1
|
Tang Y, Zhang Z, Tao C, Wang X. The mechanism of biofilm detachment in porous medium under flow field. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2024; 18:034103. [PMID: 38737754 PMCID: PMC11080962 DOI: 10.1063/5.0203061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
Biofilms are communities formed by bacteria adhering to surfaces, widely present in porous medium, and their growth can lead to clogging. Our experiment finds that under certain flow conditions, biofilms detach in pores and form a dynamically changing flow path. We define detachment that occurs far from the boundary of the flow path (with a distance greater than 200 μm) as internal detachment and detachment that occurs at the boundary of the flow path as external detachment. To understand the mechanism of biofilm detachment, we study the detachment behaviors of the Bacillus subtilis biofilm in a porous medium in a microfluidic device, where Bacillus subtilis strain is triple fluorescent labeled, which can represent three main phenotypes during the biofilm formation: motile cells, matrix-producing cells, and spores. We find that slow small-scale internal detachment occurs in regions with very few motile cells and matrix-producing cells, and bacterial movement in these areas is disordered. The increase in the number of matrix-producing cells induces clogging, and after clogging, the rapid detachment of the bulk internal biofilm occurs due to the increased pressure difference at the inlet and outlet. When both internal and external detachments occur simultaneously, the number of matrix-producing cells in the internal detachment area is 2.5 times that in the external detachment area. The results indicate that biofilm detachment occurs in areas with fewer matrix-producing cells, as matrix-producing cells can help resist detachment by secreting extracellular polymeric substances (EPSs).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yangyang Tang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Zheng Zhang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Cong Tao
- School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ke Y, Sun W, Liu S, Zhu Y, Yan S, Chen X, Xie S. Seasonal variations of biofilm C, N and S cycling genes in a pilot-scale chlorinated drinking water distribution system. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 247:120759. [PMID: 37897999 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.120759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/30/2023]
Abstract
Biofilms in drinking water distribution systems (DWDS) host diverse microorganisms. However, the functional attributes of DWDS biofilms and their associations with seasonality remain unclear. This study aims to characterize variations in the microbial metabolic traits of DWDS biofilms collected during different seasons, using a pilot-scale DWDS in dark under plug-flow conditions during one-year operation period. Network analysis was used to predict the functional gene hosts. The overall functional attributes determined by shotgun metagenomics exhibited significant differences among seasons. Genes associated with aromatic metabolism, fatty acid biosynthesis and degradation, and capsular extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) were significantly upregulated in summer owing to the higher temperatures and chlorine in the influent of the DWDS. Moreover, the pathways associated with nitrogen, sulfur, glycolysis, and tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycling, as well as carbon fixation were reconstructed and displayed according to the sampling season. Nitrogen reduction pathways [dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium (DNRA) 73 %, assimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium (ANRA) 21 %] were identified in DWDS biofilms, but nitrogen oxidation pathways were not. Sulfur cycling were involved in diverse pathways and genes. Glycolysis and TCA cycling offered electron donors and energy sources for nitrogen and sulfur reduction in biofilms. Carbon fixation was observed in DWDS biofilms, with the predominant pathway for fixing carbon dioxide being the reductive citrate cycle (38 %). Constructed functional gene networks composed of carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur cycling-related genes demonstrated synergistic effects (Positive proportion: 63.52-71.09 %). In addition, from spring to autumn, the network complexity decreased and network modularity increased. The assembly mechanism of carbon, nitrogen and sulfur cycling-related genes was driven by stochastic processes for all samples. These results highlight the diverse functional genes in DWDS biofilms, their synergetic interrelationships, and the seasonality effect on functional attributes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanchu Ke
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Wenjun Sun
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Research Institute for Environmental Innovation (Suzhou) Tsinghua, Suzhou 215163, China.
| | - Shuming Liu
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Research Institute for Environmental Innovation (Suzhou) Tsinghua, Suzhou 215163, China
| | - Ying Zhu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Shuang Yan
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xiuli Chen
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Shuguang Xie
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zeng H, Cheng Y, Repo E, Yu X, Xing X, Zhang T, Zhao X. Trace Iron as single-electron shuttle for interdependent activation of peroxydisulfate and HSO 3-/O 2 enables accelerated generation of radicals. WATER RESEARCH 2022; 223:118935. [PMID: 35994783 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.118935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 07/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The generation of reactive oxygen species generally requires initiators in various environmental remediation processes, which necessitates high dosage of activators and downstream treatment for eliminating the accumulation of deactivated catalysts. Herein, a coupled process was constructed using trace iron for simultaneously activating HSO3-/O2 system and peroxydisulfate (PDS) oxidation system, where the iron ions (2 mg/L) transferred single-electron from the former system to the latter due to the moderate redox potential (Fe3+/Fe2+, +0.77 V) between the potentials of SO3·-/HSO3- (+0.63 V) and PDS/SO4·- (+2.01 V). Hence, the phenol degradation quickly occurred at a first-order kinetic constant of k1=0.223 min-1 due to the accelerated generation of sulfate radical (SO4·-) and hydroxyl radical (·OH) in the process. The k1 value was almost 6-fold of that in the deoxygenated condition (0.040 min-1). Density function theory reveals that the single electron shuttle spatially separates the electron-donating activation of HSO3- and electron-accepting activation of PDS, while avoiding the "mutual-annihilation" of HSO3- and S2O82- via direct two-electron transfer. Finally, utilizing the in-situ generated electron-shuttle (dissolved iron from cast iron pipe), the HSO3-/PDS reagent could efficiently inactivate the chlorine-resistant pathogens and inhibits biofilm regrowth inside the distribution systems at regular intervals or infectious disease outbreak in a neighborhood.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huabin Zeng
- College of the Environment & Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, PR China; Department of Separation Science, School of Engineering Science, Lappeenranta-Lahti University of Technology LUT, Mikkeli, FI 50130, Finland
| | - Yue Cheng
- College of the Environment & Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, PR China
| | - Eveliina Repo
- Department of Separation Science, School of Engineering Science, Lappeenranta-Lahti University of Technology LUT, Mikkeli, FI 50130, Finland
| | - Xin Yu
- College of the Environment & Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, PR China
| | - Xueci Xing
- Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Tao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Xu Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zhang H, Liu D, Zhao L, Wang J, Xie S, Liu S, Lin P, Zhang X, Chen C. Review on corrosion and corrosion scale formation upon unlined cast iron pipes in drinking water distribution systems. J Environ Sci (China) 2022; 117:173-189. [PMID: 35725069 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2022.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The qualified finished water from water treatment plants (WTPs) may become discolored and deteriorated during transportation in drinking water distribution systems (DWDSs), which affected tap water quality seriously. This water stability problem often occurs due to pipe corrosion and the destabilization of corrosion scales. This paper provides a comprehensive review of pipe corrosion in DWDSs, including corrosion process, corrosion scale formation, influencing factors and monitoring technologies utilized in DWDSs. In terms of corrosion process, corrosion occurrence, development mechanisms, currently applied assays, and indices used to determine the corrosion possibility are summarized, as well as the chemical and bacterial influences. In terms of scale formation, explanations for the nature of corrosion and scale formation mechanisms are discussed and its typical multilayered structure is illustrated. Furthermore, the influences of water quality and microbial activity on scale transformation are comprehensively discussed. Corrosion-related bacteria at the genus level and their associated corrosion mechanism are also summarized. This review helps deepen the current understanding of pipe corrosion and scale formation in DWDSs, providing guidance for water supply utilities to ensure effective measures to maintain water quality stability and guarantee drinking water safety.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haiya Zhang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Dibo Liu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Lvtong Zhao
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jun Wang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Research Institute for Environmental Innovation (Suzhou), Tsinghua, Suzhou 215163, China
| | - Shuguang Xie
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Shuming Liu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Pengfei Lin
- Research Institute for Environmental Innovation (Suzhou), Tsinghua, Suzhou 215163, China
| | - Xiaojian Zhang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Research Institute for Environmental Innovation (Suzhou), Tsinghua, Suzhou 215163, China
| | - Chao Chen
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Research Institute for Environmental Innovation (Suzhou), Tsinghua, Suzhou 215163, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Pan L, Li G, Li J, Gao J, Liu Q, Shi B. Heavy metal enrichment in drinking water pipe scales and speciation change with water parameters. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 806:150549. [PMID: 34600211 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Pipe scales that form in drinking water distribution systems (DWDS) can accumulate pollutants that may be re-released into bulk water, posing a significant threat to water safety. This study aims to evaluate the pollutant enrichment capacity of the pipe scale and identify speciation changes in heavy metals under variations in water quality. When the water quality conditions changed, the forms of inorganic metal elements in drinking water pipe scales also changed and the proportion of unstable forms increased, thereby increasing the risk of secondary pollution. Morphological analysis showed that the pipe scale samples had porous structures and large specific surface areas (the maximum was 52.94 m2/g, which is higher than that of many natural adsorbents), which could promote the accumulation of contaminants. XRD profiles also showed that the pipe scale samples were rich in substances with heavy metal adsorption capacities, such as Fe3O4. As the pH changed from 6 to 10, no significant difference in the release of heavy metals was found. The maximum release of Cu, Cr, As, Pb, and Cd at pH 8 was 0.56, 0.51, 1.82, 0.84, and 0.72 μg/g, respectively. Although the amounts were small, the speciation distribution of the heavy metals changed significantly. In addition, the proportion of unstable fractions increased, which increased the release risk of the pipe scale. The presence of humic acid accelerated the dissolution of organic matter and metals in the pipe scale, which further proved that the pipe scales were unstable and susceptible to water quality conditions. The pipe scales could not maintain stability when the water quality changed, and the DWDS should be regularly monitored and cleaned when necessary.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Linlin Pan
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Guiwei Li
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Jinglin Li
- China IPPR International Engineering Co., Ltd, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Jiali Gao
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Quanli Liu
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
| | - Baoyou Shi
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Wang H, Hu C, Shi B. The control of red water occurrence and opportunistic pathogens risks in drinking water distribution systems: A review. J Environ Sci (China) 2021; 110:92-98. [PMID: 34593198 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2021.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Many problems in drinking water distribution systems (DWDSs) are caused by microbe, such as biofilm formation, biocorrosion and opportunistic pathogens growth. More iron release from corrosion scales may induce red water. Biofilm played great roles on the corrosion. The iron-oxidizing bacteria (IOB) promoted corrosion. However, when iron-reducing bacteria (IRB) and nitrate-reducing bacteria (NRB) became the main bacteria in biofilm, they could induce iron redox cycling in corrosion process. This process enhanced the precipitation of iron oxides and formation of more Fe3O4 in corrosion scales, which inhibited corrosion effectively. Therefore, the IRB and NRB in the biofilm can reduce iron release and red water occurrence. Moreover, there are many opportunistic pathogens in biofilm of DWDSs. The opportunistic pathogens growth in DWDSs related to the bacterial community changes due to the effects of micropollutants. Micropollutants increased the number of bacteria with antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). Furthermore, extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) production was increased by the antibiotic resistant bacteria, leading to greater bacterial aggregation and adsorption, increasing the chlorine-resistance capability, which was responsible for the enhancement of the particle-associated opportunistic pathogens in DWDSs. Moreover, O3-biological activated carbon filtration-UV-Cl2 treatment could be used to control the iron release, red water occurrence and opportunistic pathogens growth in DWDSs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haibo Wang
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chun Hu
- Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Baoyou Shi
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Zhang C, Qin K, Struewing I, Buse H, Santo Domingo J, Lytle D, Lu J. The Bacterial Community Diversity of Bathroom Hot Tap Water Was Significantly Lower Than That of Cold Tap and Shower Water. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:625324. [PMID: 33967975 PMCID: PMC8102780 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.625324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbial drinking water quality in premise plumbing systems (PPSs) strongly affects public health. Bacterial community structure is the essential aspect of microbial water quality. Studies have elucidated the microbial community structure in cold tap water, while the microbial community structures in hot tap and shower water are poorly understood. We sampled cold tap, hot tap, and shower water from a simulated PPS monthly for 16 consecutive months and assessed the bacterial community structures in those samples via high-throughput sequencing of bacterial 16S rRNA genes. The total relative abundance of the top five most abundant phyla (Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Cyanobacteria, and Firmicutes) was greater than 90% among the 24 identified phyla. The most abundant families were Burkholderiaceae, Sphingomonadaceae, unclassified Alphaproteobacteria, unclassified Corynebacteriales, and Mycobacteriaceae. A multiple linear regression suggests that the bacterial community diversity increased with water temperature and the age of the simulated PPS, decreased with total chlorine residual concentration, and had a limited seasonal variation. The bacterial community in hot tap water had significantly lower Shannon and Inverse Simpson diversity indices (p < 0.05) and thus a much lower diversity than those in cold tap and shower water. The paradoxical results (i.e., diversity increased with water temperature, but hot tap water bacterial community was less diverse) were presumably because (1) other environmental factors made hot tap water bacterial community less diverse, (2) the diversity of bacterial communities in all types of water samples increased with water temperature, and (3) the first draw samples of hot tap water could have a comparable or even lower temperature than shower water samples and the second draw samples of cold tap water. In both a three-dimensional Non-metric multidimensional scaling ordination plot and a phylogenetic dendrogram, the samples of cold tap and shower water cluster and are separate from hot tap water samples (p < 0.05). In summary, the bacterial community in hot tap water in the simulated PPS had a distinct structure from and a much lower diversity than those in cold tap and shower water.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chiqian Zhang
- Pegasus Technical Services, Inc., Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Ke Qin
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education Participation Program, Office of Research and Development, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Ian Struewing
- Office of Research and Development, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Helen Buse
- Office of Research and Development, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Jorge Santo Domingo
- Office of Research and Development, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Darren Lytle
- Office of Research and Development, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Jingrang Lu
- Office of Research and Development, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Lekbach Y, Liu T, Li Y, Moradi M, Dou W, Xu D, Smith JA, Lovley DR. Microbial corrosion of metals: The corrosion microbiome. Adv Microb Physiol 2021; 78:317-390. [PMID: 34147188 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ampbs.2021.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Microbially catalyzed corrosion of metals is a substantial economic concern. Aerobic microbes primarily enhance Fe0 oxidation through indirect mechanisms and their impact appears to be limited compared to anaerobic microbes. Several anaerobic mechanisms are known to accelerate Fe0 oxidation. Microbes can consume H2 abiotically generated from the oxidation of Fe0. Microbial H2 removal makes continued Fe0 oxidation more thermodynamically favorable. Extracellular hydrogenases further accelerate Fe0 oxidation. Organic electron shuttles such as flavins, phenazines, and possibly humic substances may replace H2 as the electron carrier between Fe0 and cells. Direct Fe0-to-microbe electron transfer is also possible. Which of these anaerobic mechanisms predominates in model pure culture isolates is typically poorly documented because of a lack of functional genetic studies. Microbial mechanisms for Fe0 oxidation may also apply to some other metals. An ultimate goal of microbial metal corrosion research is to develop molecular tools to diagnose the occurrence, mechanisms, and rates of metal corrosion to guide the implementation of the most effective mitigation strategies. A systems biology approach that includes innovative isolation and characterization methods, as well as functional genomic investigations, will be required in order to identify the diagnostic features to be gleaned from meta-omic analysis of corroding materials. A better understanding of microbial metal corrosion mechanisms is expected to lead to new corrosion mitigation strategies. The understanding of the corrosion microbiome is clearly in its infancy, but interdisciplinary electrochemical, microbiological, and molecular tools are available to make rapid progress in this field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yassir Lekbach
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China; Electrobiomaterials Institute, Key Laboratory for Anisotropy and Texture of Materials (Ministry of Education), Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
| | - Tao Liu
- College of Ocean Science and Engineering, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yingchao Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Failure, Corrosion and Protection of Oil/Gas Facility Materials, College of New Energy and Materials, China University of Petroleum-Beijing, Beijing, China
| | - Masoumeh Moradi
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China; Electrobiomaterials Institute, Key Laboratory for Anisotropy and Texture of Materials (Ministry of Education), Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
| | - Wenwen Dou
- Institute of Marine Science and Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Dake Xu
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China; Electrobiomaterials Institute, Key Laboratory for Anisotropy and Texture of Materials (Ministry of Education), Northeastern University, Shenyang, China.
| | - Jessica A Smith
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Central Connecticut State University, New Britain, CT, United States
| | - Derek R Lovley
- Electrobiomaterials Institute, Key Laboratory for Anisotropy and Texture of Materials (Ministry of Education), Northeastern University, Shenyang, China; Department of Microbiology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Ogawa A, Takakura K, Hirai N, Kanematsu H, Kuroda D, Kougo T, Sano K, Terada S. Biofilm Formation Plays a Crucial Rule in the Initial Step of Carbon Steel Corrosion in Air and Water Environments. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 13:E923. [PMID: 32092999 PMCID: PMC7079648 DOI: 10.3390/ma13040923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2019] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we examined the relationship between the effect of a zinc coating on protecting carbon steel against biofilm formation in both air and water environments. SS400 carbon steel coupons were covered with a zinc thermal spray coating or copper thermal spray coating. Coated coupons were exposed to either air or water conditions. Following exposure, the surface conditions of each coupon were observed using optical microscopy, and quantitatively analyzed using an x-ray fluorescence analyzer. Debris on the surface of the coupons was used for biofilm analysis including crystal violet staining for quantification, Raman spectroscopic analysis for qualification, and microbiome analysis. The results showed that the zinc thermal spray coating significantly inhibited iron corrosion as well as biofilm formation in both air and water environments. The copper thermal spray coating, however, accelerated iron corrosion in both air and water environments, but accelerated biofilm formation only in a water environment. microbially-influenced-corrosion-related bacteria were barely detected on any coupons, whereas biofilms were detected on all coupons. To summarize these results, electrochemical corrosion is dominant in an air environment and microbially influenced corrosion is strongly involved in water corrosion. Additionally, biofilm formation plays a crucial rule in carbon steel corrosion in both air and water, even though microbially-influenced-corrosion-related bacteria are barely involved in this corrosion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Ogawa
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, National Institute of Technology (KOSEN), Suzuka College, Suzuka 510-0294, Japan; (K.T.); (N.H.)
| | - Keito Takakura
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, National Institute of Technology (KOSEN), Suzuka College, Suzuka 510-0294, Japan; (K.T.); (N.H.)
| | - Nobumitsu Hirai
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, National Institute of Technology (KOSEN), Suzuka College, Suzuka 510-0294, Japan; (K.T.); (N.H.)
| | - Hideyuki Kanematsu
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, National Institute of Technology (KOSEN), Suzuka College, Suzuka 510-0294, Japan; (H.K.); (D.K.); (T.K.)
| | - Daisuke Kuroda
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, National Institute of Technology (KOSEN), Suzuka College, Suzuka 510-0294, Japan; (H.K.); (D.K.); (T.K.)
| | - Takeshi Kougo
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, National Institute of Technology (KOSEN), Suzuka College, Suzuka 510-0294, Japan; (H.K.); (D.K.); (T.K.)
| | | | - Satoshi Terada
- Department of Materials Science and Biotechnology, University of Fukui, Fukui 910-8507, Japan;
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Ma X, Li G, Chen R, Yu Y, Tao H, Zhang G, Shi B. Revealing the changes of bacterial community from water source to consumers tap: A full-scale investigation in eastern city of China. J Environ Sci (China) 2020; 87:331-340. [PMID: 31791506 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2019.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2019] [Revised: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This study profiled the bacterial community variations of water from four water treatment systems, including coagulation, sedimentation, sand filtration, ozonation-biological activated carbon filtration (O3-BAC), disinfection, and the tap water after the distribution process in eastern China. The results showed that different water treatment processes affected the bacterial community structure in different ways. The traditional treatment processes, including coagulation, sedimentation and sand filtration, reduced the total bacterial count, while they had little effect on the bacterial community structure in the treated water (before disinfection). Compared to the traditional treatment process, O3-BAC reduced the relative abundance of Sphingomonas in the finished water. In addition, ozonation may play a role in reducing the relative abundance of Mycobacterium. NaClO and ClO2 had different effects on the bacterial community in the finished water. The relative abundance of some bacteria (e.g. Flavobacterium, Phreatobacter and Porphyrobacter) increased in the finished water after ClO2 disinfection. The relative abundance of Mycobacterium and Legionella, which have been widely reported as waterborne opportunistic pathogens, increased after NaClO disinfection. In addition, some microorganisms proliferated and grew in the distribution system, which could lead to turbidity increases in the tap water. Compared to those in the finished water, the relative abundance of Sphingomonas, Hyphomicrobium, Phreatobacter, Rheinheimera, Pseudomonas and Acinetobacter increased in the tap water disinfected with NaClO, while the relative abundance of Mycobacterium increased in the tap water disinfected with ClO2. Overall, this study provided the detailed variation in the bacterial community in the drinking water system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xu Ma
- School of Environment & Natural Resource, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China
| | - Guiwei Li
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ruya Chen
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ying Yu
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hui Tao
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Guangming Zhang
- School of Environment & Natural Resource, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China.
| | - Baoyou Shi
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Chen L, Ling F, Bakker G, Liu WT, Medema G, van der Meer W, Liu G. Assessing the transition effects in a drinking water distribution system caused by changing supply water quality: an indirect approach by characterizing suspended solids. WATER RESEARCH 2020; 168:115159. [PMID: 31614234 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2019.115159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Revised: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Worldwide, it is common that the drinking water distribution systems (DWDSs) may be subjected to changes of supply water quality due to the needs of upgrading the treatment processes or switching the source water. However, the potential impacts of quality changed supply water on the stabilized ecological niches within DWDSs and the associated water quality deterioration risks were poorly documented. In the present study, such transition effects caused by changing the supply water quality that resulted from destabilization of biofilm and loose deposits in DWDS were investigated by analyzing the physiochemical and microbiological characteristics of suspended particles before (T0), during (T3-weeks) and after upgrading the treatments (T6-months) in an unchlorinated DWDS in the Netherlands. Our results demonstrated that after 6 months' time the upgraded treatments significantly improved the water quality. Remarkably, water quality deterioration was observed at the initial stage when the quality-improved treated water distributed into the network at T3-weeks, observed as a spike of total suspended solids (TSS, 50-260%), active biomass (ATP, 95-230%) and inorganic elements (e.g. Mn, 130-250%). Furthermore, pyrosequencing results revealed sharp differences in microbial community composition and structure for the bacteria associated with suspended particles between T0 and T3-weeks, which re-stabilized after 6 months at T6-months. The successful capture of transition effects was especially confirmed by the domination of Nitrospira spp. and Polaromonas spp. in the distribution system at T3-weeks, which were detected at rather low relative abundance at treatment plant. Though the transitional effects were captured, this study shows that the introduction of softening and additional filtration did not have an effect on the water quality for the consumer which improved considerably after 6-months' period. The methodology of monitoring suspended particles with MuPFiSs and additional analysis is capable of detecting transitional effects by monitoring the dynamics of suspended particles and its physiochemical and microbiological composition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lihua Chen
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Centre for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, PR China; Sanitary Engineering, Department of Water Management, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Delft University of Technology, P.O. Box 5048, 2600, GA, Delft, the Netherlands
| | - Fangqiong Ling
- Department of Energy, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, 63130, USA
| | - Geo Bakker
- Vitens N.V., P.O. Box 1205, 8001, BE, Zwolle, the Netherlands
| | - Wen-Tso Liu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, 205 N. Mathews Ave., Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Gertjan Medema
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Centre for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, PR China; KWR Watercycle Research Institute, P.O. Box 1072, 3430, BB, Nieuwegein, the Netherlands
| | - Walter van der Meer
- Oasen Water Company, PO BOX 122, 2800, AC, Gouda, the Netherlands; Science and Technology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500, AE, Enschede, the Netherlands
| | - Gang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Centre for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, PR China; Sanitary Engineering, Department of Water Management, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Delft University of Technology, P.O. Box 5048, 2600, GA, Delft, the Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|