Antipyretic, analgesic, and anti-inflammatory activities of the seaweed Sargassum fulvellum and Sargassum thunbergii in mice

Fucoidan alleviates high sucrose-induced metabolic disorders and enhances intestinal homeostasis through modulation of Notch signaling

INTRODUCTION

The therapeutic potential of fucoidan (FUC), a natural polysaccharide, in metabolic disorders is recognized, yet its underlying mechanisms remain unclear.

METHODS

We conducted investigations into the therapeutic mechanisms of FUC sourced from Sargassum fulvellum concerning metabolic disorders induced by a high-sucrose diet (HSD), employing Drosophila melanogaster and mice models. Drosophila larvae were subjected to HSD exposure to monitor growth inhibition, reduced pupation, and developmental delays. Additionally, we examined the impact of FUC on growth- and development-related hormones in Drosophila. Furthermore, we assessed the modulation of larval intestinal homeostasis by FUC, focusing on the regulation of Notch signaling. In mice, we evaluated the effects of FUC on HSD-induced impairments in intestinal epithelial barrier integrity and gut hormone secretion.

RESULTS

FUC supplementation significantly enhanced pupal weight in Drosophila larvae and effectively countered HSD-induced elevation of glucose and triglyceride levels. It notably influenced the expression of growth- and development-related hormones, particularly augmenting insulin-like peptides production while mitigating larval growth retardation. FUC also modulated larval intestinal homeostasis by negatively regulating Notch signaling, thereby protecting against HSD-induced metabolic stress. In mice, FUC ameliorated HSD-induced impairments in ileum epithelial barrier integrity and gut hormone secretion.

CONCLUSIONS

Our findings demonstrate the multifaceted therapeutic effects of FUC in mitigating metabolic disorders and maintaining intestinal health. FUC holds promise as a therapeutic agent, with its effects attributed partly to the sulfate group and its ability to regulate Notch signaling, emphasizing its potential for addressing metabolic disorders.

Traditional Chinese medicine treatment for benign thyroid nodules: Literature review

Thyroid nodules (TNs) are pathological changes characterized by abnormal proliferation of thyroid gland tissue. Approximately 19% to 67% of asymptomatic individuals are diagnosed with TNs, with the majority being benign nodules and 4% to 6.5% being thyroid cancer nodules. Western medicine recommends regular examinations and surgery, while traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) provides an alternative choice to maintain thyroid function and reduce the need for surgery. However, in Taiwan, research on TCM treatment for benign TNs is primarily limited to case reports, lacking large-scale and systematic clinical studies. We conducted a search of electronic databases including PubMed, Google Scholar, Wanfang Data, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure to collect clinical trials related to TCM treatment for TNs. Our goal is to provide new treatment options, further validate the value of TCM in the treatment of TNs, and lay a foundation for future clinical research.

Anti-inflammatory, remorin-like protein from green marine Macroalga Caulerpa sertularioides (S.G.Gmel.) M.Howe

The most prevalent natural source of hydrocolloids, cosmetics, medications, and nutraceuticals is marine seaweed (macroalgae). Numerous bioactivities, including antiviral, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory characteristics, have been found in bioactive substances such as polyphenols and sulfated and non-sulfated polysaccharides. As a result, new start-up projects and industries based on seaweed are emerging in all regions of the world with abundant marine biodiversity. In this current investigation, the anti-inflammatory activity of two different marine macroalgae Caulerpa racemosa (CR) and Caulerpa sertularioides (CS) was evaluated. Consequently, CS demonstrated more anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects at a lower dose than CR. The IC50 value for DPPH inhibition was 456.1 μg/mL, and 180.9 μg/mL for CS and CR respectively. A similar result was obtained in the case of protein denaturation (PD), membrane stabilization (MS), and protease inhibition (PI) anti-inflammatory assays with 127.2 μg/mL, 135.5 μg/mL, and 71.88 μg/mL for CR, and 66.78 μg/mL, 88.96 μg/mL, and 59.54 μg/mL for CS respectively. Based on the SDS-PAGE, the molecular weight of lectin responsible for the anti-inflammatory activity was determined as 17 kDa. Protein mass fingerprinting was performed for the particular lectin by in-gel trypsin digestion, MALDI-MS analysis, and Mascot peptide mass fingerprinting. Because of this, the unidentified lectin protein was discovered to be a remorin-like protein that shared 65% of its sequence with the remorin-like protein of Aegilops tauschii subsp. tauschii. Therefore, it is the hitherto report on the presence of remorin-like protein from the green macroalga Caulerpa sertularioides.

Extracts of Brocchia cinerea (Delile) Vis Exhibit In Vivo Wound Healing, Anti-Inflammatory and Analgesic Activities, and Other In Vitro Therapeutic Effects

The plant Brocchia cinerea (Delile) (B. cinerea) has many uses in traditional pharmacology. Aqueous (BCAE) and ethanolic extracts (BCEE) obtained from the aerial parts can be used as an alternative to some synthetic drugs. In vitro, DPPH, FRAP and TAC are three tests used to measure antioxidant efficacy. Antibacterial activities were determined against one Gram positive and two Gram negative strains of bacteria. The analgesic power was evaluated in vivo using the abdominal contortion model in mice, while carrageenan-induced edema in rats was the model chosen for the anti-inflammatory test; wound healing was evaluated in an experimental second degree burn model. The results of the phytochemical analysis showed that BCEE had the greatest content of polyphenols (21.06 mg AGE/g extract), flavonoids (10.43 mg QE/g extract) and tannins (24.05 mg TAE/g extract). HPLC-DAD reveals the high content of gallic acid, quercetin and caffeic acid in extracts. BCEE has a strong antiradical potency against DPPH (IC50 = 0.14 mg/mL) and a medium iron reducing activity (EC50 = 0.24 mg/mL), while BCAE inhibited the growth of the antibiotic resistant bacterium, P. aeruginosa (MIC = 10 mg/mL). BCAE also exhibited significant pharmacological effects and analgesic efficacy (55.81% inhibition 55.64% for the standard used) and the re-epithelialization of wounds, with 96.91% against 98.60% for the standard. These results confirm the validity of the traditional applications of this plant and its potential as a model to develop analogous drugs.

Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Sargassum macrocarpum Extracts

Oxidative stress and the inflammatory response are known to be the most important pathological factors for aging skin cells. Therefore, substances that protect skin cells from oxidative stress and inflammatory reactions of the skin have potential as functional ingredients for skin care. In the present study, we investigated the potential of Sargassum macrocarpum as an anti-inflammatory candidate for inflammatory skin disease. Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities are desirable properties in such functional materials. The total polyphenol content as well as antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities were evaluated in hot-water (HES) and ethanol (EES) extracts of S. macrocarpum. The polyphenol content was higher in the HES (HES: 115.9 ± 15.3 mg GA/g, EES: 3.9 ± 0.5 mg GA/g), and the HES also had ABTS (HES: IC₅₀ 1.0 ± 0.0 mg/mL, EES: IC₅₀ 16.09 ± 0.7 mg/mL) and DPPH (HES: IC₅₀ 6.50 ± 0.3 mg/mL, EES: IC₅₀ 35.3 ± 3.1 mg/mL) radical scavenging capacities as well as FRAP activity (HES: IC₅₀ 18.8 ± 0.4 mg/mL, EES: IC₅₀ n.d.). Compared with the EES at the equivalent concentration range (1.25-20 μg/mL), the HES exerted a more potent inhibitory activity on LPS-stimulated nitric oxide (10.3-43.1%), IL-6 (15.7-45.0%), and TNF-α (14.1-20.8%) in RAW 264.7 macrophage cells in addition to TNF-α and IFN-γ-facilitated IL-6 (10.9-84.1%) and IL-8 (7.7-73.2%) in HaCaT keratinocytes. These results suggested that water-soluble materials might be deeply involved in the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity in S. macrocarpum. General composition analysis indicated that the HES contains more carbohydrates and polyphenols than the EES, and the monosaccharide composition analysis suggested that fucose-containing sulfated polysaccharide and β-glucan might be potent anti-inflammatory candidates in the HES. The present study presents important preliminary results and a valuable strategy for developing novel anti-skin dermatitis candidates using a hot-water extract of S. macrocarpum.

Antiproliferative and apoptosis-inducing effects of aqueous extracts from Ecklonia maxima and Ulva rigida on HepG2 cells

This study examined the antiproliferative and apoptotic-inducing effects of Ecklonia maxima (KP) and Ulva rigida (URL) extracts in the human liver cancer (HepG2) cell line model. HepG2 cells were cultured and grown in an incubator (5% CO2 ) at 37°C. Cell viability was determined, while the effect of the extracts on apoptosis, ROS production, mitochondria membrane potential, and antioxidant enzymes were also assessed. KP and URL induced cytotoxic effects on HepG2 cells at the concentrations tested (0-1000 μg/ml). The morphological characteristics of the cells after treatment with KP and URL revealed cell shrinkage of the nucleus, cell injury, and damage compared to the control. The fluorescent micrographs from the apoptotic assay revealed induction of apoptosis and necrosis in HepG2 cells after treatment with KP and URL (200 and 400 μg/ml). The extracts also induced ROS production and reduced mitochondria membrane potential in HepG2 cells. The apoptotic-inducing effects, activation of ROS generation, and disruption of antioxidant enzymes are associated with the cytotoxic effects of the seaweed extracts. KP and URL showed good anticancer properties and could be explored as a good source of nutraceuticals, food additives, and dietary supplements to prevent uncontrolled proliferation of HepG2 cells. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Seaweeds are reservoirs of nutrients and naturally occurring biologically active compounds, including sterols, phlorotannins, and polyunsaturated fatty acids. Due to the presence of these compounds, they are used as emulsifying agents, nutraceuticals, and additives in functional foods. Evidence suggests that seaweed bioactives may inhibit uncontrolled cell proliferation and induce apoptosis in cancer cells. Hence, exploring the antiproliferative and apoptotic-inducing effects of Ecklonia maxima and Ulva rigida will provide insights into their anticancer potentials as functional foods and nutraceuticals.

Recent advances in biological properties of brown algae-derived compounds for nutraceutical applications

The increasing demand for nutraceuticals in the circular economy era has driven the research toward studying bioactive compounds from renewable underexploited resources. In this regard, the exploration of brown algae has shown significant growth and maintains a great promise for the future. One possible explanation could be that brown algae are rich sources of nutritional compounds (polyunsaturated fatty acids, fiber, proteins, minerals, and vitamins) and unique metabolic compounds (phlorotannins, fucoxanthin, fucoidan) with promising biological activities that make them good candidates for nutraceutical applications with increased value-added. In this review, a deep description of bioactive compounds from brown algae is presented. In addition, recent advances in biological activities ascribed to these compounds through in vitro and in vivo assays are pointed out. Delivery strategies to overcome some drawbacks related to the direct application of algae-derived compounds (low solubility, thermal instability, bioavailability, unpleasant organoleptic properties) are also reviewed. Finally, current commercial and legal statuses of ingredients from brown algae are presented, considering future therapeutical and market perspectives as nutraceuticals.

Phytochemical and Potential Properties of Seaweeds and Their Recent Applications: A Review

Since ancient times, seaweeds have been employed as source of highly bioactive secondary metabolites that could act as key medicinal components. Furthermore, research into the biological activity of certain seaweed compounds has progressed significantly, with an emphasis on their composition and application for human and animal nutrition. Seaweeds have many uses: they are consumed as fodder, and have been used in medicines, cosmetics, energy, fertilizers, and industrial agar and alginate biosynthesis. The beneficial effects of seaweed are mostly due to the presence of minerals, vitamins, phenols, polysaccharides, and sterols, as well as several other bioactive compounds. These compounds seem to have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, antimicrobial, and anti-diabetic activities. Recent advances and limitations for seaweed bioactive as a nutraceutical in terms of bioavailability are explored in order to better comprehend their therapeutic development. To further understand the mechanism of action of seaweed chemicals, more research is needed as is an investigation into their potential usage in pharmaceutical companies and other applications, with the ultimate objective of developing sustainable and healthier products. The objective of this review is to collect information about the role of seaweeds on nutritional, pharmacological, industrial, and biochemical applications, as well as their impact on human health.

The Brown Algae Ishige sinicola Extract Ameliorates Ovariectomy-Induced Bone Loss in Rats and Suppresses Osteoclastogenesis through Downregulation of NFATc1/c-Fos

Osteoporosis is characterized by reduction in bone mass and microarchitectural deterioration of the bone, which causes bone fragility and fracture susceptibility. Ishige sinicola, a brown alga, reportedly affects osteoblast differentiation. However, its protective effect on estrogen deficiency-induced bone loss has not been elucidated. This study aimed to investigate the effect of I. sinicola extract (ISE) on ovariectomy (OVX)-induced bone loss in vivo and osteoclastogenesis in vitro. Female Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to the sham-operated (SHAM) group and four OVX subgroups: SHAM, OVX, ISE20 (20 mg/kg), ISE200 (200 mg/kg), and estradiol (10 μg/kg). After 6 weeks of treatment, the bone mineral density (BMD), femur indices, and serum biomarker levels were measured. Furthermore, the effects of ISE on osteoclastogenesis and the expression of osteoclast-specific markers were measured. ISE administration improved the trabecular bone structure, bone biomechanical properties, BMD, and bone mineralization degree. In addition, the levels of serum bone turnover markers were decreased in the ISE group compared with those in the OVX group. Moreover, ISE inhibited osteoclast formation by downregulating NFATc1, TRAP, c-Src, c-Fos, and cathepsin K without any cytotoxic effects on RANKL-induced osteoclast formation. Therefore, we suggest that ISE has therapeutic potential in postmenopausal osteoporosis.

Geographic Differentiation of Morphological Characteristics in the Brown Seaweed Sargassum thunbergii along the Korean Coast: A Response to Local Environmental Conditions

Intraspecific variation in morphology is widespread among seaweed species in different habitats. We examined the morphological variation in Sargassum thunbergii involving diverse environmental factors. We quantified 16 morphological characteristics on 15 rocky intertidal shores in Korea. A cluster analysis based on morphology identified three groups. Group M1 comprised populations on the northern part of the east coast, where the thalli was short and thick, with large leaf and air-vesicle. Group M3 consisted of populations on the west coast exclusively separated from other populations, with short, slender and sparsely branched thalli. Group M2 comprised populations on the southern part of the east coast and on the south coast (including Jeju Island), with longest thalli and lateral branches. Principal coordinate analyses showed that group M1 and M3 were mostly influenced by strong wave action and large tidal amplitudes, respectively. Group M2 were under the influence of warm temperatures and high irradiance. Biota-environment matching analysis showed that the morphology is affected by combinations of different local environmental factors and also that tidal condition is important as a single variable, suggesting that morphology of S. thunbergii reflects and adapts to local environmental conditions.

Polyopes affinis Suppressed IFN-γ- and TNF-α-Induced Inflammation in Human Keratinocytes via Down-Regulation of the NF-κB and STAT1 Pathways

Polyopes affinis is a red algal species commonly found on the South coast and near Jeju Island, Korea. This study aimed to determine whether P. affinis extracts can inhibit the pathogenesis of T-helper-2 (Th2)-mediated inflammation in a human keratinocyte cell line of atopic dermatitis (AD). Cells were incubated with 10 ng/mL of interferon gamma (IFN-γ) and 10 ng/mL of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) at various concentrations of PAB (10, 30, and 60 µg/mL) and PAA (100, 500, and 1000 µg/mL) extracts. A gene-ontology (GO)-enrichment analysis revealed that PAB significantly enriched the genes associated with biological processes such as cell adhesion, immune response, inflammation, and chemokine-mediated pathways. PAB suppressed the expression of the secretory proteins and mRNAs that are associated with the thymus and the production of activation-regulated chemokines (TARC/CCL17) and macrophage-derived chemokines (MDC/CCL22). The effect of the extract on mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) was related to its inhibition of TARC/CCL17 and MDC/CCL22 production by blocking NF-κB and STAT1 activation. These results suggest that seaweed extract may improve AD by regulating pro-inflammatory chemokines. In conclusion, we first confirmed the existence of phloroglucinol, a polyphenol formed from a precursor called phlorotannin, which is present in PAB, and this result proved the possibility of PAB being used as a treatment for AD.

In vitro Anti-hemolytic Effect, in vivo Anti-inflammatory and in vitro Anti-oxidant Activity of Anchusa azurea Mill

BACKGROUND

Anchusa azurea Mill. (AA) is a medicinal plant largely used traditionally in folk medicine in Algeria; it is locally named hamham. It is effective in the treatment of various diseases.

OBJECTIVES

The aim of the present study is to determine the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti- hemolytic effects of phenolic fractions from Anchusa azurea Mill.

METHODS

In this study, various extracts from Anchusa azurea Mill. (AA) using solvents with increasing polarity were prepared. The quantification of polyphenols and flavonoids was determined. The anti-radical activity of the different extracts was evaluated using DPPH and by measuring the inhibition of the oxidative degradation of β-carotene. The In-vitro antihemolytic effect of the plant extracts is determined (CrE, ChE, AcE, and AqE). For each extract, four concentrations were tested: 10.59, 21.18, 42.37, 84.74 μg/ml. Vitamin C is used as a standard. The free-radical attack was measured by measuring the HT₅₀ (Half-Hemolysis Time). The anti-inflammatory effect using PMA on mice of the methanolic extract (CrE) was evaluated.

RESULTS

The quantification of polyphenols and flavonoids showed that ethyl acetate extract (AcE) contains a higher amount of polyphenols. However, chloroform extract (ChE) presents a higher amount of flavonoids. AcE showed an important scavenging activity using the DPPH radical (IC₅₀= 68.35 μg/ml). The results showed that AcE also exhibited a significant inhibition effect on the oxidation of β-carotene/linoleic acid (84.33 %). All extracts increased the HT50 values (Half-Hemolysis Time) in a dose-dependent manner. The three highest concentrations (21.18, 42.37, and 84.74 μg / ml) of ChE caused a very significant delay (p ≤ 0.001) of hemolysis compared to the negative control and the positive control "VIT C". The anti-inflammatory effect of using PMA on mice showed that the methanolic extract (CrE) of AA reduced the weight of the ear edema.

CONCLUSION

This plant has a strong pharmacological power, which supports its traditional medicinal use.

An in vivo evaluation of anti-inflammatory, analgesic and anti-pyretic activities of newly synthesized 1, 2, 4 Triazole derivatives

Background

In recent years, 1, 2, 4-triazole and its derivatives have been reported to be pharmacologically significant scaffolds. They possess analgesic, anti-tubercular, anti-inflammatory, anti-convulsant, anti-oxidant, anti-fungal, anti-cancer, anxiolytic and anti-depressant activity. This study was designed and conducted to evaluate the potential anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic activities of Triazole derivatives.

Methods

Swiss albino (male and female) mice weighing 20-30 g (10-24 weeks female), (5-14 weeks male) and Wister Kyoto rats (male and female) weighing 200-300 g (8-10 weeks old) were used for the present study. Anti-inflammatory activity was checked using Lambda carrageenan (λ) and egg albumin-induced paw edema models. Analgesic via Writhing Reflex induced by acetic acid and formalin, furthermore anti-pyretic activity was assessed by yeast induced pyrexia.

Results

Both of the test compounds exhibited encouraging anti-inflammatory analgesic and antipyretic results when compared with standard drug ibuprofen. The maximum inhibition of edema for the compound (S)-1-(4-Amino-5-mercapto-4H-1,2,4-triazole-3-yl) ethanol [3] was found to be (91)% as compared to reference drug ibuprofen (82)%, while (S)-1-(6-Phenyl-7H-[1,2,4]triazolo[3,4-b][1,3,4]thiadiazin-3-yl)ethanol [5e] showed equipotent results to ibuprofen (81)%. The derivatives were also screened for their anti-nociceptive activity by Acetic acid writhing and tail immersion test. Compound 3 showed a significant reduction in wriths (83)% as compared to standard drug ibuprofen 71.5% and [5] showed comparable results to ibuprofen by exhibiting 70% reduction in writh at the same dose as that of standard drug, moreover, there were no signs of toxicity being observed after administration of high doses of test compounds to mice.

Conclusions

It is evident from the results that compounds 3(compound A) and 5(compound B) are a potential candidate for anti-inflammatory, analgesic and anti-pyretic and the scaffold could be used for further structural modifications. Further studies would help to evaluate their molecular mechanism of action regarding these beneficial activities.

An Overview to the Health Benefits of Seaweeds Consumption

Currently, seaweeds are gaining major attention due to the benefits they give to our health. Recent studies demonstrate the high nutritional value of seaweeds and the powerful properties that seaweeds' bioactive compounds provide. Species of class Phaeophyceae, phylum Rhodophyta and Chlorophyta possess unique compounds with several properties that are potential allies of our health, which make them valuable compounds to be involved in biotechnological applications. In this review, the health benefits given by consumption of seaweeds as whole food or by assumption of bioactive compounds trough natural drugs are highlighted. The use of seaweeds in agriculture is also highlighted, as they assure soils and crops free from chemicals; thus, it is advantageous for our health. The addition of seaweed extracts in food, nutraceutical, pharmaceutical and industrial companies will enhance the production and consumption/usage of seaweed-based products. Therefore, there is the need to implement the research on seaweeds, with the aim to identify more bioactive compounds, which may assure benefits to human and animal health.

In Vitro and In Vivo Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Sulfated Polysaccharides Isolated from the Edible Brown Seaweed, Sargassum fulvellum

In the present study, the in vitro and in vivo anti-inflammatory effects of the sulfated polysaccharides isolated from Sargassum fulvellum (SFPS) were evaluated in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages and zebrafish. The results indicated that SFPS improved the viability of LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages from 80.02 to 86.80, 90.09, and 94.62% at the concentration of 25, 50, and 100 µg/mL, respectively. Also, SFPS remarkably and concentration-dependently decreased the production levels of inflammatory molecules including nitric oxide (NO), tumor necrosis factor-alpha, prostaglandin E2, interleukin-1 beta, and interleukin-6 in LPS-treated RAW 264.7 macrophages. In addition, SFPS significantly inhibited the expression levels of cyclooxygenase-2 and inducible nitric oxide synthase in LPS-treated RAW 264.7 macrophages. Furthermore, the in vivo test results indicated that SFPS improved the survival rate of LPS-treated zebrafish from 53.33 to 56.67, 60.00, and 70.00% at the concentration of 25, 50, and 100 µg/mL, respectively. In addition, SFPS effectively reduced cell death, reactive oxygen species, and NO levels in LPS-stimulated zebrafish. Taken together, these results suggested that SFPS possesses strong in vitro and in vivo anti-inflammatory activities, and could be used as an ingredient to develop anti-inflammatory agents in the functional food and pharmaceutical industries.

Hepatoprotective activity against acetaminophen-induced liver dysfunction and GC-MS profiling of a brown algae Sargassum ilicifolium

Background

Drug-induced hepatotoxicity is one of the most important causes of liver dysfunction. Acetaminophen (paracetamol) an analgesic-antipyretic drug is generally considered safe but its overdose may cause liver toxicity. Marine macro-algae (seaweeds) especially brown seaweeds possess unique biological activities including hepatoprotective potential. The current study focused on the hepatoprotective effect of different solvent fractions of Sargassum ilicifolium and characterization of its n-hexane soluble fraction.

Methods

The ethanol extract (20 g) of S. ilicifolium was mixed with solvents of increasing polarity, starting with n-hexane followed by chloroform and methanol. All three (n-hexane, chloroform and methanol) soluble fractions were administered to the rats at dose of 150 mg/kg, b.w. Intraperitoneal administration of acetaminophen (600 mg/kg b.w.) to rats was used to cause liver injury. The hepatic damage was evaluated by liver markers enzymes; aspartate aminotransferases (AST), alanine aminotransferases (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), bilirubin along with other metabolites i.e., triglycerides, cholesterol, urea, glucose and creatinine. Lipid peroxidation and glutathione and were estimated in liver tissue. n-Hexane fraction was subjected to GC-MS analysis in order to identify potent compounds.

Results

The oral administration of n-hexane and methanol soluble fractions reduced the acetaminophen-augmented liver marker enzymes ALT, AST, ALP, LDH, along with bilirubin, urea, creatinine, glucose and triglycerides. The n-hexane and methanol soluble fractions also improved hepatic antioxidant level via enhancing hepatic glutathione and reversing lipid peroxidation. GC-MS spectroscopy of n-hexane fraction of S. ilicifolium revealed the presence of some new compounds. Among them, fatty acids were found to be in highest concentration followed by halogenated hydrocarbons, benzene derivatives, and sterols. Fatty acid in seaweed may be one of the factors for hepatoprotection from drug-induced hepatotoxicity.

Conclusion

From the results, it is evident that n-hexane and methanol soluble fractions of S. ilicifolium have the ability to protect the liver against toxicity, which is comparable with silymarin used as a standard drug. Sargassum ilicifolium contains bioactive compounds with pharmaceutical importance.

The Effect of Sargassum glaucescens from the Persian Gulf on Neuropathy Pain Induced by Paclitaxel in Mice

Background

Marine seaweeds are a famous type of traditional food containing various kinds of secondary metabolites. These organisms have different biological activities such as antitumor, antiviral, and antioxidant. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of total extract of Sargassum glaucescens on neuropathy pain induced by paclitaxel in mice.

Materials and Methods

S. glaucescens was collected from the Persian Gulf. The seaweed was extracted by maceration with methanol-ethyl acetate (1:1) solvent. The effect of the extract on neuropathy pain induced by paclitaxel was analyzed. All results were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance.

Results

Acute administration of S. glaucescens extract (100 and 200 mg/kg intraperitoneally [i.p.]) 30 min before the test on the 11^th day significantly reduced the duration of paw licking (P < 0.001).

Conclusions

Chronic treatment with S. glaucescens extract (100, 150, and 200 mg/kg i.p.) from the 6^th day until the 10^th day reduced the duration of paw licking. Therefore, S. glaucescens should be considered for further treatment of neuropathy.

Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Potential Applications of Sargassum fulvellum

Sargassum fulvellum is a brown seaweed of the Sargassaceae family which has been demonstrated to exhibit antipyretic, analgesic, antiedema, antimicrobial, antioxidant, antitumor, neuroprotective, anticoagulative, anti-inflammatory, and hepatoprotective activities. It has been widely used as a food additive and as a medicine in oriental medicine to treat lumps, dropsy, swelling, testicular pains, and urinary problems. S. fulvellum has been identified as a potential producer of a wide spectrum of natural compounds such as carotenoids, fucoidans, and phlorotannins, showing different biological activities in various industrial applications including pharmaceutical, nutraceutical, cosmeceutical, and functional food. However, the promising health effects associated with the extracts and compounds isolated from S. fulvellum have not been reviewed to date. The present review thus focuses on the biological activity of S. fulvellum as reported by previous publications, which include antioxidant, anticoagulant, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, immunomodulatory, antidiabetic, and anticancer effects. Thus, this review might serve to increase the utilization of this invaluable natural source as a potential component in pharmaceutical and nutraceutical applications.

Dietary supplementation of Sargassum latifolium modulates thermo-respiratory response, inflammation, and oxidative stress in bacterial endotoxin-challenged male Barki sheep

Endotoxemia is mainly caused by translocation of bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS) into the bloodstream. This in turn enhances systemic inflammation and inappropriate production of reactive oxygen species, leading to oxidative injury of vital internal organs and other dangerous effects that can be life-threatening. Here, we evaluated/compared the modulatory effects of consuming two different doses (2% and 4% of the diet) of brown seaweeds (Sargassum latifolium) for 40 consecutive days on thermo-respiratory response, inflammation, and oxidative stress in Barki male sheep (Ovis aries) challenged twice with bacterial LPS (1.25 μg/kg body weight, injected intravenously on days 28 and 35 of the experimental period). The results showed that the diet containing Sargassum latifolium (especially at 4%) modulated significantly (P < 0.05-0.001) the increase in the thermo-respiratory response (skin and rectal temperatures, and respiration rate) and the obtained systemic inflammation (blood leukocytosis, the elevation in the erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and the increase in serum proinflammatory cytokines and heat shock protein-70 concentrations) in the LPS-challenged sheep. In addition, it improved significantly (P < 0.001, especially at 4%) the total antioxidant capacity of the blood of LPS-challenged sheep by increasing the catalase and superoxide dismutase activities. Moreover, it decreased the blood markers of tissue damage (malondialdehyde concentration and the activities of alanine aminotransferase and lactate dehydrogenase) in the LPS-challenged sheep. In conclusion, the diet containing 4% Sargassum latifolium may have potential impact in protecting the ruminant livestock from the serious effects of endotoxemia through improving the animals' antioxidant defense system and regulating their inflammatory and thermo-respiratory responses.

Antipyretic and hepatoprotective potential of Tinospora crispa and investigation of possible lead compounds through in silico approaches

This research describes an investigation of the antipyretic and hepatoprotective properties of both a crude organic extract and various subfractions of the ethnomedicinal plant Tinospora crispa, using appropriate animal models. In an attempt to identify potential lead hepatoprotective compounds, in silico experiments were utilized. Antipyretic activity was assessed via the Brewer's yeast-induced pyrexia method, while hepatoprotective effects were evaluated in a carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced animal model. A computer-aided prediction of activity spectra for substances (PASS) model was applied to a selection of documented phytoconstituents, with the aim of identifying those compounds with most promising hepatoprotective effects. Results were analyzed using Molinspiration software. Our results showed that both the methanol extract (METC) and various subfractions (pet ether, PEFTC; n-hexane, NHFTC; and chloroform, CFTC) significantly (p < .05) reduced pyrexia in a dose-dependent manner. In CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity studies, METC ameliorated elevated hepatic markers including serum alanine amino transferase (ALT), aspartate amino transferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and total bilirubin. Malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were significantly reduced, while superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels were significantly increased. Among a selection of metabolites of T. crispa, genkwanin was found to be the most potent hepatoprotective constituent using PASS predictive models. These results demonstrate that both the methanolic extract of T. crispa and those fractions containing genkwanin may offer promise in reducing pyrexia and as a source of potential hepatoprotective agents.

Pharmacological and natural products diversity of the brown algae genus Sargassum

Sargassum (F. Sargassaceae) is an important seaweed excessively distributed in tropical and subtropical regions.

In vivo and in vitro pharmacological activities of Tacca integrifolia rhizome and investigation of possible lead compounds against breast cancer through in silico approaches

Background

The study was conducted to evaluate the analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antipyretic properties of ethanolic extract of Tacca integrifolia rhizome (EETI) in mice and cytotoxic effects in brine shrimp nauplii followed by a PASS prediction study for some isolated compounds of T. integrifolia. Additionally, this experiment included the in silico molecular docking and ADME/T property analyses of some phytochemicals.

Methods

Formalin- induced paw licking test and acetic acid-induced writhing test for analgesic activity, carrageenan-induced paw edema test for anti-inflammatory potential and Brewer’s yeast-induced pyrexia test for antipyretic activity were applied. Antinociceptive and antineoplastic activity for breast cancer were revealed with PASS program. Schrodinger suite 2015 was used to evaluate the binding interaction and ADME/T properties of selected phytoconstituents with estrogen receptor alpha.

Results

In formalin-induced paw licking test, EETI at the doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg BW showed highly significant inhibition of writhing in both neurogenic and inflammatory phases. While EETI also exhibited highly significant, compared to control, writhing inhibition for both the doses in acetic acid-induced writhing test. Moderate anti-inflammatory effect at a dose of 400 mg/kg BW was noticed in paw-edema test. It also showed 77.51% of maximum antipyretic effect which was significantly effective compared to standard drug paracetamol (150 mg/kg) in Brewer’s yeast-induced pyrexia test. The EETI showed potential cytotoxic activity with LC50 value of 114.46 μg/mL. The PASS prediction revealed the potential antinociceptive and antineoplastic activity of target compounds. The compounds betulinic acid, quercetin-3-α-arabinoside, catsanogenin were found to be effective in molecular docking study.

Conclusion

It is evident that the EETI possesses highly significant analgesic activity with remarkable anti-inflammatory and antipyretic activity. The phytoconstituents have potential antinociceptive and antineoplastic (breast cancer) activity.

Graphical abstract

Indole‑6‑carboxaldehyde isolated from Sargassum thunbergii inhibits the expression and secretion of matrix metalloproteinase‑9

Sargassum thunbergii is a brown alga from which various bioactive compounds can be extracted. Among these, the activities of indole derivatives, particularly as potential inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), and their underlying mechanisms have been rarely investigated. Therefore, we evaluated the inhibitory effects of indole‑6‑carboxaldehyde (I6CA) on MMP‑9 by gelatin zymography and western blot anlaysis. We used phorbol 12‑myristate 13‑acetate (PMA), which is known to induce MMP‑9 expression and secretion, to stimulate HT1080 cells. Our results revealed that I6CA significantly inhibited MMP‑9 expression and secretion, without significantly affecting the viability of PMA‑stimulated HT1080 cells. Our mechanistic studies indicated that I6CA suppressed the phosphorylation and activation of two mitogen‑activated protein kinases (MAPKs), c‑Jun N‑terminal kinase (JNK) and extracellular signal‑regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK). Furthermore, I6CA inhibited the phosphorylation of inhibitor of κBα (IκBα) in response to PMA stimulation, which suppressed nuclear factor‑κB (NF‑κB) p65 subunit nuclear translocation. Collectively, I6CA was determined to suppress MMP‑9 expression and secretion, and effects were proposed to be mediated via the inhibition of the MAPK and NF‑κB p65 pathways. Therefore, we suggested I6CA to be a potential therapeutic agent for MMP‑9‑related processes, including tumor invasion and metastasis; however, further investigation is required.

In Vitro and In Vivo Antioxidant Activities of Polysaccharides Isolated from Celluclast-Assisted Extract of an Edible Brown Seaweed, Sargassum fulvellum

It has been reported that enzymatic digestion of algae could improve the yield and enhance the biological activity compared to water and organic extraction. Our previous research indicated that Celluclast-assisted extract of Sargassum fulvellum (SF) possessed higher carbohydrate content and stronger antioxidant activity compared to water and other enzyme-assisted extracts. In the present study, we evaluated the antioxidant activities of polysaccharides from SF (SFPS) in vitro in Vero cells and in vivo in zebrafish. SFPS was obtained by Celluclast-assisted hydrolysis and ethanol precipitation. Results showed that SFPS contained 74.55 ± 1.26% sulfated polysaccharides and effectively scavenged 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), hydroxyl, and alkyl radicals. SFPS significantly and dose-dependently scavenged intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and improved cell viability. Further studies indicated that SFPS reduced apoptotic body formation through downregulation of proapoptotic protein (Bax and cleaved caspase-3) levels and upregulation of antiapoptotic protein (Bcl-xL and PARP) levels in 2,2-azobis(2-amidinopropane) hydrochloride (AAPH)-treated Vero cells. In addition, SFPS showed strong protective effect against AAPH-stimulated oxidative stress in vivo in zebrafish, as demonstrated by the improved survival rate, reduced heart rate, and decrease in ROS, cell death, and lipid peroxidation levels. These results suggest that SFPS possesses strong in vitro and in vivo antioxidant activity and can be a potential ingredient in the pharmaceutical and cosmeceutical industries.

Sargassum Seaweed as a Source of Anti-Inflammatory Substances and the Potential Insight of the Tropical Species: A Review

Sargassum is recognized both empirically and scientifically as a potential anti-inflammatory agent. Inflammation is an important response in the body that helps to overcome various challenges to body homeostasis such as microbial infections, tissue stress, and certain injuries. Excessive and uncontrolled inflammatory conditions can affect the pathogenesis of various diseases. This review aims to explore the potential of Sargassum's anti-inflammatory activity, not only in crude extracts but also in sulfated polysaccharides and purified compounds. The tropical region has a promising availability of Sargassum biomass because its climate allows for the optimal growth of seaweed throughout the year. This is important for its commercial utilization as functional ingredients for both food and non-food applications. To the best of our knowledge, studies related to Sargassum's anti-inflammatory activity are still dominated by subtropical species. Studies on tropical Sargassum are mainly focused on the polysaccharides group, though there are some other potentially bioactive compounds such as polyphenols, terpenoids, fucoxanthin, fatty acids and their derivatives, typical polar lipids, and other groups. Information on the modulation mechanism of Sargassum's bioactive compounds on the inflammatory response is also discussed here, but specific mechanisms related to the interaction between bioactive compounds and targets in cells still need to be further studied.

Ishige sinicola extract stimulates osteoblast proliferation and differentiation via the bone morphogenetic protein 2/runt-related gene 2 signalling pathway

Osteoporosis is one of the most common bone diseases, occurring due to an imbalance between bone formation and bone resorption. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of Ishige sinicola, a brown alga, on osteoblast differentiation through the activation of the bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP-2)/runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2) signalling pathway in MC3T3-E1 cells. A cell proliferation assay, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity assay, alizarin red staining, and expression analysis of osteoblastic genes were carried out to assess MC3T3-E1 cell proliferation and osteoblastic differentiation. We found that I. sinicola extract (ISE) increased cell proliferation in a dose-dependent manner. Ishige sinicola extract markedly promoted ALP activity and mineralization. Alizarin red S staining demonstrated that ISE treatment tended to increase extracellular matrix calcium accumulation. Moreover, ISE up-regulated the osteoprotegerin/receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand ratio. Ishige sinicola extract also increased the protein expression levels of type 1 collagen, ALP, osteocalcin, osterix, BMP-2, and Runx2. Therefore, ISE showed potential in stimulating osteoblastic bone formation, and it might be useful for the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis.

Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Marine Algae in Neurodegenerative Diseases

Neuroinflammation is one of the main contributors to the onset and progression of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases. Microglial and astrocyte activation is a brain defense mechanism to counteract harmful pathogens and damaged tissues, while their prolonged activation induces neuroinflammation that can trigger or exacerbate neurodegeneration. Unfortunately, to date there are no pharmacological therapies able to slow down or stop the progression of neurodegeneration. For this reason, research is turning to the identification of natural compounds with protective action against these diseases. Considering the important role of neuroinflammation in the onset and development of neurodegenerative pathologies, natural compounds with anti-inflammatory activity could be good candidates for developing effective therapeutic strategies. Marine organisms represent a huge source of natural compounds, and among them, algae are appreciated sources of important bioactive components such as antioxidants, proteins, vitamins, minerals, soluble dietary fibers, polyunsaturated fatty acids, polysaccharides, sterols, carotenoids, tocopherols, terpenes, phycobilins, phycocolloids, and phycocyanins. Recently, numerous anti-inflammatory compounds have been isolated from marine algae with potential protective efficacy against neuroinflammation. This review highlights the key inflammatory processes involved in neurodegeneration and the potential of specific compounds from marine algae to counteract neuroinflammation in the CNS.

Immunomodulatory Effects of Monascus spp.-Fermented Sacccharina japonica Extracts on the Cytokine Gene Expression of THP-1 Cells

The immunomodulatory effects of Monascus-fermented Saccharina japonica extract on anti- and pro-inflammatory cytokines gene expression of THP-1 cells were evaluated. Extracts of fermented samples showed higher phenolic, flavonoid, protein, and reducing sugar contents than unfermented one. Fermented samples were rich in many bioactive compounds determined by GC-MS analyses and showed cell viability greater than 85% in MTS assay. Regarding the anti-inflammatory and pro-inflammatory activities of the different samples, Q-PCR analyses revealed that IL-10 gene expression in THP-1 cells was significantly higher (p < 0.05) in cells treated with the SjMp or SjMk sample than those treated with the unfermented sample. Cells treated with the SjMp extract or lipopolysaccharide (LPS) showed significantly (p < 0.05) higher relative gene expression of IL-4 cytokine than cells treated with SjMk or SjU extracts. The relative gene expression of IFN-α was higher in cells treated with SjMp followed by LPS, SjMk, and SjU. TGF-β expression was higher in LPS-stimulated cells followed by SjMk and other samples. Cells treated with SjMp exhibited significantly higher pro-inflammatory (IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α, and NF-κB) cytokine gene expression than cells treated with SjU. These results revealed that extracts from S. japonica fermented with Monascus spp. regulate cytokine gene expression. Graphical abstract ᅟ.

Effect of the macroalgae Asparagopsis taxiformis on methane production and rumen microbiome assemblage

BACKGROUND

Recent studies using batch-fermentation suggest that the red macroalgae Asparagopsis taxiformis has the potential to reduce methane (CH4) production from beef cattle by up to ~ 99% when added to Rhodes grass hay; a common feed in the Australian beef industry. These experiments have shown significant reductions in CH4 without compromising other fermentation parameters (i.e. volatile fatty acid production) with A. taxiformis organic matter (OM) inclusion rates of up to 5%. In the study presented here, A. taxiformis was evaluated for its ability to reduce methane production from dairy cattle fed a mixed ration widely utilized in California, the largest milk producing state in the US.

RESULTS

Fermentation in a semi-continuous in-vitro rumen system suggests that A. taxiformis can reduce methane production from enteric fermentation in dairy cattle by 95% when added at a 5% OM inclusion rate without any obvious negative impacts on volatile fatty acid production. High-throughput 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene amplicon sequencing showed that seaweed amendment effects rumen microbiome consistent with the Anna Karenina hypothesis, with increased β-diversity, over time scales of approximately 3 days. The relative abundance of methanogens in the fermentation vessels amended with A. taxiformis decreased significantly compared to control vessels, but this reduction in methanogen abundance was only significant when averaged over the course of the experiment. Alternatively, significant reductions of CH4 in the A. taxiformis amended vessels was measured in the early stages of the experiment. This suggests that A. taxiformis has an immediate effect on the metabolic functionality of rumen methanogens whereas its impact on microbiome assemblage, specifically methanogen abundance, is delayed.

CONCLUSIONS

The methane reducing effect of A. taxiformis during rumen fermentation makes this macroalgae a promising candidate as a biotic methane mitigation strategy for dairy cattle. But its effect in-vivo (i.e. in dairy cattle) remains to be investigated in animal trials. Furthermore, to obtain a holistic understanding of the biochemistry responsible for the significant reduction of methane, gene expression profiles of the rumen microbiome and the host animal are warranted.

A Sargassum fluitans Borgesen Ethanol Extract Exhibits a Hepatoprotective Effect In Vivo in Acute and Chronic Liver Damage Models

One of the leading causes of death worldwide, cirrhosis, is a liver condition characterized by chronic necrosis, inflammation, and fibrosis. Hepatoprotective compounds, such as antioxidants, can prevent fibrosis. Macroalgae (seaweed) contain high amounts of antioxidant compounds and are plentiful; indeed, species such as Sargassum fluitans Borgesen (Phaeophyceae) carpet many beaches in the Caribbean Basin. An in vivo assay was done evaluating the possible hepatoprotective effect of a Sargassum fluitans ethanol extract. Two murine liver damage models were employed: acetaminophen (APAP) in Balb/c mice to induce acute damage; carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) in Wistar rats to induce chronic damage. Serum liver enzyme levels and relative liver weight were measured, and histopathological and immunohistochemical analyses of liver tissue sections were done. Both APAP and CCl4 significantly raised serum enzyme marker enzymes. Administration of 50 mg/kg S. Fluitans ethanol extract reduced this APAP- and CCl4-induced elevation to normal levels. This effect was corroborated by the extract's inhibition of inflammation and fibrosis in liver tissue observed in the histopathological analysis. The analyzed S. fluitans ethanol extract exhibited an in vivo hepatoprotective effect in acute and chronic liver injury models.

Development of a Gulfweed-Based Edible Coating Using High-Pressure Homogenization and Its Application to Smoked Salmon

Gulfweed-based edible materials were developed in forms of food film and coating. Gulfweed suspension was subjected to high-pressure homogenization (HPH) at 103, 138, and 193 MPa with 1, 2, and 3 passes, and mixed with 14, 30, 50, and 70% (w/w gulfweed) glycerol and 1% (w/w gulfweed) polysorbate 20 to produce a film-forming suspension. The particle size of the suspension decreased with increasing pressure from 103 to 193 MPa and pass number from 1 to 3. The HPH-treated gulfweed suspension behaved like a pseudo-plastic non-Newtonian fluid. High pressure and pass number generally decreased the suspension viscosity. Uniformity and compactness of the films increased with increasing pressure. The optimal conditions for forming a film with high stretchability, low water vapor permeability, low and water solubility, as well as for preparing bright-colored coated smoked salmon, were found to be 193 MPa, three passes of HPH, and a glycerol concentration of 70%. Coating smoked salmon with gulfweed suspension enhanced the redness without altering its texture and volatile properties. The method reported in this study may be useful for seaweed-based edible film production, increasing their potential application to various food products like red meats. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Seaweeds have high nutritional and functional values, but they are not commonly used as food materials owing to their appearance and size. Therefore, it is important to develop methods to utilize seaweeds by overcoming appearance and size limitations. A self-standing film/coating using gulfweed was developed in this study, making use of commercially available high-pressure homogenization technology. The method developed herein might enable increased applications of gulfweed and possibly other seaweeds to food products such as films, rolls, or coatings.

Secondary Metabolites and Biological Activity of Invasive Macroalgae of Southern Europe

In this review a brief description of the invasive phenomena associated with algae and its consequences on the ecosystem are presented. Three examples of invasive algae of Southern Europe, belonging to Rodophyta, Chlorophyta, and Phaeophyta, were selected, and a brief description of each genus is presented. A full description of their secondary metabolites and biological activity is given and a summary of the biological activity of extracts is also included. In Asparagopsis we encounter mainly halogenated compounds. From Caulerpa, several terpenoids and alkaloids were isolated, while in Sargassum, meroterpenoids prevail.

Cytotoxicity of Sargassum angustifolium Partitions against Breast and Cervical Cancer Cell Lines

Background

Marine organisms produce a variety of compounds with pharmacological activities including anticancer effects. This study attempt to find cytotoxicity of hexane (HEX), dichloromethane (DCM), and butanol (BUTOH) partitions of Sargassum angustifolium.

Materials and Methods

S. angustifolium was collected from Bushehr, a Southwest coastline of Persian Gulf. The plant was extracted by maceration with methanol-ethyl acetate. The extract was evaporated under vacuum and partitioned by Kupchan method to yield HEX, DCM, and BUTOH partitions. The cytotoxic activity of the extract (150, 450, and 900 μg/ml) was investigated against MCF-7 (breast cancer), HeLa (cervical cancer), and human umbilical vein endothelial cells cell lines by mitochondrial tetrazolium test assay after 72 h.

Results

The cell survivals of HeLa and MCF-7 cell were decreased by increasing the concentration of extracts from 150 μg/ml to 900 μg/ml. The median growth inhibitory concentration value of HEX partition was 71 and 77 μg/ml against HeLa and MCF-7, dichloromethane partition was 36 and 88 μg/ml against HeLa and MCF-7, respectively. BUTOH partition was 25 μg/ml against MCF-7.

Conclusion

This study reveals that different partitions of S. angustifolium have cytotoxic activity against cancer cell lines.

Structural characterization and in vitro fermentation of a novel polysaccharide from Sargassum thunbergii and its impact on gut microbiota

The aim of the present study was to investigate structural characteristic and in vitro fermentation of a novel polysaccharide named ST-P2 from Sargassum thunbergii by human fecal inoculums, and its impact on human colonic microbiota. The results showed that ST-P2 was homogeneous with molecular weight of 48,788 Da, and consisted of arabinose, galactose, glucose, xylose, and mannose. The main linkage types were identified as (1 → 5)-α-L-Araf, (1 → 3)-α-L-Manp, (1 → 3,6)-β-D-Galp, (1 → 6)-α-D-Glcp, and (1 → 3)-β-D-Xylp, respectively. After 48 h fermentation, 67.83 ± 1.15% of total carbohydrate was utilized by colonic microbiota. The pH value in the fecal culture significantly decreased from 6.09 ± 0.11 to 4.70 ± 0.04. The concentrations of total short chain fatty acids, acetic, propionic, n-butyric and n-valeric acids significantly increased compared to the blank. ST-P2 could remarkably modulate the composition and abundance of beneficial microbiota. These results suggest that ST-P2 could potentially be a functional food aimed at promoting the gut health.

The structural features of the sulfated heteropolysaccharide (ST-1) from Sargassum thunbergii and its neuroprotective activities

Polysaccharide (ST) was prepared from Sargassum thunbergii using hot water. Two fractions (ST-1 and ST-2) were prepared using anion exchange chromatography. One desulfated polysaccharide (ST-1-DS) was also prepared. Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) performed on ST-1-DS showed that the desulfated polysaccharides contained methyl glycosides of mono-sulfated and di-sulfated galacto-fucooligosaccharides. This result suggested that ST-1 might contain sulfated galactofucan, which consists of a backbone of alternating (Gal)n and (Fuc)n and sulfated randomly on Gal and mainly on C-2 in Fuc. In addition, ST-1 was degraded in 1M sulfuric acid. The solution was centrifuged, and the supernatant was concentrated and precipitated in ethanol to obtain the precipitate (ST-1-P). ST-1-P was then separated using gel chromatography and anion exchange chromatography to obtain the oligomers. ESI-MS spectra of oligomers indicated that ST-1 mostly contained sulfated glucuronomannan and fucoglucuronan. ESI-MS with collision-induced dissociation tandem mass spectrometry (ESI-CID-MS/MS) suggested that glucuronomannan contained alternating 2-linked Man and 4-linked GlcA, while fucoglucuronan contained 4-linked glucuronan with branched Fuc at C-3. Finally, the neuroprotective activities of ST, ST-1, ST-2 and MIX (a mixture of ST-1 and ST-2) were determined. ST showed the most neuroprotective activity, which indicated that ST might be a good candidate for curing neurodegenerative diseases.

Efficiency of brown seaweed (Sargassum longifolium) polysaccharides encapsulated in nanoemulsion and nanostructured lipid carrier against colon cancer cell lines HCT 116

Bioactive polysaccharides extracted from brown seaweeds have potent antioxidant, antitumor, antibacterial, antiviral, anti-inflammatory activities and nanomedicine applications.

Sargassum yezoense Extract Inhibits Carbohydrate Digestive Enzymes In Vitro and Alleviates Postprandial Hyperglycemia in Diabetic Mice

In this study, we investigated whether Sargassum yezoense extract (SYE) could inhibit α-glucosidase and α-amylase activities, and alleviate postprandial hyperglycemia in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic mice. Freeze-dried S. yezoense was extracted with 80% ethanol and concentrated for use in this study. The hypoglycemic effect was determined by evaluating the inhibitory activities of SYE against α-glucosidase and α-amylase as well as its ability to decrease postprandial blood glucose levels. The half-maximal inhibitory concentrations of SYE against α-glucosidase and α-amylase were 0.078±0.004 and 0.212±0.064 mg/mL, respectively. SYE was a more effective inhibitor of α-glucosidase and α-amylase activities than the positive control, acarbose. The increase in postprandial blood glucose levels was significantly alleviated in the SYE group compared with that in the control group of STZ-induced diabetic mice. Furthermore, the area under the curves significantly decreased with SYE administration in STZ-induced diabetic mice. These results suggest that SYE is a potent inhibitor of α-glucosidase and α-amylase activities and alleviates postprandial hyperglycemia caused by dietary carbohydrates.

Optimization of microwave-assisted extraction of Sargassum thunbergii polysaccharides and its antioxidant and hypoglycemic activities

In the present work, optimization of microwave-assisted extraction of polysaccharides from Sargassum thunbergii was investigated. The physicochemical properties, structural characteristics, and in vitro antioxidant and hypoglycemic activities were determined. The optimal extraction conditions with a yield of 2.84±0.09% for extraction of polysaccharides (STP-1) were extraction time 23min, microwave power 547W, extraction temperature 80°C, and the ratio of raw material to water 1:27g/mL. STP-1 contained 32.7% of total carbohydrate, 1.86% of protein, and 15.2% of sulfates. STP-1 had a major molecular weight of 190.4kDa, and comprised of arabinose, galactose, glucose, xylose, mannose, galacturonic acid, and glucuronic acid with molar percentages of 1.94, 30.7, 4.54, 23.2, 17.6, 8.11, and 13.9%, respectively. In addition, STP-1 showed strong antioxidant and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities, and could improve the glucose uptake in insulin-resistant HepG2 cells, suggesting that STP-1 can be exploited as a promising natural antioxidant and hypoglycemic agent.

A polysaccharide from Sargassum thunbergii inhibits angiogenesis via downregulating MMP-2 activity and VEGF/HIF-1α signaling

A water-soluble polysaccharide (STPC2) was isolated from the boiling-water extract of Sargassum thunbergii, purified by CaCl2 precipitation and chromatography on DEAE-cellulose and Sephacryl S-300 column. It was found that STPC2, with a molecular weight of 57kD, was composed of fucose, xylose, galactose and glucuronic acid, in a ratio of 8.1: 3.8: 2.1: 1.0. Additionally, we found that STPC2 significantly inhibited endothelial cell migration and tube formation without toxicity. Moreover, STPC2 significantly inhibited lung cancer cell A549 migration and proliferation. It was found that STPC2 treatment suppressed MMP-2 gene expression at transcriptional level and enzymatic activity. Furthermore, STPC2 reduced the mRNA and protein expression of vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A) and hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1 alpha in the endothelial cells. Taken together, our findings indicated that STPC2 was a potent bioactive polysaccharide with distinct anti-angiogenesis activity against tumor migration via down-regulation of MMP-2 activity and VEGF/HIF-1α signaling pathway.

In vitro immunomodulatory activity and in vivo anti-inflammatory and analgesic potential with gastroprotective effect of the Mediterranean red alga Laurencia obtusa

CONTEXT

Red algae have been recognized as a rich natural source of compounds possessing interesting biological and pharmacological activities.

OBJECTIVE

This work investigates anti-inflammatory, analgesic and gastroprotective activities of MeOH/CH₂Cl₂ crude extract and its fractions F1 (50% MeOH) and F2 (80% MeOH) from the whole alga plant Laurencia obtusa Hudson (Rhodomelaceae).

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated in vitro using cytometric bead array (CBA) technology to follow up the secretion of tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) in lipopolysaccharide activated THP-1 monocytic cells at doses of 10-250 μg/mL and in vivo using carrageenan-induced paw oedema in Wistar rats at doses of 25, 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg. Crude extract and fractions were tested at the doses of 25, 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg for peripheral and central analgesic activity by acetic acid-induced writhing test and hot-plate method, respectively, in Swiss albino mice. Gastroprotective activity was evaluated using HCl/ethanol-induced gastric ulcer test in rats at doses of 25, 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg.

RESULTS

Crude extract, F1 and F2 showed an interesting inhibition of TNF-α secretion with IC₅₀ values of 25, 52 and 24 μg/mL, respectively, and a significant anti-inflammatory activity in vivo (p <  0.01), 3 h after carrageenan injection, the oedema inhibition was 55.37%, 52.18% and 62.86%, respectively, at the dose of 100 mg/kg. Furthermore, they showed a significant peripheral analgesic activity with 53.79%, 55.92% and 57.37% (p <  0.01) of writhing inhibition, respectively. However, no significant activity was found in the hot-plate test. An interesting gastroprotective effect was observed with crude extract and its fractions F1 and F2 with a gastric ulcer inhibition of 65.48%, 77.42% and 81.29%, respectively, at the dose of 50 mg/kg.

DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION

These results suggest that L. obtusa might be used as a potential source of natural anti-inflammatory and analgesic agents with gastroprotective effect.

In vivo and in vitro inhibitory activity of an ethanolic extract of Sargassum fulvellum and its component grasshopper ketone on atopic dermatitis

The present study investigated the effect of Sargassum fulvellum ethanol extract (SFEE) on 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB)-induced atopic dermatitis (AD)-like skin lesions in BALB/c mice. The severity of skin dermatitis, production of cytokines, and total IgE content were measured, and the histopathological features were analyzed. SFEE decreased the severity of DNCB-induced dermatitis and suppressed the serum levels of total immunoglobulin E (IgE), tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and interleukin (IL)-4. In addition, SFEE reduced the production of IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13 in mice splenocytes. However, the levels of IL-10 and interferon (IFN)-γ significantly increased in mice sera and splenocytes. Histological examination revealed decreased dermal thickness and infiltration by mast cells after treatment with SFEE. Furthermore, grasshopper ketone, a compound isolated from SFEE, was found to significantly decrease cytokine production in concanavalin A-stimulated splenocytes from BALB/c mice with no cytotoxicity. Taken together, these results indicate that SFEE and the isolated grasshopper ketone have an inhibitory effect on AD by regulating immune mediators and cells and may be a potential effective alternative therapy for AD.

Cytotoxic effect of fucoidan extracted from Sargassum cinereum on colon cancer cell line HCT-15

The present study was aimed to investigate the antioxidant and cytotoxicity activity against HCT-15 of fucoidan from Sargassum cinereum. Purification of fucoidan was done by DEAE cellulose and dialysis. Physicochemical characterization of fucoidan was analysed by calorimetric assay, FT-IR, HPLC and NMR. The extracted fucoidan contains 65.753% of fucose and 3.7±1.54% of sulphate respectively. HPLC results showed that the fucoidan contains the monosaccharide composition such as fucose, galactose, mannose and xylose. Antioxidant effect of fucoidan in Sargassum Cinereum was determined by DPPH. The maximum DPPH activity was found at the concentration of 100μg, where as the crude extract showed the scavenging activity was 63.58±0.56%. Cytotoxicity effect was done by MTT assay. Fucoidan extract caused about 50% of cell death after 24h of incubation with 75±0.9037μg/ml against HCT-15.

Effects of low molecular weight sodium alginate on growth performance, immunity, and disease resistance of tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus

Present study was carried out to evaluate the effects of low molecular weight sodium alginate (LMWSA) as potential prebiotic source on growth performance, innate immunity and disease resistance of tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus. Three hundred twenty fish were divided into four treatments and fed following diets 0 (T1- Control), 10 (T2), 20 (T3) and 30 (T4) g kg(-1) LMWSA for period of 60 days. A Completely Randomized Design with four replications was applied. At the end of experiment, fish in each replication were weighed and specific growth rate (SGR) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were calculated. Five randomly selected fish were used for innate immune response measurement. Another ten fish were randomly selected for challenge test against Streptococcus agalactiae for a period of 18 days. The lysozyme, complement, phagocytosis, and respiratory burst activities were detected after 60 days of feeding trial and after challenge test. The results indicated that fish fed diet 10 g kg(-1) LMWSA significantly improved SGR and FCR after 60 days of feeding trial. The lysozyme, phagocytosis, respiratory burst, and complement activities were significantly higher in fish fed LMWSA diets compared to control. Fish fed 10 g kg(-1) LMWSA had greatest values compared to fish fed 20 and 30 g kg(-1) LMWSA. The survival rate of O. niloticus was significantly improved in fish fed LMWSA diets after challenge with S. agalactiae for 18 days. However, no significant difference in survival rate was observed among LMWSA supplemented diets. It is indicated that fish fed 10, 20 and 30 g kg(-1) LMWSA diets can stimulate growth performance, innate immunity and disease resistance in tilapia against S. agalactiae.

Antipyretic, analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of Kickxia ramosissima

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Branched cancerwort, Kickxia ramosissima (Wall.) Janchen (Scrophulariaceae) is traditionally used for the treatment of inflammatory disorders such as rheumatism, diabetes, jaundice and for activation of immune system. Local communities also used this plant for the treatment of spleen enlargement, as febrifuge and in dysmenorrhea. In this investigation antipyretic, analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of K. ramosissima have been evaluated.

METHODS

Dried powder of the whole plant of K. ramosissima was extracted with methanol (KRM) and partitioned with solvents to obtain the n-hexane (KRH), chloroform (KRC), ethyl acetate (KRE), n-butanol (KRB) and the residual aqueous (KRA) fraction. KRM and the derived fractions were analyzed for the phytochemical constituents, yeast induced pyrexia, analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities by using carrageenan and Freunds' complete adjuvant-induced paw edema model in rat. On account of appreciable effects of KRM in the aforesaid models, KRM was subjected to the carrageenan induced air pouch model in rat. The exudate of air pouch was analyzed for the count of neutrophils, monocytes, lymphocytes and WBCs and for the estimation of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin (PGE2).

RESULTS

Phytochemical investigation of KRM indicated the existence of tannins, flavonoids, alkaloids, coumarins, cardiac glycosides, saponins, terpenoids and phlobatannins. Maximum concentration of total phenolic was determined in KRB followed by KRM while reverse was true for total flavonoids contents. KRM (200mg/kg) distinctly decreased the rectal temperature in yeast induced pyrexia comparable to standard, paracetamol. Pain sensation was effectively inhibited at 200mg/kg p.o. of KRM and KRB as manifested by a decrease (P<0.001) in count of writhing induced with acetic acid and increase of latency time in hot plate. Anti-inflammatory effects of KRM were evident and edema formation induced with carrageenan and Freunds' complete adjuvant-induced paw edema in rat was significantly (P<0.001) inhibited. Count of neutrophils, monocytes, lymphocytes, and WBCs along with inflammatory mediators; IL-6, NO, TNF-α and PGE2 was significantly (P<0.001) decreased in subcutaneous air pouch exudate with KRM. HPLC analysis of KRM indicated the presence of gallic acid, caffeic acid, rutin, catechin and myricetin.

CONCLUSION

The results suggested the anti-inflammatory effects of KRM in inflammation related disorders, might be attributed by the presence of active phytoconstituents; flavonoids, saponins and terpenoids.