1
|
He W, Yang H, Pu Q, Li Y. Novel control strategies for the endocrine-disrupting effect of PAEs to pregnant women in traffic system. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 851:158269. [PMID: 36029816 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Traffic-related air pollution has become a global issue, and scientific regulation measures are urgently needed to reduce traffic pollution. Phthalates (PAEs) have been widely detected in the traffic environment; thus, they were chosen as target pollutants because of their endocrine-disrupting effects. The pathways of action and mechanisms of PAEs' endocrine-disrupting effects in pregnant women through inhalation were deduced. A novel whole-process 1C + 3D + 5R regulation system was developed to control the endocrine-disrupting effect of PAEs on pregnant women based on the cleaning production concept. (1) For source reduction, the 2D-QSAR model of endocrine-disrupting effects of PAEs in pregnant women was constructed to screen out the key influencing factors as hydrogen bond interaction and hydrophobic interaction. Based on this, a designed PAE substitute molecule with low volatility and endocrine-disrupting effects and no developmental toxicity was screened. The substitute molecule could reduce the volatilization amount of PAEs at the source by 41.76 %; (2) For process interception, selecting C-band UV light to eliminate PAEs molecules in the traffic environment can slow down 19.99 % of the endocrine-disrupting effect of PAEs molecules. The homology modeling method was used to design four kinds of green belt plant proteins with high PAEs absorption efficiency to absorb PAEs molecules in the traffic environment. Compared with the original green belt plant proteins, the absorption amount of PAEs increased by up to 96.08 %, and (3) For terminal prevention, dietary food schemes were designed to regulate PAEs' endocrine-disrupting effect on pregnant women. The optimal dietary food scheme was the simultaneous intake of glutamate, catechin and folic acid, which could reduce the adverse effect of PAEs on maternal and infants by 32.51 %. This study presents theoretical support for regulating PAE exposure to specific populations in the traffic environment and treating other pollutants in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei He
- MOE Key Laboratory of Resources Environmental Systems Optimization, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Hao Yang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Resources Environmental Systems Optimization, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Qikun Pu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Resources Environmental Systems Optimization, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Yu Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Resources Environmental Systems Optimization, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Impact of mold growth on di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate emission from moist wallpaper. Heliyon 2022; 8:e10404. [PMID: 36119884 PMCID: PMC9479013 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e10404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Flood damage can increase indoor concentrations of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) and molds in households with wallpaper. Wallpaper water content can affect its DEHP emission into indoor environments; however, the influence of mold growth on this DEHP emission remains unclear. Here, we evaluated whether mold growth affects DEHP emission from moist wallpaper (moist WP). Experiments were conducted in glass chambers with wallpaper containing 12.7% (w/w) DEHP and a dust tray sample system at approximately 28 °C and 100% relative humidity (RH). The experimental groups were (1) moist WP, (2) moist WP + Aspergillus versicolor (AV), (3) moist WP + Cladosporium cladosporioides, (4) moist WP + Penicillium chrysogenum, and (5) moist WP + mold mixture. Mold growth on the wallpaper and DEHP emission into air and onto dust were analyzed at nine time-points over 30 days. Initially, the moist WP group emitted relatively high concentrations of DEHP into air, but after at least 8 days, the concentration of DEHP emitted by the mold-added groups exceeded that of the moist WP group. DEHP emission onto dust, especially from the moist WP group, increased considerably at day 15. During the experimental period, the moist WP (13.63 ± 4.67 μg) and moist WP + AV (13.93 ± 0.49 μg) groups emitted higher cumulative amounts of DEHP onto dust. During the 30-day experimental period, obvious mold growth occurred over days 15–30. Moreover, the moist WP group exhibited relatively higher and lower cumulative DEHP emission into air than the mold-added groups during days 2–10 (2.71 vs. 1.94–2.94 μg) and 15–30 (1.16 vs. 1.61–2.12), respectively; a contrasting trend was observed for cumulative DEHP emission onto dust. In conclusion, mold growth affects DEHP emission from water-damaged wallpaper, and the removal or cleaning of wet wallpaper, particularly those with visible mold growth, is critical from a public health perspective.
Collapse
|
3
|
Fuchte HE, Beck N, Bieg E, Bayer VJ, Achten C, Krauss M, Schäffer A, Smith KEC. A look down the drain: Identification of dissolved and particle bound organic pollutants in urban runoff waters and sediments. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 302:119047. [PMID: 35227846 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Urban runoff contains a range of organic micropollutants which, if not removed during wastewater treatment, pose a risk to aquatic environments. These mixtures are complex and often site-specific. Street drains provide an ideal sampling point given they collect the runoff from local and defined catchments. In this study, runoff was collected and sampled in five street drains located in a medium sized town in Germany. A specially constructed trap was used to collect the particulate and total water fractions of the runoff. In addition, passive samplers were deployed to determine the freely dissolved concentrations of selected compounds in the runoff. In sum, 187 polar organic micropollutants could be quantified using LC-HRMS. Thirty of these could only be detected by the use of passive samplers. Traffic derived pollutants such as corrosion inhibitors, rubber- and plastic additives, but also pollutants of industrial origin were strongly represented with sum median concentrations of 100 μg/kg dry weight (DW) in the sediment and 400 ng/L in the water fraction. Several of these substances are of concern due to their environmental persistence and mobility. Perfluorinated compounds and pesticides occurred at lower levels of several μg/kg DW sediment or ng/L water. A number of substances including pharmaceuticals, sweeteners and stimulants indicated domestic wastewater influences. Furthermore, a total of 62 parent and alkylated PAHs were quantified by GC-MS and contributed 30-70% to the sum concentrations of the micropollutants. Non-EPA PAHs dominated the carcinogenic PAH toxicity. The increased PAH alkylation indices (0.7-0.9) showed these primarily came from combustion sources. The runoff particles were additionally microscopically characterized, and correlations were found between the rubber particle counts and the PAH alkylation-index as well as the levels of 2-(methylthio)benzothiazole, a marker compound for tire leaching.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hanna E Fuchte
- Institute for Environmental Research, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany.
| | - Natascha Beck
- Institute for Environmental Research, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Evelyn Bieg
- Umwelt-Mikroskopie Evelyn Bieg, Greppstraße 64, 52159, Roetgen, Germany
| | - Viviane J Bayer
- Institute of Geology and Palaeontology - Applied Geology, University of Münster, Corrensstraße 24, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Christine Achten
- Institute of Geology and Palaeontology - Applied Geology, University of Münster, Corrensstraße 24, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Martin Krauss
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Permoserstraße 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Andreas Schäffer
- Institute for Environmental Research, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany; State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing, 210093, PR China
| | - Kilian E C Smith
- Department of Water, Environment, Construction and Safety, University of Applied Sciences Magdeburg-Stendal, 39114, Magdeburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Palacios-Arreola MI, De Vizcaya-Ruiz A, Morales-Montor J, Amador-Muñoz O. Toxicokinetic assessment of inhalatory absorption of Diisobutyl phthalate (DiBP) using a novel thermal desorption-GC-MS method to determine phthalate diesters in blood plasma. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2022; 90:103813. [PMID: 35033683 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2022.103813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Phthalates are endocrine disrupting compounds that have been found in outdoor and indoor air. However, little is known about their inhalatory absorption. Although measurement of urinary metabolites is the current standard, complex and convergent metabolism of phthalates poses the necessity for alternative methodologies such as the quantitation of parental compounds in plasma. We determined the inhalatory absorption of Diisobutyl phthalate (DiBP) using a novel method based on a thermal desorption probe (TSP)-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry developed for the detection and quantitation of nine phthalate diesters in blood plasma, which fulfilled the acceptance criteria suggested by FDA guidelines regarding specificity, matrix effect, recovery, linearity, sensitivity, accuracy, and precision. After inhalation, plasma concentration of DiBP exhibited two peaks, suggesting a first, rapid absorption event, followed by a second, delayed one and a first order elimination stage. Half-life was calculated as 62 min and bioavailability, compared to IV route, was 15%.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M I Palacios-Arreola
- Atmospheric Organic Aerosol Chemical Speciation Group, Centro de Ciencias de la Atmósfera, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, AP 70228, Ciudad de México 04510, México
| | - A De Vizcaya-Ruiz
- Departamento de Toxicología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Ciudad de México 07360, México
| | - J Morales-Montor
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 04510, México
| | - O Amador-Muñoz
- Atmospheric Organic Aerosol Chemical Speciation Group, Centro de Ciencias de la Atmósfera, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, AP 70228, Ciudad de México 04510, México.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Ma YB, Manzoor R, Jia PP, Bian WP, Hamid N, Xie ZY, Pei DS. Transcriptome and in silico approaches provide new insights into the mechanism of male reproductive toxicity induced by chronic exposure to DEHP. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 289:117944. [PMID: 34391046 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) can affect the male reproductive system in vertebrates, but the underlying molecular mechanism is still elusive. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to dig the in-depth mechanism of DEHP-induced reproductive toxicity on male zebrafish via testicular transcriptome using embryo exposed at the environmentally relevant concentration (ERC) of 100 μg/L for 111 days. Moreover, our results were further confirmed via in silico technique and bioassay experimental in vitro (cell lines) and in vivo (zebrafish). The results showed DEHP exposure could affect male spermatogenesis, altered gonad histology, and reduced egg fertilization rate. Transcriptome analysis identified 1879 significant differentially expressed genes enriched in the exposure group. Twenty-seven genes related to three pathways of reproduction behavior were further validated by qPCR. In silico molecular docking revealed that DEHP and its metabolism bind to the zebrafish progesterone receptor (Pgr), suggesting the potential disruption of DEHP to the normal Pgr signaling. To further validate it, a wild-type Pgr plasmid and its mutants on specific binding sites were constructed. The transfection and microinjection experiment demonstrated that these binding sites mutations of Pgr affected the expression levels of male reproductive toxicity. Taken together, our study provided new insight into the molecular mechanisms of male reproductive toxicity induced by DEHP, and Pgr may serve as an important target binding by DEHP pollution, which needs further study in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Bo Ma
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, 400714, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Rakia Manzoor
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China; State Key Laboratory of Molecular Development Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Pan-Pan Jia
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, 400714, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Wan-Ping Bian
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, 400714, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Naima Hamid
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, 400714, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Zhuo-Yuan Xie
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, 400714, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - De-Sheng Pei
- School of Public Health and Management, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Szewczyńska M, Dobrzyńska E, Pośniak M. Determination of phthalates in particulate matter and gaseous phase emitted in indoor air of offices. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:59319-59327. [PMID: 32960447 PMCID: PMC8541948 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-10195-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Phthalate esters (PAEs) are endocrine disrupters and can disrupt the functioning of different hormones, causing adverse effects on human health. Due to the potential exposure to phthalates in office rooms, their concentrations in the air of these premises after their renovation and furnishing were determined. The aim of the study was to determine the content of these compounds in the gas phase and adsorbed on the particles. Thus, the combined sampler with filters and adsorption tube was used for air sampling. Samples were analyzed by GC-MS. The gas fraction was dominated by dimethyl phthalate (DMP), diethyl phthalate (DEP), and the inhalable fraction by dibutyl phthalate (DBP) and 2-(diethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP). The total concentration of phthalates in the respirable fraction in the furnished rooms was as much as 92% of the phthalates determined in the inhalable fraction. In the rooms immediately after renovation and those arranged and used by employees for 7 months, their concentration in the respirable fraction did not exceed 25% of the phthalates in the inhalable fraction. Phthalate concentration in the renovated rooms after 7 months of their usage dropped by 84% in relation to PAEs concentration in newly arranged rooms and by 68% in relation to the phthalate concentration in empty rooms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Szewczyńska
- Department of Chemical Aerosol and Biological Hazards, Central Institute for Labour Protection - National Research Institute, Czerniakowska 16, 00-701, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Elżbieta Dobrzyńska
- Department of Chemical Aerosol and Biological Hazards, Central Institute for Labour Protection - National Research Institute, Czerniakowska 16, 00-701, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Pośniak
- Department of Chemical Aerosol and Biological Hazards, Central Institute for Labour Protection - National Research Institute, Czerniakowska 16, 00-701, Warsaw, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Bu Z, Hu M, Yuan F, Xu Y, Dong C, Zhang N, Mmereki D, Cao J, Zheng Y. Phthalates in Chinese vehicular environments: Source emissions, concentrations, and human exposure. INDOOR AIR 2021; 31:2118-2129. [PMID: 34288145 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Phthalates are typical air pollutants in vehicular environment since numerous synthetic materials that might contain phthalates are widely used to fabricate vehicle interiors (e.g., seat cushions, floor mats and dashboards). Hitherto, the importance of phthalate pollution in vehicular environment is not well-recognized because people spend only a small portion (around 8%) of their time in vehicles. In this study, the mass fractions of six phthalates in nine materials commonly used in Chinese vehicles (floor mats and seat cushions) were measured. Two phthalates, di-n-butyl phthalate (DnBP) and di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP), were identified in most materials (the other phthalates were not detected). The emission characteristics of DnBP and DEHP from these materials were further investigated. The measured emission parameters were used as input for a mass-transfer model to estimate DnBP and DEHP concentrations in cabin air. Finally, the ratios between human exposures (via inhalation and dermal absorption from the gas phase) in vehicular environment and the total exposures in typical indoor environments (e.g., residences and offices) were estimated to be up to 110% and 20% for DnBP and DEHP, respectively. Based on these results, the vehicular environment might be a considerable site for human exposure to airborne phthalates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhongming Bu
- Department of Energy and Environmental System Engineering, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Maochao Hu
- Department of Energy and Environmental System Engineering, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fangzhou Yuan
- Department of Energy and Environmental System Engineering, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yousheng Xu
- Department of Energy and Environmental System Engineering, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Cong Dong
- Department of Energy and Environmental System Engineering, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Nan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Green Built Environment and Energy Efficient Technology, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Daniel Mmereki
- Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Jianping Cao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Youqu Zheng
- Department of Energy and Environmental System Engineering, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou, China
- College of Mechanical Engineering, Quzhou University, Quzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Binder S, Cao X, Bauer S, Rastak N, Kuhn E, Dragan GC, Monsé C, Ferron G, Breuer D, Oeder S, Karg E, Sklorz M, Di Bucchianico S, Zimmermann R. In vitro genotoxicity of dibutyl phthalate on A549 lung cells at air-liquid interface in exposure concentrations relevant at workplaces. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2021; 62:490-501. [PMID: 34636079 DOI: 10.1002/em.22464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The ubiquitous use of phthalates in various materials and the knowledge about their potential adverse effects is of great concern for human health. Several studies have uncovered their role in carcinogenic events and suggest various phthalate-associated adverse health effects that include pulmonary diseases. However, only limited information on pulmonary toxicity is available considering inhalation of phthalates as the route of exposure. While in vitro studies are often based on submerged exposures, this study aimed to expose A549 alveolar epithelial cells at the air-liquid interface (ALI) to unravel the genotoxic and oxidative stress-inducing potential of dibutyl phthalate (DBP) with concentrations relevant at occupational settings. Within this scope, a computer modeling approach calculating alveolar deposition of DBP particles in the human lung was used to define in vitro ALI exposure conditions comparable to potential occupational DBP exposures. The deposited mass of DBP ranged from 0.03 to 20 ng/cm2 , which was comparable to results of a human lung particle deposition model using an 8 h workplace threshold limit value of 580 μg/m3 proposed by the Scientific Committee on Occupational Exposure Limits for the European Union. Comet and Micronucleus assay revealed that DBP induced genotoxicity at DNA and chromosome level in sub-cytotoxic conditions. Since genomic instability was accompanied by increased generation of the lipid peroxidation marker malondialdehyde, oxidative stress might play an important role in phthalate-induced genotoxicity. The results highlight the importance of adapting in vitro studies to exposure scenarios relevant at occupational settings and reconsidering occupational exposure limits for DBP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Binder
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center at Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center at Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Xin Cao
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center at Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center at Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Stefanie Bauer
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center at Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Narges Rastak
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center at Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Evelyn Kuhn
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center at Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - George C Dragan
- Federal Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (BAuA) - Measurement of Hazardous Substances, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Christian Monsé
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance (IFA), Institute of the Ruhr-Universität Bochum (IPA), Bochum, Germany
| | - George Ferron
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center at Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Dietmar Breuer
- Institute of Occupational Safety of the German Social Accident Insurance (IFA), Sankt Augustin, Germany
| | - Sebastian Oeder
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center at Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Erwin Karg
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center at Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Martin Sklorz
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center at Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Sebastiano Di Bucchianico
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center at Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Ralf Zimmermann
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center at Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center at Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Růžičková J, Raclavská H, Šafář M, Kucbel M, Švédová B, Raclavský K, Juchelková D, Scala F, Kantor P. Environmental risks related to organic compounds from the combustion of paper briquettes in domestic boilers. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 418:126291. [PMID: 34116275 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Environmental risks connected with the combustion of paper/cardboard briquettes are still not sufficiently known. This paper aims to bring attention to the risks related to the utilisation of paper briquettes in local boilers and to characterise these risks by means of the identification of organic compounds in deposits from exhaust flues. The identification of the chemical compounds was performed by pyrolysis gas chromatography with mass spectrometric detection. Paper/cardboard briquettes contain 119 compounds of biogenic origin derived from major biomass components and 53 additives. Additives are used both for improving the properties of paper and in printing inks. By burning the paper briquettes, the same 53 compounds from the additive group were caught in the deposits from the flue gas pathway, occurring in the range of 1-10% of the concentration of individual compounds (additives) contained in the input fuel. Compounds that are very stable during the combustion process have an enrichment factor (EF) >30, which corresponded to approximately 3% of the additive capture in deposits. The highest values were found for plasticisers (phthalates). Many of the primary organic compounds contained in the input raw material do not decompose during combustion and can have adverse effects on human health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jana Růžičková
- Centre ENET - Energy Units for Utilization of Non-Traditional Energy Sources, VŠB - Technical University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 15/2172, 708 00 Ostrava-Poruba, Czech Republic.
| | - Helena Raclavská
- Centre ENET - Energy Units for Utilization of Non-Traditional Energy Sources, VŠB - Technical University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 15/2172, 708 00 Ostrava-Poruba, Czech Republic.
| | - Michal Šafář
- Centre ENET - Energy Units for Utilization of Non-Traditional Energy Sources, VŠB - Technical University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 15/2172, 708 00 Ostrava-Poruba, Czech Republic.
| | - Marek Kucbel
- Centre ENET - Energy Units for Utilization of Non-Traditional Energy Sources, VŠB - Technical University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 15/2172, 708 00 Ostrava-Poruba, Czech Republic.
| | - Barbora Švédová
- Centre ENET - Energy Units for Utilization of Non-Traditional Energy Sources, VŠB - Technical University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 15/2172, 708 00 Ostrava-Poruba, Czech Republic.
| | - Konstantin Raclavský
- Centre ENET - Energy Units for Utilization of Non-Traditional Energy Sources, VŠB - Technical University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 15/2172, 708 00 Ostrava-Poruba, Czech Republic.
| | - Dagmar Juchelková
- Department of Electronics, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, VŠB - Technical University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 15/2172, 708 00 Ostrava-Poruba, Czech Republic.
| | - Fabrizio Scala
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Chimica, dei Materiali e della Produzione Industriale, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Italy.
| | - Pavel Kantor
- Centre ENET - Energy Units for Utilization of Non-Traditional Energy Sources, VŠB - Technical University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 15/2172, 708 00 Ostrava-Poruba, Czech Republic.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Wang Y, Wang F, Xiang L, Gu C, Redmile-Gordon M, Sheng H, Wang Z, Fu Y, Bian Y, Jiang X. Risk Assessment of Agricultural Plastic Films Based on Release Kinetics of Phthalate Acid Esters. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:3676-3685. [PMID: 33625846 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c07008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Plastic films have become an integral part of fruit and vegetable production systems, but their release of phthalate acid esters (PAEs) is a threat to human health. The release kinetics of PAEs and measures of risk are still not well understood. We investigated 50 agricultural films, with concentrations ranging from 2.59 to 282,000 mg kg-1. The seven commercially available film types included were polyvinylchloride (PVC), metallocene polyethylene (mPE), ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA), polyolefin (PO), and three mulch films. Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) was detected in most of films, and its release fitted well into the first-order kinetic model. The release rate of DEHP was negatively related to the film thickness. The potential carcinogenic risks of DEHP in the air of six kinds of plastic greenhouses to human health were estimated. We found that the carcinogenic risks associated with PVC and mPE greenhouse films warrant greater attention. Though EVA, PO greenhouse, and mulch films were lower risk, we advise keeping plastic greenhouses well ventilated during the first month of use to reduce direct human exposure to volatile PAEs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Science, Nanjing 210008, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Fang Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Science, Nanjing 210008, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Leilei Xiang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Science, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Chenggang Gu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Science, Nanjing 210008, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Marc Redmile-Gordon
- Department of Environmental Horticulture, Royal Horticultural Society, Wisley, Surrey GU23 6QB, U.K
| | - Hongjie Sheng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Science, Nanjing 210008, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ziquan Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Science, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Yuhao Fu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Science, Nanjing 210008, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yongrong Bian
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Science, Nanjing 210008, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xin Jiang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Science, Nanjing 210008, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100049, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Anh HQ, Nguyen HMN, Do TQ, Tran KQ, Minh TB, Tran TM. Air pollution caused by phthalates and cyclic siloxanes in Hanoi, Vietnam: Levels, distribution characteristics, and implications for inhalation exposure. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 760:143380. [PMID: 33183807 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Contamination status and distribution characteristics of ten phthalic acid esters (PAEs) and three cyclic volatile methyl siloxanes (CSs) were determined in the air (gas and particle) samples collected from indoor and outdoor spaces of several chemistry laboratories, offices, and homes from urban area of Hanoi, the capital city of Vietnam. Air concentrations of Σ10PAEs (median 688; range 142-2390 ng m-3) and Σ3CSs (171; not detected-1100 ng m-3) in the indoor air samples were significantly higher than those measured in the outdoor ones (Σ10PAEs: 161; 34.1-515 ng m-3 and Σ3CSs: 43.2; not detected-258 ng m-3), partly suggesting the predominance of indoor emission sources of these substances. There were significant positive correlations in total air concentrations of phthalates and siloxanes between the indoor and outdoor air samples. The most predominant phthalates were diethyl-, di-n-butyl-, diisobutyl-, and di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate. For siloxanes, D5 and D6 were more abundant than D4 in most samples. Except for di(2-ethylhexyl)- and di-n-octyl phthalate in some locations, almost all the compounds were likely associated with gas phase than particle phase. Daily intake doses of airborne phthalates and siloxanes, and non-cancer and cancer risks of selected phthalates were estimated for different exposure groups such as adults, children, and university subjects (e.g., laboratory staff and students), indicating relatively low levels of risk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hoang Quoc Anh
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, 19 Le Thanh Tong, Hanoi 10000, Viet Nam; Center of Advanced Technology for the Environment (CATE), Graduate School of Agriculture, Ehime University, 3-5-7 Tarumi, Matsuyama 790-8566, Japan
| | - Ha My Nu Nguyen
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, 19 Le Thanh Tong, Hanoi 10000, Viet Nam; Ha Tinh University, Cam Vinh commune, Cam Xuyen district, Ha Tinh 45000, Viet Nam
| | - Trung Quang Do
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, 19 Le Thanh Tong, Hanoi 10000, Viet Nam
| | - Khiem Quang Tran
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, 19 Le Thanh Tong, Hanoi 10000, Viet Nam
| | - Tu Binh Minh
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, 19 Le Thanh Tong, Hanoi 10000, Viet Nam
| | - Tri Manh Tran
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, 19 Le Thanh Tong, Hanoi 10000, Viet Nam.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Li B, Zhao ZB, Thapa S, Sun SJ, Ma LX, Geng JL, Wang K, Qi H. Occurrence, distribution and human exposure of phthalic esters in road dust samples across China. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 191:110222. [PMID: 32946888 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.110222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
203 road dust samples were conducted across China covering 28 provinces from January to February,2016 to comprehensively investigates the occurrence, distribution and human exposure of 21 phthalic esters (PAEs). The concentration of Σ21PAEs in road dust ranged from 2.3 to 531 mg/kg, with a mean concentration of 64.1 ± 57.2 mg/kg. DEHP, DnBP and DiBP were the dominant components accounting for 63.3-97.9% (mean: 92.1%) of the Σ21PAEs. Significant Pearson correlation (r = 0.51, p < 0.0001) between Σ21PAEs concentrations and longitude demonstrated a distinguished geographical trend. Higher concentration of PAEs in sidewalk (SW) and trunk road (TR) may reflect influence of human activities such as shoe wear and traffic load. Significant differences were found among different human activities area (urban commercial, urban residential, and suburbs/rural). For total daily intake of Ʃ21PAEs via street dust, children had the highest exposure risk followed by teenagers and adults with the median values of 160.8, 43.6, and 37.7 ng/kg-bw/day, respectively. The maximum exposure risk of PAEs calculated based on measurement and simulation were all far below reference values. The sensitivity analysis results demonstrated that concentrations, ingestion rate (IR) and fraction of PAEs absorbed in the skin (AF) were most important parameters on the assessment of exposure risk of PAEs via street dust. Specific parameters based on China and Chinses population is needed to obtain more reliable exposure risk via street dust.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Li
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin, 150090, China; School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Ze-Bin Zhao
- School of Management, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Samit Thapa
- School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Shao-Jing Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin, 150090, China; School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Li-Xin Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin, 150090, China; School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Jia-Lu Geng
- School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Kun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin, 150090, China; School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Hong Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin, 150090, China; School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Zhang X, Tang S, Qiu T, Hu X, Lu Y, Du P, Xie L, Yang Y, Zhao F, Zhu Y, Giesy JP. Investigation of phthalate metabolites in urine and daily phthalate intakes among three age groups in Beijing, China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 260:114005. [PMID: 31995769 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Revised: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Phthalates are widely used as binders and plasticizers in industrial and consumer products but show diverse toxicity. We investigated the level of human exposure to phthalates in Beijing, one of the most densely populated cities in the world. In this study, 12 metabolites of phthalates were measured in 70 spot urine samples collected from Beijing residents from August 2017 to April 2018 using ultra high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. We found that metabolites of phthalates were ubiquitous in all urine samples. Total concentrations of phthalate metabolites ranged from 39.6 to 1931 ng mL-1, with median concentrations were in decreasing order of children (371 ng mL-1)> younger adults (332 ng mL-1)> older adults (276 ng mL-1). Mono-n-butyl phthalate (MnBP) was the predominant compound, and occurred at concentrations greater than those reported for people in other countries. The mean values of estimated daily intakes (EDIs) of ∑phthalate were 35.2, 10.3 and 10.9 ng (kg-bm)-1 d-1 for children, younger adults and older adults, respectively. EDIs of di-n-butyl phthalate (DnBP), di-iso-butyl phthalate (DiBP) and di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) exceeded reference values suggested by the US Environmental Protection Agency and the European Food Safety Authority. When concentrations were normalized to volume or creatinine-adjusted, hazard quotients (HQs) for 40 of 70 participants exhibited larger HQs >1 for individual phthalates, which was indicative of potential for adverse effects. Thus, exposure to phthalates might be a critical factor contributing to adverse health effects in Beijing residents. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to establish a pre-baseline level of urinary phthalate metabolites among residents in Beijing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xu Zhang
- National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Song Tang
- National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China; Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Tian Qiu
- National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaojian Hu
- National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Yifu Lu
- National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Peng Du
- National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Linna Xie
- National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Yanwei Yang
- National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Feng Zhao
- National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Zhu
- National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.
| | - John P Giesy
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B3, Canada; Department of Biomedical and Veterinary Biosciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B4, Canada; Department of Environmental Sciences, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Feng YX, Feng NX, Zeng LJ, Chen X, Xiang L, Li YW, Cai QY, Mo CH. Occurrence and human health risks of phthalates in indoor air of laboratories. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 707:135609. [PMID: 31771853 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Phthalate acid esters (PAEs) are of serious concern as a human health risk due to their ubiquitous presence in indoor air. In the present study, fifteen PAEs in the indoor air samples from physical, chemical, and biological laboratories in Guangzhou, southern China were analysed using gas chromatography mass spectrometry. Extremely high levels of PAEs of up to 6.39 × 104 ng/m3 were detected in some laboratories. Diisobutyl phthalate (DiBP), di(methoxyethyl) phthalate (DMEP), and di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP) were the dominant PAEs with median levels of 0.48 × 103, 0.44 × 103, and 0.39 × 103 ng/m3, respectively, followed by di-(2-propylheptyl) phthalate (DPHP) and di(2-ethylhexyl) phthlate (DEHP) (median levels: 0.16 × 103 and 0.13 × 103 ng/m3, respectively). DMEP and DPHP were found for the first time in indoor air. Principal component analysis indicated that profiles of PAEs varied greatly among laboratory types, suggesting notable variations in sources. The results of independent samples t-tests showed that levels of PAEs were significantly influenced by various environmental conditions. Both the non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic health risks from human exposure to PAEs based on the daily exposure dose in laboratory air were acceptable. Further research should be conducted to investigate the long-term health effects of exposure to PAEs in laboratories.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Xi Feng
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Environment Pollution Control and Remediation Materials, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Nai-Xian Feng
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Environment Pollution Control and Remediation Materials, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Li-Juan Zeng
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Environment Pollution Control and Remediation Materials, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Xin Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Environment Pollution Control and Remediation Materials, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Lei Xiang
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Environment Pollution Control and Remediation Materials, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Yan-Wen Li
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Environment Pollution Control and Remediation Materials, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Quan-Ying Cai
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Environment Pollution Control and Remediation Materials, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Ce-Hui Mo
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Environment Pollution Control and Remediation Materials, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Ouyang X, Xia M, Shen X, Zhan Y. Pollution characteristics of 15 gas- and particle-phase phthalates in indoor and outdoor air in Hangzhou. J Environ Sci (China) 2019; 86:107-119. [PMID: 31787175 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2019.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Revised: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Phthalate esters (PAEs), typical pollutants widely used as plasticizers, are ubiquitous in various indoor and outdoor environments. PAEs exist in both gas and particle phases, posing risks to human health. In the present study, we chose four typical kinds of indoor and outdoor environments with the longest average human residence times to assess the human exposure in Hangzhou, including newly decorated residences, ordinary residences, offices and outdoor air. In order to analyze the pollution levels and characteristics of 15 gas- and particle-phase PAEs in indoor and outdoor environments, air and particulate samples were collected simultaneously. The total PAEs concentrations in the four types of environments were 25,396, 25,466.8, 15,388.8 and 3616.2 ng/m3, respectively. DEHP and DEP were the most abundant, and DMPP was at the lowest level. Distinct variations in the distributions of indoor/outdoor, gas/particle-phase and different molecular weights of PAEs were observed, showing that indoor environments were the main sources of PAEs pollution. While most PAEs tended to exsit in indoor sites and gas-phase, the high-molecular-weight chemicals tended to exist in the particle-phase and were mainly found in PM2.5. PAEs were more likely adsorbed by small particles, especially for the indoor environments. There existed a good correlation between the particle matter concentrations and the PAEs levels. In addition, neither temperature nor humidity had obvious effects on the distributions of the PAEs concentrations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xingzi Ouyang
- College of Environmental & Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Meng Xia
- College of Environmental & Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Xueyou Shen
- College of Environmental & Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China.
| | - Yu Zhan
- College of Environmental & Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China; Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, China.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
He Y, Wang Q, He W, Xu F. Phthalate esters (PAEs) in atmospheric particles around a large shallow natural lake (Lake Chaohu, China). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 687:297-308. [PMID: 31207519 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.06.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2019] [Revised: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The pollution of phthalate esters (PAEs) remains an important issue in the world. Current studies mainly focused on atmospheric PAEs in urban area with strong anthropogenic activities, but there were no studies on PAEs in the ambient air around large natural lake. This paper focused on two sites around Lake Chaohu to investigate the monthly occurrence, composition and source of PAEs in the atmospheric particles around large shallow natural lake. New insights into atmospheric PAEs in large shallow natural lake and the overall fate of PAEs in lake ecosystem were given. The concentrations of the Σ13PAEs in atmospheric particles were at a significantly low level ranging from 2740 to 11,890 pg·m-3 and 2622 to 15,331 pg·m-3 in ZM (the lakeshore site) and HB (the downtown site), respectively. There were no statistically significant differences of PAEs between ZM and HB. The highest atmospheric PAE concentrations in August were likely related to the long-range transport from Guangdong Province. Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), diisobutyl phthalate (DIBP) and dibutyl phthalate (DBP) were the main PAE congeners. Temporally, DIBP and DBP had the highest fractions in winter and the lowest fractions in summer. It might be justified by the condensation of DIBP and DBP from gas phase to particulate phase at low temperature. Multimedia comparison of PAE profiles in Lake Choahu revealed that low molecular weight (LMW) congeners were transported mainly through water while high molecular weight (HMW) congeners were transported mainly through atmosphere.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yong He
- MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Qingmei Wang
- MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Non-point Source Pollution Control, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100081, China; School of Agriculture and Food, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Wei He
- MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; MOE Key Laboratory of Groundwater Circulation and Environmental Evolution, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China
| | - Fuliu Xu
- MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Xia M, Ouyang X, Wang X, Shen X, Zhan Y. Occupational exposure assessment of phthalate esters in indoor and outdoor microenvironments. J Environ Sci (China) 2018; 72:75-88. [PMID: 30244753 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2017.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2017] [Revised: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Phthalate esters (PAEs) are widely used as plasticizers in consumer products. PAEs are a group of environmental hormone which disrupts human and animals' endocrine systems. Different occupational groups are exposed to various levels of PAEs. In the present study, four typical occupational groups were chosen, including doctors, college teachers, college students, and drivers who worked in public traffic system. In order to understand the exposure levels to PAEs via inhalation, air samples were collected from multiple microenvironments including indoor and outdoor in Hangzhou to measure the gas and particle concentrations of six PAEs, together with time spent in different microenvironments of these four groups. A comprehensive PAEs exposure model was built to estimate the daily PAEs exposure through inhalation, oral and dermal pathways. The Monte Carlo simulation results show that doctors were exposed to the highest level of PAEs, and consequently had the highest health risk among these four occupational groups. In contrast, college students had the lowest health risk. By setting the exposure level of staying in residences as the baseline, doctors and drivers were two occupations exposed to high PAEs health risk. Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) was the largest contributor among the six phthalates, posing moderate health risk (10-5-10-6) to every occupation. For traffic microenvironments alone, the total exposure levels for different transportation modes were in the descending order of busses, cars, cabs, tubes, motor bikes, and walking.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meng Xia
- College of Environmental & Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Xingzi Ouyang
- College of Environmental & Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Xueqing Wang
- College of Environmental & Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Xueyou Shen
- College of Environmental & Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China.
| | - Yu Zhan
- College of Environmental & Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Zhang ZM, Zhang HH, Zou YW, Yang GP. Distribution and ecotoxicological state of phthalate esters in the sea-surface microlayer, seawater and sediment of the Bohai Sea and the Yellow Sea. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 240:235-247. [PMID: 29747108 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.04.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Revised: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The spatial distribution, chemical composition and ecological risk of 16 phthalate esters (PAEs) were investigated in the sea-surface microlayer (SML), seawater and sediment samples of the Bohai Sea (BS) and the Yellow Sea (YS). The concentration levels of the ΣPAEs spanned a range of 449-13441 ng L-1 in the SML, 453-5108 ng L-1 in seawater, and 1.24-15.8 mg kg-1 in the sediment samples, respectively, with diisobutyl phthalate (DiBP), di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP) and di-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) as the dominant PAEs in both the water and sediment samples. The concentrations of ΣPAEs in the BS were higher than those in the YS. The vertical distribution of ΣPAEs in the water column showed that the concentrations were higher in the surface waters, but decreased slightly with depth, and started to increase at the bottom. Additionally, PAEs were significantly enriched in the SML, with an average enrichment factor of 1.46. The ecological risk of the PAEs was evaluated by the risk quotient (RQ) method, which indicated that DEHP posed a high risk to aquatic organisms in the whole water-phase, while the RQ values of DBP and DiBP reached a high risk levels in sedimentary environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ze-Ming Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ocean University of China, Ministry of Education, Qingdao/Collaborative Innovation Center of Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266100, China
| | - Hong-Hai Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ocean University of China, Ministry of Education, Qingdao/Collaborative Innovation Center of Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266100, China; Institute of Marine Chemistry, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China
| | - Ya-Wen Zou
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ocean University of China, Ministry of Education, Qingdao/Collaborative Innovation Center of Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266100, China
| | - Gui-Peng Yang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ocean University of China, Ministry of Education, Qingdao/Collaborative Innovation Center of Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266100, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266100, China; Institute of Marine Chemistry, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Kashyap D, Agarwal T. Concentration and factors affecting the distribution of phthalates in the air and dust: A global scenario. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 635:817-827. [PMID: 29710605 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.04.158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Revised: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Phthalates are ubiquitously present environmental contaminants. Air and dust are the most important mediums of exposure to phthalates. The present study reviews the presence of phthalates in the air and dust reported from different countries in the last ten years (2007-2017). The phthalate concentrations revealed wide heterogeneity with a mean and median value 6 ± 19 μg/m3 and 0.5 μg/m3 respectively in the air and 1.5 × 103 ± 2.2 × 103 μg/g and 7.8x102μg/g respectively in the dust. The highest phthalates levels in the air were reported from India (1.1 × 102 μg/m3) and in dust from Bulgaria (1.2 × 104 μg/g). Overall higher levels were reported from developing countries as compared to developed countries. Di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) and Di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP) were found to be predominant in both air and dust. Temperature, humidity, air exchange rate, building material and indoor maintenance were reported as the important factors influencing the levels of phthalates in the air and dust. In addition to policy level interventions, reducing the use of phthalate containing materials and controlling the factors which enhance the emission from existing sources can help in reducing human exposure to phthalates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Durba Kashyap
- National Institute of Food Technology Entrepreneurship and Management, Kundli, Sonipat, Haryana 131028, India
| | - Tripti Agarwal
- National Institute of Food Technology Entrepreneurship and Management, Kundli, Sonipat, Haryana 131028, India.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Armstrong DL, Rice CP, Ramirez M, Torrents A. Fate of four phthalate plasticizers under various wastewater treatment processes. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2018; 53:1075-1082. [PMID: 29775422 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2018.1474580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The fate of four phthalate plasticizers during wastewater treatment processes at six different wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) was investigated. Concentrations of benzyl butyl phthalate (BBP), di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), diisononyl phthalate (DiNP), and diisodecyl phthalate (DiDP) were determined prior to either aerobic or anaerobic (conventional and advanced) treatment, after treatment, and in final, dewatered solids. Despite their elevated use worldwide, the fate of DiNP and DiDP during wastewater treatment have not been well characterized. DEHP was readily degraded during aerobic treatments while anaerobic digestion resulted in either no significant change in concentrations or an increase in concentration, in the case of more advanced anaerobic processes (thermal hydrolysis pretreatment and a two-phase acid/gas process). Impacts of the various treatment systems on DiNP, DiDP, and BBP concentrations were more varied - anaerobic digestion led to significant decreases, increases, or no significant change for these compounds, depending on the treatment facility, while aerobic treatment was generally effective at degrading the compounds. Additionally, thermal hydrolysis pretreatment of sludge prior to anaerobic digestion resulted in increases in DiNP, DiDP, and BBP concentrations. The predicted environmental concentrations for all four compounds in soils after a single biosolids application were calculated and the risk quotients for DEHP in soils were determined. The estimated toxicity risk for DEHP in soils treated with a single application of sludge from any of the six studied WWTPs is lower than the level of concern for acute and chronic risk, as defined by the US EPA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dana L Armstrong
- a Marine Estuarine Environmental Sciences (MEES) Graduate Program, University of Maryland , College Park , Maryland , USA
| | - Clifford P Rice
- b Sustainable Agricultural Systems Laboratory, ARS-USDA , Beltsville , Maryland , USA
| | - Mark Ramirez
- c DC Water, District of Columbia Water and Sewer Authority , Washington, District of Columbia , USA
| | - Alba Torrents
- d Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering , University of Maryland , College Park , Maryland , USA
| |
Collapse
|