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Yin Y, Li J, Su L, Ou Z, Lv Q, Xiao M, Wang C, Zeng D, Gu Y, Yang F, Chen M, Feng S, Hu W, Bu F, Zhu B, Xu Y. Screening and verification of antiviral compounds against HSV-1 using a method based on a plaque inhibition assay. BMC Infect Dis 2023; 23:890. [PMID: 38114935 PMCID: PMC10731695 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-023-08843-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) infection is a common viral disease that mainly causes oral lesions, but can also cause genital lesions in some instances. Current treatments with nucleoside analogs are limited by the emergence of drug resistance. Therefore, novel anti-HSV-1 drugs are urgently needed. METHODS In this study, we screened a library of 2080 compounds for anti-HSV-1 activity using a plaque formation assay. We selected 11 potential inhibitors of HSV-1 and further evaluated their antiviral effects by plaque reduction assay and real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). RESULTS Five compounds, namely ginsenoside Rd, brassinolide, rosamultin, 3'-hydroxy puerarin, and clinafloxacin HCl, showed potent anti-HSV-1 activity and completely suppressed plaque formation at a concentration of 10 µM. Among them, clinafloxacin HCl, a fluoroquinolone antibiotic, exhibited a high selectivity index for HSV-1. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that these five compounds have potential antiviral properties against HSV-1 and may have different mechanisms of action. Further studies are warranted to elucidate the antiviral mechanisms of these compounds and to explore their therapeutic potential for HSV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingxian Yin
- Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510623, China
| | - Jiahui Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Ling Su
- Department of Genetics and Endocrinology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510623, China
| | - Zhiying Ou
- Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510623, China
| | - Qingqun Lv
- School of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510623, China
| | - Misi Xiao
- Central Laboratory, Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Changbing Wang
- Central Laboratory, Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Dan Zeng
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Yiling Gu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Fengxia Yang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Minxia Chen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Shaojuan Feng
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Wanming Hu
- Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Operating room, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Fengling Bu
- Department of Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Bing Zhu
- Central Laboratory, Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Yi Xu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510120, China.
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Chandra Das R, Ratan ZA, Rahman MM, Runa NJ, Mondal S, Konstantinov K, Hosseinzadeh H, Cho JY. Antiviral activities of ginseng and its potential and putative benefits against monkeypox virus: A mini review. J Ginseng Res 2023; 47:S1226-8453(23)00028-3. [PMID: 37362081 PMCID: PMC10065872 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2023.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to the Covid-19 pandemic more than 6 million people have died, and it has bought unprecedented challenges to our lives. The recent outbreak of monkeypox virus (MPXV) has brought out new tensions among the scientific community. Currently, there is no specific treatment protocol for MPXV. Several antivirals, vaccinia immune globulin (VIG) and smallpox vaccines have been used to treat MPXV. Ginseng, one of the more famous among traditional medicines, has been used for infectious disease for thousands of years. It has shown promising antiviral effects. Ginseng could be used as a potential adaptogenic agent to help prevent infection by MPXV along with other drugs and vaccines. In this mini review, we explore the possible use of ginseng in MPXV prevention based on its antiviral activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajib Chandra Das
- Institute for Superconducting and Electronics Materials (ISEM), University of Wollongong (UOW), Wollongong, NSW, Australia
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Noakhali, Bangladesh
| | - Zubair Ahmed Ratan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Khulna University of Engineering & Technology, Khulna, Bangladesh
- School of Health and Society, University of Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Md Mustafizur Rahman
- Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh
| | | | - Susmita Mondal
- Institute for Superconducting and Electronics Materials (ISEM), University of Wollongong (UOW), Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Konstantin Konstantinov
- Institute for Superconducting and Electronics Materials (ISEM), University of Wollongong (UOW), Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Jae Youl Cho
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biocosmetics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute of Biomolecule Control and Biomedical Institute for Convergence at SKKU, Suwon, Republic of Korea
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3
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Zhang Y, Zhong X, Xi Z, Li Y, Xu H. Antiviral Potential of the Genus Panax: An updated review on their effects and underlying mechanism of action. J Ginseng Res 2023; 47:183-192. [PMID: 36926608 PMCID: PMC10014226 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2022.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral infections are known as one of the major factors causing death. Ginseng is a medicinal plant that demonstrated a wide range of antiviral potential, and saponins are the major bioactive ingredients in the genus Panax with vast therapeutic potential. Studies focusing on the antiviral activity of the genus Panax plant-derived agents (extracts and saponins) and their mechanisms were identified and summarized, including contributions mainly from January 2016 until January 2022. P. ginseng, P. notoginseng, and P. quinquefolius were included in the review as valuable medicinal herbs against infections with 14 types of viruses. Reports from 9 extracts and 12 bioactive saponins were included, with 6 types of protopanaxadiol (PPD) ginsenosides and 6 types of protopanaxatriol (PPT) ginsenosides. The mechanisms mainly involved the inhibition of viral attachment and replication, the modulation of immune response by regulating signaling pathways, including the Janus kinase (JAK)/signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) pathway, cystathionine γ-lyase (CSE)/hydrogen sulfide (H2S) pathway, phosphoinositide-dependent kinase-1 (PDK1)/ protein kinase B (Akt) signaling pathway, c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK)/activator protein-1 (AP-1) pathway, and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) pathway. This review includes detailed information about the mentioned antiviral effects of the genus Panax extracts and saponins in vitro and in vivo, and in human clinical trials, which provides a scientific basis for ginseng as an adjunctive therapeutic drug or nutraceutical.
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Key Words
- ARI, acute respiratory illness
- BG, black ginseng
- BVDV, bovine viral diarrhea virus
- CHB, chronic hepatitis B
- CSFV, classical swine fever virus
- CVBs, group B coxsackieviruses
- DAA, direct-acting antiviral therapies
- EBV, the Epstein-Barr virus
- EV, enterovirus
- EV71, human enterovirus 71
- GCRV, grass carp reovirus
- GSLS, Ginseng stem-leaf saponins
- HAART, highly active antiretroviral drug therapy
- HBV, hepatitis B virus
- HCV, Hepatitis C virus
- HIV-1, human immunodeficiency virus type 1
- HP, highly pathogenic
- HSV, herpes simplex virus
- HVJ, hemagglutinating virus of Japan
- IFN-1, type-I interferon
- JAK, janus kinase
- JNK, c-Jun N-terminal kinase
- KRG, Korean Red Ginseng
- KSHV, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus
- MHV-68, murine gammaherpesvirus 68
- NDV, Newcastle disease virus
- NK, natural killer
- PNAB, PEGylated nanoparticle albumin-bound
- PNR, P. notoginseng root water extract
- PPD, protopanaxadiol
- PPT, protopanaxatriol
- PRRSV, porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus
- Panax ginseng
- RSV, respiratory syncytial virus
- RV, rotavirus
- STAT, signal transducer and activator of transcription
- antiviral activity
- ginseng
- ginsenosides
- mechanism of action
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Affiliation(s)
- Yibo Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Engineering Research Center of Shanghai Colleges for TCM New Drug Discovery, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuanlei Zhong
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Engineering Research Center of Shanghai Colleges for TCM New Drug Discovery, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhichao Xi
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Engineering Research Center of Shanghai Colleges for TCM New Drug Discovery, Shanghai, China
| | - Yang Li
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Engineering Research Center of Shanghai Colleges for TCM New Drug Discovery, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongxi Xu
- Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Antiviral effects of Korean Red Ginseng on human coronavirus OC43. J Ginseng Res 2023; 47:329-336. [PMID: 36217314 PMCID: PMC9534539 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2022.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Panax ginseng Meyer is a medicinal plant well-known for its antiviral activities against various viruses, but its antiviral effect on coronavirus has not yet been studied thoroughly. The antiviral activity of Korean Red Ginseng (KRG) and ten ginsenosides against Human coronavirus OC43 (HCoV-OC43) was investigated in vitro. Methods The antiviral response and mechanism of action of KRG extract and ginsenoside Rc, Re, Rf, Rg1, Rg2-20 (R) and -20 (S), Rg3-20 (R) and -20 (S), and Rh2-20 (R) and -20 (S), against the human coronavirus strain OC43 were investigated by using plaque assay, time of addition assay, real-time PCR, and FACS analysis. Results Virus plaque formation was reduced in KRG extract-treated and HCoV-OC43-infected HCT-8 cells. KRG extract decreased the viral proteins (Nucleocapsid protein and Spike protein) and mRNA (N and M gene) expression, while increased the expression of interferon genes. Conclusion KRG extract exhibits antiviral activity by enhancing the expression of interferons and can be used in treating infections caused by HCoV-OC43.
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Cho YK, Kim JE, Lee J. Korean Red Ginseng slows coreceptor switch in HIV-1 infected patients. J Ginseng Res 2023; 47:117-122. [PMID: 36644395 PMCID: PMC9834003 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2022.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) that binds to the coreceptor CCR5 (R5 viruses) can evolve into viruses that bind to the coreceptor CXCR4 (X4 viruses), with high viral replication rates governing this coreceptor switch. Korean Red Ginseng (KRG) treatment of HIV-1 infected patients has been found to slow the depletion of CD4+ T cells. This study assessed whether the KRG-associated slow depletion of CD4+ T cells was associated with coreceptor switching. Methods This study included 146 HIV-1-infected patients naïve to antiretroviral therapy (ART) and seven patients receiving ART. A total of 540 blood samples were obtained from these patients over 122 ± 129 months. Their env genes were amplified by nested PCR or RT-PCR and subjected to direct sequencing. Tropism was determined with a 10% false positive rate (FPR) cutoff. Results Of the 146 patients naïve to ART, 102 were KRG-naïve, and 44 had been treated with KRG. Evaluation of initial samples showed that coreceptor switch had occurred in 19 patients, later occurring in 38 additional patients. There was a significant correlation between the amount of KRG and FPR. Based on initial samples, the R5 maintenance period was extended 2.35-fold, with the coreceptor switch being delayed 2.42-fold in KRG-treated compared with KRG-naïve patients. The coreceptor switch occurred in 85% of a homogeneous cohort. The proportion of patients who maintained R5 for ≥10 years was significantly higher in long-term slow progressors than in typical progressors. Conclusion KRG therapy extends R5 maintenance period by increasing FPR, thereby slowing the coreceptor switch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Keol Cho
- Corresponding author. Department of Microbiology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88 Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul, 05505, Republic of Korea.
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Chen Z, Ye SY. Research progress on antiviral constituents in traditional Chinese medicines and their mechanisms of action. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2022; 60:1063-1076. [PMID: 35634712 PMCID: PMC9154771 DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2022.2074053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Viruses have the characteristics of rapid transmission and high mortality. At present, western medicines still lack an ideal antiviral. As natural products, many traditional Chinese medicines (TCM) have certain inhibitory effects on viruses, which has become the hotspot of medical research in recent years. OBJECTIVE The antiviral active ingredients and mechanisms of TCM against viral diseases was studied in combination with the pathogenesis of viral diseases and antiviral effects. MATERIALS AND METHODS English and Chinese literature from 1999 to 2021 was collected from databases including Web of Science, PubMed, Elsevier, Chinese Pharmacopoeia 2020 (CP), and CNKI (Chinese). Traditional Chinese medicines (TCM), active ingredients, antiviral, mechanism of action, and anti-inflammatory effect were used as the key words. RESULTS The antiviral activity of TCM is clarified to put forward a strategy for discovering active compounds against viruses, and provide reference for screening antivirus drugs from TCM. TCM can not only directly kill viruses and inhibit the proliferation of viruses in cells, but also prevent viruses from infecting cells and causing cytophilia. It can also regulate the human immune system, enhance human immunity, and play an indirect antiviral role. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION Based on the experimental study and antiviral mechanism of TCM, this paper can provide analytical evidence that supports the effectiveness of TCM in treating virus infections, as well as their mechanisms against viruses. It could be helpful to provide reference for the research and development of innovative TCMs with multiple components, multiple targets and low toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Chen
- Pharmaceutical College, Shandong University of TCM, Jinan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Si-yong Ye
- Department of Pharmacy, Jinan Second People's Hospital, Jinan, People’s Republic of China
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The Biosynthesized Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles' Antiviral Activity in Combination with Pelargonium zonale Extract against the Human Corona 229E Virus. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27238362. [PMID: 36500468 PMCID: PMC9736980 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27238362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 11/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Almost one-third of all infectious diseases are caused by viruses, and these diseases account for nearly 20% of all deaths globally. It is becoming increasingly clear that highly contagious viral infections pose a significant threat to global health and economy around the world. The need for innovative, affordable, and safe antiviral therapies is a must. Zinc oxide nanoparticles are novel materials of low toxicity and low cost and are known for their antiviral activity. The genus Pelargonium was previously reported for its antiviral and antimicrobial activity. In this work, Pelargonium zonale leaf extract chemical profile was studied via high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and was used for the biosynthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles. Furthermore, the antiviral activity of the combination of P. zonale extract and the biosynthesized nanoparticles of ZnO against the human corona 229E virus was investigated. Results revealed that ZnONPs had been biosynthesized with an average particle size of about 5.5 nm and characterized with UV, FTIR, TEM, XRD, and SEM. The antiviral activity showed significant activity and differences among the tested samples in favor of the combination of P. zonale extract and ZnONPs (ZnONPs/Ex). The lowest IC50, 2.028 µg/mL, and the highest SI, 68.4 of ZnONPs/Ex, assert the highest antiviral activity of the combination against human coronavirus (229E).
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Galvez-Llompart M, Zanni R, Galvez J, Basak SC, Goyal SM. COVID-19 and the Importance of Being Prepared: A Multidisciplinary Strategy for the Discovery of Antivirals to Combat Pandemics. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10061342. [PMID: 35740363 PMCID: PMC9220014 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10061342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
During an emergency, such as a pandemic in which time and resources are extremely scarce, it is important to find effective and rapid solutions when searching for possible treatments. One possibility in this regard is the repurposing of available “on the market” drugs. This is a proof of the concept study showing the potential of a collaboration between two research groups, engaged in computer-aided drug design and control of viral infections, for the development of early strategies to combat future pandemics. We describe a QSAR (quantitative structure activity relationship) based repurposing study on molecular topology and molecular docking for identifying inhibitors of the main protease (Mpro) of SARS-CoV-2, the causative agent of COVID-19. The aim of this computational strategy was to create an agile, rapid, and efficient way to enable the selection of molecules capable of inhibiting SARS-CoV-2 protease. Molecules selected through in silico method were tested in vitro using human coronavirus 229E as a surrogate for SARS-CoV-2. Three strategies were used to screen the antiviral activity of these molecules against human coronavirus 229E in cell cultures, e.g., pre-treatment, co-treatment, and post-treatment. We found >99% of virus inhibition during pre-treatment and co-treatment and 90−99% inhibition when the molecules were applied post-treatment (after infection with the virus). From all tested compounds, Molport-046-067-769 and Molport-046-568-802 are here reported for the first time as potential anti-SARS-CoV-2 compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Galvez-Llompart
- Molecular Topology & Drug Design Research Unit, Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Valencia, 46100 Burjasot, Spain; (R.Z.); (J.G.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-963544891
| | - Riccardo Zanni
- Molecular Topology & Drug Design Research Unit, Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Valencia, 46100 Burjasot, Spain; (R.Z.); (J.G.)
| | - Jorge Galvez
- Molecular Topology & Drug Design Research Unit, Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Valencia, 46100 Burjasot, Spain; (R.Z.); (J.G.)
| | - Subhash C. Basak
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Minnesota, Duluth, MN 55812, USA;
| | - Sagar M. Goyal
- Veterinary Population Medicine Department, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA;
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9
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Gao XY, Liu GC, Zhang JX, Wang LH, Xu C, Yan ZA, Wang A, Su YF, Lee JJ, Piao GC, Yuan HD. Pharmacological Properties of Ginsenoside Re. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:754191. [PMID: 35462899 PMCID: PMC9019721 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.754191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Ginsenoside Re is a protopanaxatriol-type saponin extracted from the berry, leaf, stem, flower bud, and root of Panax ginseng. In recent years, ginsenoside Re (Re) has been attracting attention as a dietary phytochemical. In this review, studies on Re were compiled by searching a combination of keywords, namely “pharmacology,” “pharmacokinetics,” and “toxicology,” in the Google Scholar, NCBI, PubMed, and Web of Science databases. The aim of this review was to provide an exhaustive overview of the pharmacological activities, pharmacokinetics, and toxicity of Re, focusing on clinical evidence that has shown effectiveness in specific diseases, such as diabetes mellitus, nervous system diseases, inflammation, cardiovascular disease, and cancer. Re is also known to eliminate virus, enhance the immune response, improve osteoporosis, improve skin barrier function, enhance intracellular anti-oxidant actions, regulate cholesterol metabolism, alleviate allergic responses, increase sperm motility, reduce erectile dysfunction, promote cyclic growth of hair follicles, and reduce gastrointestinal motility dysfunction. Furthermore, this review provides data on pharmacokinetic parameters and toxicological factors to examine the safety profile of Re. Such data will provide a theoretical basis and reference for Re-related studies and future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Yan Gao
- College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Jilin, China
| | | | | | - Ling-He Wang
- College of Integration Science, Yanbian University, Jilin, China
| | - Chang Xu
- College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Jilin, China
| | - Zi-An Yan
- College of Integration Science, Yanbian University, Jilin, China
| | - Ao Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Jilin, China
| | - Yi-Fei Su
- College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Jilin, China
| | - Jung-Joon Lee
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Ministry of Education, Yanbian University, Jilin, China
| | - Guang-Chun Piao
- College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Jilin, China
- College of Integration Science, Yanbian University, Jilin, China
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Ministry of Education, Yanbian University, Jilin, China
- *Correspondence: Guang-Chun Piao, ; Hai-Dan Yuan,
| | - Hai-Dan Yuan
- College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Jilin, China
- College of Integration Science, Yanbian University, Jilin, China
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Ministry of Education, Yanbian University, Jilin, China
- *Correspondence: Guang-Chun Piao, ; Hai-Dan Yuan,
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Darshani P, Sen Sarma S, Srivastava AK, Baishya R, Kumar D. Anti-viral triterpenes: a review. PHYTOCHEMISTRY REVIEWS : PROCEEDINGS OF THE PHYTOCHEMICAL SOCIETY OF EUROPE 2022; 21:1761-1842. [PMID: 35283698 PMCID: PMC8896976 DOI: 10.1007/s11101-022-09808-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Triterpenes are naturally occurring derivatives biosynthesized following the isoprene rule of Ruzicka. The triterpenes have been reported to possess a wide range of therapeutic applications including anti-viral properties. In this review, the recent studies (2010-2020) concerning the anti-viral activities of triterpenes have been summarized. The structure activity relationship studies have been described as well as brief biosynthesis of these triterpenes is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priya Darshani
- Organic and Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja SC Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata, India
| | - Shreya Sen Sarma
- Organic and Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja SC Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata, India
| | - Amit K. Srivastava
- Cancer Biology and Inflammatory Disorder Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja SC Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata, India
| | - Rinku Baishya
- Natural Product Chemistry Group, CSIR-North East Institute of Science and Technology (NEIST), NH-37, Pulibor, Jorhat, Assam India
| | - Deepak Kumar
- Organic and Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja SC Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata, India
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A Review on Dietary Additive, Food Supplement and Exercise Effects on the Prevention of Covid-19. NUTRITION AND FOOD SCIENCES RESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.52547/nfsr.9.1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
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12
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AbouAitah K, Allayh AK, Wojnarowicz J, Shaker YM, Swiderska-Sroda A, Lojkowski W. Nanoformulation Composed of Ellagic Acid and Functionalized Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Inactivates DNA and RNA Viruses. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:2174. [PMID: 34959455 PMCID: PMC8706547 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13122174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has strongly impacted daily life across the globe and caused millions of infections and deaths. No drug therapy has yet been approved for the clinic. In the current study, we provide a novel nanoformulation against DNA and RNA viruses that also has a potential for implementation against COVID-19. The inorganic-organic hybrid nanoformulation is composed of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) functionalized with triptycene organic molecules (TRP) via EDC/NHS coupling chemistry and impregnated with a natural agent, ellagic acid (ELG), via non-covalent interactions. The physicochemical properties of prepared materials were identified with several techniques. The hybrid nanoformulation contained 9.5 wt.% TRP and was loaded with up to 33.3 wt.% ELG. ELG alone exhibited higher cytotoxicity than both the ZnO NPs and nanoformulation against host cells. The nanoformulation efficiently inhibited viruses, compared to ZnO NPs or ELG alone. For H1N1 and HCoV-229E (RNA viruses), the nanoformulation had a therapeutic index of 77.3 and 75.7, respectively. For HSV-2 and Ad-7 (DNA viruses), the nanoformulation had a therapeutic index of 57.5 and 51.7, respectively. In addition, the nanoformulation showed direct inactivation of HCoV-229E via a virucidal mechanism. The inhibition by this mechanism was > 60%. Thus, the nanoformulation is a potentially safe and low-cost hybrid agent that can be explored as a new alternative therapeutic strategy for COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaled AbouAitah
- Laboratory of Nanostructures and Nanomedicine, Institute of High Pressure Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sokolowska St. 29/37, 01-142 Warsaw, Poland; (J.W.); (A.S.-S.)
- Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research Department, Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Research Institute, National Research Centre (NRC), 33 El–Behouth St., Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt
| | - Abdou K. Allayh
- Environmental Virology Laboratory, Water Pollution Research Department, Environment and Climate Change Institute, National Research Centre (NRC), 33 El–Behouth St., Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt;
| | - Jacek Wojnarowicz
- Laboratory of Nanostructures and Nanomedicine, Institute of High Pressure Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sokolowska St. 29/37, 01-142 Warsaw, Poland; (J.W.); (A.S.-S.)
| | - Yasser M. Shaker
- Chemistry of Natural and Microbial Products Department, Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Institute, National Research Centre (NRC), 33 El–Behouth St., Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt;
| | - Anna Swiderska-Sroda
- Laboratory of Nanostructures and Nanomedicine, Institute of High Pressure Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sokolowska St. 29/37, 01-142 Warsaw, Poland; (J.W.); (A.S.-S.)
| | - Witold Lojkowski
- Laboratory of Nanostructures and Nanomedicine, Institute of High Pressure Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sokolowska St. 29/37, 01-142 Warsaw, Poland; (J.W.); (A.S.-S.)
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Khursheed A, Jain V, Rasool A, Rather MA, Malik NA, Shalla AH. Molecular scaffolds from mother nature as possible lead compounds in drug design and discovery against coronaviruses: A landscape analysis of published literature and molecular docking studies. Microb Pathog 2021; 157:104933. [PMID: 33984466 PMCID: PMC8110334 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2021.104933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The recent outbreak of viral infection and its transmission has highlighted the importance of its slowdown for the safeguard of public health, globally. The identification of novel drugs and efficient therapies against these infectious viruses is need of the hour. The eruption of COVID-19 is caused by a novel acute respiratory syndrome virus SARS-CoV-2 which has taken the whole world by storm as it has transformed into a global pandemic. This lethal syndrome is a global health threat to general public which has already affected millions of people. Despite the development of some potential vaccines and repurposed drugs by some Pharma companies, this health emergency needs more attention due to the less efficacy of these vaccines coupled with the emergence of novel and resistant strains of SARS-CoV-2. Due to enormous structural diversity and biological applications, natural products are considered as a wonderful source of drugs for such diseases. Natural product based drugs constitute a substantial proportion of the pharmaceutical market particularly in the therapeutic areas of infectious diseases and oncology. The naturally occurring bioactive antiviral phytochemicals including alkaloids, flavonoids and peptides have been subjected to virtual screening against COVID-19. Since there is no specific medicine available for the treatment of Covid-19, designing new drugs using in silico methods plays an all important role to find that magic bullet which can target this lethal virus. The in silico method is not only quick but economical also when compared to the other conventional methods which are hit and trial methods. Based on this in silico approach, various natural products have been recently identified which might have a potential to inhibit COVID-19 outbreak. These natural products have been shown by these docking studies to interact with the spike protein of the novel coronavirus. This spike protein has been shown to bind to a transmembrane protein called Angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), this protein acts as a receptor for the viral spike protein. This comprehensive review article anticipates providing a summary of the authentic and peer reviewed published literature about the potential of natural metabolites that can be developed into possible lead compounds against this new threat of Covid-19. Main focus of the article will be to highlight natural sources of potential anti-coronavirus molecules, mechanism of action, docking studies and the target proteins as well as their toxicity profiles. This review article intends to provide a starting point for the research endeavors that are needed for the design and development of drugs based on pure natural products, their synthetic or semi-synthetic derivatives and standardized plant extracts. This review article will be highly helpful for scientists who are working or intend to work on antiviral drugs from natural sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aadil Khursheed
- Department of Chemistry, Madhyanchal Professional University, Ratibad, Bhopal, 462044, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Vikrant Jain
- Department of Chemistry, Madhyanchal Professional University, Ratibad, Bhopal, 462044, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Ajaz Rasool
- Department of Zoology, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, 190006, India
| | - Manzoor A Rather
- Department of Chemistry, Islamic University of Science and Technology, Awanti Pora, 192122, Jammu and Kashmir, India.
| | - Nisar Ahmad Malik
- Department of Chemistry, Islamic University of Science and Technology, Awanti Pora, 192122, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Aabid Hussain Shalla
- Department of Chemistry, Islamic University of Science and Technology, Awanti Pora, 192122, Jammu and Kashmir, India
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Alsayari A, Muhsinah AB, Almaghaslah D, Annadurai S, Wahab S. Pharmacological Efficacy of Ginseng against Respiratory Tract Infections. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26134095. [PMID: 34279434 PMCID: PMC8271507 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26134095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory tract infections are underestimated, as they are mild and generally not incapacitating. In clinical medicine, however, these infections are considered a prevalent problem. By 2030, the third most comprehensive reason for death worldwide will be chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), according to the World Health Organization. The current arsenal of anti-inflammatory drugs shows little or no benefits against COPD. For thousands of years, herbal drugs have been used to cure numerous illnesses; they exhibit promising results and enhance physical performance. Ginseng is one such herbal medicine, known to alleviate pro-inflammatory chemokines and cytokines (IL-2, IL-4, IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-5, IL-6, IL-8) formed by macrophages and epithelial cells. Furthermore, the mechanisms of action of ginsenoside are still not fully understood. Various clinical trials of ginseng have exhibited a reduction of repeated colds and the flu. In this review, ginseng’s structural features, the pathogenicity of microbial infections, and the immunomodulatory, antiviral, and anti-bacterial effects of ginseng were discussed. The focus was on the latest animal studies and human clinical trials that corroborate ginseng’s role as a therapy for treating respiratory tract infections. The article concluded with future directions and significant challenges. This review would be a valuable addition to the knowledge base for researchers in understanding the promising role of ginseng in treating respiratory tract infections. Further analysis needs to be re-focused on clinical trials to study ginseng’s efficacy and safety in treating pathogenic infections and in determining ginseng-drug interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulrhman Alsayari
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia; (A.A.); (A.B.M.); (S.A.)
| | - Abdullatif Bin Muhsinah
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia; (A.A.); (A.B.M.); (S.A.)
| | - Dalia Almaghaslah
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Sivakumar Annadurai
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia; (A.A.); (A.B.M.); (S.A.)
| | - Shadma Wahab
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia; (A.A.); (A.B.M.); (S.A.)
- Correspondence: or
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Kang N, Gao H, He L, Liu Y, Fan H, Xu Q, Yang S. Ginsenoside Rb1 is an immune-stimulatory agent with antiviral activity against enterovirus 71. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 266:113401. [PMID: 32980486 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.113401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE According to the theory of traditional Chinese medicine, the main pathogenesis of severe hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) is that the heat and wet poisons are deeply trapped in the viscera, which causes the deficiency of Qi and Yin in the patient's body. Ginsenoside Rb1 (Rb1) is the most abundant triterpenoid saponin in Panax quinquefolius L., which has the function of Qi-invigorating and Yin-nourishing. Enterovirus 71 (EV71) is one of the causative pathogens of HFMD, especially the form associated with some lethal complications. Therefore, the therapeutic effect of Rb1 on this disease caused by EV71 infection is worth exploring. AIM OF THE STUDY We explored the effective antiviral activities of Rb1 against EV71 in vitro and in vivo and investigated its preliminary antiviral mechanisms. MATERIAL AND METHODS EV71-infected two-day-old suckling mice model was employed to detect the antiviral effects of Rb1 in vivo. To detect the antiviral effects of Rb1 in vitro, cytopathic effect (CPE) reduction assay was performed in EV71-infected Rhabdomyosarcoma (RD) cells. Interferon (IFN)-β interference experiment was employed to detect the antiviral mechanism of Rb1. RESULTS In this paper, we first found that Rb1 exhibited strong antiviral activities in EV71-infected suckling mice when compared to those of ribavirin. Administration of Rb1 reduced the CPE of EV71-infected RD cells in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, EV71-induced viral protein-1 (VP-1) expression was significantly reduced by Rb1 administration in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, Rb1 treatment could induce high cellular and humoral immune responses in vivo. Meanwhile, Rb1 contributed to the enhanced Type I IFN responses and IFN-β knockdown reversed the antiviral activity of Rb1 in vitro. CONCLUSION In summary, our findings suggest that Rb1 is an immune-stimulatory agent and provide an insight into therapeutic potentials of Rb1 for the treatment of EV71 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naixin Kang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China.
| | - Hongwei Gao
- College of Pharmacy, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, 530000, China.
| | - Luan He
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China.
| | - Yanli Liu
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China.
| | - Handong Fan
- Institute of Aging Research, School of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 310036, China.
| | - Qiongming Xu
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China; College of Pharmacy, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, 530000, China.
| | - Shilin Yang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China.
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16
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Majnooni MB, Fakhri S, Shokoohinia Y, Kiyani N, Stage K, Mohammadi P, Gravandi MM, Farzaei MH, Echeverría J. Phytochemicals: Potential Therapeutic Interventions Against Coronavirus-Associated Lung Injury. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:588467. [PMID: 33658931 PMCID: PMC7919380 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.588467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in December 2019, millions of people have been infected and died worldwide. However, no drug has been approved for the treatment of this disease and its complications, which urges the need for finding novel therapeutic agents to combat. Among the complications due to COVID-19, lung injury has attained special attention. Besides, phytochemicals have shown prominent anti-inflammatory effects and thus possess significant effects in reducing lung injury caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Also, the prevailing evidence reveales the antiviral effects of those phytochemicals, including anti-SARS-CoV activity, which could pave the road in providing suitable lead compounds in the treatment of COVID-19. In the present study, candidate phytochemicals and related mechanisms of action have been shown in the treatment/protection of lung injuries induced by various methods. In terms of pharmacological mechanism, phytochemicals have shown potential inhibitory effects on inflammatory and oxidative pathways/mediators, involved in the pathogenesis of lung injury during COVID-19 infection. Also, a brief overview of phytochemicals with anti-SARS-CoV-2 compounds has been presented.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sajad Fakhri
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Health Technology Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Yalda Shokoohinia
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Health Technology Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
- Ric Scalzo Botanical Research Institute, Southwest College of Naturopathic Medicine, Tempe, AZ, United States
| | - Narges Kiyani
- Ric Scalzo Botanical Research Institute, Southwest College of Naturopathic Medicine, Tempe, AZ, United States
| | - Katrina Stage
- Ric Scalzo Botanical Research Institute, Southwest College of Naturopathic Medicine, Tempe, AZ, United States
| | - Pantea Mohammadi
- Medical Biology Research Center, Health Technology Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | | | - Mohammad Hosein Farzaei
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Health Technology Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Javier Echeverría
- Departamento De Ciencias Del Ambiente, Facultad De Química y Biología, Universidad De Santiago De Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Hussain S, Xie YJ, Li D, Malik SI, Hou JC, Leung ELH, Fan XX. Current strategies against COVID-19. Chin Med 2020; 15:70. [PMID: 32665783 PMCID: PMC7344049 DOI: 10.1186/s13020-020-00353-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) recently was declared a pandemic by world health organization (WHO) Due to sudden outbreaks, currently, no completely effective vaccine or drug is clinically approved. Several therapeutic strategies can be envisaged to prevent further mortality and morbidity. Based on the past contribution of traditional Chinese medicines (TCM) and immune-based therapies as a treatment option in crucial pathogen outbreaks, we aimed to summarize potential therapeutic strategies that could be helpful to stop further spread of SARS-CoV-2 by effecting its structural components or modulation of immune responses. Several TCM with or without modification could be effective against the structural protein, enzymes, and nucleic acid should be tested from available libraries or to identify their immune-stimulatory activities to enhance several antiviral biological agents for effective elimination of SARS-CoV-2 from the host. TCM is not only effective in the direct inhibition of virus attachment and internalization in a cell but can also prevent their replication and can also help to boost up host immune response. Immune-modulatory effects of TCMs may lead to new medications and can guide us for the scientific validity of drug development. Besides, we also summarized the effective therapies in clinical for controlling inflammation. This review will be not only helpful for the current situation of COVID-19, but can also play a major role in such epidemics in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahid Hussain
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, SAR China
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biosciences, Capital University of Science and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Ya-Jia Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, SAR China
| | - Dan Li
- Beijing Wante’er Biological Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., No. 32 Yard, East 2nd Road, Yanqi Economic Development Zone, Huairou District, Beijing, China
| | - Shaukat Iqbal Malik
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biosciences, Capital University of Science and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Jin-cai Hou
- Beijing Wante’er Biological Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., No. 32 Yard, East 2nd Road, Yanqi Economic Development Zone, Huairou District, Beijing, China
| | - Elaine Lai-Han Leung
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, SAR China
| | - Xing-Xing Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, SAR China
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18
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Calabrese EJ. Hormesis and Ginseng: Ginseng Mixtures and Individual Constituents Commonly Display Hormesis Dose Responses, Especially for Neuroprotective Effects. Molecules 2020; 25:E2719. [PMID: 32545419 PMCID: PMC7321326 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25112719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper demonstrates that ginseng mixtures and individual ginseng chemical constituents commonly induce hormetic dose responses in numerous biological models for endpoints of biomedical and clinical relevance, typically providing a mechanistic framework. The principal focus of ginseng hormesis-related research has been directed toward enhancing neuroprotection against conditions such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's Diseases, stroke damage, as well as enhancing spinal cord and peripheral neuronal damage repair and reducing pain. Ginseng was also shown to reduce symptoms of diabetes, prevent cardiovascular system damage, protect the kidney from toxicities due to immune suppressant drugs, and prevent corneal damage, amongst other examples. These findings complement similar hormetic-based chemoprotective reports for other widely used dietary-type supplements such as curcumin, ginkgo biloba, and green tea. These findings, which provide further support for the generality of the hormetic dose response in the biomedical literature, have potentially important public health and clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward J Calabrese
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
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19
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Iqbal H, Rhee DK. Ginseng alleviates microbial infections of the respiratory tract: a review. J Ginseng Res 2020; 44:194-204. [PMID: 32148400 PMCID: PMC7031735 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2019.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The detrimental impact of air pollution as a result of frequent exposure to fine particles posed a global public health risk mainly to the pulmonary disorders in pediatric and geriatric population. Here, we reviewed the current literature regarding the role of ginseng and/or its components as antimicrobials, especially against pathogens that cause respiratory infections in animal and in vitro models. Some of the possible mechanisms for ginseng-mediated viral inhibition suggested are improvements in systemic and mucosa-specific antibody responses, serum hemagglutinin inhibition, lymphocyte proliferation, cell survival rate, and viral clearance in the lungs. In addition, ginseng reduces the expression levels of proinflammatory cytokines (IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-8) and chemokines produced by airway epithelial cells and macrophages, thus preventing weight loss. In case of bacterial infections, ginseng acts by alleviating inflammatory cytokine production, increasing survival rates, and activating phagocytes and natural killer cells. In addition, ginseng inhibits biofilm formation and induces the dispersion and dissolution of mature biofilms. Most clinical trials revealed that ginseng, at various dosages, is a safe and effective method of seasonal prophylaxis, relieving the symptoms and reducing the risk and duration of colds and flu. Taken together, these findings support the efficacy of ginseng as a therapeutic and prophylactic agent for respiratory infections.
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Key Words
- ARI, acute respiratory illness
- Bacteria
- COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
- Clinical trials
- GSLS, ginseng stem–leaf saponins
- Ginseng
- HRV, human rhinovirus
- IFN, interferon
- IL, interleukin
- IgA, immunoglobulin A
- PD, protopanaxadiol
- PT, protopanaxatriol
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- RSV, respiratory syncytial virus
- RTIs, respiratory tract infections
- Respiratory tract infections
- TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-alpha
- Virus
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dong-kwon Rhee
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
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20
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Wright SM, Altman E. Inhibition of Herpes Simplex Viruses, Types 1 and 2, by Ginsenoside 20(S)-Rg3. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 30:101-108. [PMID: 31693840 PMCID: PMC9728284 DOI: 10.4014/jmb.1908.08047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Infections by herpes simplex viruses have an immense impact on humans, ranging from selflimiting, benign illness to serious, life-threatening diseases. While nucleoside analog drugs are available, resistance has been increasing and currently no vaccine exists. Ginsenosides derived from Panax ginseng have been documented to inhibit several viruses and bolster immune defenses. This study evaluated 12 of the most relevant ginsenosides from P. ginseng for toxicities and inhibition of herpes simplex viruses types 1 and 2 in Vero cells. The effects of test compounds and virus infection were determined using a PrestoBlue cell viability assay. Time course studies were also conducted to better understand at what points the virus life cycle was affected. Non-toxic concentrations of the ginsenosides were determined and ranged from 12.5 µM to greater than 100 µM. Ginsenoside 20(S)-Rg3 demonstrated the greatest inhibitory effect and was active against both HSV-1 and HSV-2 with an IC50 of approximately 35 µM. The most dramatic inhibition-over 100% compared to controls-occurred when the virus was exposed to 20(S)-Rg3 for 4 h prior to being added to cells. 20(S)-Rg3 holds promise as a potential chemotherapeutic agent against herpes simplex viruses and, when used together with valacyclovir, may prevent increased resistance to drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen M. Wright
- Department of Biology and the Tennessee Center for Botanical Medicine Research, Middle Tennessee State University, TN 37132, USA,Corresponding author Phone: +615-898-2056 Fax: +615-898-5093 E-mail:
| | - Elliot Altman
- Department of Biology and the Tennessee Center for Botanical Medicine Research, Middle Tennessee State University, TN 37132, USA
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21
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Park S, Kim N, Park JH, Lee SW, Song JH, Ko HJ, Chae HJ, Kim HR, Kim SH. Simultaneous determination of seven sesquiterpene lactone glucosides in Ixeris dentata by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry and their antiviral activities. ACTA CHROMATOGR 2019. [DOI: 10.1556/1326.2018.00470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- SeonJu Park
- College of Pharmacy, Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Yonsei University, Incheon, Korea
| | - Nanyoung Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Yonsei University, Incheon, Korea
| | - Jun Hyung Park
- College of Pharmacy, Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Yonsei University, Incheon, Korea
| | - Sang-Won Lee
- Department of Herbal Crop Research, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration, Chungbuk, Korea
| | - Jae-Hyoung Song
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Hyun-Jeong Ko
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Han-Jung Chae
- Department of Pharmacology and Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Sechool of Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Chonbuk, Korea
| | | | - Seung Hyun Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Yonsei University, Incheon, Korea
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22
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Huh J, Song JH, Kim SR, Cho HM, Ko HJ, Yang H, Sung SH. Lignan Dimers from Forsythia viridissima Roots and Their Antiviral Effects. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2019; 82:232-238. [PMID: 30676026 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.8b00590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Six new dimeric lignans (1-6) and one new lignan glycoside (16) were isolated from Forsythia viridissima roots along with nine known lignans (7-15). Spectroscopic analyses and chemical methods were used to determine these new structures and their absolute configurations. Among these compounds, dimatairesinol (1) and viridissimaols A-E (2-6) were assigned as dimers of dibenzylbutyrolactone analogues. Furthermore, the isolated compounds were evaluated for their antiviral activities against coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) and human rhinovirus 1B (HRV1B). In these tests, compounds 12 and 15 showed antiviral effects against CVB3 infection with IC50 values of 15.4 and 36.4 μM, respectively, while 2, 3, 8, and 9 showed activities against HRV1B with IC50 values of 45.7, 47.5, 13.0, and 43.2 μM, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jungmoo Huh
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Seoul National University , Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826 , Republic of Korea
| | | | | | - Hyo Moon Cho
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Seoul National University , Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826 , Republic of Korea
| | | | | | - Sang Hyun Sung
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Seoul National University , Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826 , Republic of Korea
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23
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Unusual ent-atisane type diterpenoids with 2-oxopropyl skeleton from the roots of Euphorbia ebracteolata and their antiviral activity against human rhinovirus 3 and enterovirus 71. Bioorg Chem 2018; 81:234-240. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2018.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2018] [Revised: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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24
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Pan W, Xue B, Yang C, Miao L, Zhou L, Chen Q, Cai Q, Liu Y, Liu D, He H, Zhang Y, Yin T, Tang X. Biopharmaceutical characters and bioavailability improving strategies of ginsenosides. Fitoterapia 2018; 129:272-282. [PMID: 29883635 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2018.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Revised: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 06/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Deglycosylation is the most important gastrointestinal metabolism in which ginsenosides are split off from glycosyl moieties by the enzymes secreted from intestinal microflora, and two possible metabolic pathways of protopanaxdiol-type ginsenosides (PPD-type ginsenosides) and protopanaxtriol-type ginsenosides (PPT-type ginsenosides) have been concluded. The former is deglycosylated at C-3 and/or C-20, and transformed to protopanaxdiol (PPD). By comparison, the latter is deglycosylated at C-6 and/or C-20, and eventually transformed to protopanaxtriol (PPT) instead. The pharmacokinetic behavior of PPD-type ginsenosides and PPT-type ginsenosides is different, mainly in a faster absorption and elimination rate of PPT-type ginsenosides, but almost all of ginsenosides have a low oral bioavailability, which is relevant to the properties, the stability in the gastrointestinal tract, membrane permeability and the intestinal and hepatic first-pass effect of ginsenosides. Fortunately, its bioavailability can be improved by means of pharmaceutical strategies, including nanoparticles, liposomes, emulsions, micelles, etc. These drug delivery systems can significantly increase the bioavailability of ginsenosides, as well as controlling or targeting drug release. Ginsenosides are widely used in the treatment of various diseases, the most famous one is the Shen Yi capsule, which is the world's first clinical application of tumor neovascularization inhibitors. Hence, this article aims to draw people's attention on ocotillol-type ginsenosides, which have prominent anti-Alzheimer's disease activity, but have been overlooked previously, such as its representative compound-Pseudoginsenoside F11(PF11), and then provide a reference for the druggability and further developments of ocotillol-type ginsenosides by utilizing the homogeneous structure between dammarane-type ginsenosides and ocotillol-type ginsenosides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenli Pan
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Wenhua Road 103, Shenyang 110016, Liaoning Province, PR China
| | - Binli Xue
- Shaanxi Blood Center, Zhuque Street 407, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi Province, PR China
| | - Chulei Yang
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Wenhua Road 103, Shenyang 110016, Liaoning Province, PR China
| | - Linlin Miao
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Wenhua Road 103, Shenyang 110016, Liaoning Province, PR China
| | - Lingli Zhou
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Wenhua Road 103, Shenyang 110016, Liaoning Province, PR China
| | - Qiuyue Chen
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Wenhua Road 103, Shenyang 110016, Liaoning Province, PR China
| | - Qing Cai
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Wenhua Road 103, Shenyang 110016, Liaoning Province, PR China
| | - Yi Liu
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Wenhua Road 103, Shenyang 110016, Liaoning Province, PR China
| | - Dongchun Liu
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Wenhua Road 103, Shenyang 110016, Liaoning Province, PR China
| | - Haibing He
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Wenhua Road 103, Shenyang 110016, Liaoning Province, PR China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Wenhua Road 103, Shenyang 110016, Liaoning Province, PR China
| | - Tian Yin
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Wenhua Road 103, Shenyang 110016, Liaoning Province, PR China
| | - Xing Tang
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Wenhua Road 103, Shenyang 110016, Liaoning Province, PR China.
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Ngoc TM, Phuong NTT, Khoi NM, Park S, Kwak HJ, Nhiem NX, Trang BTT, Tai BH, Song JH, Ko HJ, Kim SH. A new naphthoquinone analogue and antiviral constituents from the root of Rhinacanthus nasutus. Nat Prod Res 2018; 33:360-366. [DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2018.1452004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tran Minh Ngoc
- National Institute of Medicinal Materials, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | | | | | - SeonJu Park
- College of Pharmacy, Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Yonsei University, Incheon, Korea
| | - Hee Jae Kwak
- College of Pharmacy, Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Yonsei University, Incheon, Korea
| | - Nguyen Xuan Nhiem
- Institute of Marine Biochemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | | | - Bui Huu Tai
- Institute of Marine Biochemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Jae-Hyoung Song
- College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Jeong Ko
- College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Hyun Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Yonsei University, Incheon, Korea
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26
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Antiviral activity of ginsenoside Rg3 isomers against gammaherpesvirus through inhibition of p38- and JNK-associated pathways. J Funct Foods 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2017.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
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Dai Q, Zhang D, Yu H, Xie W, Xin R, Wang L, Xu X, He X, Xiong J, Sheng H, Zhang L, Zhang K, Hu X. Berberine Restricts Coxsackievirus B Type 3 Replication via Inhibition of c-Jun N-Terminal Kinase (JNK) and p38 MAPK Activation In Vitro. Med Sci Monit 2017; 23:1448-1455. [PMID: 28341822 PMCID: PMC5389531 DOI: 10.12659/msm.899804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background At present, the treatment of coxsackievirus-induced myocarditis remains difficult. Berberine (BBR), an isoquinoline alkaloid isolated from traditional medicine herbs, exhibits significant anti-viral efficacy against various viruses. However, the underlying mechanism by which BBR controls CVB3 infection has not yet been reported. The purpose of this study was to investigate the anti-viral efficacy of BBR against CVB3 infection and its mechanism. Material/Methods In our experiments, the protein levels of VP1 and MAPKs signal pathway were measured by Western blot. The mRNA level of VP1 was measured by RT-PCR. The virus titers were determined by TCID50 assay. Results We found that BBR treatment significantly decreased CVB3 replication in HeLa cells. In addition, the BBR treatment reduced the phosphorylation levels of JNK and p38 MAPK upon CVB3 infection in both HeLa cells and primary rat myocardial cells. Conclusions Taken together, these results suggest that BBR inhibits CVB3 replication through the suppression of JNK and p38 MAPK activation, shedding new light on the investigation of therapeutic strategies against CVB3-induced viral myocarditis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Dai
- Central Laboratory, Xinqiao Hospital, 3rd Military Medical University, Chongqing, China (mainland)
| | - Di Zhang
- Central Laboratory, Xinqiao Hospital, 3rd Military Medical University, Chongqing, China (mainland)
| | - Hua Yu
- Central Laboratory, Xinqiao Hospital, 3rd Military Medical University, Chongqing, China (mainland).,Department of Microbiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, 3rd Military Medical University, Chongqing, China (mainland)
| | - Wei Xie
- Central Laboratory, Xinqiao Hospital, 3rd Military Medical University, Chongqing, China (mainland)
| | - Rong Xin
- Central Laboratory, Xinqiao Hospital, 3rd Military Medical University, Chongqing, China (mainland)
| | - Lei Wang
- Central Laboratory, Xinqiao Hospital, 3rd Military Medical University, Chongqing, China (mainland)
| | - Xiaohui Xu
- Central Laboratory, Xinqiao Hospital, 3rd Military Medical University, Chongqing, China (mainland).,Department of Microbiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, 3rd Military Medical University, Chongqing, China (mainland)
| | - Xiaomei He
- Central Laboratory, Xinqiao Hospital, 3rd Military Medical University, Chongqing, China (mainland)
| | - Junzhi Xiong
- Central Laboratory, Xinqiao Hospital, 3rd Military Medical University, Chongqing, China (mainland)
| | - Halei Sheng
- Central Laboratory, Xinqiao Hospital, 3rd Military Medical University, Chongqing, China (mainland)
| | - Le Zhang
- Central Laboratory, Xinqiao Hospital, 3rd Military Medical University, Chongqing, China (mainland)
| | - Kebin Zhang
- Central Laboratory, Xinqiao Hospital, 3rd Military Medical University, Chongqing, China (mainland)
| | - Xiaomei Hu
- Central Laboratory, Xinqiao Hospital, 3rd Military Medical University, Chongqing, China (mainland).,Department of Microbiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, 3rd Military Medical University, Chongqing, China (mainland)
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Lee S, Moon E, Choi SU, Kim KH. Lignans from the Twigs of Euonymus alatus (Thunb.) Siebold and Their Biological Evaluation. Chem Biodivers 2017; 13:1391-1396. [PMID: 27447684 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201600083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
A new sesquilignan, euonymolin A (1), and six known lignans, (-)-de-O-methylmagnolin (2), (+)-de-O-methylepimagnolin A (3), (+)-syringaresinol (4), (+)-pinoresinol (5), (+)-medioresinol (6), and (+)-lariciresinol 4'-O-β-d-glucopyranoside (7), were isolated from the twigs of Euonymus alatus (Thunb.) Siebold (Celastraceae). The structures of the isolated compounds were elucidated based on spectroscopic analyses, including extensive 1D- and 2D-NMR techniques, HR-MS analysis and circular dichroism (CD) data, and the literature data. All of the isolated compounds were evaluated for antiproliferative activity against A549, SK-OV-3, SK-MEL-2, and HCT-15 cell lines and inhibition of nitric oxide (NO) production in a lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated BV2 cell line. All compounds showed cytotoxicity against the SK-MEL-2 cell line with IC50 values of 23.24 - 48.14 μm and inhibited NO production in LPS-activated BV-2 cells with IC50 values of 6.75 - 23.53 μm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seulah Lee
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 440-746, Korea
| | - Eunjung Moon
- Charmzone R&D Center, Charmzone Co., Ltd., 318 Yeongdong-daero, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, 06177, Korea
| | - Sang Un Choi
- Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Deajeon, 305-600, Korea
| | - Ki Hyun Kim
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 440-746, Korea.
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Yu JS, Baek J, Park HB, Moon E, Kim SY, Choi SU, Kim KH. A new rearranged eudesmane sesquiterpene and bioactive sesquiterpenes from the twigs of Lindera glauca (Sieb. et Zucc.) Blume. Arch Pharm Res 2016; 39:1628-1634. [PMID: 27620498 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-016-0838-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
A new rearranged eudesmane sesquiterpene, named eudeglaucone (1), and five known sesquiterpenes including (+)-faurinone (2) and four eudesmane-type sesquiterpenes (3-6), were isolated from the twigs of Lindera glauca (Sieb. et Zucc.) Blume. The structure of 1 was elucidated by a combination of extensive spectroscopic analyses, including extensive 2D NMR (1H-1H COSY, HMQC, HMBC, and NOESY) and HR-MS. Compound 1 was a relatively rare rearranged eudesmane sesquiterpene in terpenoids. All isolates were evaluated for their antiproliferative activities against four human tumor cell lines (A549, SK-OV-3, SK-MEL-2, and HCT-15). Compounds 3 and 6 showed significant cytotoxicity against SK-MEL-2 and HCT-15 cell lines with IC50 values ranging from 9.98 to 12.20 μM. We also investigated the anti-neuroinflammatory activities of the isolates (1-6) in the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated murine microglia BV-2 cell line by measuring nitric oxide (NO) levels. All isolates significantly inhibited NO production with IC50 values of 3.67-26.48 μM without inducing cell toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Sik Yu
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiwon Baek
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Bong Park
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Eunjung Moon
- Charmzone R&D Center, Charmzone Co. LTD., 318 Yeongdong-daero, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, 06177, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Yeou Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, #191 Hambakmoero, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, 406-799, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Un Choi
- Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Deajeon, 305-600, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Hyun Kim
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 440-746, Republic of Korea.
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30
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Kang S, Im K, Kim G, Min H. Antiviral activity of 20( R)-ginsenoside Rh2 against murine gammaherpesvirus. J Ginseng Res 2016; 41:496-502. [PMID: 29021696 PMCID: PMC5628367 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2016.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Revised: 07/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ginsenosides are the major components of Panax ginseng Meyer, an herbal medicine used for the treatment of various diseases. Different ginsenosides contribute to the biological properties of ginseng, such as antimicrobial, anticancer, and immunomodulatory properties. In this study, we investigated the antiviral effects of 15 ginsenosides and compound K on gammaherpesvirus. Methods The antiviral activity of ginsenosides was examined using the plaque-forming assay and by analyzing the expression of the lytic gene. Results 20(R)-Ginsenoside Rh2 inhibited the replication and proliferation of murine gammaherpesvirus 68 (MHV-68), and its half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) against MHV-68 was estimated to be 2.77 μM. In addition, 20(R)-ginsenoside Rh2 inhibited 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA)-induced lytic replication of human gammaherpesvirus in the Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV)-positive cell line BC3. Conclusion Our results indicate that 20(R)-ginsenoside Rh2 can inhibit the replication of mouse and human gammaherpesviruses, and thus, has the potential to treat gammaherpesvirus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soowon Kang
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungtaek Im
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Geon Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeyoung Min
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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31
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Kim KH, Moon E, Cha JM, Lee S, Yu JS, Kim CS, Kim SY, Choi SU, Lee KR. Antineuroinflammatory and Antiproliferative Activities of Constituents from Tilia amurensis. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2016; 63:837-42. [PMID: 26423042 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c15-00393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
As part of our ongoing search for bioactive constituents of natural Korean medicinal resources, we found in a preliminary study that the methanol (MeOH) extract from the trunks of Tilia amurensis RUPR. showed an inhibitory effect on nitric oxide (NO) production in an activated murine microglial cell line. A bioassay-guided fractionation and chemical investigation of the MeOH extract resulted in the isolation and identification of a new isoflavonoid glycoside, orobol 4'-O-β-D-apiofuranosyl-(1→6)-β-D-glucopyranoside (1) and 16 known compounds (2-17). The structure of the new compound was determined by spectroscopic methods, i.e., one-dimensional (1D) and two-dimensional (2D)-NMR techniques and high resolution (HR)-MS, and chemical methods. The antineuroinflammatory activities of the isolated compounds were determined by measuring NO levels in the medium using murine microglial BV-2 cells. Among them, 12 compounds, including compound 1 (most active with an IC50 value of 23.42 µM), inhibited NO production in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated BV-2 cells. Moreover, compounds 1-4 showed moderate antiproliferative activities against the SK-MEL-2 cell line, with IC50 values ranging from 12.31 to 19.67 µM.
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Kim C, Kang H, Kim DE, Song JH, Choi M, Kang M, Lee K, Kim HS, Shin JS, Jeong H, Jung S, Han SB, Kim JH, Ko HJ, Lee CK, Kim M, Cho S. Antiviral activity of micafungin against enterovirus 71. Virol J 2016; 13:99. [PMID: 27296985 PMCID: PMC4907259 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-016-0557-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Enterovirus 71 (EV71) is a major causative agent of hand-foot-mouth disease (HFMD) and also causes severe neurological complications, leading to fatality in young children. However, no effective therapy is currently available for the treatment of this infection. Methods We identified small-molecule inhibitors of EV71 from a screen of 968 Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved drugs, with which clinical application for EV71-associated diseases would be more feasible, using EV71 subgenomic replicon system. Primary hits were extensively evaluated for their antiviral activities in EV71-infected cells. Results We identified micafungin, an echinocandin antifungal drug, as a novel inhibitor of EV71. Micafungin potently inhibits the proliferation of EV71 as well as the replication of EV71 replicon in cells with a low micromolar IC50 (~5 μM). The strong antiviral effect of micafungin on EV71 replicon and the result from time-of-addition experiment demonstrated a targeting of micafungin on virion-independent intracellular process(es) during EV71 infection. Moreover, an extensive analysis excluded the involvement of 2C and 3A proteins, IRES-dependent translation, and also that of polyprotein processing in the antiviral effect of micafungin. Conclusions Our research revealed a new indication of micafungin as an effective inhibitor of EV71, which is the first case reporting antiviral activity of micafungin, an antifungal drug. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12985-016-0557-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chonsaeng Kim
- Virus Research and Testing Center, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, 141 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34114, South Korea
| | - Hyunju Kang
- Anticancer Agent Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology, 30 Yeongudanji-ro, Ochang-eup, Cheongwon-gu, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do, 28116, South Korea.,College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, 1 Chungdae-ro Seowon-gu, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do, 28644, South Korea
| | - Dong-Eun Kim
- Anticancer Agent Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology, 30 Yeongudanji-ro, Ochang-eup, Cheongwon-gu, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do, 28116, South Korea.,College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, 1 Chungdae-ro Seowon-gu, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do, 28644, South Korea
| | - Jae-Hyoung Song
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, 1 Gangwondaehak-gil, Chuncheon-si, Gangwon-do, 24341, South Korea
| | - Miri Choi
- Anticancer Agent Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology, 30 Yeongudanji-ro, Ochang-eup, Cheongwon-gu, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do, 28116, South Korea
| | - Mingu Kang
- Anticancer Agent Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology, 30 Yeongudanji-ro, Ochang-eup, Cheongwon-gu, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do, 28116, South Korea
| | - Kyungjin Lee
- Virus Research and Testing Center, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, 141 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34114, South Korea
| | - Hae Soo Kim
- Virus Research and Testing Center, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, 141 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34114, South Korea
| | - Jin Soo Shin
- Virus Research and Testing Center, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, 141 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34114, South Korea
| | - Hyejeong Jeong
- Anticancer Agent Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology, 30 Yeongudanji-ro, Ochang-eup, Cheongwon-gu, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do, 28116, South Korea
| | - Sunhee Jung
- Anticancer Agent Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology, 30 Yeongudanji-ro, Ochang-eup, Cheongwon-gu, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do, 28116, South Korea
| | - Sang-Bae Han
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, 1 Chungdae-ro Seowon-gu, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do, 28644, South Korea
| | - Jong Heon Kim
- Cancer Cell and Molecular Biology Branch, Research Institute, National Cancer Center, 323 Ilsan-ro, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, 10408, South Korea
| | - Hyun-Jeong Ko
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, 1 Gangwondaehak-gil, Chuncheon-si, Gangwon-do, 24341, South Korea
| | - Chong-Kyo Lee
- Virus Research and Testing Center, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, 141 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34114, South Korea
| | - Meehyein Kim
- Virus Research and Testing Center, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, 141 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34114, South Korea
| | - Sungchan Cho
- Anticancer Agent Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology, 30 Yeongudanji-ro, Ochang-eup, Cheongwon-gu, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do, 28116, South Korea. .,Department of Biomolecular Science, Korea University of Science and Technology, 217 Gajeong-ro, Daejeon, 34113, South Korea.
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Kwon BE, Song JH, Song HH, Kang JW, Hwang SN, Rhee KJ, Shim A, Hong EH, Kim YJ, Jeon SM, Chang SY, Kim DE, Cho S, Ko HJ. Antiviral Activity of Oroxylin A against Coxsackievirus B3 Alleviates Virus-Induced Acute Pancreatic Damage in Mice. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0155784. [PMID: 27195463 PMCID: PMC4873122 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0155784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The flavonoids mosloflavone, oroxylin A, and norwogonin, which were purified from Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi, significantly protected Vero cells against Coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3)-induced cell death. To investigate the in vivo antiviral activity of oroxylin A, we intraperitoneally inoculated CVB3 into 4-week-old BALB/c mice. Body weights and blood glucose levels of the mice were decreased after CVB3 infection, and these changes were attenuated by the administration of oroxylin A. Importantly, treatment of mice with oroxylin A reduced viral titers in the pancreas and decreased the serum levels of the inflammatory cytokines including interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α. Additionally, the administration of oroxylin A mitigated the histological pancreatic lesions and apoptotic cell death induced by CVB3 infection and increased the levels of phospho-eIF2α in infected pancreata. The results suggest that oroxylin A may represent a potent antiviral agent against CVB3 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo-Eun Kwon
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 200–701, South Korea
| | - Jae-Hyoung Song
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 200–701, South Korea
| | - Hyuk-Hwan Song
- Agency for Korea National Food Cluster (AnFC), Iksan, Korea
| | - Ju Won Kang
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, Yonsei University, Wonju, 220–710, Republic of Korea
| | - Sam Noh Hwang
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, Yonsei University, Wonju, 220–710, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-Jong Rhee
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, Yonsei University, Wonju, 220–710, Republic of Korea
| | - Aeri Shim
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 200–701, South Korea
| | - Eun-Hye Hong
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 200–701, South Korea
| | - Yeon-Jeong Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Inje University, Gimhae, 621–749, South Korea
| | - Sang-Min Jeon
- College of Pharmacy, Ajou University, Suwon, 443–749, South Korea
| | - Sun-Young Chang
- College of Pharmacy, Ajou University, Suwon, 443–749, South Korea
| | - Dong-Eun Kim
- Anticancer Agent Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology, Cheongju, South Korea
| | - Sungchan Cho
- Anticancer Agent Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology, Cheongju, South Korea
| | - Hyun-Jeong Ko
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 200–701, South Korea
- * E-mail:
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Asarotonide, a new phenylpropanoid with a rare natural acetonide group from the rhizomes of Acorus gramineus. Tetrahedron Lett 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2016.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Isolation, Purification and Quantification of Ginsenoside F₅ and F₃ Isomeric Compounds from Crude Extracts of Flower Buds of Panax ginseng. Molecules 2016; 21:315. [PMID: 27005606 PMCID: PMC6273083 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21030315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2015] [Revised: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper, the isolation, purification and quantification of ginsenoside F5 and F3 isomeric compounds from crude extracts of flower buds of Panax ginseng (CEFBPG) was investigated by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) for the first time. The satisfied separation at analytical scale was achieved using a Zorbax Eclipse XDB C-18 column with a ternary mobile phase of acetonitrile–water–phosphoric acid (28:71:1) at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min within 40 min. UV detection was set at 203 nm. Ginsenoside F5 and F3 was 4.21 mg and 5.13 mg in 1 g flower buds of P. ginseng (FBPG), respectively. The preparation of ginsenoside F5 and F3 at semi-preparative scale was performed by using a Daisogel C-18 column and gradient elution system of acetonitrile–water (32:68 → 28:72) at a flow rate of 10 mL/min with a sample load of 20–30 mg, and yielded ginsenosides in purity of more than 96%. Their structures were characterized by NMR and high resolution electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (HRESIMS). All the method validations showed acceptable limits. The results indicate a new source to obtain ginsenoside F5 and F3, and show that the method developed here appears to be reliable for simultaneously preparing them from CEFBPG.
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Suh WS, Lee SR, Kim CS, Moon E, Kim SY, Choi SU, Kang KS, Lee KR, Kim KH. A New Monoacylglycerol from the Fruiting Bodies of Gymnopilus Spectabilis. JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL RESEARCH 2016. [DOI: 10.3184/174751916x14546877525997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Bioassay-guided fractionation and chemical investigation of the MeOH extract of the wild mushroom Gymnopilus spectabilis resulted in the isolation of a new monoacylglycerol, together with five known compounds. The structure of the new compound (2′ S) −1- O-(6,6-dimethoxyhexanol)-glycerol was elucidated on the basis of 1D and 2D NMR (1H and 13C NMR, 1H-1H COSY, HMQC and HMBC) spectroscopic data as well as chemical reactions. The known compounds were identified by comparison of their spectroscopic and physical data with the reported values. The metabolites were evaluated for their anti-proliferative activities against four human tumour cell lines (A549, SK-OV-3, SK-MEL-2 and HCT-15) and for their inhibitory effects on nitric oxide production in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated murine microglial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won Se Suh
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Seoung Rak Lee
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Chung Sub Kim
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunjung Moon
- Charmzone R&D Center, Charmzone Co. LTD., Wonju 220-962, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Yeou Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, Incheon 406-799, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Un Choi
- Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Deajeon 305-600, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Sung Kang
- College of Korean Medicine, Gachon University, Seongnam 461-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Kang Ro Lee
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Hyun Kim
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea
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Wang M, Tao L, Xu H. Chinese herbal medicines as a source of molecules with anti-enterovirus 71 activity. Chin Med 2016; 11:2. [PMID: 26834824 PMCID: PMC4731985 DOI: 10.1186/s13020-016-0074-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus 71 (EV71) is one of the causative agents of hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD), which sometimes leads to severe neurological disease and death in the Asia-Pacific region. In Chinese medicine, HFMD is caused mainly by an accumulation of damp-heat and toxicity in the body. No effective drugs are currently available for the treatment and prevention of EV71 infection. This review summarizes the potential Chinese herbal extracts and isolated compounds with antiviral activity against EV71 and their clinical applications, especially those categorized as heat-clearing and detoxifying.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengjie Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203 China ; Engineering Research Center of Shanghai Colleges for TCM New Drug Discovery, Shanghai, 201203 China
| | - Ling Tao
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203 China ; Engineering Research Center of Shanghai Colleges for TCM New Drug Discovery, Shanghai, 201203 China ; Xinxiang Medical University, Jinsui Road 601, Xinxiang, Henan 453003 China
| | - Hongxi Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203 China ; Engineering Research Center of Shanghai Colleges for TCM New Drug Discovery, Shanghai, 201203 China
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Abstract
Ginseng is commonly used in traditional Chinese medicine as a tonic and an adaptogen to reduce fatigue and boost the immune system. In recent years, ginseng extracts are shown to have both bacteriostatic and bactericidal actions and seem to exert their effects by several mechanisms, including disruption of biofilms, inhibition of quorum-sensing and virulence factors, and altering motility. Also, ginseng extracts are shown to have antifungal properties as demonstrated by their ability to inhibit the growth of several mold and yeast species. Extracts from ginseng root have a strong antiviral activity against the RNA viruses in cell cultures and animal models. In addition to the antimicrobial activities, ginseng extracts are shown to possess immunomodulatory properties involved in the amelioration of infections. The present paper describes the antimicrobial effects of ginseng and its extracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina Kachur
- a Department of Biology , Lakehead University , Thunder Bay , Ontario , Canada P7B 5E1
| | - Zacharias E Suntres
- a Department of Biology , Lakehead University , Thunder Bay , Ontario , Canada P7B 5E1.,b Medical Sciences Division , Northern Ontario School of Medicine , Thunder Bay , Ontario , Canada P7B 5E1
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Kang HR, Eom HJ, Lee SR, Choi SU, Kang KS, Lee KR, Kim KH. Bioassay-guided Isolation of Antiproliferative Triterpenoids from Euonymus alatus Twigs. Nat Prod Commun 2015. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1501001131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Euonymus alatus (Celastraceae) has been used as an anticancer agent in Korean traditional medicine. However, the potential bioactive contributors to the anticancer effects have not been thoroughly studied. Our screening test revealed that the MeOH extract of E. alatus twigs exhibited significant cytotoxicity against A549, SK-OV-3, and SK-MEL-2 cell lines. A bioassay-guided separation of the MeOH extract of E. alatus twigs resulted in the isolation and identification of 14 triterpenes as main phytochemicals. The structures of the compounds were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic evidence as lupeol (1), betulin (2), 3β,28,30-lup-20(29)-ene triol (3), lupenone (4), betulone (5), 28,30-dihydroxy-3-oxolup-20(29)-ene (6), messagenin (7), glut-5-en-3β-ol (8), maslinic acid (9), hederagenin (10), 3-oxo-11α-methoxyolean-12-ene (11), 3β-hydroxy-1-oxo-olean-12-en-28-oic acid (12), ursolic acid (13), and 2α-hydroxy-ursolic acid (14). Of these compounds, 3, 6–8, and 10–14 were isolated for the first time from this plant. All isolated triterpenoids had consistent antiproliferative activities against A549, SK-OV-3, SK-MEL-2, and HCT-15 cell lines. Compounds 2, 5, and 7 showed significant cytotoxicity against all four cell lines tested, with IC50 values of 3.26–8.61 μM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee Rae Kang
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea
- both authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Hee Jeong Eom
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea
- both authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Seoung Rak Lee
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Un Choi
- Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon 305-600, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Sung Kang
- College of Korean Medicine, Gachon University, Seongnam 461-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Kang Ro Lee
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Hyun Kim
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea
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Kim YI, Song JH, Kwon BE, Kim HN, Seo MD, Park K, Lee S, Yeo SG, Kweon MN, Ko HJ, Chang SY. Pros and cons of VP1-specific maternal IgG for the protection of Enterovirus 71 infection. Vaccine 2015; 33:6604-10. [PMID: 26529069 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.10.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2015] [Revised: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Enterovirus 71 (EV71) causes hand, foot, and mouth diseases and can result in severe neurological disorders when it infects the central nervous system. Thus, there is a need for the development of effective vaccines against EV71 infection. Here we report that viral capsid protein 1 (VP1), one of the main capsid proteins of EV71, efficiently elicited VP1-specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) in the serum of mice immunized with recombinant VP1. The VP1-specific IgG produced in female mice was efficiently transferred to their offspring, conferring protection against EV71 infection immediately after birth. VP1-specific antibody can neutralize EV71 infection and protect host cells. VP1-specific maternal IgG in offspring was maintained for over 6 months. However, the pre-existence of VP1-specific maternal IgG interfered with the production of VP1-specific IgG antibody secreting cells by active immunization in offspring. Therefore, although our results showed the potential for VP1-specific maternal IgG protection against EV71 in neonatal mice, other strategies must be developed to overcome the hindrance of maternal IgG in active immunization. In this study, we developed an effective and feasible animal model to evaluate the protective efficacy of humoral immunity against EV71 infection using a maternal immunity concept.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-In Kim
- Laboratory of Microbiology, College of Pharmacy, Ajou University, Suwon 443-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Hyoung Song
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 200-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Bo-Eun Kwon
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 200-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Ha-Neul Kim
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon 443-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Duk Seo
- Laboratory of Microbiology, College of Pharmacy, Ajou University, Suwon 443-749, Republic of Korea; Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon 443-749, Republic of Korea
| | - KwiSung Park
- Department of Microbiology, Chungcheongnam-Do Institute of Health and Environment Research, Daejeon 300-801, Republic of Korea
| | - SangWon Lee
- Division of Vaccine Research, Center for Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health, Korea Centers for Diseases Control and Prevention, Cheongju 361-951, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Gu Yeo
- Division of Vaccine Research, Center for Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health, Korea Centers for Diseases Control and Prevention, Cheongju 361-951, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-Na Kweon
- Mucosal Immunology Laboratory, Department of Convergence Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 138-736, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Jeong Ko
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 200-701, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sun-Young Chang
- Laboratory of Microbiology, College of Pharmacy, Ajou University, Suwon 443-749, Republic of Korea.
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Kang H, Kim C, Kim DE, Song JH, Choi M, Choi K, Kang M, Lee K, Kim HS, Shin JS, Kim J, Han SB, Lee MY, Lee SU, Lee CK, Kim M, Ko HJ, van Kuppeveld FJM, Cho S. Synergistic antiviral activity of gemcitabine and ribavirin against enteroviruses. Antiviral Res 2015; 124:1-10. [PMID: 26526589 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2015.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Revised: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 10/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Enteroviruses are major causative agents of various human diseases, and some of them are currently considered to be an enormous threat to public health. However, no effective therapy is currently available for the treatment of these infections. We identified gemcitabine, a nucleoside-analog drug used for cancer treatment, from a screen of bioactive chemicals as a novel inhibitor of coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) and enterovirus 71 (EV71). Gemcitabine potently inhibited the proliferation of CVB3 and EV71, as well as the replication of CVB3 and EV71 replicons, in cells with a low micromolar IC50 (1-5 μM). Its strong inhibitory effect was also observed in cells infected with human rhinoviruses, demonstrating broad-spectrum antiviral effects on enteroviruses. Mechanistically, an extensive analysis excluded the involvement of 2C, 3A, IRES-dependent translation, and also that of polyprotein processing in the antiviral effects of gemcitabine. Importantly, gemcitabine in combination with ribavirin, an antiviral drug currently being used against a few RNA viruses, exhibited a synergistic antiviral effect on the replication of CVB3 and EV71 replicons. Consequently, our results clearly demonstrate a new indication for gemcitabine as an effective broad-spectrum inhibitor of enteroviruses and strongly suggest a new therapeutic strategy using gemcitabine alone or in combination with ribavirin for the treatment of various diseases associated with enterovirus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunju Kang
- Incurable Diseases Therapeutics Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology, Cheongju, South Korea; College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, South Korea
| | - Chonsaeng Kim
- Virus Research and Testing Center, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Dong-eun Kim
- Incurable Diseases Therapeutics Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology, Cheongju, South Korea; College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, South Korea
| | - Jae-Hyoung Song
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Miri Choi
- Incurable Diseases Therapeutics Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology, Cheongju, South Korea; College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, South Korea
| | - Kwangman Choi
- Incurable Diseases Therapeutics Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology, Cheongju, South Korea; Department of Medical Science, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, South Korea
| | - Mingu Kang
- Incurable Diseases Therapeutics Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology, Cheongju, South Korea
| | - Kyungjin Lee
- Virus Research and Testing Center, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Hae Soo Kim
- Virus Research and Testing Center, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Jin Soo Shin
- Virus Research and Testing Center, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Janghwan Kim
- Stem Cell Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Sang-Bae Han
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, South Korea
| | - Mi-Young Lee
- Department of Medical Science, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, South Korea
| | - Su Ui Lee
- Natural Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology, Cheongju, South Korea
| | - Chong-Kyo Lee
- Virus Research and Testing Center, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Meehyein Kim
- Virus Research and Testing Center, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Hyun-Jeong Ko
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Frank J M van Kuppeveld
- Section of Virology, Department Infectious Diseases & Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Sungchan Cho
- Incurable Diseases Therapeutics Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology, Cheongju, South Korea; Department of Biomolecular Science, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea.
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Ma LL, Ge M, Wang HQ, Yin JQ, Jiang JD, Li YH. Antiviral Activities of Several Oral Traditional Chinese Medicines against Influenza Viruses. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2015; 2015:367250. [PMID: 26557857 PMCID: PMC4618326 DOI: 10.1155/2015/367250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Revised: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Influenza is still a serious threat to human health with significant morbidity and mortality. The emergence of drug-resistant influenza viruses poses a great challenge to existing antiviral drugs. Traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs) may be an alternative to overcome the challenge. Here, 10 oral proprietary Chinese medicines were selected to evaluate their anti-influenza activities. These drugs exhibit potent inhibitory effects against influenza A H1N1, influenza A H3N2, and influenza B virus. Importantly, they demonstrate potent antiviral activities against drug-resistant strains. In the study of mechanisms, we found that Xiaoqinglong mixture could increase antiviral interferon production by activating p38 MAPK, JNK/SAPK pathway, and relative nuclear transcription factors. Lastly, our studies also indicate that some of these medicines show inhibitory activities against EV71 and CVB strains. In conclusion, the 10 traditional Chinese medicines, as kind of compound combination medicines, show broad-spectrum antiviral activities, possibly also including inhibitory activities against strains resistant to available antiviral drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin-Lin Ma
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Miao Ge
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Hui-Qiang Wang
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Jin-Qiu Yin
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Jian-Dong Jiang
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
- Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Yu-Huan Li
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
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43
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Im K, Kim J, Min H. Ginseng, the natural effectual antiviral: Protective effects of Korean Red Ginseng against viral infection. J Ginseng Res 2015; 40:309-314. [PMID: 27746682 PMCID: PMC5052424 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2015.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Revised: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Korean Red Ginseng (KRG) is a heat-processed ginseng developed by the repeated steaming and air-drying of fresh ginseng. Compared with fresh ginseng, KRG has been shown to possess greater pharmacological activities and stability because of changes that occur in its chemical constituents during the steaming process. In addition to anticancer, anti-inflammatory, and immune-modulatory activities, KRG and its purified components have also been shown to possess protective effects against microbial infections. Here, we summarize the current knowledge on the properties of KRG and its components on infections with human pathogenic viruses such as respiratory syncytial virus, rhinovirus, influenza virus, human immunodeficiency virus, human herpes virus, hepatitis virus, norovirus, rotavirus, enterovirus, and coxsackievirus. Additionally, the therapeutic potential of KRG as an antiviral and vaccine adjuvant is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hyeyoung Min
- Corresponding author. College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseokro, Dongjakgu, Seoul 06974, Korea.
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Wang L, Wang J, Wang L, Ma S, Liu Y. Anti-Enterovirus 71 Agents of Natural Products. Molecules 2015; 20:16320-33. [PMID: 26370955 PMCID: PMC6331931 DOI: 10.3390/molecules200916320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2015] [Revised: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 08/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
This review, with 42 references, presents the fascinating area of anti-enterovirus 71 natural products over the last three decades for the first time. It covers literature published from 2005–2015 and refers to compounds isolated from biogenic sources. In total, 58 naturally-occurring anti-EV71 compounds are recorded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyan Wang
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China,.
| | - Junfeng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-Resources and Ecology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, RNAM Center for Marine Microbiology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China.
| | - Lishu Wang
- Jilin Provincial Academy of Chinese Medicine Sciences, Changchun 130021, China.
| | - Shurong Ma
- Endoscopy Center, China-Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China.
| | - Yonghong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-Resources and Ecology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, RNAM Center for Marine Microbiology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China.
- South China Sea Bio-Resource Exploitation and Utilization Collaborative Innovation Center, Guangzhou 510301, China.
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Kim KH, Kang HR, Eom HJ, Kim CS, Choi SU, Lee KR. A new aliphatic alcohol and cytotoxic chemical constituents from Acorus gramineus rhizomes. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2015; 79:1402-5. [DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2015.1031079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
A new aliphatic alcohol, (2R,6R)-oct-7-ene-2,6-diol (1), and seven other known compounds (2-8) were isolated from Acorus gramineus rhizomes. The structure of 1 was elucidated by a combination of extensive spectroscopic analyses, including 2D NMR, HR-MS, and the modified Mosher’s method. Compounds 3-8 displayed consistent antiproliferative activities against the cell lines tested with IC50 values ranging from 7 to 48 μm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki Hyun Kim
- Natural Products Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea
| | - Hee Rae Kang
- Natural Products Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea
| | - Hee Jeong Eom
- Natural Products Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea
| | - Chung Sub Kim
- Natural Products Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea
| | - Sang Un Choi
- Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Kang Ro Lee
- Natural Products Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea
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46
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Kim KH, Beemelmanns C, Clardy J, Cao S. A new antibacterial octaketide and cytotoxic phenylethanoid glycosides from Pogostemon cablin (Blanco) Benth. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2015; 25:2834-6. [PMID: 25981688 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2015.04.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Revised: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A new octaketide, named cytosporone V (1), and two other known phenylethanoid glycosides (2-3), were isolated from the aerial parts of Pogostemon cablin (Blanco) Benth. The structure of 1 was elucidated by a combination of extensive spectroscopic analyses, including extensive 2D NMR and HR-MS. Compounds 1-3 displayed weak antibacterial activity against two gram-positive bacteria, Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus. All isolates were also evaluated for their antiproliferative activities against four human tumor cell lines (A549, SK-OV-3, SK-MEL-2, and HCT-15). Compounds 2 and 3 showed significant cytotoxicity against A549, SK-OV-3, SK-MEL-2, and HCT-15 cell lines with IC50 values ranging from 2.73 to 9.52 μM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki Hyun Kim
- Natural Product Research Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Christine Beemelmanns
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology e.V., Hans-Knöll-Institute (HKI), Beutenbergstrasse 11a, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Jon Clardy
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Shugeng Cao
- Natural Products & Experimental Therapeutics, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, 701 Ilalo Street, Honolulu, HI 96813, United States.
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