avda. Los Castros s/n, 39005, Santander, Cantabria, Spain
| | - I Uriarte
- Dpto. de Ingenierias Química y Biomolecular, Universidad de Cantabria, Avda. Los Castros s/n, 39005, Santander, Cantabria, Spain
| | - M Santibáñez
- Global Health Research Group, Dpto Enfermería, Universidad de Cantabria, Avda. Valdecilla, s/n, 39008, Santander, Cantabria, Spain; Nursing Research Group, IDIVAL, Calle Cardenal Herrera Oria s/n, 39011, Santander, Cantabria, Spain
| | - I Fernández-Olmo
- Dpto. de Ingenierias Química y Biomolecular, Universidad de Cantabria, Avda. Los Castros s/n, 39005, Santander, Cantabria, Spain
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3
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Novo-Quiza N, Sánchez-Piñero J, Moreda-Piñeiro J, Turnes-Carou I, Muniategui-Lorenzo S, López-Mahía P. Oxidative potential of the inhalation bioaccessible fraction of PM 10 and bioaccessible concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and metal(oid)s in PM 10. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:31862-31877. [PMID: 38637483 PMCID: PMC11133103 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-33331-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
Atmospheric particulate matter (PM) has been related to numerous adverse health effects in humans. Nowadays, it is believed that one of the possible mechanisms of toxicity could be the oxidative stress, which involves the development of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Different assays have been proposed to characterize oxidative stress, such as dithiothreitol (DTT) and ascorbic acid (AA) acellular assays (OPDTT and OPAA), as a metric more relevant than PM mass measurement for PM toxicity. This study evaluates the OP of the bioaccessible fraction of 65 PM10 samples collected at an Atlantic Coastal European urban site using DTT and AA assays. A physiologically based extraction (PBET) using Gamble's solution (GS) as a simulated lung fluid (SLF) was used for the assessment of the bioaccessible fraction of PM10. The use of the bioaccessible fraction, instead of the fraction assessed using conventional phosphate buffer and ultrasounds assisted extraction (UAE), was compared for OP assessment. Correlations between OPDTT and OPAA, as well as total and bioaccessible concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and metal(oid)s, were investigated to explore the association between those compounds and OP. A correlation was found between both OP (OPDTT and OPAA) and total and bioaccessible concentrations of PAHs and several metal(oid)s such as As, Bi, Cd, Cu, Ni, and V. Additionally, OPDTT was found to be related to the level of K+.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Novo-Quiza
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Grupo Química Analítica Aplicada (QANAP), University Institute of Research in Environmental Studies (IUMA), University of A Coruña, Campus de A Coruña, S/N. 15071, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Joel Sánchez-Piñero
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Grupo Química Analítica Aplicada (QANAP), University Institute of Research in Environmental Studies (IUMA), University of A Coruña, Campus de A Coruña, S/N. 15071, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Jorge Moreda-Piñeiro
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Grupo Química Analítica Aplicada (QANAP), University Institute of Research in Environmental Studies (IUMA), University of A Coruña, Campus de A Coruña, S/N. 15071, A Coruña, Spain.
| | - Isabel Turnes-Carou
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Grupo Química Analítica Aplicada (QANAP), University Institute of Research in Environmental Studies (IUMA), University of A Coruña, Campus de A Coruña, S/N. 15071, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Soledad Muniategui-Lorenzo
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Grupo Química Analítica Aplicada (QANAP), University Institute of Research in Environmental Studies (IUMA), University of A Coruña, Campus de A Coruña, S/N. 15071, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Purificación López-Mahía
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Grupo Química Analítica Aplicada (QANAP), University Institute of Research in Environmental Studies (IUMA), University of A Coruña, Campus de A Coruña, S/N. 15071, A Coruña, Spain
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Aldekheel M, Tohidi R, Al-Hemoud A, Alkudari F, Verma V, Subramanian PSG, Sioutas C. Identifying urban emission sources and their contribution to the oxidative potential of fine particulate matter (PM 2.5) in Kuwait. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 343:123165. [PMID: 38103716 PMCID: PMC10923010 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.123165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2023] [Revised: 12/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the seasonal variations, chemical composition, sources, and oxidative potential of ambient PM2.5 (particles with a diameter of less than 2.5 μm) in Kuwait City. The sampling campaign was conducted within the premises of Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research from June 2022 to May 2023, covering different seasons throughout the year. The personal cascade impactor sampler (PCIS) operated at flow rate of 9 L/min was employed to collect weekly PM2.5 samples on PTFE and quarts filters. These collected samples were analyzed for carbonaceous species (i.e., elemental and organic carbon), metals and transition elements, inorganic ions, and DTT (dithiothreitol) redox activity. Furthermore, principal component analysis (PCA) and multi-linear regression (MLR) were used to identify the predominant emission sources and their percentage contribution to the redox activity of PM2.5 in Kuwait. The results of this study highlighted that the annual-averaged ambient PM2.5 mass concentrations in Kuwait (59.9 μg/m3) substantially exceeded the World Health Organization (WHO) guideline of 10 μg/m3. Additionally, the summer season displayed the highest PM2.5 mass concentration (75.2 μg/m3) compared to other seasons, primarily due to frequent dust events exacerbated by high-speed winds. The PCA identified four primary PM2.5 sources: mineral dust, fossil fuel combustion, road traffic, and secondary aerosols. The mineral dust was found to be the predominant source, contributing 36.1% to the PM2.5 mass, followed by fossil fuel combustion and traffic emissions with contributions of 23.7% and 20.3%, respectively. The findings of MLR revealed that road traffic was the most significant contributor to PM2.5 oxidative potential, accounting for 47% of the total DTT activity. In conclusion, this comprehensive investigation provides essential insights into the sources and health implications of PM2.5 in Kuwait, underscoring the critical need for effective air quality management strategies to mitigate the impacts of particulate pollution in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Aldekheel
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA; Department of Civil Engineering, Kuwait University, P.O Box 5969, Safat, 13060, Kuwait
| | - Ramin Tohidi
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Ali Al-Hemoud
- Environment and Life Sciences Research Center, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, P.O. Box 24885, Safat, 13109, Kuwait
| | - Fahad Alkudari
- Public Administration of Experts, Ministry of Justice, P.O. Box 6, Safat, 12008, Kuwait
| | - Vishal Verma
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - P S Ganesh Subramanian
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Constantinos Sioutas
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA.
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Wang H, Qian G, Shi J, Lu W, Chen Y, Fang K, Shen Y, Rong H, Huangfu X, Feng Y, Zhang W, Zhang K. Association between short-term exposure to ambient air pollution and upper respiratory tract infection in Kunshan. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOMETEOROLOGY 2024; 68:189-197. [PMID: 38032509 DOI: 10.1007/s00484-023-02582-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2023] [Revised: 11/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
The health effects of air pollution have become a major public health problem. Studies on the relationship between short-term exposure to air pollutants and upper respiratory tract infection (URTI) related clinic visits and expenditures were scarce. From January 1, 2019, to December 31, 2021, we included all the URTI cases that turned to 11 public hospitals in Kunshan, and summarized individual medical cost. Daily meteorological factors and 24-h mean concentrations of four common air pollutants, including particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter less than 2.5 μm (PM2.5) and 10 μm (PM10), sulfur dioxide (SO2), and nitrogen dioxide (NO2), were consecutively recorded. Generalized additive regression model was adopted to quantify the associations between each air pollutant and the daily clinic visits of URTI cases. We further calculated attributable number (AN) and attributable fraction, and performed sensitivity analysis by gender, age, and season. A total of 934,180 cases were retrieved during the study period. PM2.5, PM10, SO2, and NO2 showed significant associations with hospital visits and expenditures due to URTI. Relative risks for them were 1.065 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.055, 1.076), 1.045 (95% CI 1.037, 1.052), 1.098 (95% CI 1.038, 1.163), and 1.098 (95% CI 1.085, 1.111) on lag 0-5 days, respectively. Thirty-one thousand four hundred fifty-five (95% CI 27,457, 35,436) cases could be ascribed to increased NO2 and accounted for 3.37% (95% CI 2.94%, 3.79%) of all clinic visits. Sensitivity analyses indicated that the effects of air pollution were generally consistent for male and female. PM2.5, PM10, and NO2 had stronger associations among people aged ≤ 18 years, followed by those aged 19-64 years and ≥ 65 years. The association strengths of air pollution varied seasonally. Short-term exposure to ambient air pollutants had significant associations with clinic visits and expenditures owing to URTI. Children and adolescents appeared to be more susceptible to adverse health effects of air pollution. NO2 may be a priority when formulating pollution control measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Wang
- Department of Infectious Disease Control, Kunshan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Tongcheng South Road 567, Kunshan, 215300, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Guohua Qian
- Kunshan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Kunshan, 215300, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jian Shi
- Kunshan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Kunshan, 215300, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Wenjie Lu
- Department of Infectious Disease Control, Kunshan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Tongcheng South Road 567, Kunshan, 215300, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yingchao Chen
- Department of Infectious Disease Control, Kunshan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Tongcheng South Road 567, Kunshan, 215300, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Kun Fang
- Department of Infectious Disease Control, Kunshan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Tongcheng South Road 567, Kunshan, 215300, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yang Shen
- Department of Infectious Disease Control, Kunshan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Tongcheng South Road 567, Kunshan, 215300, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Huan Rong
- Department of Infectious Disease Control, Kunshan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Tongcheng South Road 567, Kunshan, 215300, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xuanhua Huangfu
- Department of Infectious Disease Control, Kunshan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Tongcheng South Road 567, Kunshan, 215300, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yan Feng
- Public Health Division, The First People's Hospital of Kunshan, Kunshan, 215300, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Public Health Division, Kunshan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Kunshan, 215300, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Kexun Zhang
- Department of Infectious Disease Control, Kunshan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Tongcheng South Road 567, Kunshan, 215300, Jiangsu Province, China.
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6
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Paisi N, Kushta J, Pozzer A, Violaris A, Lelieveld J. Health effects of carbonaceous PM2.5 compounds from residential fuel combustion and road transport in Europe. Sci Rep 2024; 14:1530. [PMID: 38233477 PMCID: PMC10794246 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-51916-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) is associated with an increased risk of morbidity and mortality. In Europe, residential fuel combustion and road transport emissions contribute significantly to PM2.5. Toxicological studies indicate that PM2.5 from these sources is relatively more hazardous, owing to its high content of black and organic carbon. Here, we study the contribution of the emissions from these sectors to long-term exposure and excess mortality in Europe. We quantified the impact of anthropogenic carbonaceous aerosols on excess mortality and performed a sensitivity analysis assuming that they are twice as toxic as inorganic particles. We find that total PM2.5 from residential combustion leads to 72,000 (95% confidence interval: 48,000-99,000) excess deaths per year, with about 40% attributed to carbonaceous aerosols. Similarly, road transport leads to about 35,000 (CI 23,000-47,000) excess deaths per year, with 6000 (CI 4000-9000) due to carbonaceous particles. Assuming that carbonaceous aerosols are twice as toxic as other PM2.5 components, they contribute 80% and 37%, respectively, to residential fuel combustion and road transport-related deaths. We uncover robust national variations in the contribution of each sector to excess mortality and emphasize the importance of country-specific emission reduction policies based on national characteristics and sectoral shares.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niki Paisi
- Climate and Atmosphere Research Center (CARE-C), The Cyprus Institute, 2121, Nicosia, Cyprus.
| | - Jonilda Kushta
- Climate and Atmosphere Research Center (CARE-C), The Cyprus Institute, 2121, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Andrea Pozzer
- Climate and Atmosphere Research Center (CARE-C), The Cyprus Institute, 2121, Nicosia, Cyprus
- Department of Atmospheric Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Angelos Violaris
- Climate and Atmosphere Research Center (CARE-C), The Cyprus Institute, 2121, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Jos Lelieveld
- Climate and Atmosphere Research Center (CARE-C), The Cyprus Institute, 2121, Nicosia, Cyprus.
- Department of Atmospheric Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, 55128, Mainz, Germany.
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Jaén C, Titos G, Castillo S, Casans A, Rejano F, Cazorla A, Herrero J, Alados-Arboledas L, Grimalt JO, van Drooge BL. Diurnal source apportionment of organic and inorganic atmospheric particulate matter at a high-altitude mountain site under summer conditions (Sierra Nevada; Spain). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 905:167178. [PMID: 37730028 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
High-altitude mountain areas are sentinel ecosystems for global environmental changes such as anthropogenic pollution. In this study, we report a source apportionment of particulate material with an aerodynamic diameter smaller than 10 μm (PM10) in a high-altitude site in southern Europe (Sierra Nevada Station; SNS (2500 m a.s.l.)) during summer 2021. The emission sources and atmospheric secondary processes that determine the composition of aerosol particles in Sierra Nevada National Park (Spain) are identified from the concentrations of organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC), 12 major inorganic compounds, 18 trace elements and 44 organic molecular tracer compounds in PM10 filter samples collected during day- and nighttime. The multivariate analysis of the joint dataset resolved five main PM10 sources: 1) Saharan dust, 2) advection from the urbanized valley, 3) local combustion, 4) smoke from a fire-event, and 5) aerosol from regional recirculation with high contribution of particles from secondary inorganic and organic aerosol formation processes. PM sources were clearly associated with synoptic meteorological conditions, and day- and nighttime circulation patterns typical of mountainous areas. Although a local pollution source was identified, the contribution of this source to PM10, OC and EC was small. Our results evidence the strong influence of middle- and long-range transport of aerosols, mainly from anthropogenic origin, on the aerosol chemical composition at this remote site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Jaén
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), c/Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gloria Titos
- Andalusian Institute for Earth System Research (IISTA), University of Granada, Avenida del Mediterráneo sn, 18071 Granada, Spain; Department of Applied Physics, Sciences Faculty, University of Granada, Avenida Fuentenueva sn, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Sonia Castillo
- Andalusian Institute for Earth System Research (IISTA), University of Granada, Avenida del Mediterráneo sn, 18071 Granada, Spain; Department of Applied Physics, Sciences Faculty, University of Granada, Avenida Fuentenueva sn, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Andrea Casans
- Andalusian Institute for Earth System Research (IISTA), University of Granada, Avenida del Mediterráneo sn, 18071 Granada, Spain; Department of Applied Physics, Sciences Faculty, University of Granada, Avenida Fuentenueva sn, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Fernando Rejano
- Andalusian Institute for Earth System Research (IISTA), University of Granada, Avenida del Mediterráneo sn, 18071 Granada, Spain; Department of Applied Physics, Sciences Faculty, University of Granada, Avenida Fuentenueva sn, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Alberto Cazorla
- Andalusian Institute for Earth System Research (IISTA), University of Granada, Avenida del Mediterráneo sn, 18071 Granada, Spain; Department of Applied Physics, Sciences Faculty, University of Granada, Avenida Fuentenueva sn, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Javier Herrero
- Andalusian Institute for Earth System Research (IISTA), University of Granada, Avenida del Mediterráneo sn, 18071 Granada, Spain; Department of Applied Physics, Sciences Faculty, University of Granada, Avenida Fuentenueva sn, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Lucas Alados-Arboledas
- Andalusian Institute for Earth System Research (IISTA), University of Granada, Avenida del Mediterráneo sn, 18071 Granada, Spain; Department of Applied Physics, Sciences Faculty, University of Granada, Avenida Fuentenueva sn, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Joan O Grimalt
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), c/Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Barend L van Drooge
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), c/Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain.
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8
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Fadel M, Courcot D, Delmaire G, Roussel G, Afif C, Ledoux F. Source apportionment of PM 2.5 oxidative potential in an East Mediterranean site. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 900:165843. [PMID: 37516168 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/31/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the oxidative potential (OP) of PM2.5 collected for almost a year in an urban area of the East Mediterranean. Two acellular assays, based on ascorbic acid (AA) and dithiothreitol (DTT) depletion, were used to measure the OP. The results showed that the mean volume normalized OP-AAv value was 0.64 ± 0.29 nmol·min-1·m-3 and the mean OP-DTTv was 0.49 ± 0.26 nmol·min-1·m-3. Several approaches were adopted in this work to study the relationship between the species in PM2.5 (carbonaceous matter, water-soluble ions, major and trace elements, and organic compounds) or their sources and OP values. Spearman correlations revealed strong correlations of OP-AAv with carbonaceous subfractions as well as organic compounds while OP-DTTv seemed to be more correlated with elements emitted from different anthropogenic activities. Furthermore, a multiple linear regression method was used to estimate the contribution of PM2.5 sources, determined by a source-receptor model (Positive Matrix Factorization), to the OP values. The results showed that the sources that highly contribute to the PM2.5 mass (crustal dust and ammonium sulfate) were not the major sources contributing to the values of OP. Instead, 69 % of OP-AAv and 62 % of OP-DTTv values were explained by three local anthropogenic sources: Heavy Fuel Oil (HFO) combustion from a power plant, biomass burning, and road traffic emissions. As for the seasonal variations, higher OP-AAv values were observed during winter compared to summer, while OP-DTTv did not show any significant differences between the two seasons. The contribution of biomass burning during winter was 33 and 34 times higher compared to summer for OP-AAv and OP-DTTv, respectively. On the other hand, higher contributions were observed for HFO combustion during summer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Fadel
- Emissions, Measurements, and Modeling of the Atmosphere (EMMA) Laboratory, CAR, Faculty of Sciences, Saint Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon; Unité de Chimie Environnementale et Interactions sur le Vivant, UCEIV UR4492, Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale (ULCO), Dunkerque, France
| | - Dominique Courcot
- Unité de Chimie Environnementale et Interactions sur le Vivant, UCEIV UR4492, Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale (ULCO), Dunkerque, France
| | - Gilles Delmaire
- Laboratoire d'Informatique Signal et Image de la Côte d'Opale (LISIC), Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, F-62228, Calais, France
| | - Gilles Roussel
- Laboratoire d'Informatique Signal et Image de la Côte d'Opale (LISIC), Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, F-62228, Calais, France
| | - Charbel Afif
- Emissions, Measurements, and Modeling of the Atmosphere (EMMA) Laboratory, CAR, Faculty of Sciences, Saint Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon; Climate and Atmosphere Research Center, The Cyprus Institute, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Frédéric Ledoux
- Unité de Chimie Environnementale et Interactions sur le Vivant, UCEIV UR4492, Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale (ULCO), Dunkerque, France.
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Clemente Á, Gil-Moltó J, Yubero E, Juárez N, Nicolás JF, Crespo J, Galindo N. Sensitivity of PM 10 oxidative potential to aerosol chemical composition at a Mediterranean urban site: ascorbic acid versus dithiothreitol measurements. AIR QUALITY, ATMOSPHERE, & HEALTH 2023; 16:1165-1172. [PMID: 37303961 PMCID: PMC10009354 DOI: 10.1007/s11869-023-01332-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The oxidative potential (OP) of PM10 daily samples collected at a traffic site in southeastern Spain during summer and winter was assessed by two acellular assays: the ascorbic acid (AA) and dithiothreitol (DTT) methods. Although PM10 levels were similar during both periods, OP values (expressed in nmol min-1 m-3) showed a defined seasonal trend. The AA activity was higher in summer than in winter, whereas the DTT reactivity exhibited an opposite seasonal pattern. Both assays were sensitive to different PM10 components, as shown by the results of the linear correlation analysis. Moreover, the relationship between OP values and PM10 chemical species was not the same during summer and winter, indicating that particle toxicity is associated with different sources during the warm and cold seasons. When OP values were expressed on a mass basis (nmol min-1 µg-1), lower correlation coefficients with PM10 chemical species were generally obtained compared to volume-normalized activities. These outcomes suggest that only some specific components have a significant intrinsic oxidative potential. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11869-023-01332-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Á. Clemente
- Atmospheric Pollution Laboratory (LCA), Department of Applied Physics, Miguel Hernández University, Avenida de La Universidad S/N, 03202 Elche, Spain
| | - J. Gil-Moltó
- Atmospheric Pollution Laboratory (LCA), Department of Applied Physics, Miguel Hernández University, Avenida de La Universidad S/N, 03202 Elche, Spain
| | - E. Yubero
- Atmospheric Pollution Laboratory (LCA), Department of Applied Physics, Miguel Hernández University, Avenida de La Universidad S/N, 03202 Elche, Spain
| | - N. Juárez
- Atmospheric Pollution Laboratory (LCA), Department of Applied Physics, Miguel Hernández University, Avenida de La Universidad S/N, 03202 Elche, Spain
| | - J. F. Nicolás
- Atmospheric Pollution Laboratory (LCA), Department of Applied Physics, Miguel Hernández University, Avenida de La Universidad S/N, 03202 Elche, Spain
| | - J. Crespo
- Atmospheric Pollution Laboratory (LCA), Department of Applied Physics, Miguel Hernández University, Avenida de La Universidad S/N, 03202 Elche, Spain
| | - N. Galindo
- Atmospheric Pollution Laboratory (LCA), Department of Applied Physics, Miguel Hernández University, Avenida de La Universidad S/N, 03202 Elche, Spain
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Tohidi R, Altuwayjiri A, Sioutas C. Investigation of organic carbon profiles and sources of coarse PM in Los Angeles. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 314:120264. [PMID: 36162557 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2022] [Revised: 09/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Source apportionment analyses are essential tools to determine sources of ambient coarse particles (2.5 <dp < 10 μm) and to disentangle their association and contribution from other pollutants, particularly PM2.5 (<2.5 μm). A semi-continuous sampling campaign was conducted using two virtual impactors/concentrators to enhance coarse particulate matter concentrations coupled with an online thermal-optical EC/OC monitor to quantify coarse PM-bound organic carbon volatility fractions (OC1-OC4) in central Los Angeles during the winter, spring, and summer of 2021. The total OC and its volatility fraction concentrations, meteorological parameters (i.e., wind speeds and relative humidity), vehicle miles traveled (VMT), and gaseous source tracers (i.e., O3 and NO2) were used as inputs to positive matrix factorization (PMF) model. A 3-factor solution identified vehicular emissions (accounting for 46% in the cold phase and 26% in the warm phase of total coarse OC concentrations), secondary organic carbon (27% and 37%), and re-suspended dust (27% and 37%) as the primary organic carbon sources of coarse PM. The re-suspended dust factor showed a higher contribution of more volatile organic carbons (i.e., OC1 up to 77%) due to their re-distribution on dust particles, whereas the SOA factor was the dominant contributor to less volatile organic aerosols (i.e., OC4 up to 54%), which are the product of reactions at high relative humidity (RH). Our findings revealed that the total OC concentrations in the coarse size range were comparable with those of previous studies in the area, underscoring the challenges in curtailing coarse PM-bound OC sources and the necessity of developing effective emission control regulations on coarse PM. The results from the current study provide insights into the seasonal and temporal variation of total OC and its volatility fractions in Los Angeles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramin Tohidi
- University of Southern California, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Abdulmalik Altuwayjiri
- Majmaah University, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Majmaah, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Constantinos Sioutas
- University of Southern California, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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