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He J, Zhou H, Xiong J, Huang Y, Huang N, Jiang J. Association between elevated homocysteine levels and obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome: a systematic review and updated meta-analysis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2024; 15:1378293. [PMID: 38887264 PMCID: PMC11180825 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2024.1378293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective This study aimed to distinguish between healthy controls and patients with OSAHS regarding homocysteine (HCY) levels and investigate how individuals with OSAHS respond to continuous positive airway pressure ventilation (CPAP) in terms of serum and plasma HCY levels. Methods To ascertain published articles about OSAHS, an exhaustive search was performed across medical databases, encompassing PubMed, Web of Science, EMBASE, CNKI, and Cochrane Library, until January 2, 2024. This study reviewed the literature regarding HCY levels in individuals with OSAHS and control groups, HCY levels under pre- and post-CPAP treatment, the Pearson/Spearman correlation coefficients between HCY levels and apnea-hypopnea index (AHI), and the hazard ratio (HR) of HCY levels concerning the occurrence of major adverse cerebrocardiovascular events (MACCEs) in patients with OSAHS. Meta-analyses were performed using weighted mean difference (WMD), correlation coefficients, and HR as effect variables. The statistical analysis was conducted using the R 4.1.2 and STATA 11.0 software packages. Results In total, 33 articles were selected for the final analysis. The OSAHS group exhibited significantly higher serum/plasma HCY levels than the control group (WMD = 4.25 μmol/L, 95% CI: 2.60-5.91, P< 0.001), particularly among individuals with moderate and severe OSAHS. Additionally, subgroup analysis using mean age, ethnicity, mean body mass index, and study design type unveiled significantly elevated levels of HCY in the serum/plasma of the OSAHS group compared to the control group. CPAP treatment can significantly decrease serum/plasma HCY levels in patients with OSAHS. Moreover, elevated HCY levels in individuals with OSAHS could be one of the risk factors for MACCEs (adjusted HR = 1.68, 95% CI = 1.10-2.58, P = 0.017). AHI scores show a positive correlation with serum/plasma HCY levels. Conclusion Patients with OSAHS had elevated serum/plasma HCY levels compared to healthy controls; however, CPAP therapy dramatically decreased HCY levels in patients with OSAHS. In patients with OSAHS, elevated HCY levels were linked with an increased risk of MACCEs, and HCY was positively connected with AHI values. HCY levels may serve as a useful clinical indicator for determining the severity and efficacy of OSAHS treatments. Systematic review registration https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/, identifier CRD42024498806.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie He
- Clinical Medical College of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Haiying Zhou
- Clinical Medical College of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Department of Rehabilitation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Juan Xiong
- Clinical Medical College of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Emergency department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yuanyuan Huang
- Clinical Medical College of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Na Huang
- Clinical Medical College of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jiaqing Jiang
- Clinical Medical College of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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Tang L, Kuang C, Shan D, Shi M, Li J, Qiu L, Yu J. The ethanol extract of Edgeworthia gardneri (Wall.) Meisn attenuates macrophage foam cell formation and atherogenesis in ApoE -/- mice. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:1023438. [PMID: 36505350 PMCID: PMC9729707 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.1023438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death worldwide. The Edgeworthia gardneri (Wall.) Meisn is a Tibetan medicine commonly used to prepare herbal tea to alleviate the local people's metabolic diseases. However, the anti-atherosclerotic effect of ethanol extract of the flower of E. gardneri (Wall.) Meisn (EEEG) and its underlying mechanism remain unknown. Methods EEEG was used to treat low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL)-induced macrophages to detect macrophage foaminess, cholesterol binding and uptake, and lipid transport-related gene expression. eEEG treated ApoE-/- mice fed a high-fat diet for 16 weeks to detect atherosclerotic plaque area, macrophage infiltration, and liver and small intestine lipid transport-related gene expression. Results EEEG inhibited macrophage-derived foam cell formation induced by oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) by reducing CD36-mediated lipoprotein uptake. EEEG significantly alleviated atherosclerosis in ApoE-/- mice fed a high-fat diet for 16 weeks. EEEG treatment significantly decreased atherosclerotic plaque area, macrophage infiltration, and increased collagen content. Moreover, EEEG treatment significantly downregulated mRNA expression of hepatic Srb1 and intestinal Npc1l1 and increased expression of hepatic Cyp7a1. Conclusion Our study highlighted that EEEG played a role in attenuating atherosclerotic plaque formation by reducing macrophage foam cell formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Tang
- Centre for Translational Medicine, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China,Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Vascular Remodeling Diseases, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
| | - Cuifang Kuang
- Centre for Translational Medicine, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China,Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Vascular Remodeling Diseases, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
| | - Dan Shan
- Centre for Translational Medicine, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China,Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Vascular Remodeling Diseases, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China,Department of Cardiovascular Sciences and Centre for Metabolic Disease Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Min Shi
- Centre for Translational Medicine, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China,Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Vascular Remodeling Diseases, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
| | - Jiangsheng Li
- Centre for Translational Medicine, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China,Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Vascular Remodeling Diseases, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
| | - Liang Qiu
- Centre for Translational Medicine, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China,Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Vascular Remodeling Diseases, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China,*Correspondence: Liang Qiu
| | - Jun Yu
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences and Centre for Metabolic Disease Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States,Jun Yu
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Soltani S, Boozari M, Cicero AFG, Jamialahmadi T, Sahebkar A. Effects of phytochemicals on macrophage cholesterol efflux capacity: Impact on atherosclerosis. Phytother Res 2021; 35:2854-2878. [PMID: 33464676 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.6991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
High-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL) is the major promoter of reverse cholesterol transport and efflux of excess cellular cholesterol. The functions of HDL, such as cholesterol efflux, are associated with cardiovascular disease rather than HDL levels. We have reviewed the evidence base on the major classes of phytochemicals, including polyphenols, alkaloids, carotenoids, phytosterols, and fatty acids, and their effects on macrophage cholesterol efflux and its major pathways. Phytochemicals show the potential to improve the efficiency of each of these pathways. The findings are mainly in preclinical studies, and more clinical research is warranted in this area to develop novel clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saba Soltani
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Motahareh Boozari
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Arrigo F G Cicero
- Hypertension and Cardiovascular Risk Factors Research Center, Medical and Surgical Sciences Department, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Tannaz Jamialahmadi
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Quchan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Quchan, Iran.,Department of Nutrition, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Halal Research Center of IRI, FDA, Tehran, Iran.,Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital Research Institute (PMMHRI), Lodz, Poland
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Guo W, Zhang H, Yang A, Ma P, Sun L, Deng M, Mao C, Xiong J, Sun J, Wang N, Ma S, Nie L, Jiang Y. Homocysteine accelerates atherosclerosis by inhibiting scavenger receptor class B member1 via DNMT3b/SP1 pathway. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2020; 138:34-48. [PMID: 31733201 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2019.11.145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Homocysteine (Hcy) is an independent risk factor for atherosclerosis, which is characterized by lipid accumulation in the atherosclerotic plaque. Increasing evidence supports that as the main receptor of high-density lipoprotein, scavenger receptor class B member 1 (SCARB1) is protective against atherosclerosis. However, the underlying mechanism regarding it in Hcy-mediated atherosclerosis remains unclear. Here, we found the remarkable inhibition of SCARB1 expression in atherosclerotic plaque and Hcy-treated foam cells, whereas overexpression of SCARB1 can suppress lipid accumulation in foam cells following Hcy treatment. Analysis of SCARB1 promoter showed that no significant change of methylation level was observed both in vivo and in vitro under Hcy treatment. Moreover, it was found that the negative regulation of DNMT3b on SCARB1 was due to the decreased recruitment of SP1 to SCARB1 promoter. Thus, we concluded that inhibition of SCARB1 expression induced by DNMT3b at least partly accelerated Hcy-mediated atherosclerosis through promoting lipid accumulation in foam cells, which was attributed to the decreased binding of SP1 to SCARB1 promoter. In our point, these findings will provide novel insight into an epigenetic mechanism for atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Guo
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China; Ningxia Key Laboratory of Vascular Injury and Repair Research, Yinchuan, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Metabolic Cardiovascular Diseases Research (NingXia Medical University), Yinchuan, China
| | - Huiping Zhang
- Prenatal Diagnosis Center of Ningxia Medical University General Hospital, Yinchuan, China
| | - Anning Yang
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China; Ningxia Key Laboratory of Vascular Injury and Repair Research, Yinchuan, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Metabolic Cardiovascular Diseases Research (NingXia Medical University), Yinchuan, China
| | - Pengjun Ma
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China; Ningxia Key Laboratory of Vascular Injury and Repair Research, Yinchuan, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Metabolic Cardiovascular Diseases Research (NingXia Medical University), Yinchuan, China
| | - Lei Sun
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China; Ningxia Key Laboratory of Vascular Injury and Repair Research, Yinchuan, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Metabolic Cardiovascular Diseases Research (NingXia Medical University), Yinchuan, China
| | - Mei Deng
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China; Ningxia Key Laboratory of Vascular Injury and Repair Research, Yinchuan, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Metabolic Cardiovascular Diseases Research (NingXia Medical University), Yinchuan, China
| | - Caiyan Mao
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China; Ningxia Key Laboratory of Vascular Injury and Repair Research, Yinchuan, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Metabolic Cardiovascular Diseases Research (NingXia Medical University), Yinchuan, China
| | - Jiantuan Xiong
- College of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Jianmin Sun
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Nan Wang
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China; Ningxia Key Laboratory of Vascular Injury and Repair Research, Yinchuan, China
| | - Shengchao Ma
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China; Ningxia Key Laboratory of Vascular Injury and Repair Research, Yinchuan, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Metabolic Cardiovascular Diseases Research (NingXia Medical University), Yinchuan, China
| | - Lihong Nie
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Yideng Jiang
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China; Ningxia Key Laboratory of Vascular Injury and Repair Research, Yinchuan, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Metabolic Cardiovascular Diseases Research (NingXia Medical University), Yinchuan, China.
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Moutia M, Habti N, Badou A. In Vitro and In Vivo Immunomodulator Activities of Allium sativum L. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2018; 2018:4984659. [PMID: 30008785 PMCID: PMC6020507 DOI: 10.1155/2018/4984659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Allium Sativum L. (garlic), which is a species of the onion family, Alliaceae, is one of the most used plants in traditional medicine worldwide. More than 200 chemicals with diverse properties have been found in garlic extracts. Several garlic compounds were suggested to be efficient in improving various pathologies including certain types of cancer. This paper is an overview of data about garlic biological activities in vitro and/or in vivo on immune cells, on the development of certain inflammatory diseases, and on different types of carcinomas and sarcomas. Garlic and its compounds were found to have notable antioxidant properties. Garlic therapeutic potential has also been studied in several inflammatory diseases such as allergic-airway inflammation, inflammatory bowel disease, arthritic rheumatism, and atherosclerosis. Furthermore, garlic was found to be able to maintain the immune system homeostasis and to exhibit beneficial effects on immune cells especially through regulation of proliferation and cytokine gene expression. Finally, we will show how major garlic components such as sulfur compounds and polyphenols might be responsible for the garlic biological activities revealed in different situations. If identified, specific compounds present in garlic could potentially be used in therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mouna Moutia
- Laboratory of Hematology and Cellular and Genetic Engineering, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hassan II University, Casablanca, Morocco
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Biotechnology, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hassan II University, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Norddine Habti
- Laboratory of Hematology and Cellular and Genetic Engineering, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hassan II University, Casablanca, Morocco
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Biotechnology, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hassan II University, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Abdallah Badou
- Cellular and Molecular Pathology Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hassan II University, 19 Rue Tarik Ibnou Ziad, B.P. 9154 Casablanca, Morocco
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Abstract
Vascular diseases refer to medical conditions that narrow blood vessels. Narrowed cardiac or cerebral arteries can lead to myocardial infarction or ischemic stroke. Risk factors including atherosclerosis, hypertension, and diabetes may induce either cardiovascular or cerebral complications. Based on current research, garlic favorably affects atherosclerosis, hypertension and diabetes, and helps decrease the risk of myocardial infarction and ischemic stroke. Garlic has been utilized for hundreds of years as a natural health remedy. New research is emerging regarding its effectiveness in treating common diseases, including atherosclerosis, hypertension, and diabetes. The underlying mechanisms by which garlic, and its byproducts, can alter pathophysiology have begun to be elucidated by these studies. Garlic is a prominent topic for future research regarding its potential as an adjuvant to conventional pharmacotherapy for these common health conditions. In this mini-review, we discuss the current state of the literature regarding garlic and its effects in patients with vascular disease. Specifically, we decided to briefly discuss the key points regarding the mechanisms underlying garlic's anti-hypertensive, anti-hyperlipidemic, and hypoglycemic effects. This allows the readers to understand each process while keeping the paper concise. These mechanisms can be further explored in the original articles, at the reader's discretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuequan Zhu
- a China-America Institute of Neuroscience, Beijing Luhe Hospital , Capital Medical University , Beijing , China
| | - Raja Anand
- b Department of Neurosurgery , Wayne State University School of Medicine , Detroit , MI , USA
| | - Xiaokun Geng
- a China-America Institute of Neuroscience, Beijing Luhe Hospital , Capital Medical University , Beijing , China.,b Department of Neurosurgery , Wayne State University School of Medicine , Detroit , MI , USA.,c Department of Neurology , Beijing Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University , Beijing , China
| | - Yuchuan Ding
- a China-America Institute of Neuroscience, Beijing Luhe Hospital , Capital Medical University , Beijing , China.,b Department of Neurosurgery , Wayne State University School of Medicine , Detroit , MI , USA
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Dong YQ, Zhang XZ, Sun LL, Zhang SY, Liu B, Liu HY, Wang X, Jiang CT. Omega-3 PUFA ameliorates hyperhomocysteinemia-induced hepatic steatosis in mice by inhibiting hepatic ceramide synthesis. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2017; 38:1601-1610. [PMID: 28933423 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2017.127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy) is a key risk factor in hepatic steatosis. In this study, we applied a metabolomic approach to investigate the changes in the metabolite profile due to HHcy-induced hepatic steatosis and the effects of omega-3 PUFA (polyunsaturated fatty acid) supplementation in mice. HHcy was induced in mice by giving DL-Hcy (1.8 g/L) in drinking water for 6 weeks, then the mice were sacrificed, and the metabolic profiles of the liver and plasma were analyzed through UPLC-ESI-QTOFMS-based lipidomics. Hepatic triglycerides and cholesterol were further assayed. The expression of ceramide metabolism-related genes was measured by quantitative PCR. Compared with control mice, HHcy mice exhibited hepatic steatosis with a notable increase in ceramide-related metabolites and subsequent upregulation of ceramide synthesis genes such as Sptlc3, Degs2, Cer4 and Smpd4. Omega-3 PUFA was simultaneously administered in HHcy mice through chow diet containing 3.3% omega-3 PUFA supplement for 6 weeks, which significantly ameliorated Hcy-induced hepatic steatosis. The decrease in hepatic lipid accumulation was mainly due to reduced hepatic levels of ceramides, which was partly the result of the lower expression of ceramide synthesis genes, Sptlc3 and Degs2. Similar beneficial effects of DHA were observed in Hcy-stimulated primary hepatocytes in vitro. In summary, Hcy-induced ceramide elevation in hepatocytes might contribute to the development of hepatic steatosis. Furthermore, downregulation of ceramide levels through omega-3 PUFA supplementation ameliorates hepatic lipid accumulation. Thus, ceramide is a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of hepatic steatosis.
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Effects of garlic on brachial endothelial function and capacity of plasma to mediate cholesterol efflux in patients with coronary artery disease. Anatol J Cardiol 2017; 18:116-121. [PMID: 28554988 PMCID: PMC5731260 DOI: 10.14744/anatoljcardiol.2017.7669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: This study investigated the effects of garlic on brachial endothelial function and THP-1 macrophage cholesterol efflux (CE) and examined whether garlic modulates ATP-binding cassette (ABC) A1 and ABCG1 mRNA expressions in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) isolated from patients with coronary artery disease (CAD). Methods: In this randomized, placebo-controlled trial, patients with CAD were randomly divided into two groups: those receiving garlic powder or placebo tablets twice daily for 3 months. Brachial flow-mediated dilation (FMD) was assessed using ultrasound. Fasting blood samples were collected before and after period and PBMC and plasma were isolated. Human THP-1 monocytes were differentiated into macrophages, labeled with 3H-cholesterol, and incubated with plasma samples, and CE was assessed. ABCA1 and ABCG1 mRNA expressions were determined in PBMCs. Results: After 3 months, brachial FMD values significantly improved (50.7%) in the garlic group compared with those in the placebo group (p=0.016). High-sensitive C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) levels significantly decreased in the garlic group, but the difference between the two groups was not statistically significant. No significant difference was observed with regard to CE and ABCA1 and ABCG1 mRNA expressions in PBMCs. CE was negatively correlated with hs-CRP levels. Conclusion: Short-term treatment with garlic may improve the endothelial function and may affect hs-CRP levels; however, it could neither significantly improve THP-1 macrophage CE nor affect ABCA1 or ABCG1 expressions in PBMCs.
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Morihara N, Hino A. Aged garlic extract suppresses platelet aggregation by changing the functional property of platelets. J Nat Med 2016; 71:249-256. [PMID: 27766480 DOI: 10.1007/s11418-016-1055-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Aged garlic extract (AGE), a garlic preparation rich in water-soluble cysteinyl moieties, has been reported to have multiple beneficial effects on cardiovascular disease including inhibition of platelet aggregation. However, the mode of AGE action on platelets has not been clear. In this study, we examined the effect of AGE on the functional property of platelet by administering AGE to rats and evaluating the platelet aggregation in response to collagen in vitro. We found that AGE treatment significantly reduced the ability of platelet to aggregate and this effect of AGE was manifested on the 14 day, but not 7 day of treatment. In addition, AGE treatment produced platelets that responded to collagen by significantly increasing the amount of both the extracellular ATP and the extra- and intracellular TXB2. AGE treatment also dose-dependently suppressed the phosphorylation of collagen-induced ERK, p38 and JNK. However, AGE administration did not affect the bleeding time. These findings suggest that AGE treatment results in suppression of platelet aggregation by changing the functional property of platelets to respond to collagen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoaki Morihara
- Drug Discovery Laboratory, Wakunaga Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., 1624 Shimokotachi, Kodacho, Akitakata, Hiroshima, 739-1195, Japan.
| | - Atsuko Hino
- Healthcare Research and Development Division, Wakunaga Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., 1624 Shimokotachi, Kodacho, Akitakata, Hiroshima, 739-1195, Japan
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Moutia M, Seghrouchni F, Abouelazz O, Elouaddari A, Al Jahid A, Elhou A, Nadifi S, Jamal Eddine J, Habti N, Badou A. Allium sativum L. regulates in vitro IL-17 gene expression in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Altern Ther Health Med 2016; 16:377. [PMID: 27681382 PMCID: PMC5041567 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-016-1365-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 09/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Background Allium sativum L. (A.S.) “garlic”, one of the most interesting medicinal plants, has been suggested to contain compounds that could be beneficial in numerous pathological situations including cancer. In this work, we aimed to assess the immunomodulatory effect of A.S. preparation on human peripheral blood mononuclear cells from healthy individuals. Methods Nontoxic doses of A.S. were identified using MTT assay. Effects on CD4+ or CD8+ T lymphocyte proliferation were studied using flow cytometry. The effect of A.S. on cytokine gene expression was studied using qRT-PCR. Finally, qualitative analysis of A.S. was performed by HPLC approach. Data were analyzed statistically by one-way ANOVA test. Results The nontoxic doses of A.S. preparation did not affect neither spontaneous nor TCR-mediated CD4+ or CD8+ T lymphocyte proliferation. Interestingly, A.S. exhibited a statistically significant regulation of IL-17 gene expression, a cytokine involved in several inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. In contrast, the expression of IL-4, an anti-inflammatory cytokine, was unaffected. Qualitative analysis of A.S. ethanol preparation indicated the presence of three polyphenol bioactive compounds, which are catechin, vanillic acid and ferulic acid. Conclusion The specific inhibition of the pro-inflammatory cytokine, IL-17 without affecting cell proliferation in human PBMCs by the Allium sativum L. preparation suggests a potential valuable effect of the compounds present in this plant for the treatment of inflammatory diseases and cancer, where IL-17 is highly expressed. The individual contribution of these three compounds to this global effect will be assessed. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12906-016-1365-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Yao L, Wang C, Zhang X, Peng L, Liu W, Zhang X, Liu Y, He J, Jiang C, Ai D, Zhu Y. Hyperhomocysteinemia activates the aryl hydrocarbon receptor/CD36 pathway to promote hepatic steatosis in mice. Hepatology 2016; 64:92-105. [PMID: 26928949 DOI: 10.1002/hep.28518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 02/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy) is associated with liver diseases such as fatty liver and hepatic fibrosis; however, the underlying mechanism is still largely unknown. The current study aimed to explore the signaling pathway involved in HHcy-induced hepatic steatosis (HS). C57BL/6 mice were fed a high-methionine diet (HMD) for 4 and 8 weeks to establish the HHcy mouse model. Compared to a chow diet, the HMD induced hepatic steatosis and elevated hepatic expression of CD36, a fatty acid transport protein. The increased CD36 expression was associated with activation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR). In primary cultured hepatocytes, high levels of homocysteine (Hcy) treatment up-regulated CD36 and increased subsequent lipid uptake; both were significantly attenuated by small interfering RNA (siRNA) knockdown of CD36 and AHR. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assay revealed that Hcy promoted binding of AHR to the CD36 promoter, and transient transfection assay demonstrated markedly increased activity of the AHR response element by Hcy, which was ligand dependent. Mass spectrometry revealed significantly increased hepatic content of lipoxin A4 (LXA4 ), a metabolite of arachidonic acid, in HMD-fed mice. Furthermore, overexpression of 15-oxoprostaglandin 13-reductase 1, a LXA4 inactivation enzyme, inhibited Hcy-induced AHR activation, lipid uptake, and lipid accumulation. Moreover, LXA4 -induced up-regulation of CD36 and lipid uptake was inhibited by AHR siRNA in vitro in hepatocytes. Finally, treatment with an AHR antagonist reversed HHcy-induced lipid accumulation by inhibiting the AHR-CD36 pathway in mice. CONCLUSION HHcy activates the AHR-CD36 pathway by increasing hepatic LXA4 content, which results in hepatic steatosis. (Hepatology 2016;64:92-105).
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu Yao
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Tianjin for Medical Epigenetics and Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Chunjiong Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Tianjin for Medical Epigenetics and Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Tianjin for Medical Epigenetics and Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Liyuan Peng
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Tianjin for Medical Epigenetics and Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Wenli Liu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Tianjin for Medical Epigenetics and Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xuejiao Zhang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Tianjin for Medical Epigenetics and Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yajin Liu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Tianjin for Medical Epigenetics and Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Jinlong He
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Tianjin for Medical Epigenetics and Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Changtao Jiang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Ding Ai
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Tianjin for Medical Epigenetics and Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yi Zhu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Tianjin for Medical Epigenetics and Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
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Inhibition of α-Glucosidase by Thiosulfinate as a Target for Glucose Modulation in Diabetic Rats. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2016; 2016:7687915. [PMID: 27051452 PMCID: PMC4804084 DOI: 10.1155/2016/7687915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2015] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Postprandial hyperglycemia is a predisposing factor for vascular dysfunction and organ damage. α-glucosidase is a hydrolytic enzyme that increases the glucose absorption rate and subsequently elevates blood glucose levels. Garlic (Allium sativum L.) is a rich source of several phytonutrients, including thiosulfinate (THIO). The aim of this study was to evaluate the ability of THIO, a potent inhibitor of intestinal α-glucosidase, to reduce postprandial blood glucose. Male albino rats were randomly assigned to five different groups (n = 10/group). Group 1 served as the control group. Groups 2–5 were injected intraperitoneally with a single dose of streptozotocin (STZ) to induce diabetes. Group 2 comprised untreated diabetic rats. Groups 3 and 4 contained diabetic rats that were given THIO orally (20 mg/kg body weight/day and 40 mg/kg body weight/day, resp.). Group 5 was the positive control having diabetic rats treated orally with acarbose (10 mg/kg body weight/day; positive control). Diabetic rats treated with THIO displayed a significant blood glucose reduction (p < 0.001 and < 0.01 by analysis of variance, resp.) and a significant elevation in insulin compared with that of untreated rats. THIO is an effective noncompetitive intestinal α-glucosidase inhibitor that promotes hypoglycemic action (p < 0.001) in STZ-injected rats. THIO is a promising agent for the management of postprandial hyperglycemia.
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Bradley JM, Organ CL, Lefer DJ. Garlic-Derived Organic Polysulfides and Myocardial Protection. J Nutr 2016; 146:403S-409S. [PMID: 26764335 PMCID: PMC4725427 DOI: 10.3945/jn.114.208066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Revised: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
For centuries, garlic has been shown to exert substantial medicinal effects and is considered to be one of the best disease-preventative foods. Diet is important in the maintenance of health and prevention of many diseases including cardiovascular disease (CVD). Preclinical and clinical evidence has shown that garlic reduces risks associated with CVD by lowering cholesterol, inhibiting platelet aggregation, and lowering blood pressure. In recent years, emerging evidence has shown that hydrogen sulfide (H2S) has cardioprotective and cytoprotective properties. The active metabolite in garlic, allicin, is readily degraded into organic diallyl polysulfides that are potent H2S donors in the presence of thiols. Preclinical studies have shown that enhancement of endogenous H2S has an impact on vascular reactivity. In CVD models, the administration of H2S prevents myocardial injury and dysfunction. It is hypothesized that these beneficial effects of garlic may be mediated by H2S-dependent mechanisms. This review evaluates the current knowledge concerning the cardioprotective effects of garlic-derived diallyl polysulfides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica M Bradley
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics and Cardiovascular Center of Excellence, LSU Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA
| | - Chelsea L Organ
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics and Cardiovascular Center of Excellence, LSU Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA
| | - David J Lefer
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics and Cardiovascular Center of Excellence, LSU Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA
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14
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Immunomodulation and anti-inflammatory effects of garlic compounds. J Immunol Res 2015; 2015:401630. [PMID: 25961060 PMCID: PMC4417560 DOI: 10.1155/2015/401630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Revised: 01/24/2015] [Accepted: 01/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The benefits of garlic to health have been proclaimed for centuries; however, only recently have Allium sativum and its derivatives been proposed as promising candidates for maintaining the homeostasis of the immune system. The complex biochemistry of garlic makes it possible for variations in processing to yield different preparations with differences in final composition and compound proportion. In this review, we assess the most recent experimental results, which indicate that garlic appears to enhance the functioning of the immune system by stimulating certain cell types, such as macrophages, lymphocytes, natural killer (NK) cells, dendritic cells, and eosinophils, by mechanisms including modulation of cytokine secretion, immunoglobulin production, phagocytosis, and macrophage activation. Finally, because immune dysfunction plays an important role in the development and progress of several diseases, we critically examined immunoregulation by garlic extracts and compounds isolated, which can contribute to the treatment and prevention of pathologies such as obesity, metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular disorders, gastric ulcer, and even cancer. We concluded that A. sativum modulates cytokine secretion and that such modulation may provide a mechanism of action for many of their therapeutic effects.
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Mahdavi-Roshan M, Zahedmehr A, Mohammad-Zadeh A, Sanati HR, Shakerian F, Firouzi A, Kiani R, Nasrollahzadeh J. Effect of garlic powder tablet on carotid intima-media thickness in patients with coronary artery disease: a preliminary randomized controlled trial. Nutr Health 2015; 22:143-55. [PMID: 25573347 DOI: 10.1177/0260106014563446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES This study was designed to investigate whether garlic powder tablets in adjunct to conventional medical treatment could have an effect on carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) and plasma lipoproteins and lipids in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD). SUBJECTS/METHODS A randomized, placebo-controlled, clinical trial was conducted on 56 patients with CAD between the ages of 25 and 75 years. The patients were randomly divided into two groups: garlic group (n = 27), receiving garlic powder tablet (1200 µg allicin/tab) twice daily and the placebo group (n = 29), receiving placebo for 3 months. The rate of atherosclerosis progression was measured by B-mode ultrasonography as the increase in CIMT. RESULTS After 3 months of taking garlic tablets, CIMT values had minor variations (0.009 ± 0.007 mm reduction from baseline), while in the placebo group, an increase in CIMT values was observed (0.04 ± 0.01 mm increase from baseline). After 3 months of treatment, mean CIMT difference from baseline was significantly differ between the two groups (p < 0.001). Plasma lipids and lipoproteins (total cholesterol, triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, Apolipoprotein A1 and Apolipoprotein B) did not differ between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that dry garlic powder tablet is superior to placebo in prevention of CIMT progression in patients with CAD and may be considered as an adjunct treatment for atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjan Mahdavi-Roshan
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Zahedmehr
- Cardiovascular Intervention Research Center, Rajaie Cardiovascular Medical and Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Mohammad-Zadeh
- Rajaie Cardiovascular Medical and Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamid-Reza Sanati
- Cardiovascular Intervention Research Center, Rajaie Cardiovascular Medical and Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farshad Shakerian
- Cardiovascular Intervention Research Center, Rajaie Cardiovascular Medical and Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ata Firouzi
- Cardiovascular Intervention Research Center, Rajaie Cardiovascular Medical and Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Kiani
- Cardiovascular Intervention Research Center, Rajaie Cardiovascular Medical and Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Javad Nasrollahzadeh
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Yun YR, Kim HJ, Song YO. Kimchi methanol extract and the kimchi active compound, 3'-(4'-hydroxyl-3',5'-dimethoxyphenyl)propionic acid, downregulate CD36 in THP-1 macrophages stimulated by oxLDL. J Med Food 2014; 17:886-93. [PMID: 25010893 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2013.2943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophage foam cell formation by oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL) is a key step in the progression of atherosclerosis, which is involved in cholesterol influx and efflux in macrophages mediated by related proteins such as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ), CD36, PPARα, liver-X receptor α (LXRα), and ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1). The aim of this study was to investigate the beneficial effects of kimchi methanol extract (KME) and a kimchi active compound, 3-(4'-hydroxyl-3',5'-dimethoxyphenyl)propionic acid (HDMPPA) on cholesterol flux in THP-1-derived macrophages treated with oxLDL. The effects of KME and HDMPPA on cell viability and lipid peroxidation were determined. Furthermore, the protein expression of PPARγ, CD36, PPARα, LXRα, and ABCA1 was examined. OxLDL strongly induced cell death and lipid peroxidation in THP-1-derived macrophages. However, KME and HDMPPA significantly improved cell viability and inhibited lipid peroxidation induced by oxLDL in THP-1-derived macrophages (P<.05). Moreover, KME and HDMPPA suppressed CD36 and PPARγ expressions, both of which participate in cholesterol influx. In contrast, KME and HDMPPA augmented LXRα, PPARα, and ABCA1 expression, which are associated with cholesterol efflux. Consequently, KME and HDMPPA suppressed lipid accumulation. These results indicate that KME and HDMPPA may inhibit lipid accumulation, in part, by regulating cholesterol influx- and efflux-related proteins. These findings will thus be useful for future prevention strategies against atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye-Rang Yun
- 1 Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Kimchi Research Institute, Pusan National University , Busan, Korea
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Khatua TN, Adela R, Banerjee SK. Garlic and cardioprotection: insights into the molecular mechanisms. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2013; 91:448-58. [PMID: 23746107 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2012-0315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Garlic is widely recognized for its immense therapeutic potential. Garlic has been shown to exert its beneficial effects against a wide spectrum of diseases, including cancer, diabetes, and microbial infections, as well as immunological and cardiovascular disorders. Most of the research on garlic has indicated that garlic and its active compounds are effective in reducing cardiovascular and metabolic risk by normalizing abnormal plasma lipids, oxidized low density lipoproteins, abnormal platelet aggregation, high blood pressure, and cardiac injury. Some of the beneficial effects of dietary garlic against cardiovascular disorders are mediated via the generation of hydrogen sulfide and nitric oxide in cardiomyocytes and endothelial cells. Garlic has the potential to protect the heart against myocardial infarction, doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity, arrhythmia, hypertrophy, and ischemia-reperfusion injury. The induction of cardiac endogenous antioxidants and the reduction of lipid peroxidation by garlic has been reported by several different groups. Other mechanisms, such as regulating ion channels, modulating Akt signaling pathways, histone deacetylase inhibition, and cytochrome P450 inhibition, could be responsible for the cardioprotective effect of garlic. Although several mechanisms have been identified for the cardioprotective effect of garlic, there is a need for further research to identify the specific molecular mechanism of cardioprotection in different cardiac diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarak Nath Khatua
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology, Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (IICT), Hyderabad, India
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Shiju TM, Rajesh NG, Viswanathan P. Renoprotective effect of aged garlic extract in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Indian J Pharmacol 2013; 45:18-23. [PMID: 23543654 PMCID: PMC3608288 DOI: 10.4103/0253-7613.106429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2012] [Revised: 09/28/2012] [Accepted: 10/29/2012] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Aged garlic extract (AGE) has been proven to exhibit antioxidant, hypolipidemic, hypoglycemic and antidiabetic properties. However, its effect on diabetic nephropathy was unexplored. Therefore, the present study was designed to investigate the renoprotective effect of AGE in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS Albino Wistar rats were induced with diabetes by a single intraperitoneal injection of 45 mg/kg b.w. of streptozotocin. Commercially available AGE was supplemented orally at a dose of 500 mg/kg body weight/day. Aminoguanidine, which has been proven to be an anti-glycation agent was used as positive control and was supplemented at a dose of 1 g/L in drinking water. The serum and urinary biochemical parameters were analyzed in all the groups and at the end of 12 weeks follow up, the renal histological examination were performed using H & E and PAS staining. RESULTS The diabetic rats showed a significant change in the urine (P < 0.001) and serum (P < 0.01) constituents such as albumin, creatinine, urea nitrogen and glycated hemoglobin. In addition, the serum lipid profile of the diabetic rats were altered significantly (P < 0.05) compared to that of the control rats. However, the diabetic rats supplemented with aged garlic extract restored all these biochemical changes. The efficacy of the extract was substantiated by the histopathological changes in the kidney. CONCLUSION From our results, we conclude that aged garlic extract has the ability to ameliorate kidney damage in diabetic rats and the renoprotective effect of AGE may be attributed to its anti-glycation and hypolipidemic activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- T. M. Shiju
- Renal Research Lab, Biomedical Research Center, School of Bio Sciences and Technology, VIT University, Vellore - 632 014, India
| | - N. G. Rajesh
- Department of Pathology, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research (JIPMER), Dhanvantri Nagar, Puducherry-605 006, India
| | - Pragasam Viswanathan
- Renal Research Lab, Biomedical Research Center, School of Bio Sciences and Technology, VIT University, Vellore - 632 014, India
- Correspondence to: Dr. Pragasam Viswanathan, E-mail:
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Seo DY, Lee SR, Kim HK, Baek YH, Kwak YS, Ko TH, Kim N, Rhee BD, Ko KS, Park BJ, Han J. Independent beneficial effects of aged garlic extract intake with regular exercise on cardiovascular risk in postmenopausal women. Nutr Res Pract 2012; 6:226-31. [PMID: 22808347 PMCID: PMC3395788 DOI: 10.4162/nrp.2012.6.3.226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2012] [Revised: 05/07/2012] [Accepted: 05/12/2012] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of the study was to assess the effects of a 12 weeks aged garlic extract (AGE) regimen with regular exercise on cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk in postmenopausal women. A total of 30 postmenopausal women (54.4 ± 5.4 years) were randomly divided into the following four groups: Placebo (Placebo; n = 6), AGE intake (AGEI; n = 8), exercise and placebo (Ex + Placebo; n = 8), exercise and AGE (Ex + AGE; n = 8) groups. The AGE group consume 80 mg per day, and exercise groups performed moderate exercise (aerobic and resistance) three times per week. After 12 weeks of treatment, body composition, lipid profile, and CVD risk factors were analyzed. Body weight was significantly decreased in AGEI, Ex + Placebo, and Ex + AGE groups compared to baseline. Body fat % was significantly decreased in the AGEI and Ex + Placebo groups. Body mass index (BMI) was significantly decreased in the AGEI, Ex + Placebo, and Ex + AGE groups. Fat-free mass was significantly decreased in the AGEI group. Total cholesterol (TC) was significantly lower in the Ex + Placebo compared to the Placebo group. AGE supplementation or exercise effectively reduced low-density lipoprotein (LDL-C). Triglyceride (TG) was significantly increased in the AGEI group. Malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were significantly decreased in the AGEI, Ex + Placebo, and Ex + AGE compared to the placebo group. AGE supplementation reduced homocysteine levels regardless of whether the women also exercised. The present results suggest that AGE supplementation reduces cardiovascular risk factors independently of exercise in postmenopausal women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dae Yun Seo
- National Research Laboratory for Mitochondrial Signaling, Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Center, Inje University, 633-165, Gaegeum-dong, Busanjin-gu, Busan 614-735, Korea
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Slevin M, Ahmed N, Wang Q, McDowell G, Badimon L. Unique vascular protective properties of natural products: supplements or future main-line drugs with significant anti-atherosclerotic potential? Vasc Cell 2012; 4:9. [PMID: 22546170 PMCID: PMC3508621 DOI: 10.1186/2045-824x-4-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2012] [Accepted: 04/30/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural health products (NHP) which include minerals, vitamins and herbal remedies are not generally considered by medical practitioners as conventional medicines and as such are not frequently prescribed by health centre's as either main-line or supplemental treatments. In the field of cardiovascular medicine, studies have shown that typically, less than half of patients suffering from coronary syndromes chose to take any form of NHP supplement and these products are rarely recommended by their medical practitioner. Vascular/endothelial cell damage is a key instigator of coronary arterial plaque development which often culminates in thrombosis and myocardial infarction (MI). Current treatment for patients known to be at risk of primary or secondary (MI) includes lipid lowering statins, anti-clotting agents (e.g. tissue plasminogen activator; tPA) and drugs for stabilization of blood pressure such as beta-blockers. However, evidence has been building which suggests that components of at least several NHP (e.g. aged garlic extract (AGExt), resveratrol and green tea extracts (GTE)) may have significant vascular protective effects through reduction of oxidative stress, lowering of blood pressure, reduction in platelet aggregation, vasodilation and inhibition of abnormal angiogenesis. Therefore, in this review we will discuss in detail the potential of these substances (chosen on the basis of their potency and complimentarity) as anti-atherosclerotic agents and the justification for their consideration as main-line additional supplements or prescriptions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Slevin
- Centro de Investigación Cardiovascular CSIC-ICCC Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Pavelló del Convent Sant Antoni Maria Claret, 167 08025, Barcelona, Spain
- School of Healthcare Science, John Dalton Building, Manchester Metropolitan University, Chester Street, Manchester, M1 5GD, UK
| | - Nessar Ahmed
- School of Healthcare Science, John Dalton Building, Manchester Metropolitan University, Chester Street, Manchester, M1 5GD, UK
| | - Qiuyu Wang
- School of Healthcare Science, John Dalton Building, Manchester Metropolitan University, Chester Street, Manchester, M1 5GD, UK
| | - Garry McDowell
- Faculty of Health, Edge Hill University, Ormskirk, L39 4QP, UK
| | - Lina Badimon
- Centro de Investigación Cardiovascular CSIC-ICCC Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Pavelló del Convent Sant Antoni Maria Claret, 167 08025, Barcelona, Spain
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