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Li J, Zeng Y, Li L, Peng J, Yan Q, Ye Z, Zhang Y, Li W, Cao L, Zhou D, Li Q, Si Y, Cao S. Development of a recombinant Lactobacillus plantarum oral vaccine expressing VP2 protein for preventing feline panleukopenia virus. Vet Microbiol 2024; 298:110257. [PMID: 39321672 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2024.110257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2024] [Revised: 09/19/2024] [Accepted: 09/20/2024] [Indexed: 09/27/2024]
Abstract
Feline panleukopenia virus (FPV) represents a significant health threat to the kittens. While traditional vaccines administered via subcutaneous or intramuscular injection are effective, they can induce stress and adverse reactions. Moreover, unvaccinated kittens visiting veterinary clinics risk exposure to FPV, increasing their susceptibility to infection. Therefore, there is an urgent need for a safer, more gentle vaccination method with streamlined administration. In this study, we developed a recombinant L. plantarum NC8/VP2 expressing the VP2 protein of the prevalent Chinese FPV strain, FPV-251. Our results show that L. plantarum NC8/VP2 effectively colonizes the feline intestinal tract and induces high levels of neutralizing antibodies through oral administration. Kittens exhibited significant protection against FPV-251 infection and associated illnesses or fatalities after 30 days of continuous dosing. These results highlight the potential of recombinant L. plantarum NC8/VP2 as a novel oral vaccine for FPV, presenting a promising approach for disease prevention in domestic cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiakang Li
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China; Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yue Zeng
- Wuhan Keqian Biology Co., Ltd, Wuhan, China
| | - Luying Li
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China; Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | | | - Quanhui Yan
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China; Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zijun Ye
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China; Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China; Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Weihui Li
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China; Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Longlong Cao
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China; Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Dengyuan Zhou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - QiuYan Li
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China; Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Youhui Si
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China; Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.
| | - Shengbo Cao
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China; Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.
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Vojtkovská V, Voslářová E, Večerek V. Causes of shelter cats mortality in the Czech Republic. Vet Anim Sci 2024; 25:100379. [PMID: 39157703 PMCID: PMC11327390 DOI: 10.1016/j.vas.2024.100379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Awareness of the causes of mortality in shelter cats can contribute to its effective reduction. The aim of this study was to investigate the causes of mortality in cat shelters in the Czech Republic, taking into account the age of the animals and their length of stay in the shelter facilities until natural death or euthanasia. A cooperation with two private no-kill shelters in the Czech Republic was established. The subject of the study were records of 3047 cats admitted to the selected shelters in the period from 2013 to 2023. A total of 357 (11.7 %) out of 3047 cats died or had to be euthanized in two monitored shelters. No significant difference (p > 0.05) in the cat mortality was found between the two shelters (11.5 % and 12 %). The median length of stay of cats in the shelter until death or euthanasia was 23 days. The highest mortality was recorded in the youngest cats (≤ 6 months). The most common causes of death or euthanasia of cats in both shelters were feline infectious peritonitis (21.6 %), panleukopenia (18.5 %) and upper and lower respiratory tract infections (17.5 %). Adult and older cats were significantly (p < 0.05) more prone to death due to renal failure and cancer than young animals and kittens. The results of the study contribute to the knowledge on the health of cat population in shelters in the Czech Republic and can serve as a basis for further work that will target mortality reduction strategies in at-risk categories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Vojtkovská
- Department of Animal Protection and Welfare and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary Sciences Brno, Palackého tř. 1946/1, 612 42 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Voslářová
- Department of Animal Protection and Welfare and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary Sciences Brno, Palackého tř. 1946/1, 612 42 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimír Večerek
- Department of Animal Protection and Welfare and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary Sciences Brno, Palackého tř. 1946/1, 612 42 Brno, Czech Republic
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Weidinger AK, Hartmann K, Barutzki D, Truyen U, Abd El Wahed A, Zablotski Y, Bergmann M. Antibody response after feline panleukopenia virus vaccination in kittens with and without intestinal parasites. J Feline Med Surg 2024; 26:1098612X241264731. [PMID: 39212546 PMCID: PMC11418612 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x241264731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Vaccinations should only be given to healthy cats, and deworming before vaccination is generally recommended; however, so far, no study has investigated the influence of intestinal parasitic infection on the immune response in kittens. The aim of this prospective study was to compare the antibody response to feline panleukopenia virus (FPV) vaccination in kittens with and without intestinal parasites. METHODS Overall, 74 healthy kittens were included. Of these, 17 had intestinal parasites (12/17 Toxocara cati, 6/17 Cystoisospora felis, 1/17 Capillaria species). Both kittens with and without (n = 57) parasites received two primary kitten vaccinations with modified live FPV vaccines in a 4-week interval starting at the age of 8-12 weeks. Anti-FPV antibodies were determined at the beginning of the study (week 0) and at week 8 (4 weeks after the second vaccination) by haemagglutination inhibition. A ⩾four-fold titre increase (week 8 vs week 0) was defined as a response to vaccination. Comparison of the immune response in the kittens with and without intestinal parasites was performed using Pearson's χ2 test. RESULTS Pre-vaccination antibodies were present in 4/17 (23.5%) kittens with intestinal parasites and in 24/57 (42.1%) without parasites. A ⩾four-fold titre increase was seen in 13/17 (76.5%) kittens with parasites compared with 32/57 (56.1%) kittens without parasites. There was neither a significant difference in pre-vaccination antibodies (P = 0.17), nor in vaccination response (P = 0.13) between kittens with and without parasites. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE The results indicate that asymptomatic intestinal infections with endoparasites do not interfere with the immune response to kitten vaccination series. Parasitic infection (at least with T cati, C felis and Capillaria species) is therefore not a reason to postpone important vaccinations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Dieter Barutzki
- Veterinary Laboratory Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Uwe Truyen
- Institute of Animal Hygiene and Veterinary Public Health, Veterinary Faculty, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ahmed Abd El Wahed
- Institute of Animal Hygiene and Veterinary Public Health, Veterinary Faculty, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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Weidinger AK, Bergmann M, König M, Zablotski Y, Hartmann K. Anti-rabies humoral immune response in cats after concurrent vs separate vaccination against rabies and feline leukaemia virus using canarypox-vectored vaccines. J Feline Med Surg 2024; 26:1098612X231218643. [PMID: 38358295 PMCID: PMC10911302 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x231218643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Some expert groups recommend that cats should be vaccinated with non-adjuvanted feline leukaemia virus (FeLV) and rabies vector vaccines, which, in the European Union, are currently not licensed for concurrent use and have to be administered at least 14 days apart (different from the USA) and thus at separate visits, which is associated with more stress for cats and owners. The aim of this study was to assess the anti-rabies antibody response in cats after vaccination against rabies and FeLV at concurrent vs separate (4 weeks apart) visits using two canarypox-vectored vaccines (Purevax Rabies and Purevax FeLV; Boehringer Ingelheim) and to evaluate the occurrence of vaccine-associated adverse events (VAAEs). METHODS Healthy FeLV antigen-negative client-owned kittens (n = 106) were prospectively included in this randomised study. All kittens received primary vaccinations against rabies (week 0) and FeLV (weeks 4 and 8). After 1 year, the study group (n = 52) received booster vaccinations against rabies and FeLV concurrently at the same visit (weeks 50-52). The control group (n = 54) received booster vaccinations against rabies (weeks 50-52) and FeLV (weeks 54-56) separately. Anti-rabies virus antibodies (anti-RAV Ab) were determined by fluorescent antibody virus neutralisation assay at weeks 4, 50-52 and 54-56, and compared between both groups using a Mann-Whitney U-test. RESULTS Four weeks after the first rabies vaccination, 87/106 (82.1%) kittens had a titre ⩾0.5 IU/ml and 19/106 (17.9%) had a titre <0.5 IU/ml. Four weeks after the 1-year rabies booster, all cats had adequate anti-RAV Ab according to the World Organisation for Animal Health (⩾0.5 IU/ml), and the titres of the study group (median = 14.30 IU/ml) and the control group (median = 21.39 IU/ml) did not differ significantly (P = 0.141). VAAEs were observed in 7/106 (6.6%) cats. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Concurrent administration of Purevax FeLV and Purevax Rabies vector vaccines at the 1-year booster does not interfere with the development of anti-RAV Ab or cause more adverse effects and thus represents a better option than separate vaccination visits for cats and owners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna-Karina Weidinger
- LMU Small Animal Clinic, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Michèle Bergmann
- LMU Small Animal Clinic, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Matthias König
- Institute of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Hessen, Germany
| | - Yury Zablotski
- LMU Small Animal Clinic, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Katrin Hartmann
- LMU Small Animal Clinic, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
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Pereira KHNP, Fuchs KDM, Mendonça JC, Xavier GM, Knupp FC, Lourenço MLG. Topics on maternal, fetal and neonatal immunology of dogs and cats. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2023; 266:110678. [PMID: 38016336 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2023.110678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
Birth and the first few weeks of age are critical periods of developing the immune system of puppies and kittens and adapting to an environment containing a variety of infectious agents. The survival rate during these periods depends mainly on the newborn's immune capacity to prevent and combat infections. Although most components of innate and adaptive immunity are present at birth, responses are slow and immature compared to adults. Due to immunological immaturity and the endotheliochorial placental structure, circulating concentrations of immunoglobulins in dogs and cats at birth are quite low. Thus, newborns need a prompt and immediate immune response, which is essentially provided by defense cells and maternal antibodies via colostrum. Failure to ingest colostrum is correlated with high mortality rates in the neonatal period. Concurrently, factors related to pregnant, such as pregnancy physiological immunosuppression and nutritional and health states, can directly influence newborn immunity and health. Therefore, understanding the maternal and neonatal immunological aspects, importance of colostrum, risk factors for failure to transfer passive immunity and colostrum substitute strategies are essential to ensure the survival of the litter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keylla Helena Nobre Pacífico Pereira
- Veterinary Neonatology Research Group, Department of Veterinary Clinic, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Kárita da Mata Fuchs
- Veterinary Neonatology Research Group, Department of Veterinary Clinic, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Júlia Cosenza Mendonça
- Veterinary Neonatology Research Group, Department of Veterinary Clinic, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gleice Mendes Xavier
- Veterinary Neonatology Research Group, Department of Veterinary Clinic, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fabíola Cardoso Knupp
- Veterinary Neonatology Research Group, Department of Veterinary Clinic, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria Lucia Gomes Lourenço
- Veterinary Neonatology Research Group, Department of Veterinary Clinic, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Dall’Ara P, Lauzi S, Turin L, Servida F, Barbieri L, Zambarbieri J, Mazzotti G, Granatiero F, Scarparo E, Mirabile A, Bo S, Filipe J. Prevalence of Serum Antibody Titers against Core Vaccine Antigens in Italian Cats. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:2249. [PMID: 38137850 PMCID: PMC10744740 DOI: 10.3390/life13122249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Feline core vaccines strongly recommended for all cats are against Feline panleukopenia virus (FPV), Felid herpesvirus type 1 (FeHV-1), and Feline calicivirus (FCV), but cats can be classified as low- and high-risk based on their lifestyle. The aim of this study was to determine the actual seroprotection against FPV, FeHV-1, and FCV in a large cohort of Italian cats by using the VacciCheck test. A total of 740 cats (567 owned and 173 stray cats; 435 vaccinated and 305 unvaccinated) were analyzed for Protective Antibody Titers (PATs). Differences related to origin, sex, age, breed, FIV/FeLV status, health status, and time elapsed since last vaccination were evaluated. Less than half of the entire cohort (36.4%) had PATs for all three diseases simultaneously, increasing to 48.6% if weak positive values were also considered and 50.3% when considering only the 435 vaccinated cats. Particularly, antibodies were detected against FCV, FPV, and FeHV-1 at protective titers (PATs) in 78.6%, 68.1, and 49.1% of the cats, respectively. In general, owned, neutered, and adult FIV- and/or FeLV-negative cats were the most protected categories, even if not always for the three viruses. Most cats maintained high PATs for 3 years or longer after vaccination against FPV and FCV but not FeHV-1. Long-lasting protective immunity persisted for many years after the last vaccination (more than 18 years in the oldest cats). Nevertheless, since not all cats were protected after so many years and for all pathogens, checking protection via antibody titration could be the best choice to prevent immunity breakdowns. The discussion also focuses on the reliability of antibody titration for the two URTD (upper respiratory tract disease) viruses which, unlike for FPV, is not widely accepted as a valid index of protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Dall’Ara
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences (DIVAS), University of Milan, Via dell’Università 6, 26900 Lodi, LO, Italy (J.F.)
| | - Stefania Lauzi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences (DIVAS), University of Milan, Via dell’Università 6, 26900 Lodi, LO, Italy (J.F.)
| | - Lauretta Turin
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences (DIVAS), University of Milan, Via dell’Università 6, 26900 Lodi, LO, Italy (J.F.)
| | - Francesco Servida
- Clinica Veterinaria Pegaso, Via Dante Alighieri 169, 22070 Rovello Porro, CO, Italy
| | - Laura Barbieri
- Clinica Veterinaria Turro, Via Gerolamo Rovetta 8, 20127 Milano, MI, Italy
| | - Jari Zambarbieri
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences (DIVAS), University of Milan, Via dell’Università 6, 26900 Lodi, LO, Italy (J.F.)
| | - Giulia Mazzotti
- Ambulatorio Veterinario Mazzotti, Via Papa Giovanni XXIII 93, 24054 Calcio, BG, Italy
| | | | - Elena Scarparo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences (DIVAS), University of Milan, Via dell’Università 6, 26900 Lodi, LO, Italy (J.F.)
| | - Aurora Mirabile
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences (DIVAS), University of Milan, Via dell’Università 6, 26900 Lodi, LO, Italy (J.F.)
| | - Stefano Bo
- Ambulatorio Veterinario Bo-Ferro, Via Fratelli Calandra 3, 10123 Torino, TO, Italy
| | - Joel Filipe
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences (DIVAS), University of Milan, Via dell’Università 6, 26900 Lodi, LO, Italy (J.F.)
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Yeo YG, Kim HR, Park J, Kim JM, Shin YK, Lee KK, Kwon OK, Jeoung HY, Kang HE, Ku BK, Park SC, Kwon OD, Park CK. Epidemiological and Molecular Approaches for a Fatal Feline Panleukopenia Virus Infection of Captive Siberian Tigers ( Panthera tigris altaica) in the Republic of Korea. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2991. [PMID: 37760391 PMCID: PMC10526094 DOI: 10.3390/ani13182991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Feline panleukopenia virus (FPV), a member of the species Protoparvovirus carnivoran1, is one of the most fatal pathogens of domestic and wild carnivores. The virus endemically infects domestic carnivores worldwide and its cross-species transmission threatens endangered wild carnivores, including Siberian tigers. In this study, a fatal FPV infection in endangered Siberian tigers was investigated to trace the origin of the virus and elucidate the reason behind FPV's infection of the vaccinated tigers. Our genetic characterization and phylogenetic analysis revealed that the virus detected in the infected tigers, designated as the KTPV-2305 strain, was closely related to FPV strains circulating in Korean cats, suggesting that it might have been transmitted from stray cats wandering around the zoo. Compared with the prototype FPV reference strains, the KTPV-2305 strain carried three distinct amino acid (aa) mutations in the VP2 protein sequence (I101T, I232V, and L562V) in this study. These three mutations are commonly found in most global FPV strains, including Korean strains, indicating that these mutations are common evolutionary characteristics of currently circulating global FPVs. The reason why the vaccinated tigers were infected with FPV was most likely the insufficient protective immunity of the affected tigress or vaccine failure triggered by the interference of maternal-derived antibodies in the affected tiger cubs. These findings suggest that improved vaccination guidelines are urgently needed to save the lives of wild carnivores from this fatal virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Gu Yeo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea; (Y.-G.Y.); (H.-R.K.); (J.-M.K.)
- Seoul Zoo, Gwacheon 13829, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Ryung Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea; (Y.-G.Y.); (H.-R.K.); (J.-M.K.)
| | - Jonghyun Park
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics, College of Veterinary Medicine and Cardiovascular Research Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea; (J.P.); (S.-C.P.)
| | - Jong-Min Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea; (Y.-G.Y.); (H.-R.K.); (J.-M.K.)
| | - Yeun-Kyung Shin
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea; (Y.-K.S.); (K.-K.L.); (O.-K.K.); (H.-Y.J.); (H.-E.K.); (B.-K.K.)
| | - Kyoung-Ki Lee
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea; (Y.-K.S.); (K.-K.L.); (O.-K.K.); (H.-Y.J.); (H.-E.K.); (B.-K.K.)
| | - Oh-Kyu Kwon
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea; (Y.-K.S.); (K.-K.L.); (O.-K.K.); (H.-Y.J.); (H.-E.K.); (B.-K.K.)
| | - Hye-Young Jeoung
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea; (Y.-K.S.); (K.-K.L.); (O.-K.K.); (H.-Y.J.); (H.-E.K.); (B.-K.K.)
| | - Hae-Eun Kang
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea; (Y.-K.S.); (K.-K.L.); (O.-K.K.); (H.-Y.J.); (H.-E.K.); (B.-K.K.)
| | - Bok-Kyung Ku
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea; (Y.-K.S.); (K.-K.L.); (O.-K.K.); (H.-Y.J.); (H.-E.K.); (B.-K.K.)
| | - Seung-Chun Park
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics, College of Veterinary Medicine and Cardiovascular Research Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea; (J.P.); (S.-C.P.)
| | - Oh-Deog Kwon
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea; (Y.-G.Y.); (H.-R.K.); (J.-M.K.)
| | - Choi-Kyu Park
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea; (Y.-G.Y.); (H.-R.K.); (J.-M.K.)
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Hartmann K, Egberink H, Möstl K, Addie DD, Belák S, Boucraut-Baralon C, Frymus T, Lloret A, Hofmann-Lehmann R, Marsilio F, Pennisi MG, Tasker S, Thiry E, Truyen U, Hosie MJ. Feline Injection-Site Sarcoma and Other Adverse Reactions to Vaccination in Cats. Viruses 2023; 15:1708. [PMID: 37632050 PMCID: PMC10459272 DOI: 10.3390/v15081708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaccine-associated adverse events (VAAEs), including feline injection-site sarcomas (FISSs), occur only rarely but can be severe. Understanding potential VAAEs is an important part of informed owner consent for vaccination. In this review, the European Advisory Board on Cat Diseases (ABCD), a scientifically independent board of feline medicine experts, presents the current knowledge on VAAEs in cats, summarizing the literature and filling the gaps where scientific studies are missing with expert opinion to assist veterinarians in adopting the best vaccination practice. VAAEs are caused by an aberrant innate or adaptive immune reaction, excessive local reactions at the inoculation site, an error in administration, or failure in the manufacturing process. FISS, the most severe VAAE, can develop after vaccinations or injection of other substances. Although the most widely accepted hypothesis is that chronic inflammation triggers malignant transformation, the pathogenesis of FISS is not yet fully understood. No injectable vaccine is risk-free, and therefore, vaccination should be performed as often as necessary, but as infrequently as possible. Vaccines should be brought to room temperature prior to administration and injected at sites in which FISS surgery would likely be curative; the interscapular region should be avoided. Post-vaccinal monitoring is essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Hartmann
- Small Animal Clinic, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Herman Egberink
- Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Utrecht, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands;
| | - Karin Möstl
- Institute of Virology, Department for Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria;
| | | | - Sándor Belák
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health (BVF), Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), P.O. Box 7036, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden;
| | | | - Tadeusz Frymus
- Department of Small Animal Diseases with Clinic, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences—SGGW, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Albert Lloret
- Fundació Hospital Clínic Veterinari, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Regina Hofmann-Lehmann
- Clinical Laboratory, Department of Clinical Diagnostics and Services, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zuich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland;
| | - Fulvio Marsilio
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy;
| | - Maria Grazia Pennisi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università di Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy;
| | - Séverine Tasker
- Bristol Veterinary School, University of Bristol, Bristol BS40 5DU, UK;
- Linnaeus Veterinary Ltd., Shirley, Solihull B90 4BN, UK
| | - Etienne Thiry
- Veterinary Virology and Animal Viral Diseases, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, FARAH Research Centre, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Liège University, B-4000 Liège, Belgium;
| | - Uwe Truyen
- Institute of Animal Hygiene and Veterinary Public Health, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany;
| | - Margaret J. Hosie
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK;
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Pacini MI, Forzan M, Franzo G, Tucciarone CM, Fornai M, Bertelloni F, Sgorbini M, Cantile C, Mazzei M. Feline Parvovirus Lethal Outbreak in a Group of Adult Cohabiting Domestic Cats. Pathogens 2023; 12:822. [PMID: 37375512 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12060822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Feline panleukopenia is a highly contagious and often fatal disease in cats. The virus, known as feline panleukopenia virus (FPV), primarily affects kittens and unvaccinated cats. It is transmitted through contact with infected cats or their bodily fluids, as well as contaminated objects and environments. The diagnosis of FPV infection can be confirmed through a combination of clinical signs, blood tests, and fecal testing. Prevention through vaccination is recommended for all cats. This case report describes an outbreak of feline panleukopenia in a group of unvaccinated domestic cats that resulted in acute mortality. The lesions were evaluated using histopathology, and the specific viral strain was characterized using molecular techniques. The clinical course of the outbreak was peracute, with a hemorrhagic pattern and 100% of lethality. The observed clinical-pathological pattern was unusual; nevertheless, molecular studies did not highlight peculiar genomic features of the parvovirus isolate. The outbreak affected 3 out of 12 cats in a very short time. However, the prompt application of biosecurity measures and vaccination resulted in an effective interruption of virus spread. In conclusion, we could assume that the virus found the ideal conditions to infect and replicate at high titers, resulting in a particularly aggressive outbreak.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Irene Pacini
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Viale delle Piagge 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Mario Forzan
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Viale delle Piagge 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Giovanni Franzo
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health (MAPS), University of Padua, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, Italy
| | - Claudia Maria Tucciarone
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health (MAPS), University of Padua, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, Italy
| | - Milena Fornai
- Ambulatorio Veterinario Piombinese, Via Torino 38, 57025 Piombino, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Bertelloni
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Viale delle Piagge 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Micaela Sgorbini
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Viale delle Piagge 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Carlo Cantile
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Viale delle Piagge 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Maurizio Mazzei
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Viale delle Piagge 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy
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10
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Rehme T, Hartmann K, Bergmann M. [Parvovirus infections in cats in animal shelters]. TIERARZTLICHE PRAXIS. AUSGABE K, KLEINTIERE/HEIMTIERE 2023; 51:107-115. [PMID: 37230115 DOI: 10.1055/a-2065-8203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Due to widespread vaccination programs against feline panleukopenia virus (FPV), the disease associated with this virus infection, feline panleukopenia, is rarely seen in privately owned cats in Germany. In contrast, the situation in animal shelters differs due to the constant intake of new cats that are often unprotected. In such facilities, panleukopenia outbreaks are common and often accompanied by a high number of fatalities. Due to the high contagiosity of the virus, some shelters do not accept cats with clinical signs suspicious for panleukopenia, since these animals can pose a risk to the shelter population. However, not only cats with panleukopenia shed parvovirus, but also healthy, asymptomatic cats can and thus contribute to risk of infection. Nevertheless, the risk for panleukopenia outbreaks in animal shelters can be reduced by rigorous outbreak management. This includes hygiene measures using correctly applied cleaning and disinfection protocols, quarantine measures, separate isolation units, as well as specific prophylactic measures, such as identification of infected animals and immunization of susceptible groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Rehme
- Medizinische Kleintierklinik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München
| | - Katrin Hartmann
- Medizinische Kleintierklinik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München
| | - Michèle Bergmann
- Medizinische Kleintierklinik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München
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11
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Kolangath SM, Upadhye SV, Dhoot VM, Pawshe MD, Bhadane BK, Gawande AP, Kolangath RM. Molecular investigation of Feline Panleukopenia in an endangered leopard (Panthera pardus) - a case report. BMC Vet Res 2023; 19:56. [PMID: 36859281 PMCID: PMC9979488 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-023-03612-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Feline Panleukopenia is an important disease of cats and has been reported worldwide. The disease is caused by a non-enveloped, single-stranded DNA virus; Feline Panleukopenia Virus (FPLV), belonging to the Parvoviridae family. The disease causes significant mortality in unvaccinated kittens. The disease has been well documented in companion animals. However, only a few reports have surfaced from the wild. CASE PRESENTATION An orphan leopard cub was presented to Wildlife Rescue Centre, Nagpur, for further care; the leopard was kept under quarantine. On day 22 of the quarantine, the leopard showed inappetence, lethargy and depression and did not consume the offered carabeef (Day 0 of treatment). The leopard was examined clinically and was found to have a temperature of 102°F; blood was collected and analysed. On day one, the leopard exhibited bloody diarrhoea, inappetence, fever and depression. The leopard was rationally treated with fluids, antibiotics, multi-vitamins, haemostatics and haematinics. To gain qualitative insights into the epidemiological aspect of the disease, molecular investigation, including Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and qPCR (Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction), were utilized to confirm the infection. The amplicon was sequenced and was found to be similar to sequences of FPLV reported domestic cats and other wild felids from India and abroad. Phylogenetic analysis was performed to understand the evolutionary relationship of the virus with previously reported sequences of FPLV. Sequences were submitted to National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) and were allotted accession numbers. CONCLUSION The infection in endangered leopard cubs could be managed with prompt fluid therapy, antibiotics and support treatment, ensuring an uneventful recovery. Molecular investigation and sequencing efforts can provide valuable data on epidemiology and the evolutionary relationship of the virus with the circulating strains in the field. The study has implications in the preventive management of FPLV in captivity and the selection of strains for inclusion in vaccines meant for the wild felids.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. M. Kolangath
- grid.444596.e0000 0004 1800 6216Wildlife Research & Training Centre, MAFSU, Nagpur, Opp. Hindustan Lever Godown Square, Maharashtra Animal & Fishery Sciences University, Mahurzhari Road, Fetri, 441501 Nagpur, India
| | - S. V. Upadhye
- grid.444596.e0000 0004 1800 6216Wildlife Research & Training Centre, MAFSU, Nagpur, Opp. Hindustan Lever Godown Square, Maharashtra Animal & Fishery Sciences University, Mahurzhari Road, Fetri, 441501 Nagpur, India
| | - V. M. Dhoot
- grid.444596.e0000 0004 1800 6216Wildlife Research & Training Centre, MAFSU, Nagpur, Opp. Hindustan Lever Godown Square, Maharashtra Animal & Fishery Sciences University, Mahurzhari Road, Fetri, 441501 Nagpur, India
| | - M. D. Pawshe
- grid.444596.e0000 0004 1800 6216Wildlife Research & Training Centre, MAFSU, Nagpur, Opp. Hindustan Lever Godown Square, Maharashtra Animal & Fishery Sciences University, Mahurzhari Road, Fetri, 441501 Nagpur, India
| | - B. K. Bhadane
- grid.444596.e0000 0004 1800 6216Wildlife Research & Training Centre, MAFSU, Nagpur, Opp. Hindustan Lever Godown Square, Maharashtra Animal & Fishery Sciences University, Mahurzhari Road, Fetri, 441501 Nagpur, India
| | - A. P. Gawande
- grid.444596.e0000 0004 1800 6216Wildlife Research & Training Centre, MAFSU, Nagpur, Opp. Hindustan Lever Godown Square, Maharashtra Animal & Fishery Sciences University, Mahurzhari Road, Fetri, 441501 Nagpur, India
| | - R. M. Kolangath
- Department of Biotechnology & Biochemistry, Saint Francis DeSales College, Seminary Hills, 440006 Nagpur, India
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12
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Mazzotta E, De Zan G, Cocchi M, Boniotti MB, Bertasio C, Furlanello T, Lucchese L, Ceglie L, Bellinati L, Natale A. Feline Susceptibility to Leptospirosis and Presence of Immunosuppressive Co-Morbidities: First European Report of L. interrogans Serogroup Australis Sequence Type 24 in a Cat and Survey of Leptospira Exposure in Outdoor Cats. Trop Med Infect Dis 2023; 8:tropicalmed8010054. [PMID: 36668961 PMCID: PMC9865706 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed8010054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Leptospirosis is one of the most widespread zoonotic diseases and can infect both humans and animals worldwide. The role of the cat as a susceptible host and potential environmental reservoir of Leptospira is still not well understood, due to the lack of obvious clinical signs associated with Leptospira spp. infection in this species. This study aims to describe the first European detection of Leptospira interrogans serogroup Australis ST 24 in a young outdoor cat with a severe comorbidity (feline panleukopenia virus). In addition, the results of a preliminary study conducted in 2014-2016 are presented (RC IZSVE 16/12), which reports an investigation of Leptospira exposure of outdoor cats in Northeast Italy by means of serological investigation and molecular evaluation of urine. The animals included in the survey are part of samples collected during active and passive surveillance (diagnostic samples). The study reported a seroprevalence of 10.5% among outdoor cats and the serogroups identified were Grippotyphosa, Icterohaemorrhagiae, Bratislava, Canicola and Ballum. Symptomatic cats reported high MAT titres (ranging from 1:800 to 1:1600) towards antigens belonging to the serovars Grippotyphosa (1:800), Bratislava (1:1600), Icterohaemorrhagiae (1:200) and Copenhageni (1:200-1:800). In one subject, urine tested positive for Leptospira PCR. Cats with high antibody titres for Leptospira and/or positivity on molecular test suffered from immunosuppressive comorbidities (feline immunodeficiency virus and feline leukaemia virus; feline herpesvirus and lymphoma; hyperthyroidism). The overall prevalence of serum antibodies against Leptospira found in free-ranging cats (10.53%, 95% CI: 4.35-16.70%) and the identification of L. interrogans ST 24 in a young cat with immunosuppressive disease (feline panleukopenia virus) suggest the possibility of natural resistance to clinical leptospirosis in healthy cats. In a One Health perspective, further studies are needed to better define the pathogenesis of leptospirosis in cats and their epidemiological role as environmental sentinels or possible carriers of pathogenic Leptospira.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Mazzotta
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe), Viale dell’Università 10, 35020 Legnaro, Italy
- Correspondence: (E.M.); (G.D.Z.); Tel.: +39-0498084461 (E.M.)
| | - Gabrita De Zan
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe), Viale dell’Università 10, 35020 Legnaro, Italy
- Correspondence: (E.M.); (G.D.Z.); Tel.: +39-0498084461 (E.M.)
| | - Monia Cocchi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe), Viale dell’Università 10, 35020 Legnaro, Italy
| | - Maria Beatrice Boniotti
- National Reference Centre for Animal Leptospirosis (NRCL), Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia ed Emilia Romagna “Bruno Ubertini”, Via Bianchi 7/9, 25121 Brescia, Italy
| | - Cristina Bertasio
- National Reference Centre for Animal Leptospirosis (NRCL), Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia ed Emilia Romagna “Bruno Ubertini”, Via Bianchi 7/9, 25121 Brescia, Italy
| | - Tommaso Furlanello
- Veterinary Clinic and Laboratory San Marco, Viale dell’Industria, 35030 Veggiano, Italy
| | - Laura Lucchese
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe), Viale dell’Università 10, 35020 Legnaro, Italy
| | - Letizia Ceglie
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe), Viale dell’Università 10, 35020 Legnaro, Italy
| | - Laura Bellinati
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe), Viale dell’Università 10, 35020 Legnaro, Italy
| | - Alda Natale
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe), Viale dell’Università 10, 35020 Legnaro, Italy
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13
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Hasırcıoglu S, Aslım HP, Kale M, Bulut O, Koçlu O, Orta YS. Molecular characterization of carnivore protoparvovirus strains circulating in cats in Turkey. PESQUISA VETERINÁRIA BRASILEIRA 2023. [DOI: 10.1590/1678-5150-pvb-7178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT: Cats are susceptible to feline panleukopenia virus (FPV) and canine parvovirus type 2 (CPV-2). Therefore, coinfection and superinfection with multiple parvovirus strains may occur, resulting in high heterogeneity and recombination. Considering the importance of cats as a potential source of genetic diversity for parvoviruses, we investigated the frequency of parvovirus infection in cats using their blood and fecal samples and performed molecular characterization of parvovirus strains circulating in cat populations. Accordingly, the fecal and blood samples of 60 cats with gastroenteritis symptoms were collected from Turkey’s Burdur, Isparta, and Izmit provinces. Of these 15 fecal samples tested as parvovirus-positive by PCR, 14 were confirmed to have been infected with true FPV strains by sequencing analysis. Through the phylogeny analysis, those were located in the FPV cluster, closely related to CPV-2, and one was discriminated in the CPV-2b cluster. Additionally, sequence analysis of the VP2 gene of CPV and FPV revealed that the FPV strains detected in Turkey and the vaccine strains were highly related to each other, with a nucleotide identity of 97.7- 100%. Furthermore, 13 variable positions were detected in VP2 of the field and reference FPV strains. Three synonymous mutations were determined in the VP2 gene. Some amino acid mutations in the VP2 protein-affected sites were considered responsible for the virus’s biological and antigenic properties. The partial sequence analysis of the VP2 gene revealed that four FPV strains detected in Turkey have a single nucleotide change from T to G at the amino acid position 384 between the nucleotides 3939-3941, which was reported for the first time. Therefore, these four isolates formed a different branch in the phylogenetic tree. The results suggest that both FPV and CPV-2b strains are circulating in domestic cats in Turkey and cats should be considered as potential sources of new parvovirus variants for cats, dogs and other animals.
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14
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Wilkes RP. Parvoviridae. Vet Microbiol 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/9781119650836.ch47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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15
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Feline Panleukopenia Outbreaks and Risk Factors in Cats in Animal Shelters. Viruses 2022; 14:v14061248. [PMID: 35746719 PMCID: PMC9227120 DOI: 10.3390/v14061248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: This study aimed to determine the risk factors for outbreaks of feline panleukopenia in shelters. (2) Methods: Four shelters (A−D) with 150 cats were included. Fecal samples were analyzed by parvovirus real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), including culture and sequencing of qPCR-positive samples. Information on cats, husbandry, hygiene, and infection management was evaluated to determine risk factors for feline panleukopenia and parvovirus shedding by logistic regression. (3) Results: Feline panleukopenia occurred in 28.0% (42/150) of cats (0 in shelter D). Shedding was found in 48.7% (73/150) (A: 21/73; B: 29/73; C: 7/73; D: 16/73). Of 73 qPCR-positive fecal samples, 65.8% (48/73) were culture-positive; sequencing revealed feline panleukopenia virus (FPV) isolates in 34/48 samples and vaccine virus isolate in 14/48; canine parvovirus was not detected. Presence of feline panleukopenia was significantly more likely in cats from shelter A (p < 0.05), unvaccinated cats (p < 0.001), and young cats (4 weeks to 2 years; p = 0.008). Parvovirus shedding was significantly more common in young cats (p < 0.001), cats with feline panleukopenia (p = 0.033), and group-housed cats (p = 0.025). (4) Conclusions: Vaccination is the most important measure to reduce the risk of feline panleukopenia in shelters. Risk of parvovirus shedding is especially high in young, group-housed cats.
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16
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Horecka K, Neal S. Critical Problems for Research in Animal Sheltering, a Conceptual Analysis. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:804154. [PMID: 35433910 PMCID: PMC9010978 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.804154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal shelter research has seen significant increases in participation over the past several decades from academic organizations, private organizations, public entities, and even corporations that aims to improve shelter programs, processes, operations, and outcomes for the various stakeholders/participants involved in a shelter system (animals, humans, the community, wildlife, and the environment). These efforts are scattered through a huge variety of different research areas that are challenging to define and scope for organizations seeking to start new lines of research inquiry. This work aims to enumerate some of the most critical outstanding problems for research in animal sheltering in a conceptual framework that is intended to help direct research conversations toward the research topics of highest impact (with the highest quality outcomes possible). To this end, we define seven (7) key areas for research: animal behavior, adoptions and special needs populations, medical conditions, disease transmission, community, ecology, and wellness (one health), operations, and public-private-academic-corporate collaboration. Within each of these areas, we review specific problems and highlight examples of successes in each area in the past several decades. We close with a discussion of some of the topics that were not detailed in this manuscript but, nonetheless, deserve some mention. Through this enumeration, we hope to spur conversation around innovative methodologies, technologies, and concepts in both research and practice in animal sheltering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Horecka
- Research Department, Austin Pets Alive!, Austin, TX, United States
| | - Sue Neal
- Arkansas State University, Department of Political Science, Jonesboro, AR, United States
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Liu J, Zhang Z, Bai A, Sha Y, Ma L, Qin S, Chen F, Qin S, Wu J. Prophylactic Efficacy of Equine Immunoglobulin F(ab') 2 Fragments Against Feline Parvovirus. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2021; 193:3151-3162. [PMID: 34086256 PMCID: PMC8175436 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-021-03591-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Feline parvovirus (FPV), a type of parvovirus prevalent worldwide, can cause foetal death and acute enteritis in adult cats with severe leukopenia, and yet there are no effective drugs to prevent or treat FPV. Here, the immune effects of two FPV vaccines on horses were compared. IgG was extracted from FPV-immunized horse sera. Equine F(ab')2 fragments were obtained from pepsin-digested IgG and then purified by protein-G column chromatography. The results showed that the inactivated FPV oil vaccine was more effective than the inactivated FPV propolis vaccine in helping healthy horses to produce hyper-immune serum. Four methods were tested, among which the optimized octanoic acid-ammonium sulphate precipitation method was proved to be the best process for extracting IgG. The optimal condition for preparing F(ab')2 by pepsin digestion was 30 °C for 3.5 h, and the content, purity and recovery of F(ab')2 were 8.64 mg/mL, 90.36% and 93.24%, respectively. Our equine immunoglobulin F(ab')2 fragments effectively neutralized activity in vitro against FPV, alleviated the clinical symptoms of FPV-infected cats, reduced the viral loads in the intestine and had prophylactic effects in FPV-infected cats. These results indicate that the F(ab')2 fragment prepared from inactivated FPV-immunized horses may be used as a prophylactic agent for diseases caused by FPV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinfeng Liu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning, 530001, China
| | - Zhenjiang Zhang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning, 530001, China
| | - Anbin Bai
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning, 530001, China
| | - Yiyu Sha
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning, 530001, China
| | - Ling Ma
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning, 530001, China
| | - Shaomin Qin
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning, 530001, China
| | - Fenglian Chen
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning, 530001, China
| | - Shuying Qin
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning, 530001, China
| | - Jianmin Wu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning, 530001, China.
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First detection of feline bocaparvovirus 2 and feline chaphamaparvovirus in healthy cats in Turkey. Vet Res Commun 2021; 46:127-136. [PMID: 34553342 PMCID: PMC8457779 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-021-09836-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The pet cat’s population and the number of viruses that infect them are increasing worldwide. Recently, feline chaphamaparvovirus (FeChPV, also called fechavirus) and feline bocaparvovirus (FBoV) infections, which are novel parvovirus species, have been reported in cats from different geographic regions. Here, we investigated FBoV 1–3 and FeChPVs in healthy cats in Turkey using PCR, where nuclear phosphoprotein 1 (NP1) is targeted for FBoV and NP for FeChPV. For this purpose, oropharygeal swabs were obtained from 70 healthy cats with different housing status from June 15 to December 1, 2020. After PCR screening tests, six out of 70 cats (5/47 shelter cats; 1/23 domestic cats) were found to be positive for FBOV, while two were positive for FeChPV (1/47 shelter cats; 1/23 domestic cats). No cat was found in which both viruses were detected. The nucleotide (nt) sequence comparison in the 310 base pair (bp) NP gene of the two FeChPVs identified in this study shared a high identity with each other (95.0% nt and 99% aa identities) and with previously reported FeChPVs (92.4–97.1% nt and 98.1–99.0% aa identities), including 313R/2019/ITA, 49E/2019/ITA, VRI_849, 284R/2019/ITA, and IDEXX-1. Here, the near-full length (1489 nt, 495 amino acids-aa) of the VP2 gene of the FechaV/Tur-2020/68 isolate obtained from the study was also sequenced. The nt and aa identity ratio of this isolate with other FeChPVs was 98.0–98.5%-96–96.5%, respectively. Sequences of the 465 bp NP1 gene of the six Turkish FBoV strains shared high identities with each other (99.6–100% nt and 99.3–100% aa identities) and with those of FBoV-2 strains (97.8–99.1% nt and 98.0–100% aa identities), including 16SY0701, 17CC0505-BoV2, HFXA-6, and POR1. All FBoVs detected in this study were classified as genotype 2, similar to the study conducted in Japan and Portugal. Here, the NS1 (partial), NP1, VP1 and VP2 gene of the FBoV-2/TUR/2020–14 strain obtained from the study were also sequenced and the nt and aa sequences showed high identities to the above-mentioned FBoV-2 strain/isolates (> 96%, except for the aa ratio of strain 16SY0701). In conclusion, this study shows that FBoV and FeChPV are present in healthy cats in Turkey, and these viruses can be detected from oropharyngeal swabs. Our findings contribute to further investigation of the prevalence, genotype distribution, and genetic diversity of Turkish FBoVs and FeChPVs, adding to the molecular epidemiology of FBoV and FeChPVs worldwide.
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Carrai M, Decaro N, Van Brussel K, Dall'Ara P, Desario C, Fracasso M, Šlapeta J, Colombo E, Bo S, Beatty JA, Meers J, Barrs VR. Canine parvovirus is shed infrequently by cats without diarrhoea in multi-cat environments. Vet Microbiol 2021; 261:109204. [PMID: 34399298 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2021.109204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Whether subclinical shedding of canine parvovirus (CPV) by cats might contribute to the epidemiology of canine CPV infections, particularly in facilities housing both cats and dogs, requires clarification. Conflicting results are reported to date. Using conventional PCR (cPCR) to amplify the VP2 gene, shedding of the CPV variants (CPV-2a, 2b, 2c) by healthy cats in multi-cat environments was reportedly common in Europe but rare in Australia. The aim of this study was to determine whether low-level faecal CPV shedding occurs in multi-cat environments in Australia and Italy using a TaqMan real-time PCR to detect Carnivore protoparvovirus 1 (CPV and feline parvovirus, FPV) DNA, and minor-groove binder probe real-time PCR assay to differentiate FPV and CPV types and to characterize CPV variants. In total, 741 non-diarrhoeic faecal samples from shelters in Australia (n = 263) and from shelters or cat colonies in Italy (n = 478) were tested. Overall, Carnivore protoparvovirus 1 DNA was detected in 49 of 741 (6.61 %) samples. Differentiation was possible for 31 positive samples. FPV was most common among positive samples (28/31, 90.3 %). CPV was detected in 4/31 samples (12.9 %) including CPV-2a in one sample, CPV-2b in another and co-infections of FPV/CPV-2b and CPV-2a/CPV-2b in the remaining two samples. A high rate of subclinical FPV infection was detected in one shelter during an outbreak of feline panleukopenia, during which 21 of 22 asymptomatic cats (95.5 %) sampled were shedding FPV. Faecal shedding of CPV by cats in multi-cat environments is uncommon suggesting that domestic cats are not significant reservoirs of CPV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maura Carrai
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia; Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine & Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.
| | - Nicola Decaro
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano, Italy.
| | - Kate Van Brussel
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia.
| | - Paola Dall'Ara
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milan, Lodi, Italy.
| | - Costantina Desario
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano, Italy.
| | - Marco Fracasso
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano, Italy.
| | - Jan Šlapeta
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia.
| | - Elena Colombo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milan, Lodi, Italy.
| | - Stefano Bo
- Ambulatorio Vetarinario Associato, Via Fratelli Calandra, 2, 10123 Torino, Italy.
| | - Julia A Beatty
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia; Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine & Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.
| | - Joanne Meers
- University of Queensland, School of Veterinary Science, Gatton, Queensland 4343, Australia.
| | - Vanessa R Barrs
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia; Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine & Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.
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20
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Nájera F, Grande-Gómez R, Peña J, Vázquez A, Palacios MJ, Rueda C, Corona-Bravo AI, Zorrilla I, Revuelta L, Gil-Molino M, Jiménez J. Disease Surveillance during the Reintroduction of the Iberian Lynx ( Lynx pardinus) in Southwestern Spain. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:547. [PMID: 33669869 PMCID: PMC7923217 DOI: 10.3390/ani11020547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The restoration of Iberian lynx (Lynx pardinus) populations in Extremadura (Southwestern Spain) have been carried out since 2014. One of the measures to ensure the success of this program is to examine the effects that diseases may have on reintroduction. Since diseases may be greatly located at certain sites because of the specific ecological requirements of the pathogens and/or vectors, reintroduced individuals may present a risk of infection once released. To determine which pathogens the reintroduced individuals may encounter, we performed a molecular and sero-epidemiological survey in reintroduced and wild-born lynxes. From 2015 to 2019, 69 Iberian lynxes (40 reintroduced and 29 wild-born) were sampled and screened against 10 viral, bacterial and piroplasmid agents. In parallel, 195 sympatric carnivores from the families Canidae, Felidae, Viverridae, Herpestidae and Mustelidae were tested against current or past infections to six common canine/feline viruses. In the Iberian lynx, low contact rates of active infection were obtained for the feline leukemia provirus (FeLV: 1.5%; 1/67), feline parvovirus (FPV: 1.5%; 1/67) and Cytauxzoon sp. (6.7%; 1/15). We also confirmed the emergence of Aujeszky's disease (suid herpesvirus-1) in this population (SuHV-1: 11.8%; 2/17). Evidence of previous exposure was detected for canine distemper virus (CDV: 5.8%; 3/52), feline coronavirus (1.9%; 1/52), FPV (7.7%; 1/13) and feline calicivirus (FCV: 5.3%; 1/19). From 25 recovered lynx carcasses, we could confirm infectious etiology involvement in the death of four individuals (SuHV-1 in two individuals, coinfection of Cytauxzoon spp. and Aeromonas veronii in one lynx and a Streptococcus canis myositis in another lynx). We confirmed the circulation of CDV, FPV, FeLV, FCV and the feline immunodeficiency virus within the sympatric carnivore community. Due to the low contact rate of infectious agents in such a small, endangered population, we recommend continuing a disease surveillance program to determine the prognostic factors of survival, understand the role that disease may play during the reintroduction and anticipate disease outbreaks that may pose a risk for the entire reintroduced population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Nájera
- Department of Animal Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
- Asistencia Técnica de la Dirección General del Medio Natural y Desarrollo Sostenible de la Junta de Comunidades de Castilla-La Mancha, Plaza del Cardenal Siliceo s/n, 45071 Toledo, Spain
| | - Rebeca Grande-Gómez
- GPEX-Dirección General de Medio Ambiente, Junta de Extremadura, Avda. Luis Ramallo s/n, 06800 Mérida, Spain; (R.G.-G.); (J.P.); (A.V.)
- Organismo Autónomo Parques Nacionales, Zarza de Granadilla, 10710 Cáceres, Spain
| | - Jorge Peña
- GPEX-Dirección General de Medio Ambiente, Junta de Extremadura, Avda. Luis Ramallo s/n, 06800 Mérida, Spain; (R.G.-G.); (J.P.); (A.V.)
| | - Anastasio Vázquez
- GPEX-Dirección General de Medio Ambiente, Junta de Extremadura, Avda. Luis Ramallo s/n, 06800 Mérida, Spain; (R.G.-G.); (J.P.); (A.V.)
| | - María Jesús Palacios
- Dirección General de Medio Ambiente de la Junta de Extremadura, Avda. Luis Ramallo s/n, 06800 Mérida, Spain;
| | - Carmen Rueda
- Fundación CBD-Hábitat, C/Gustavo Fernández Balbuena 2, Entreplanta, Oficina A, 28002 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Ana Isabel Corona-Bravo
- Centro de Análisis y Diagnóstico de la Fauna Silvestre, Agencia de Medio Ambiente y Agua de Andalucía, Consejería de Agricultura, Ganadería, Pesca y Desarrollo Sostenible, Junta de Andalucía, Avenida Lope de Vega 9, 29010 Málaga, Spain; (A.I.C.-B.); (I.Z.)
| | - Irene Zorrilla
- Centro de Análisis y Diagnóstico de la Fauna Silvestre, Agencia de Medio Ambiente y Agua de Andalucía, Consejería de Agricultura, Ganadería, Pesca y Desarrollo Sostenible, Junta de Andalucía, Avenida Lope de Vega 9, 29010 Málaga, Spain; (A.I.C.-B.); (I.Z.)
| | - Luis Revuelta
- Department of Animal Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
| | - María Gil-Molino
- Servicio de Recepción y Diagnostico de Muestras Biológicas, Hospital Clínico Veterinario, Universidad de Extremadura, Avda. Universidad s/n, 10003 Cáceres, Spain;
| | - José Jiménez
- Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos-(CSIC-UCLM-JCCM), 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain;
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21
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Isaya R, Ciccarelli S, Enache D, Specchi S, Pesaresi M, Ferri F, Porporato F, Auriemma E, Contiero B, Coppola LM, Zini E. Gastrointestinal ultrasonographic findings in cats with Feline panleukopenia: a case series. BMC Vet Res 2021; 17:20. [PMID: 33413382 PMCID: PMC7791690 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-020-02720-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Feline panleukopenia virus (FPV) is very resistant and highly contagious and infects domestic cats and other felids. FPV is particularly widespread among sheltered cats, and is associated with high morbidity and mortality, causing severe gastroenteritis characterized by anorexia, lethargy, fever, dehydration, hemorrhagic diarrhea, and vomiting. There is currently no data on the ultrasonographic features of cats affected with FPV. This case series describes abdominal ultrasonographic findings in shelter cats with naturally-occurring FPV, and assesses whether are associated with clinical and laboratory findings. Cats affected by FPV were enrolled in the study if an abdominal ultrasound was performed within 12 hours of diagnosis. Clinical, laboratory and survival data were collected from medical records. Ultrasonographic examinations were reviewed for gastrointestinal abnormalities and their associations with the above data were explored. Results Twenty-one cats were included. Nine cats (42.9%) died and 12 (57.1%) recovered. Based on ultrasonography, the duodenum and jejunum showed thinning of the mucosal layer in 70.6% and 66.6% of cats, thickening of the muscular layer in 52.9% and 57.1% of cats, and hyperechogenicity of the mucosa in 41.2% and 33.3%. Jejunal hyperechoic mucosal band paralleling the submucosa and irregular luminal surface were both observed in 33.3% of the cats. Survival was positively associated with increased jejunal mucosal echogenicity (P = 0.003) and hyperechoic mucosal band (P = 0.003). Peritoneal free fluid was positively associated with vomiting (P = 0.002). Conclusions This study provides ultrasonographic features of naturally-occurring FPV in cats, which, as expected, are compatible with gastroenteropathy. The most frequent findings were diffuse small intestine mucosal layer thinning, muscular layer thickening and mucosal hyperechogenicity, jejunal hyperechoic mucosal band and irregular luminal surface. Ultrasonographic features may be useful to complete the clinical picture and assess the severity of the gastroenteropathy in FPV cats. Prospective studies are needed to confirm ultrasonographic prognostic factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosaria Isaya
- Istituto Veterinario di Novara, 28060, Granozzo con Monticello (NO), Italy.
| | - Stefano Ciccarelli
- Istituto Veterinario di Novara, 28060, Granozzo con Monticello (NO), Italy.,Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", BA, 70010, Valenzano, Italy
| | - Daniela Enache
- Istituto Veterinario di Novara, 28060, Granozzo con Monticello (NO), Italy
| | - Swan Specchi
- Istituto Veterinario di Novara, 28060, Granozzo con Monticello (NO), Italy
| | - Marco Pesaresi
- Istituto Veterinario di Novara, 28060, Granozzo con Monticello (NO), Italy
| | - Filippo Ferri
- Istituto Veterinario di Novara, 28060, Granozzo con Monticello (NO), Italy
| | - Federico Porporato
- Istituto Veterinario di Novara, 28060, Granozzo con Monticello (NO), Italy
| | - Edoardo Auriemma
- Istituto Veterinario di Novara, 28060, Granozzo con Monticello (NO), Italy
| | - Barbara Contiero
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padova, Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - Luigi M Coppola
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padova, Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - Eric Zini
- Istituto Veterinario di Novara, 28060, Granozzo con Monticello (NO), Italy.,Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padova, Legnaro, PD, Italy.,Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
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22
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Chisty NN, Belgrad JP, Al Sattar A, Akter S, Hoque MA. Clinico-epidemiological investigation of feline panleukopenia and parvoviral enteritis in the two largest pet hospitals in Bangladesh. J Adv Vet Anim Res 2020; 7:726-733. [PMID: 33409319 PMCID: PMC7774795 DOI: 10.5455/javar.2020.g474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: A clinico-epidemiological study was conducted at two veterinary hospitals in Dhaka to evaluate the prevalence of parvoviral enteritis (PVE) in dogs and feline panleukopenia (FPL) in cats, to detect factors associated with them, and to identify their common clinical signs. Materials and Methods: Clinico-epidemiological data were collected for a total of 88 dogs and 129 cats which were presented to the hospitals, entered into MS excel 2010, and then transferred to STATA-14 software for conducting descriptive and univariable statistical analyses (Fisher’s exact test). The maps showing the spatial distribution of PVE and FPL were produced by using QGIS software version 2.18.13. Results: PVE in dogs and FPL in cats had the highest prevalence compared to other diseases (34.1%; 95% confidence interval: 24.3–44.9; N = 88 and 20.2%; 95% confidence interval: 13.6–28.1; N = 129, respectively). Young age (43.8%), poor body condition (58.4%), and exotic breeds (44.2%) were significantly associated with the occurrence of PVE (p ≤ 0.05). Poor body condition (27.8%) and non-vaccination status (26.7%) were associated with FPL (p ≤ 0.05). Both PVE and FPL showed clinical signs of being off-feed, frequent vomiting, weakness, and moderate dehydration. Conclusion: The high prevalence of PVE and FPL indicates that they are common in dogs and cats in Dhaka, Bangladesh. The factors related to PVE are young age, exotic breed, and poor body condition score (BCS), and FPL are poor BCS and non-vaccination. Specific measures such as care during younger age, good nutrition, and routine vaccination are needed to prevent and control PVE and FPL in Dhaka’s dog and cat population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurun Nahar Chisty
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Zakir Hossain Road, Khulshi, Chattogram, Bangladesh
| | - Joseph P Belgrad
- Tufts University Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, North Grafton, MD, USA
| | - Abdullah Al Sattar
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Zakir Hossain Road, Khulshi, Chattogram, Bangladesh
| | - Sazeda Akter
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Zakir Hossain Road, Khulshi, Chattogram, Bangladesh
| | - Md Ahasanul Hoque
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Zakir Hossain Road, Khulshi, Chattogram, Bangladesh
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23
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Sim Lam PPL, Reduan MFH, Jasni S, Shaari R, Shaharulnizim N, Nordin ML, Abd Rahman A, Roslan NS. Polycystic kidney disease concurrent with feline parvovirus and bacterial infections in domestic shorthair cat: a case report. COMPARATIVE CLINICAL PATHOLOGY 2020; 29:1283-1287. [PMID: 33013278 PMCID: PMC7521566 DOI: 10.1007/s00580-020-03170-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Feline polycystic kidney disease (PKD) is an inherited disorder caused by the mutation of PKD1 gene that eventually lead to the development of chronic kidney disease. The latter condition causes hypertension and eventually progress into congestive heart failure. Feline parvovirus (FPV) is a highly contagious and often fatal disease infecting cats and other members of Felidae. An 8-month-old female domestic shorthair cat was presented with complaint of wound dehiscence a day after ovarian hysterectomy procedure. The wound at the suture site appeared necrotic, purulent with foul smell. The cat was found to have diarrhoea during the fixation of suture breakdown and, later, was tested positive with parvovirus infection. Complete blood count revealed anaemia, neutrophilia, lymphopenia and thrombocytosis. Biochemistry profiles showed hypoproteinaemia and elevated of urea and creatinine. The cat was hospitalised, and symptomatic treatments were given. During hospitalisation, the cat showed symptoms of polydipsia and polyuria and found dead 2 days later. Post-mortem findings demonstrated the cat had oral ulceration, thoracic effusion, fibrinopleuropneumonia, pericardial effusion, left ventricular hypertrophy and right ventricular dilation, chronic passive liver congestion, mesenteric lymphadenomegaly, intestinal haemorrhage, adrenomegaly and polycystic kidney. Histopathological evaluation revealed fibrinous pleuropneumonia, pulmonary atelectasis, emphysema and oedema, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, hepatic necrosis, splenic necrosis, intestinal necrosis, renal necrosis and renal polycystic. Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli were isolated from bronchus swab and intestinal segment, respectively. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) revealed parvovirus infection. The cat was definitely diagnosed with polycystic kidney disease concurrent with parvoviral and secondary bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Poh Ling Sim Lam
- Department of Para Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Pengkalan Chepa, 16100 Kota Bharu, Kelantan Malaysia
| | - Mohd Farhan Hanif Reduan
- Department of Para Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Pengkalan Chepa, 16100 Kota Bharu, Kelantan Malaysia
| | - Sabri Jasni
- Department of Para Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Pengkalan Chepa, 16100 Kota Bharu, Kelantan Malaysia
| | - Rumaizi Shaari
- Department of Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Pengkalan Chepa, 16100 Kota Bharu, Kelantan Malaysia
| | - Nurshahirah Shaharulnizim
- Department of Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Pengkalan Chepa, 16100 Kota Bharu, Kelantan Malaysia
| | - Muhammad Luqman Nordin
- Department of Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Pengkalan Chepa, 16100 Kota Bharu, Kelantan Malaysia
| | - Aziz Abd Rahman
- Department of Para Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Pengkalan Chepa, 16100 Kota Bharu, Kelantan Malaysia
| | - Nadiah Syuhada Roslan
- Department of Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Pengkalan Chepa, 16100 Kota Bharu, Kelantan Malaysia
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24
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Sacristán I, Esperón F, Pérez R, Acuña F, Aguilar E, García S, López MJ, Neves E, Cabello J, Hidalgo-Hermoso E, Terio KA, Millán J, Poulin E, Napolitano C. Epidemiology and molecular characterization of Carnivore protoparvovirus-1 infection in the wild felid Leopardus guigna in Chile. Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 68:3335-3348. [PMID: 33238057 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Landscape anthropization has been identified as one of the main drivers of pathogen emergence worldwide, facilitating pathogen spillover between domestic species and wildlife. The present study investigated Carnivore protoparvovirus-1 infection using molecular methods in 98 free-ranging wild guignas (Leopardus guigna) and 262 co-occurring owned, free-roaming rural domestic cats. We also assessed landscape anthropization variables as potential drivers of infection. Protoparvovirus DNA was detected in guignas across their entire distribution range, with observed prevalence of 13.3% (real-time PCR) and 9% (conventional PCR) in guignas, and 6.1% (conventional PCR) in cats. Prevalence in guigna did not vary depending on age, sex, study area or landscape variables. Prevalence was higher in juvenile cats (16.7%) than in adults (4.4%). Molecular characterization of the virus by amplification and sequencing of almost the entire vp2 gene (1,746 bp) from one guigna and five domestic cats was achieved, showing genetic similarities to canine parvovirus 2c (CPV-2c) (one guigna and one cat), feline panleukopenia virus (FPV) (one cat), CPV-2 (no subtype identified) (two cats), CPV-2a (one cat). The CVP-2c-like sequence found in a guigna clustered together with domestic cat and dog CPV-2c sequences from South America, suggesting possible spillover from a domestic to a wild species as the origin of infection in guigna. No clinical signs of disease were found in PCR-positive animals except for a CPV-2c-infected guigna, which had haemorrhagic diarrhoea and died a few days after arrival at a wildlife rescue centre. Our findings reveal widespread presence of Carnivore protoparvovirus-1 across the guigna distribution in Chile and suggest that virus transmission potentially occurs from domestic to wild carnivores, causing severe disease and death in susceptible wild guignas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Sacristán
- PhD Program in Conservation Medicine, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Fernando Esperón
- Grupo de Epidemiología y Sanidad Ambiental, Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (INIA-CISA), Madrid, Spain
| | - Rubén Pérez
- Sección Genética Evolutiva, Departamento de Biología Animal, Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de Biología, Universidad de la República de Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Francisca Acuña
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Emilio Aguilar
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Sebastián García
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - María José López
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Elena Neves
- Grupo de Epidemiología y Sanidad Ambiental, Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (INIA-CISA), Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Cabello
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad San Sebastián, Puerto Montt, Chile
| | | | - Karen A Terio
- Zoological Pathology Program, University of Illinois, Brookfield, IL, USA
| | - Javier Millán
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile.,Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2 (Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA), Zaragoza, Spain.,Fundación ARAID, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Elie Poulin
- Laboratorio de Ecología Molecular, Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas y Biodiversidad, Universidad de Los Lagos, Osorno, Chile
| | - Constanza Napolitano
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas y Biodiversidad, Universidad de Los Lagos, Osorno, Chile.,Instituto de Ecología y Biodiversidad (IEB), Santiago, Chile
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25
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Stone AES, Brummet GO, Carozza EM, Kass PH, Petersen EP, Sykes J, Westman ME. 2020 AAHA/AAFP Feline Vaccination Guidelines. J Feline Med Surg 2020; 22:813-830. [PMID: 32845224 PMCID: PMC11135662 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x20941784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
The guidelines are a consensus report on current recommendations for vaccination of cats of any origin, authored by a Task Force of experts. The guidelines are published simultaneously in the Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery (volume 22, issue 9, pages 813-830, DOI: 10.1177/1098612X20941784) and the Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association (volume 56, issue 4, pages 249-265, DOI: 10.5326/JAAHA-MS-7123). The guidelines assign approved feline vaccines to core (recommended for all cats) and non-core (recommended based on an individualized risk-benefit assessment) categories. Practitioners can develop individualized vaccination protocols consisting of core vaccines and non-core vaccines based on exposure and susceptibility risk as defined by the patient's life stage, lifestyle, and place of origin and by environmental and epidemiologic factors. An update on feline injection-site sarcomas indicates that occurrence of this sequela remains infrequent and idiosyncratic. Staff education initiatives should enable the veterinary practice team to be proficient in advising clients on proper vaccination practices and compliance. Vaccination is a component of a preventive healthcare plan. The vaccination visit should always include a thorough physical exam and client education dialog that gives the pet owner an understanding of how clinical staff assess disease risk and propose recommendations that help ensure an enduring owner-pet relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy ES Stone
- Chair of 2020 AAHA/AAFP Feline Vaccination
Guidelines Task Force
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences,
University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Gary O Brummet
- DVM Veterinary Teaching Hospital, College of
Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana,
Illinois, USA
| | | | - Philip H Kass
- DVM, MPVM, MS, PhD, DACVPM (Specialty in
Epidemiology) Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of
Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California,
USA
| | - Ernest P Petersen
- DVM, PhD, DABVP (Feline) Animal Hospital of
Parkland, Tacoma, Washington, USA
| | - Jane Sykes
- BVSc (Hons), PhD, DACVIM, MBA University of
California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Mark E Westman
- BVSc (Hons), PhD, MANZCVS (Animal Welfare),
GradCert Ed Stud (Higher Ed)) Sydney School of Veterinary Science,
University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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26
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Stone AES, Brummet GO, Carozza EM, Kass PH, Petersen EP, Sykes J, Westman ME. 2020 AAHA/AAFP Feline Vaccination Guidelines*. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 2020. [DOI: 10.5326/jaaha-ms-7123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
The guidelines are a consensus report on current recommendations for vaccination of cats of any origin, authored by a Task Force of experts. The guidelines are published simultaneously in the Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery (volume 22, issue 9, pages 813–830, DOI: 10.1177/1098612X20941784) and the Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association (volume 56, issue 4, pages 249–265, DOI: 10.5326/JAAHA-MS-7123). The guidelines assign approved feline vaccines to core (recommended for all cats) and non-core (recommended based on an individualized risk-benefit assessment) categories. Practitioners can develop individualized vaccination protocols consisting of core vaccines and non-core vaccines based on exposure and susceptibility risk as defined by the patient’s life stage, lifestyle, and place of origin and by environmental and epidemiologic factors. An update on feline injection-site sarcomas indicates that occurrence of this sequela remains infrequent and idiosyncratic. Staff education initiatives should enable the veterinary practice team to be proficient in advising clients on proper vaccination practices and compliance. Vaccination is a component of a preventive healthcare plan. The vaccination visit should always include a thorough physical exam and client education dialog that gives the pet owner an understanding of how clinical staff assess disease risk and propose recommendations that help ensure an enduring owner-pet relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy E. S. Stone
- From the Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA (A.E.S.S.); Veterinary Teaching Hospital, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA (G.O.B.); Nova Cat Clinic, Arlington, Virginia, USA (E.M.C.); Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University o
| | - Gary O. Brummet
- From the Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA (A.E.S.S.); Veterinary Teaching Hospital, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA (G.O.B.); Nova Cat Clinic, Arlington, Virginia, USA (E.M.C.); Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University o
| | - Ellen M. Carozza
- From the Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA (A.E.S.S.); Veterinary Teaching Hospital, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA (G.O.B.); Nova Cat Clinic, Arlington, Virginia, USA (E.M.C.); Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University o
| | - Philip H. Kass
- From the Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA (A.E.S.S.); Veterinary Teaching Hospital, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA (G.O.B.); Nova Cat Clinic, Arlington, Virginia, USA (E.M.C.); Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University o
| | - Ernest P. Petersen
- From the Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA (A.E.S.S.); Veterinary Teaching Hospital, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA (G.O.B.); Nova Cat Clinic, Arlington, Virginia, USA (E.M.C.); Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University o
| | - Jane Sykes
- From the Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA (A.E.S.S.); Veterinary Teaching Hospital, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA (G.O.B.); Nova Cat Clinic, Arlington, Virginia, USA (E.M.C.); Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University o
| | - Mark E. Westman
- From the Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA (A.E.S.S.); Veterinary Teaching Hospital, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA (G.O.B.); Nova Cat Clinic, Arlington, Virginia, USA (E.M.C.); Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University o
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Ferri F, Porporato F, Rossi F, Enache D, Callegari C, Gerardi G, Coppola LM, Contiero B, Crinò C, Kohan NR, Meli ML, Lutz H, Hofmann-Lehmann R, Zini E. Treatment with Class A CpG Oligodeoxynucleotides in Cats with Naturally Occurring Feline Parvovirus Infection: A Prospective Study. Viruses 2020; 12:v12060640. [PMID: 32545689 PMCID: PMC7354499 DOI: 10.3390/v12060640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Revised: 06/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Feline parvovirus (FPV) causes severe gastroenteritis and leukopenia in cats; the outcome is poor. Information regarding specific treatments is lacking. Class A CpG oligodeoxynucleotides (CpG-A) are short single-stranded DNAs, stimulating type I interferon production. In cats, CpG-A induced an antiviral response in vivo and inhibited FPV replication in vitro. The aim was to prospectively investigate the effects of CpG-A on survival, clinical score, hematological findings, antiviral response (cytokines), viremia, and fecal shedding (real-time qPCR) in cats naturally infected with FPV. Forty-two FPV-infected cats were randomized to receive 100 µg/kg of CpG-A (n = 22) or placebo (n = 20) subcutaneously, on admission and after 48 h. Blood and fecal samples were collected on admission, after 1, 3, and 7 days. All 22 cats showed short duration pain during CpG-A injections. The survival rate, clinical score, leukocyte and erythrocyte counts, viremia, and fecal shedding at any time-point did not differ between cats treated with CpG-A (50%) and placebo (40%). Antiviral myxovirus resistance (Mx) gene transcription increased in both groups from day 1 to 3 (p = 0.005). Antibodies against FPV on admission were associated with survival in cats (p = 0.002). In conclusion, CpG-A treatment did not improve the outcome in cats with FPV infection. FPV infection produced an antiviral response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Ferri
- AniCura Istituto Veterinario di Novara, Strada Provinciale 9, 28060 Granozzo con Monticello (NO), Italy; (F.P.); (F.R.); (D.E.); (C.C.); (E.Z.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0321-4600155
| | - Federico Porporato
- AniCura Istituto Veterinario di Novara, Strada Provinciale 9, 28060 Granozzo con Monticello (NO), Italy; (F.P.); (F.R.); (D.E.); (C.C.); (E.Z.)
| | - Francesco Rossi
- AniCura Istituto Veterinario di Novara, Strada Provinciale 9, 28060 Granozzo con Monticello (NO), Italy; (F.P.); (F.R.); (D.E.); (C.C.); (E.Z.)
| | - Daniela Enache
- AniCura Istituto Veterinario di Novara, Strada Provinciale 9, 28060 Granozzo con Monticello (NO), Italy; (F.P.); (F.R.); (D.E.); (C.C.); (E.Z.)
| | - Carolina Callegari
- AniCura Istituto Veterinario di Novara, Strada Provinciale 9, 28060 Granozzo con Monticello (NO), Italy; (F.P.); (F.R.); (D.E.); (C.C.); (E.Z.)
| | - Gabriele Gerardi
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padova, viale dell’Università 16, 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy; (G.G.); (L.M.C.); (B.C.)
| | - Luigi M. Coppola
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padova, viale dell’Università 16, 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy; (G.G.); (L.M.C.); (B.C.)
| | - Barbara Contiero
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padova, viale dell’Università 16, 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy; (G.G.); (L.M.C.); (B.C.)
| | - Chiara Crinò
- The Ralph Veterinary Referral Centre, Fourth Avenue, Globe Business Park, Marlow SL7 1YG, UK;
| | - Neda Ranjbar Kohan
- Clinical Laboratory, Department of Clinical Diagnostics and Services, and Center for Clinical studies, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland; (N.R.K.); (M.L.M.); (H.L.); (R.H.-L.)
| | - Marina L. Meli
- Clinical Laboratory, Department of Clinical Diagnostics and Services, and Center for Clinical studies, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland; (N.R.K.); (M.L.M.); (H.L.); (R.H.-L.)
| | - Hans Lutz
- Clinical Laboratory, Department of Clinical Diagnostics and Services, and Center for Clinical studies, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland; (N.R.K.); (M.L.M.); (H.L.); (R.H.-L.)
| | - Regina Hofmann-Lehmann
- Clinical Laboratory, Department of Clinical Diagnostics and Services, and Center for Clinical studies, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland; (N.R.K.); (M.L.M.); (H.L.); (R.H.-L.)
| | - Eric Zini
- AniCura Istituto Veterinario di Novara, Strada Provinciale 9, 28060 Granozzo con Monticello (NO), Italy; (F.P.); (F.R.); (D.E.); (C.C.); (E.Z.)
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padova, viale dell’Università 16, 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy; (G.G.); (L.M.C.); (B.C.)
- Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
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Petini M, Drigo M, Zoia A. Prognostic value of systemic inflammatory response syndrome and serum concentrations of acute phase proteins, cholesterol, and total thyroxine in cats with panleukopenia. J Vet Intern Med 2020; 34:719-724. [PMID: 31977127 PMCID: PMC7096634 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Feline parvovirus (FPV) is a common and potentially lethal infectious agent in cats. Objective To assess the prognostic value of age, neuter status, serum concentrations of serum amyloid A (SAA), haptoglobin, cholesterol and total thyroxine (tT4), and the presence of systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) in cats with panleukopenia. Animals Client‐owned cats with FPV infection diagnosed by a positive fecal ELISA test, positive PCR on feces or blood or both. Methods Retrospective cohort study. The electronic medical database was searched for cats with FPV infection presented between January 2010 and January 2018. Cats were divided into survivors and nonsurvivors according to their survival status 28 days after hospital admission. The prognostic importance of each variable was investigated univariately and by multivariable Cox's proportional‐hazards regression. Finally, receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was used to identify the best cutoff value for discriminating survivors from nonsurvivors for the statistically significant prognostic predictors identified by multivariable analysis. Results Seventy cats were enrolled in the study. Multivariable analysis determined that only serum tT4 concentration at hospital admission was significantly (P = .01) associated with survival. A cutoff value of 0.82 μg/dL was identified by ROC curve analysis for serum tT4 concentration in discriminating survivors from nonsurvivors. Sensitivity at this cutoff was 73.9% and specificity was 82.9% (area under the curve, 0.783; 95% confidence interval, 0.668‐0.873; P < .0001). Conclusion and Clinical Relevance Serum tT4 concentration at hospital admission has prognostic value in cats with FPV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Petini
- Division of Internal Medicine, San Marco Veterinary Clinic, Padua, Italy
| | - Michele Drigo
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padova, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Andrea Zoia
- Division of Internal Medicine, San Marco Veterinary Clinic, Padua, Italy
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Bergmann M, Schwertler S, Speck S, Truyen U, Reese S, Hartmann K. Faecal shedding of parvovirus deoxyribonucleic acid following modified live feline panleucopenia virus vaccination in healthy cats. Vet Rec 2019; 185:83. [PMID: 31040216 DOI: 10.1136/vr.104661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Revised: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Positive canine parvovirus (CPV) faecal test results have been reported in dogs after modified live virus (MLV) vaccination. Thus, the aim was to investigate feline panleucopenia virus (FPV) shedding in recently vaccinated, adult, clinically healthy cats and to assess related factors. Forty cats were vaccinated with an FPV MLV vaccine. Faeces of cats were tested for presence of parvovirus DNA on days 7, 14, 21 and 28 by quantitative real-time PCR; DNA-positive samples were subjected to partial VP2 gene sequencing. Virus isolation was performed whenever sufficient amounts of faeces were available. Serum antibody titres were measured by haemagglutination inhibition on days 0, 7 and 28. Overall, 30.0 per cent (12/40; 95% CI 18.0 to 45.6) of cats shed parvovirus DNA. Sequencing revealed FPV vaccine virus DNA in three cats, FPV field virus DNA in four cats and CPV field virus DNA in one cat. Shedding was significantly associated with lack of prevaccination antibody titres (40) (P=0.016; OR: 6.44; 95% CI 1.44 to 28.89) and with postvaccination titre increases (fourfold) (P=0.029; OR: 5.00; 95% CI 1.17 to 21.39). Shedding of field or vaccine virus DNA seems to be common in healthy cats which can be a concern in shelters and catteries. Diagnostic tools should be developed to facilitate differentiation of vaccine and field virus shedding.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Stephanie Speck
- Institute for Animal Hygiene and Veterinary Public Health, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Uwe Truyen
- Institute for Animal Hygiene and Veterinary Public Health, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sven Reese
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Institute for Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Katrin Hartmann
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
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A Case of Letting the Cat out of The Bag-Why Trap-Neuter-Return Is Not an Ethical Solution for Stray Cat ( Felis catus) Management. Animals (Basel) 2019; 9:ani9040171. [PMID: 30995809 PMCID: PMC6523511 DOI: 10.3390/ani9040171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Trap-Neuter-Return (TNR) programs, in which stray cats are captured, neutered and returned to the environment are advocated as a humane, ethical alternative to euthanasia. We review the TNR literature in light of current debate over whether or not there should be further TNR trials in Australia. We revisit the problems arising from stray cats living in association with human habitation and estimate how many stray cats would have to be processed through a scientifically-guided TNR program to avoid high euthanasia rates. We also identify 10 ethical and welfare challenges that have to be addressed: we consider the quality of life for stray cats, where they would live, whether the TNR process itself is stressful, whether TNR cats are vulnerable to injury, parasites and disease, can be medically treated, stray cats' body condition and diet, and their impacts on people, pet cats, and urban wildlife, especially endemic fauna. We conclude that TNR is unsuitable for Australia in almost all situations because it is unlikely to resolve problems caused by stray cats or meet ethical and welfare challenges. Targeted adoption, early-age desexing, community education initiatives and responsible pet ownership have greater promise to minimize euthanasia, reduce numbers rapidly, and address the identified issues.
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Porporato F, Horzinek MC, Hofmann-Lehmann R, Ferri F, Gerardi G, Contiero B, Vezzosi T, Rocchi P, Auriemma E, Lutz H, Zini E. Survival estimates and outcome predictors for shelter cats with feline panleukopenia virus infection. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2019; 253:188-195. [PMID: 29963955 DOI: 10.2460/javma.253.2.188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine survival estimates and outcome predictors for shelter cats with feline panleukopenia virus (FPV) infection. DESIGN Retrospective cohort study. ANIMALS 177 shelter cats with FPV infection. PROCEDURES Medical records of cats treated for FPV infection from 2011 through 2013 were reviewed to collect information pertaining to signalment; history; results of physical examination, CBC, serum biochemical analysis, and blood gas analysis; and treatments (antimicrobials, antiparasitics, antivirals, antiemetics, analgesics, crystalloid or colloid solutions, and blood products). Survival time and outcome predictors were determined by means of Kaplan-Meier estimation, logistic regression, and mixed-model ANOVA. RESULTS Median survival time after hospital admission was 3 days; 20.3% (36/177) of cats survived to discharge from the hospital. Risk of nonsurvival was greater in cats with (vs without) signs of lethargy, rectal temperature < 37.9°C (I00.2°F), or low body weight at hospital admission. Lower (vs higher) leukocyte count on days 3,4, and 7 of hospitalization, but not at admission, was associated with nonsurvival. Amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, antiparasitics, and maropitant but not interferon-ω were associated with survival, whereas glucose infusion was associated with nonsurvival. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results suggested that FPV infection carried a poor prognosis for shelter cats. Several variables measured at admission or during hospitalization were associated with outcome. Remarkably and contrary to the existing literature, leukopenia at admission had no association with outcome, possibly owing to early prevention of complications.
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Abstract
Feline panleukopenia (FPL) is caused by a Carnivore protoparvovirus infection. Feline parvovirus (FPV) causes most cases. When Canine parvovirus 2 (CPV-2) first emerged, it could not replicate in cats. All current CPV variants (CPV-2a-c) can infect cats to cause subclinical disease or FPL. Feline panleukopenia has re-emerged in Australia in shelter cats associated with failure to vaccinate. Parvoviruses can remain latent in mononuclear cells post-infection. Molecular methods such as polymerase chain reaction are used to determine the infecting strain. Current perspectives on causes, epidemiology, diagnosis, treatment, prognostic indicators, and management of outbreaks in shelters are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa R Barrs
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, and Marie Bashir Institute of Infectious Diseases & Biosecurity, University of Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia.
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Gehrig AC, Hartmann K, Günther F, Klima A, Habacher G, Bergmann M. A survey of vaccine history in German cats and owners' attitudes to vaccination. J Feline Med Surg 2019; 21:73-83. [PMID: 29529958 PMCID: PMC10814604 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x18759838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Vaccination is the most important measure for prevention of feline infectious diseases. Cat owner compliance with vaccination recommendations has been investigated in the UK but not in other European countries. The aim of the present study was to determine cat owners' attitudes towards vaccination in cats in Germany, to identify factors that are associated with the vaccination status of their cats and to compare the results with those of the UK survey. METHODS The survey was conducted using an online questionnaire and was aimed at respondents throughout Germany. Respondents under 16 years of age, cats that were less than 9 weeks old and veterinarians were excluded. A total of 920 questionnaires were evaluated, and information about cats and respondents was assessed with respect to the current vaccination status of the cats using a linear logistic regression model. RESULTS The majority of cats (77.9%; n = 717) were vaccinated according to current guidelines; only 5.4% (n = 50; 95% confidence interval [CI] 5.00-9.00) of cats had never received a vaccine. Having visited a cattery, a cat show or travelled abroad in the past 12 months (n = 96/773; odds ratio [OR] 6.95; 95% CI 1.65-52.19) had the highest positive impact on the vaccination status of cats. In addition, detailed veterinary advice about vaccination had a positive impact (n = 275/773; OR 2.09; 95% CI 0.67-6.25) on the attitude of owners towards vaccinating their cats. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE A history of travelling abroad or visiting cat shows or a cattery, and thus regulatory requirements, had the greatest positive impact on the current vaccination status of the cats. Veterinary consultation on preventive measures, including vaccination, is crucial for protecting the cat population against infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Claire Gehrig
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Centre of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Katrin Hartmann
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Centre of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Felix Günther
- Department of Statistics, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - André Klima
- Department of Statistics, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Michèle Bergmann
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Centre of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
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Setyo L, Donahoe SL, Šlapeta J. Fulminant Tritrichomonas foetus 'feline genotype' infection in a 3-month old kitten associated with viral co-infection. Vet Parasitol 2018; 267:17-20. [PMID: 30878079 PMCID: PMC7115762 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2018.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Revised: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Marked necrotising to lymphoplasmacytic Tritrichomonas foetus-induced colitis. Microabscesses in crypts of the colon with T. foetus. Coinfection of Tritrichomonas foetus, FPV and FCoV.
Tritrichomonas foetus is a flagellate protist which commonly causes a waxing and waning large bowel diarrhoea in young cats. We report severe T. foetus infection of the colon, cecum and ileum with concurrent feline enteric coronavirus (FCoV) and feline panleukopenia virus (FPV) in a 3-month-old Bengal kitten with an 8-day history of vomiting, diarrhoea, failure to thrive and coughing. Protozoa filling the lumen and crypts and occasional invading into lamina propria were identified within the affected colon and confirmed by PCR as T. foetus ‘feline genotype’. Assessment of faeces by PCR revealed concurrent infection with FCoV and FPV. It is possible that immunosuppression by FPV played a role in the unprecedented T. foetus infection intensity observed histologically. Studies during and after resolution of FPV infection, will be critical to determine if T. foetus co-infection affects long-term prognosis of FPV survivors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Setyo
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Shannon L Donahoe
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Jan Šlapeta
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia.
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Bergmann M, Schwertler S, Reese S, Speck S, Truyen U, Hartmann K. Antibody response to feline panleukopenia virus vaccination in healthy adult cats. J Feline Med Surg 2018; 20:1087-1093. [PMID: 29256319 PMCID: PMC11104211 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x17747740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES According to prior studies, between 25.0% and 92.8% of adult cats have antibodies against feline panleukopenia virus (FPV) and thus are likely protected against FPV infection. It is, however, unknown how healthy adult cats with different antibody titres react to FPV vaccination in the field. Therefore, the aim of the study was to measure antibody titres in healthy adult cats within a period of 28 days after vaccination against FPV and to evaluate factors that are associated with a lack of adequate response to vaccination. METHODS One hundred and twelve healthy adult cats were vaccinated with a vaccine against FPV, feline herpesvirus and feline calicivirus. Antibodies against FPV were determined before vaccination (day 0), on day 7 and day 28 after vaccination by haemagglutination inhibition (HI). A HI titre ⩾1:40 was defined as protective. An adequate response to vaccination was defined as a four-fold titre increase. Uni- and multivariate statistical analysis was used to determine factors associated with an adequate response. RESULTS Pre-vaccination antibody titres of ⩾1:40 were present in 64.3% (72/112; 95% confidence interval [CI] 55.1-72.6). Only 47.3% (53/112; 95% CI 37.8-57.0) of cats had an adequate response to vaccination. Factors associated with an adequate response to vaccination were lack of previous vaccination (odds ratio [OR] 15.58; 95% CI 1.4-179.1; P = 0.035), lack of antibodies (⩾1:40) prior to vaccination (OR 23.10; 95% CI 5.4-98.8; P <0.001) and breed (domestic shorthair cats; OR 7.40; 95% CI 1.4-38.4; P = 0.017). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE As none of the cats with high pre-vaccination antibody titres (⩾1:160) had an at least four-fold increase in FPV antibody titres, measurement of antibodies rather than regular revaccinations should be performed. Thus, evaluation of FPV antibody titre in cats with previous vaccinations against FPV are recommended prior to revaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michèle Bergmann
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Germany
| | - Stephanie Schwertler
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Germany
| | - Sven Reese
- Department of Veterinary Science for Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, LMU Munich, Germany
| | - Stephanie Speck
- Institute of Animal Hygiene and Veterinary Public Health, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Uwe Truyen
- Institute of Animal Hygiene and Veterinary Public Health, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Katrin Hartmann
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Germany
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Hwang J, Gottdenker NL, Oh DH, Nam HW, Lee H, Chun MS. Disentangling the link between supplemental feeding, population density, and the prevalence of pathogens in urban stray cats. PeerJ 2018; 6:e4988. [PMID: 29967720 PMCID: PMC6022734 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.4988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Supplemental feeding of free-roaming animals, including wildlife and feral or stray animals, is well known to have a substantial impact on various aspects of animal ecology including habitat use, activity patterns, and host-pathogen interactions. Among them, an increased population density (PD) of animals receiving supplemental food raises concerns regarding the transmission of pathogens in these host populations. The primary aim of this study was to investigate how supplemental feeding is associated with host PD and prevalence of pathogens with different transmission modes in urban stray cats. We hypothesized that supplemental feeding would be positively associated with host PD and the prevalence of pathogens with density-dependent transmission modes compared with pathogens with transmission modes that are considered relatively density-independent. METHODS This study was conducted in six districts in Seoul, Republic of Korea which were selected based on different degrees of supplemental feeding and cat caretaker activity (CCA). The PD of stray cats was estimated by mark-recapture surveys. Stray cat blood samples (N = 302) were collected from stray cats by local animal hospitals from each district performing the trap-neuter-release which tested for eight pathogens with different transmission modes (feline immunodeficiency virus, feline leukemia virus (FeLV), feline panleukopenia virus, feline calicivirus, feline herpesvirus-1, Bartonella henselae, hemoplasma, and Toxoplasma gondii) with molecular or serological assays. Associations between the prevalence of each pathogen and PD, CCA, and sex of cats were statistically analyzed. RESULTS In contrast to initial predictions, the cat PD was generally higher in low CCA districts. The prevalence of (FeLV), which is transmitted through direct contact, was significantly higher in areas with a high CCA, conforming to our hypothesis. On the other hand, the prevalence of feline parvovirus, which can be spread by environmental transmission, was higher in low CCA districts. The remaining six pathogens did not show any association with the CCA; however, they had a unique association with the PD or the sex of the stray cats. DISCUSSION Our findings suggest that in addition to influencing the PD, supplemental feeding may affect the prevalence of pathogens in urban animals by mechanisms such as increased aggregation and/or altered foraging strategies, with different consequences depending on the transmission mode of each pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jusun Hwang
- The Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | | | - Dae-Hyun Oh
- The Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho-Woo Nam
- Parasitic Disease Research Institute, College of Medicine, Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hang Lee
- The Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung-Sun Chun
- The Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Andersen LA, Levy JK, McManus CM, McGorray SP, Leutenegger CM, Piccione J, Blackwelder LK, Tucker SJ. Prevalence of enteropathogens in cats with and without diarrhea in four different management models for unowned cats in the southeast United States. Vet J 2018; 236:49-55. [PMID: 29871750 PMCID: PMC7110508 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2018.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2017] [Revised: 04/07/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Most cats in shelters, sanctuaries, foster homes, and trap-neuter-return programs carried at least one enteropathogen. Tritrichomonas foetus and coronavirus were more common in cats with diarrhea. Other bacterial, viral, protozoal, and helminth enteropathogens were present in cats with normal feces and diarrhea.
The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of enteropathogens in cats with and without diarrhea in four different models for managing unowned cats: short-term animal shelter, long-term sanctuary, home-based foster care, and trap-neuter-return. Fecal samples from 482 cats, approximately half of the cats with normal fecal consistency and half with diarrhea, were tested by zinc sulfate centrifugation and by real-time PCR for a panel of enteropathogens. At least one enteropathogen of feline or zoonotic importance was detected in a majority of cats, regardless of management model. For most enteropathogens, the presence or absence of diarrhea was not significantly associated with infection, the exceptions being Tritrichomonas foetus in sanctuary cats with diarrhea (26%) and normal fecal consistency (10%), respectively (P ≤ 0.04), and feline coronavirus in foster cats (80% and 58%) (P ≤ 0.001). The types of enteropathogens detected were related to the type of management model, e.g., viral and protozoal infections were most common in shelters, sanctuaries, and foster homes (confinement systems), whereas helminth infections were most common in trap-neuter-return programs (free-roaming cats). These results suggest that management practices for unowned cats are inadequate for control of enteropathogens and that the presence of diarrhea is a poor indicator of enteropathogen carriage. Risk-management strategies to reduce transmission to people and other animals should focus on sanitation, housing, compliance with preventive care guidelines, periodic surveillance, response to specific enteropathogens, humane population management of free-roaming community cats, public health education, and minimizing the duration and number of cats in mass confinement.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A Andersen
- Maddie's Shelter Medicine Program, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - J K Levy
- Maddie's Shelter Medicine Program, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
| | - C M McManus
- Maddie's Shelter Medicine Program, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - S P McGorray
- Department of Biostatistics, Colleges of Medicine and Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | | | - J Piccione
- Maddie's Shelter Medicine Program, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - L K Blackwelder
- Maddie's Shelter Medicine Program, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - S J Tucker
- Maddie's Shelter Medicine Program, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
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Compo N, Pearl DL, Tapscott B, Storer A, Hammermueller J, Brash M, Turner PV. On-farm biosecurity practices and causes of preweaning mortality in Canadian commercial mink kits. Acta Vet Scand 2017; 59:57. [PMID: 28886754 PMCID: PMC5591539 DOI: 10.1186/s13028-017-0326-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mink are an important animal commodity group in Canada and excessive kit mortality represents a significant loss to production. National biosecurity standards have been developed for Canadian mink farms, but it is unclear how well these standards have been implemented as there are no studies correlating management practices of mink producers with causes of death in mink kits. To that end, we surveyed Ontario mink producers on their biosecurity and management practices and conducted almost 5660 post mortem examinations on found-dead, preweaned kits to characterize mink farm biosecurity practices and causes of death in preweaned kits. Results We found that very few biosecurity and management practices were uniformly used by producers, despite good awareness of appropriate practices. Use of personal protective equipment was implemented by fewer than 50% of respondents, while control of mink shed access, disinfection of feed containers after use, and use of a rodent control program were the only practices implemented by greater than 70% of respondents. Only 18% of producers reported regular use of antimicrobials in feed or water, although 91% stated they used antimicrobials for treatment of bacterial diseases on a regular basis. On post mortem examination, no gross abnormalities were noted in 71% of the kits, 45% were thought to be stillborn or aborted, 27% had some form of abnormal fluid distribution in the body, and 2% had a congenital malformation. A subset of 69 gastrointestinal tract samples was submitted for bacterial culture, of which 45 samples yielded sufficient growth. Most interesting was the identification of Salmonella enterica serovar Heidelberg in 11% of samples. Conclusions The results of this study will provide a benchmark for Canadian mink producers and their veterinarians, defining the areas to which greater attention should be given to ensure more rigorous biosecurity practices are in place. Ultimately, these improvements in practices may contribute to increased mink production and animal well-being. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13028-017-0326-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Furtado MM, Taniwaki SA, de Barros IN, Brandão PE, Catão-Dias JL, Cavalcanti S, Cullen L, Filoni C, Jácomo ATDA, Jorge RSP, Silva NDS, Silveira L, Ferreira Neto JS. Molecular detection of viral agents in free-ranging and captive neotropical felids in Brazil. J Vet Diagn Invest 2017; 29:660-668. [PMID: 28677421 DOI: 10.1177/1040638717720245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe molecular testing for felid alphaherpesvirus 1 (FHV-1), carnivore protoparvovirus 1 (CPPV-1), feline calicivirus (FCV), alphacoronavirus 1 (feline coronavirus [FCoV]), feline leukemia virus (FeLV), feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV), and canine distemper virus (CDV) in whole blood samples of 109 free-ranging and 68 captive neotropical felids from Brazil. Samples from 2 jaguars ( Panthera onca) and 1 oncilla ( Leopardus tigrinus) were positive for FHV-1; 2 jaguars, 1 puma ( Puma concolor), and 1 jaguarundi ( Herpairulus yagouaroundi) tested positive for CPPV-1; and 1 puma was positive for FIV. Based on comparison of 103 nucleotides of the UL24-UL25 gene, the FHV-1 sequences were 99-100% similar to the FHV-1 strain of domestic cats. Nucleotide sequences of CPPV-1 were closely related to sequences detected in other wild carnivores, comparing 294 nucleotides of the VP1 gene. The FIV nucleotide sequence detected in the free-ranging puma, based on comparison of 444 nucleotides of the pol gene, grouped with other lentiviruses described in pumas, and had 82.4% identity with a free-ranging puma from Yellowstone Park and 79.5% with a captive puma from Brazil. Our data document the circulation of FHV-1, CPPV-1, and FIV in neotropical felids in Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana M Furtado
- Departments of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health (Furtado, Taniwaki, Barros, Brandão, Silva, Ferreira Neto), School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo-SP, Brazil.,Pathology (Catão-Dias), School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo-SP, Brazil.,Jaguar Conservation Fund/Instituto Onça-Pintada, Mineiros-GO, Brazil (Furtado, Jácomo, Silveira).,Institute for the Conservation of Neotropical Carnivores/Instituto Pró-Carnívoros, Atibaia-SP, Brazil (Cavalcanti, Jorge).,Institute for Ecological Research/Instituto de Pesquisas Ecológicas (IPE), Piracicaba-SP, Brazil (Cullen).,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Biosciences Institute, State University of São Paulo (UNESP) Júlio de Mesquita Filho, Botucatu-SP, Brazil (Filoni).,Brazilian Institute for Conservation Medicine/Instituto Brasileiro para Medicina da Conservação (TRÍADE), Recife, PE, Brazil (Jorge).,Chico Mendes Institute for Biodiversity Conservation/ICMBio, Brasília-DF, Brazil (Jorge)
| | - Sueli A Taniwaki
- Departments of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health (Furtado, Taniwaki, Barros, Brandão, Silva, Ferreira Neto), School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo-SP, Brazil.,Pathology (Catão-Dias), School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo-SP, Brazil.,Jaguar Conservation Fund/Instituto Onça-Pintada, Mineiros-GO, Brazil (Furtado, Jácomo, Silveira).,Institute for the Conservation of Neotropical Carnivores/Instituto Pró-Carnívoros, Atibaia-SP, Brazil (Cavalcanti, Jorge).,Institute for Ecological Research/Instituto de Pesquisas Ecológicas (IPE), Piracicaba-SP, Brazil (Cullen).,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Biosciences Institute, State University of São Paulo (UNESP) Júlio de Mesquita Filho, Botucatu-SP, Brazil (Filoni).,Brazilian Institute for Conservation Medicine/Instituto Brasileiro para Medicina da Conservação (TRÍADE), Recife, PE, Brazil (Jorge).,Chico Mendes Institute for Biodiversity Conservation/ICMBio, Brasília-DF, Brazil (Jorge)
| | - Iracema N de Barros
- Departments of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health (Furtado, Taniwaki, Barros, Brandão, Silva, Ferreira Neto), School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo-SP, Brazil.,Pathology (Catão-Dias), School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo-SP, Brazil.,Jaguar Conservation Fund/Instituto Onça-Pintada, Mineiros-GO, Brazil (Furtado, Jácomo, Silveira).,Institute for the Conservation of Neotropical Carnivores/Instituto Pró-Carnívoros, Atibaia-SP, Brazil (Cavalcanti, Jorge).,Institute for Ecological Research/Instituto de Pesquisas Ecológicas (IPE), Piracicaba-SP, Brazil (Cullen).,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Biosciences Institute, State University of São Paulo (UNESP) Júlio de Mesquita Filho, Botucatu-SP, Brazil (Filoni).,Brazilian Institute for Conservation Medicine/Instituto Brasileiro para Medicina da Conservação (TRÍADE), Recife, PE, Brazil (Jorge).,Chico Mendes Institute for Biodiversity Conservation/ICMBio, Brasília-DF, Brazil (Jorge)
| | - Paulo E Brandão
- Departments of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health (Furtado, Taniwaki, Barros, Brandão, Silva, Ferreira Neto), School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo-SP, Brazil.,Pathology (Catão-Dias), School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo-SP, Brazil.,Jaguar Conservation Fund/Instituto Onça-Pintada, Mineiros-GO, Brazil (Furtado, Jácomo, Silveira).,Institute for the Conservation of Neotropical Carnivores/Instituto Pró-Carnívoros, Atibaia-SP, Brazil (Cavalcanti, Jorge).,Institute for Ecological Research/Instituto de Pesquisas Ecológicas (IPE), Piracicaba-SP, Brazil (Cullen).,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Biosciences Institute, State University of São Paulo (UNESP) Júlio de Mesquita Filho, Botucatu-SP, Brazil (Filoni).,Brazilian Institute for Conservation Medicine/Instituto Brasileiro para Medicina da Conservação (TRÍADE), Recife, PE, Brazil (Jorge).,Chico Mendes Institute for Biodiversity Conservation/ICMBio, Brasília-DF, Brazil (Jorge)
| | - José L Catão-Dias
- Departments of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health (Furtado, Taniwaki, Barros, Brandão, Silva, Ferreira Neto), School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo-SP, Brazil.,Pathology (Catão-Dias), School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo-SP, Brazil.,Jaguar Conservation Fund/Instituto Onça-Pintada, Mineiros-GO, Brazil (Furtado, Jácomo, Silveira).,Institute for the Conservation of Neotropical Carnivores/Instituto Pró-Carnívoros, Atibaia-SP, Brazil (Cavalcanti, Jorge).,Institute for Ecological Research/Instituto de Pesquisas Ecológicas (IPE), Piracicaba-SP, Brazil (Cullen).,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Biosciences Institute, State University of São Paulo (UNESP) Júlio de Mesquita Filho, Botucatu-SP, Brazil (Filoni).,Brazilian Institute for Conservation Medicine/Instituto Brasileiro para Medicina da Conservação (TRÍADE), Recife, PE, Brazil (Jorge).,Chico Mendes Institute for Biodiversity Conservation/ICMBio, Brasília-DF, Brazil (Jorge)
| | - Sandra Cavalcanti
- Departments of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health (Furtado, Taniwaki, Barros, Brandão, Silva, Ferreira Neto), School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo-SP, Brazil.,Pathology (Catão-Dias), School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo-SP, Brazil.,Jaguar Conservation Fund/Instituto Onça-Pintada, Mineiros-GO, Brazil (Furtado, Jácomo, Silveira).,Institute for the Conservation of Neotropical Carnivores/Instituto Pró-Carnívoros, Atibaia-SP, Brazil (Cavalcanti, Jorge).,Institute for Ecological Research/Instituto de Pesquisas Ecológicas (IPE), Piracicaba-SP, Brazil (Cullen).,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Biosciences Institute, State University of São Paulo (UNESP) Júlio de Mesquita Filho, Botucatu-SP, Brazil (Filoni).,Brazilian Institute for Conservation Medicine/Instituto Brasileiro para Medicina da Conservação (TRÍADE), Recife, PE, Brazil (Jorge).,Chico Mendes Institute for Biodiversity Conservation/ICMBio, Brasília-DF, Brazil (Jorge)
| | - Laury Cullen
- Departments of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health (Furtado, Taniwaki, Barros, Brandão, Silva, Ferreira Neto), School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo-SP, Brazil.,Pathology (Catão-Dias), School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo-SP, Brazil.,Jaguar Conservation Fund/Instituto Onça-Pintada, Mineiros-GO, Brazil (Furtado, Jácomo, Silveira).,Institute for the Conservation of Neotropical Carnivores/Instituto Pró-Carnívoros, Atibaia-SP, Brazil (Cavalcanti, Jorge).,Institute for Ecological Research/Instituto de Pesquisas Ecológicas (IPE), Piracicaba-SP, Brazil (Cullen).,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Biosciences Institute, State University of São Paulo (UNESP) Júlio de Mesquita Filho, Botucatu-SP, Brazil (Filoni).,Brazilian Institute for Conservation Medicine/Instituto Brasileiro para Medicina da Conservação (TRÍADE), Recife, PE, Brazil (Jorge).,Chico Mendes Institute for Biodiversity Conservation/ICMBio, Brasília-DF, Brazil (Jorge)
| | - Claudia Filoni
- Departments of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health (Furtado, Taniwaki, Barros, Brandão, Silva, Ferreira Neto), School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo-SP, Brazil.,Pathology (Catão-Dias), School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo-SP, Brazil.,Jaguar Conservation Fund/Instituto Onça-Pintada, Mineiros-GO, Brazil (Furtado, Jácomo, Silveira).,Institute for the Conservation of Neotropical Carnivores/Instituto Pró-Carnívoros, Atibaia-SP, Brazil (Cavalcanti, Jorge).,Institute for Ecological Research/Instituto de Pesquisas Ecológicas (IPE), Piracicaba-SP, Brazil (Cullen).,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Biosciences Institute, State University of São Paulo (UNESP) Júlio de Mesquita Filho, Botucatu-SP, Brazil (Filoni).,Brazilian Institute for Conservation Medicine/Instituto Brasileiro para Medicina da Conservação (TRÍADE), Recife, PE, Brazil (Jorge).,Chico Mendes Institute for Biodiversity Conservation/ICMBio, Brasília-DF, Brazil (Jorge)
| | - Anah T de Almeida Jácomo
- Departments of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health (Furtado, Taniwaki, Barros, Brandão, Silva, Ferreira Neto), School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo-SP, Brazil.,Pathology (Catão-Dias), School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo-SP, Brazil.,Jaguar Conservation Fund/Instituto Onça-Pintada, Mineiros-GO, Brazil (Furtado, Jácomo, Silveira).,Institute for the Conservation of Neotropical Carnivores/Instituto Pró-Carnívoros, Atibaia-SP, Brazil (Cavalcanti, Jorge).,Institute for Ecological Research/Instituto de Pesquisas Ecológicas (IPE), Piracicaba-SP, Brazil (Cullen).,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Biosciences Institute, State University of São Paulo (UNESP) Júlio de Mesquita Filho, Botucatu-SP, Brazil (Filoni).,Brazilian Institute for Conservation Medicine/Instituto Brasileiro para Medicina da Conservação (TRÍADE), Recife, PE, Brazil (Jorge).,Chico Mendes Institute for Biodiversity Conservation/ICMBio, Brasília-DF, Brazil (Jorge)
| | - Rodrigo S P Jorge
- Departments of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health (Furtado, Taniwaki, Barros, Brandão, Silva, Ferreira Neto), School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo-SP, Brazil.,Pathology (Catão-Dias), School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo-SP, Brazil.,Jaguar Conservation Fund/Instituto Onça-Pintada, Mineiros-GO, Brazil (Furtado, Jácomo, Silveira).,Institute for the Conservation of Neotropical Carnivores/Instituto Pró-Carnívoros, Atibaia-SP, Brazil (Cavalcanti, Jorge).,Institute for Ecological Research/Instituto de Pesquisas Ecológicas (IPE), Piracicaba-SP, Brazil (Cullen).,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Biosciences Institute, State University of São Paulo (UNESP) Júlio de Mesquita Filho, Botucatu-SP, Brazil (Filoni).,Brazilian Institute for Conservation Medicine/Instituto Brasileiro para Medicina da Conservação (TRÍADE), Recife, PE, Brazil (Jorge).,Chico Mendes Institute for Biodiversity Conservation/ICMBio, Brasília-DF, Brazil (Jorge)
| | - Nairléia Dos Santos Silva
- Departments of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health (Furtado, Taniwaki, Barros, Brandão, Silva, Ferreira Neto), School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo-SP, Brazil.,Pathology (Catão-Dias), School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo-SP, Brazil.,Jaguar Conservation Fund/Instituto Onça-Pintada, Mineiros-GO, Brazil (Furtado, Jácomo, Silveira).,Institute for the Conservation of Neotropical Carnivores/Instituto Pró-Carnívoros, Atibaia-SP, Brazil (Cavalcanti, Jorge).,Institute for Ecological Research/Instituto de Pesquisas Ecológicas (IPE), Piracicaba-SP, Brazil (Cullen).,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Biosciences Institute, State University of São Paulo (UNESP) Júlio de Mesquita Filho, Botucatu-SP, Brazil (Filoni).,Brazilian Institute for Conservation Medicine/Instituto Brasileiro para Medicina da Conservação (TRÍADE), Recife, PE, Brazil (Jorge).,Chico Mendes Institute for Biodiversity Conservation/ICMBio, Brasília-DF, Brazil (Jorge)
| | - Leandro Silveira
- Departments of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health (Furtado, Taniwaki, Barros, Brandão, Silva, Ferreira Neto), School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo-SP, Brazil.,Pathology (Catão-Dias), School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo-SP, Brazil.,Jaguar Conservation Fund/Instituto Onça-Pintada, Mineiros-GO, Brazil (Furtado, Jácomo, Silveira).,Institute for the Conservation of Neotropical Carnivores/Instituto Pró-Carnívoros, Atibaia-SP, Brazil (Cavalcanti, Jorge).,Institute for Ecological Research/Instituto de Pesquisas Ecológicas (IPE), Piracicaba-SP, Brazil (Cullen).,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Biosciences Institute, State University of São Paulo (UNESP) Júlio de Mesquita Filho, Botucatu-SP, Brazil (Filoni).,Brazilian Institute for Conservation Medicine/Instituto Brasileiro para Medicina da Conservação (TRÍADE), Recife, PE, Brazil (Jorge).,Chico Mendes Institute for Biodiversity Conservation/ICMBio, Brasília-DF, Brazil (Jorge)
| | - José S Ferreira Neto
- Departments of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health (Furtado, Taniwaki, Barros, Brandão, Silva, Ferreira Neto), School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo-SP, Brazil.,Pathology (Catão-Dias), School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo-SP, Brazil.,Jaguar Conservation Fund/Instituto Onça-Pintada, Mineiros-GO, Brazil (Furtado, Jácomo, Silveira).,Institute for the Conservation of Neotropical Carnivores/Instituto Pró-Carnívoros, Atibaia-SP, Brazil (Cavalcanti, Jorge).,Institute for Ecological Research/Instituto de Pesquisas Ecológicas (IPE), Piracicaba-SP, Brazil (Cullen).,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Biosciences Institute, State University of São Paulo (UNESP) Júlio de Mesquita Filho, Botucatu-SP, Brazil (Filoni).,Brazilian Institute for Conservation Medicine/Instituto Brasileiro para Medicina da Conservação (TRÍADE), Recife, PE, Brazil (Jorge).,Chico Mendes Institute for Biodiversity Conservation/ICMBio, Brasília-DF, Brazil (Jorge)
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Bergmann M, Friedl Y, Hartmann K. [Passive immunization in dogs and cats]. TIERAERZTLICHE PRAXIS AUSGABE KLEINTIERE HEIMTIERE 2016; 44:287-92. [PMID: 27410719 DOI: 10.15654/tpk-160189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Antibodies play an important role in the defense against infectious diseases. Passive immunization provides immediate protection through transfer of exogenous antibodies to a recipient. It is mainly used for prophylaxis in dogs and cats that failed to receive maternal antibodies through the colostrum or when there is an acute risk to acquire infectious diseases. Only a small number of placebo-controlled studies have been published regarding the therapeutic use of passive immunization in small animals. While positive effects were reported in cats with acute virus infections of the upper respiratory tract and in dogs with distemper, no statistically significant influence could be demonstrated in the treatment of canine parvovirosis. Prospective, double-blinded, and placebo-controlled studies using adequate numbers of patients are warranted for a definitive statement regarding the therapeutic and prophylactic use of passive immunization in dogs and cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michèle Bergmann
- Michèle Bergmann, Medizinische Kleintierklinik der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Veterinärstraße 13, 80539 München, E-Mail:
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Möstl K, Addie DD, Boucraut-Baralon C, Egberink H, Frymus T, Gruffydd-Jones T, Hartmann K, Hosie MJ, Lloret A, Lutz H, Marsilio F, Pennisi MG, Radford AD, Thiry E, Truyen U, Horzinek MC. Something old, something new: Update of the 2009 and 2013 ABCD guidelines on prevention and management of feline infectious diseases. J Feline Med Surg 2015; 17:570-82. [PMID: 26101308 PMCID: PMC11148927 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x15588448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OVERVIEW The ABCD has published 34 guidelines in two Special Issues of the Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery (JFMS): the first in July 2009 (Volume 11, Issue 7, pages 527-620) and the second in July 2013 (Volume 15, Issue 7, pages 528-652). The present article contains updates and new information on 18 of these (17 disease guidelines and one special article 'Prevention of infectious diseases in cat shelters'). For detailed information, readers are referred to the guidelines published in the above-mentioned JFMS Special Issues.
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Biology and Diseases of Cats. LABORATORY ANIMAL MEDICINE 2015. [PMCID: PMC7149628 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-409527-4.00013-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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43
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Mende K, Stuetzer B, Truyen U, Hartmann K. Evaluation of an in-house dot enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to detect antibodies against feline panleukopenia virus. J Feline Med Surg 2014; 16:805-11. [PMID: 24496322 PMCID: PMC11112224 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x14520812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Measuring antibody titres to determine a cat's immunity to core diseases instead of just administering annual vaccinations has not been established in Germany so far. An in-house test kit for the detection of antibodies against feline panleukopenia virus (FPV), feline herpesvirus-1 and feline calicivirus-- the ImmunoComb Feline VacciCheck--is now available in several European countries. The aim of this study was to assess the quality of the ImmunoComb Feline VacciCheck to determine antibodies by comparing it to a gold standard. The test is aimed for use in practice to assist decision-making when performing an individual health assessment to see whether a cat is potentially unprotected against FPV and requires FPV vaccination. Sera from 347 cats were included in the study. For antibody detection, haemagglutination inhibition (HI) was performed as gold standard. Sensitivity, specificity and positive and negative predictive values of the ImmunoComb Feline VacciCheck were determined for three different HI titre cut-off points (1:20, 1:40, 1:80). In comparison to the HI, the ImmunoComb Feline VacciCheck showed a sensitivity of 79%, 83% and 87%, and a specificity of 89%, 86% and 81%, respectively. Specificity of the ImmunoComb Feline VacciCheck, which was considered the most important parameter, was acceptable in comparison to HI. Especially when considering an antibody titre of 1:20 sufficient for protection (eg, in an adult animal), the ImmunoComb Feline VacciCheck can be recommended for use in veterinary practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherina Mende
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Bianca Stuetzer
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Uwe Truyen
- Institute of Animal Hygiene and Veterinary Public Health, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Katrin Hartmann
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Munich, Germany
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Monné Rodriguez J, Soare T, Malbon A, Blundell R, Papoula-Pereira R, Leeming G, Köhler K, Kipar A. Alveolar macrophages are the main target cells in feline calicivirus-associated pneumonia. Vet J 2014; 201:156-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2014.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2013] [Revised: 02/01/2014] [Accepted: 04/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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45
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Stuetzer B, Hartmann K. Feline parvovirus infection and associated diseases. Vet J 2014; 201:150-5. [PMID: 24923754 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2014.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2013] [Revised: 05/19/2014] [Accepted: 05/20/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Feline panleukopenia, caused by the single-stranded DNA virus feline parvovirus (FPV), is a highly contagious and often lethal disease of cats and other Felidae. FPV, but also canine parvovirus (CPV) can be isolated from both healthy and diseased cats. In Germany, CPV was detected in only approximately 10% of feline samples, but in Southeast Asia, reports estimated that up to approximately 80% of diseased cats were infected with CPV. Infection spreads rapidly, especially in cells with high mitotic activity, such as bone marrow, lymphoid tissue and intestinal crypt cells. Anorexia, vomiting, diarrhoea, neutropenia and lymphopenia are common in clinically affected cases. In utero or neonatal infection can result in cerebellar hypoplasia. Depending on the severity of clinical signs, mortality ranges from 25 to 100%. Effective vaccination and thorough disinfection are of the utmost importance in the prevention of disease transmission in multi-cat households and animal shelters. If clinical signs develop, supportive treatment should be commenced. The efficacy of feline recombinant interferon and FPV antibodies has not been clearly demonstrated. Commercially available vaccines should induce protective immunity when administered according to current guidelines. Recent studies suggest that in some kittens, maternally derived antibodies (MDA) can persist for much longer than has been previously recognised. FPV serum antibody tests are available, but protection status needs to be interpreted with caution in kittens with MDA and a negative titre in adult cats does not necessarily denote lack of protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Stuetzer
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians- Universität Muenchen, Munich, Germany.
| | - Katrin Hartmann
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians- Universität Muenchen, Munich, Germany
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Stuke K, King V, Southwick K, Stoeva MI, Thomas A, Winkler MTC. Efficacy of an inactivated FeLV vaccine compared to a recombinant FeLV vaccine in minimum age cats following virulent FeLV challenge. Vaccine 2014; 32:2599-603. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2013] [Revised: 02/25/2014] [Accepted: 03/07/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Abstract
The aim of this study was to describe a series of confirmed and suspected cases of feline panleukopenia virus (FPV) and in-contact cats in an adoption-guarantee shelter in an FPV-endemic area by reviewing shelter records over a 10-month period (January-October 2010). Cats were divided into three groups: in-contact group - asymptomatic cats that were housed with a FPV fecal antigen (Ag)-positive cat/kitten as part of a litter group (n = 66); FPV-survivors group (FPV-infected survivors) - tested FPV fecal Ag-positive and showed clinical signs of FPV, but survived (n = 27); FPV-non-survivors group (FPV-infected non-survivors) - showed clinical signs of FPV and either tested FPV fecal Ag-positive or were housed with an Ag-positive family member, but did not survive (n = 52). Ages ranged from 3 weeks to 3 years, but most were <6 months old (in-contact group: 79%; FPV-survivors group: 70%; FPV-non-survivors group: 85%). A seasonal peak occurred over summer, but cases occurred year-round. Anorexia, dehydration, fever and diarrhea predominated in the FPV-survivors group, and death was preceded by clinical signs of circulatory shock in the FPV-non-survivors group. Housing litters of kittens with their mother was not associated with improved outcome, perhaps because in this population clinical FPV infection was relatively common in queens arriving at the shelter with susceptible litters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette Litster
- 1Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
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Mende K, Stuetzer B, Sauter-Louis C, Homeier T, Truyen U, Hartmann K. Prevalence of antibodies against feline panleukopenia virus in client-owned cats in Southern Germany. Vet J 2014; 199:419-23. [PMID: 24461646 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2013.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2013] [Revised: 12/29/2013] [Accepted: 12/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Feline panleukopenia is a frequent and commonly fatal disease of cats. Recent published studies have raised suspicions that some cats fail to develop antibodies after vaccination. The purpose of this study was to assess the prevalence of antibodies against feline panleukopenia virus (FPV) in cats in Southern Germany, and to identify factors that are associated with a lack of antibodies. In total, 350 cats presented to the Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitaet were randomly included in the study. Information regarding signalment, origin, environment, lifestyle, housing conditions, health status, chronic diseases, glucocorticoid therapy, and vaccination status were collected. Antibodies were detected by haemagglutination inhibition test. Asymptomatic chi-squared tests and univariable logistic regression were used to investigate associations between a lack of antibodies and the different variables. Associations determined to be statistically significant at P<0.1 were verified by a multivariable logistic regression analysis. Of the 350 cats, 103 (29.4%) had no antibodies against FPV. Chronic kidney disease, neoplasia, glucocorticoid therapy, and vaccination status were significantly associated with a lack of antibodies. The cats with no antibodies were likely to have inadequate immunity against panleukopenia and those with chronic diseases or receiving glucocorticoids were less likely to be protected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherina Mende
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitaet of Munich, Veterinaerstrasse 13, 80539 Munich, Germany.
| | - Bianca Stuetzer
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitaet of Munich, Veterinaerstrasse 13, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Carola Sauter-Louis
- Clinic of Ruminants and Herd Management, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitaet of Munich, Sonnenstrasse 16, 85764 Oberschleißheim, Germany
| | - Timo Homeier
- Institute of Animal Hygiene and Veterinary Public Health, University of Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken 1, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Uwe Truyen
- Institute of Animal Hygiene and Veterinary Public Health, University of Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken 1, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Katrin Hartmann
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitaet of Munich, Veterinaerstrasse 13, 80539 Munich, Germany
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Sykes JE. Feline Panleukopenia Virus Infection and Other Viral Enteritides. CANINE AND FELINE INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2014. [PMCID: PMC7151839 DOI: 10.1016/b978-1-4377-0795-3.00019-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/15/2023]
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Sykes JE. Immunization. CANINE AND FELINE INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2014. [PMCID: PMC7152223 DOI: 10.1016/b978-1-4377-0795-3.00012-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Active immunization can partially or completely protect dogs and cats from severe consequences of infection with a variety of different pathogens, and in some cases it reduces shedding of these pathogens. Vaccines contain attenuated live microorganisms, inactivated microorganisms, or portions of these organisms. They also contain preservatives and adjuvants. Failure of immunization can occur with improper storage or administration of vaccines, a large challenge dose, host factors such as concurrent infections or disease, and interference by maternal antibody. Other adverse effects of vaccine administration are uncommon to rare but include hypersensitivity reactions, disease induced by live attenuated vaccine organisms, and injection-site sarcomas in cats. The decision to administer a vaccine should be based on discussion of risks and benefits between the veterinarian and pet owner. This should be documented in the medical record. Guidelines for vaccine selection and administration have been published by a number of veterinary bodies, such as the AAFP, AAHA, AVMA, and WSAVA; suggestions can also be found in Appendix I.
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