1
|
Wu J, Yang G, Chen H, Zhai Y, Teng Y, Li J, Chen R. Source apportionment and source specific health risk assessment of HMs and PAHs in soils with an integrated framework in a typical cold agricultural region in China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 904:167337. [PMID: 37748612 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
A new innovative methodology system framework for source apportionment and source-specific risk assessment has been proposed and actively applied to identify the contamination characteristics, oriented sources and health risks associated with contamination levels of Heavy metals (HMs) and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in soils, a typical cold agricultural region in Northeastern China. To achieve this meaningful goal, a large-scale dataset including 1780 top soil samples, 10 HMs and 16 priority PAHs has been organized and collected from a typical study area in China. The total concentrations of the 10 selected HMs in study area range from 0.05 to 2147.40 mg/kg, with an average of 549.25 ± 541.37 mg/kg. The average concentrations of PAHs for (3-6)-rings are 16.60 ± 18.90, 26.40 ± 28.20, 9.51 ± 13.00 and 1.99 ± 5.30 ng/g, respectively. On the base of optimized literature source fingerprints for HM and PAH, a widely used receptor model, positive matrix factorization (PMF) has been applied to apportion the contamination sources HMs and PAHs in soils. Then source-specific health risk of soil HMs and PAHs have been assessed using the probabilistic incremental lifetime cancer risk model incorporated with source apportionment results data. Fertilizer residues/coke oven comprise the primary contamination source contributors of HMs and PAHs with corresponding contributions of 32.23 % and 27.93 % for HMs and 37.94 % for PAHs. Fertilizer/pesticide residues contributes most to the risks of soil HMs (28.8 %), followed by fossil fuel combustion (24.6 %), mining activities (20.2 %), traffic and vehicle emission (16.3 %) and electroplating/dyeing (14.1 %). Meanwhile, the ranking of health risks from the five identified contamination sources of soil PAHs are resident discharge, coal-fired boilers, coke oven emission, gasoline combustion and power plant, with the contribution of 27.1 %, 25.3 %, 17.3 %, 15.5 % and 14.8 %. And relatively, source-specific risk assessment demonstrates fossil fuel and coal combustion contribute the greatest impact to the total risk of HMs and PAHs (61.7 % and 56.1 %), respectively. This study provides a good example of how the source specific health risk assessment can be utilized to reduce the contamination in soils.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jin Wu
- College of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Gang Yang
- Development Research Center, Ministry of Water Resources, Beijing 100038, China
| | - Haiyang Chen
- College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Yuanzheng Zhai
- College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Yanguo Teng
- College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Jiao Li
- Technical Centre for Soil, Agricultural and Rural Ecology and Environment, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Beijing 100012, China.
| | - Ruihui Chen
- Beijing Water Science and Technology Institute, Beijing 100048, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Liu Z, An M, Geng X, Wu Z, Cai W, Tang J, Zhang K, Zhou Z. The scleractinian coral Pocillopora damicornis relies on neuroendocrine regulation to cope with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons under heat stress. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 316:120565. [PMID: 36332711 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are highly toxic environmental pollutants and are threatening scleractinian corals. In this study, PAHs treatment did not induce significant physiological responses of the coral Pocillopora damicornis and its algal symbionts, but biological processes including response to toxin, drug metabolic, and oxidation reduction were triggered at the mRNA level. These results implied that PAHs could be a group of slow-acting environmental toxicants, whose effects were moderate but persistent. Besides, it was interesting to find that PAHs activated the neuroendocrine system in the coral by triggering the expression of monoaminergic and acetylcholinergic system related genes, indicating that PAHs might function as environmental hormones. Moreover, the combined treatments of PAHs and heat caused a much obvious effect on the coral and its algal symbionts by elevating antioxidant activity and suppressing photosynthesis in the symbionts. Results from the transcriptome data further indicated that corals might perform stress responses upon PAHs and heat challenges through the TNF and apoptosis pathways, which perhaps was modulated by the neuroendocrine system of corals. Collectively, our survey demonstrates that the PAHs can function as environmental hormones and activate the neuroendocrine regulation in scleractinian corals, which may contribute to the stress responses of symbiotic association by modulating photosynthesis, antioxidation, and apoptosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoqun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Key Laboratory of Tropical Hydrobiology and Biotechnology of Hainan Province, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
| | - Mingxun An
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Key Laboratory of Tropical Hydrobiology and Biotechnology of Hainan Province, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
| | - Xinxing Geng
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Key Laboratory of Tropical Hydrobiology and Biotechnology of Hainan Province, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
| | - Zhongjie Wu
- Hainan Academy of Ocean and Fisheries Sciences, Haikou, 571126, China
| | - Wenqi Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Key Laboratory of Tropical Hydrobiology and Biotechnology of Hainan Province, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China; Hainan Academy of Ocean and Fisheries Sciences, Haikou, 571126, China
| | - Jia Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Key Laboratory of Tropical Hydrobiology and Biotechnology of Hainan Province, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
| | - Kaidian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Key Laboratory of Tropical Hydrobiology and Biotechnology of Hainan Province, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
| | - Zhi Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Key Laboratory of Tropical Hydrobiology and Biotechnology of Hainan Province, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Huang T, Zhou J, Luo D, Li S, Yang H, Huang C, Li Y, Zhang Z. Sediment record in pollution, toxicity risk, and source assignment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Erhai Lake, Southwest China. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2023; 186:114424. [PMID: 36470098 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.114424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Surface sediments and sediment core had been collected from Erhai Lake, Southwest China to study the concentrations, toxicity risks, and sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The average concentrations of Σ16PAHs, seven carcinogenic PAHs (carPAHs), and carcinogenic toxic equivalents (TEQcar) in the surface sediments and sediment core were 1634.50 ± 488.56 ng g-1 and 436.72 ± 128.17 ng g-1, 67.18-293.65 ng g-1 and 91.07-265.90 ng g-1, and 34.89 ± 13.17 ng g-1 and 36.99 ± 7.52 ng g-1, respectively. The Σ16PAHs and carPAHs concentrations in surface sediments were higher in the southern lake. The Σ16PAHs and TEQcar in the sediment core peaked in the 2010s and 1980s. The spatiotemporal variations in TEQcar and carPAHs were similar. Positive matrix factorization revealed that traffic emissions contributed 35.71 % of the TEQcar, whereas coal and biomass combustion contributed 12.89 % in the surface sediments. The contribution of gasoline and fossil fuel to TEQcar significantly increased from 19.2 % (1890s) to 66.5 % (1990s), that of benz[a]pyrene (coal combustion) decreased, and those of benz[b]fluoranthene and indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene (petroleum combustion and traffic emissions) increased from 1.92 % to 3.93 % and from 1.54 % to 2.52 % in the sediment cores, respectively, owing to changes in energy consumption.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tao Huang
- School of Geography, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, PR China; Jiangsu Center for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical Information Resource Development and Application, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, PR China; Key Laboratory of Virtual Geographic Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210023, PR China; State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Geographical Environment Evolution (Jiangsu Province), Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Juan Zhou
- School of Geography, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Duan Luo
- School of Geography, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Shuaidong Li
- School of Geography, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Hao Yang
- School of Geography, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, PR China; Jiangsu Center for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical Information Resource Development and Application, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, PR China; Key Laboratory of Virtual Geographic Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210023, PR China; State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Geographical Environment Evolution (Jiangsu Province), Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Changchun Huang
- School of Geography, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, PR China; Jiangsu Center for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical Information Resource Development and Application, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, PR China; Key Laboratory of Virtual Geographic Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210023, PR China; State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Geographical Environment Evolution (Jiangsu Province), Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Yunmei Li
- School of Geography, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, PR China; Jiangsu Center for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical Information Resource Development and Application, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, PR China; Key Laboratory of Virtual Geographic Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210023, PR China; State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Geographical Environment Evolution (Jiangsu Province), Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Zhigang Zhang
- School of Geography, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, PR China; Jiangsu Center for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical Information Resource Development and Application, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, PR China; Key Laboratory of Virtual Geographic Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210023, PR China; State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Geographical Environment Evolution (Jiangsu Province), Nanjing 210023, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
De Rosa E, Montuori P, Triassi M, Masucci A, Nardone A. Occurrence and Distribution of Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) from Sele River, Southern Italy: Analysis of Polychlorinated Biphenyls and Organochlorine Pesticides in a Water-Sediment System. TOXICS 2022; 10:662. [PMID: 36355953 PMCID: PMC9697341 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10110662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The concentrations, possible sources, and ecological risk of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were studied by analyzing water column (DP), suspended particulate matter (SPM) and sediment samples from 10 sites on the Sele River. Total PCBs concentration ranged from 2.94 to 54.4 ng/L and 5.01 to 79.3 ng/g in the seawater and sediment samples, with OCPs concentration in the range of 0.51 to 8.76 ng/L and 0.50 to 10.2 ng/g, respectively. Pollutants loads in the seaside were measured in approximately 89.7 kg/year (73.2 kg/year of PCBs and 16.5 kg/year of OCPs), indicating that the watercourse could be an important cause of contamination to the Tyrrhenian Sea. Statistical analysis indicates that all polychlorinated biphenyls analytes are more probable to derive from surface runoff than an atmospheric deposition. The results explain that higher concentrations of these pollutants were built in sediment samples rather than in the other two phases, which are evidence of historical loads of PCBs and OCPs contaminants. The Sediment Quality Guidelines (SQGs), the Ecological Risk Index (ERI) and the Risk Quotient (RQ) show that the Sele river and its estuary would reputedly be a zone possibly at risk.
Collapse
|
5
|
Qian Y, Xu Z, Hong X, Luo Z, Gao X, Tie C, Liang H. Alkylated Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Are the Largest Contributor to Polycyclic Aromatic Compound Concentrations in the Topsoil of Huaibei Coalfield, China. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:12733. [PMID: 36232034 PMCID: PMC9566202 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191912733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Alkyl polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (APAHs) are more toxic and persistent than their parent compounds. Here, the concentrations, composition profiles, and spatial distribution of polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs) in 127 topsoil samples from Huaibei coalfield were analyzed. The PAC concentrations in different functional areas were significantly different: mining area > industrial area > residential area > agricultural area. APAHs were the major contributors to PACs, accounting for 71-83% of total PACs. Alkylnaphthalenes and alkylphenanthrenes were the primary APAH components, accounting for 83-87% of APAHs. Principal component analysis showed that petrogenic source, coal and biomass combustion, and vehicle emissions were the primary sources of PACs. By comparing the fingerprint information of soil, coal, and coal gangue, it was hypothesized that the petrogenic source of PAC pollution in typical mining areas and surrounding areas are coal particle scattering and coal gangue weathering. Some coal mining and industrial areas potentially pose risks to children, whereas others do not. There are limited evaluation criteria for alkyl PAHs; hence, the estimated risk is likely lower than the actual risk. In addition to the conventional 16 PAHs, it is critical to consider a broader range of PACs, especially APAHs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yahui Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Resources and Safe Mining, Beijing 100083, China
- College of Geoscience and Surveying Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Zhenpeng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Resources and Safe Mining, Beijing 100083, China
- College of Geoscience and Surveying Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xiuping Hong
- College of Life Sciences, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei 235000, China
| | - Zhonggeng Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Resources and Safe Mining, Beijing 100083, China
- College of Geoscience and Surveying Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xiulong Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Resources and Safe Mining, Beijing 100083, China
- College of Geoscience and Surveying Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Cai Tie
- College of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Handong Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Resources and Safe Mining, Beijing 100083, China
- College of Geoscience and Surveying Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Beijing 100083, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Yadav IC, Devi NL. Legacy and emerging flame retardants in indoor and outdoor dust from Indo-Gangetic Region (Patna) of India: implication for source apportionment and health risk exposure. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:68216-68231. [PMID: 35536469 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-20570-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The fate of legacy and emerging flame retardants are poorly reported in developing countries, including India. Also, the positive matrix factorization (PMF) application-based source apportionment of these pollutants is less comprehensive. This study analyzed the contamination level and sources of 25 flame retardants in dust from India's central Indo-Gangetic Plain (Patna city) using the PCA and PMF model. Dust samples were collected from various functional areas of indoor (n = 22) and outdoor (n = 16) environments. The sum of four groups of FRs in indoor dust (median 8080 ng/g) was 3-4 times greater than the outdoor dust (median 2410 ng/g). The novel-brominated flame retardants (NBFRs) and organophosphate esters (OPFRs) were more dominant than polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), indicating the influence of worldwide elimination of PBDEs. The median concentration of ∑NBFRs in indoor and outdoor dust was 1210 ng/g and 6820 ng/g, while the median concentration of ∑OPFRs was measured to be 383 ng/g and 1210 ng/g, respectively. Likewise, ∑9PBDEs in indoor and outdoor dust ranged from 2-1040 ng/g (median 38.8 ng/g) to 0.62-249 ng/g (median 10.7 ng/g), respectively. Decabromodiphenylethane (DBDPE) was identified as the most abundant NBFR in dust, comprising 99.9% of ∑6NBFR, while tri-cresyl phosphates (TMPPs) showed the highest concentration among OPFR and accounted for 75% ∑8OPFRs. The PMF analysis indicated that a significant fraction of FRs in the dust (80%) could derive from plastics, textiles, polyurethane foam, anti-foam agents, PVC, paint, and coatings. In comparison, debromination of higher PBDE congeners contributed 20% in the dust environment. FR's estimated daily exposure risk in dust showed dermal absorption as the main route of FR's intake to adult and children populations. Children were more vulnerable to the risk of FRs than the adult population. The estimated daily exposure risk for selected FRs in this study was 4-6 orders of magnitude lesser than the respective reference dose (RfD), proposing negligible health risk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ishwar Chandra Yadav
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, People's Republic of China.
- Department of International Environmental and Agricultural Science (IEAS), Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology (TUAT), 3-5-8, Saiwai-Cho, Fuchu-Shi, Tokyo, 1838509, Japan.
| | - Ningombam Linthoingambi Devi
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Central University of South Bihar, SH-7 Gaya-Panchanpur Road, Gaya-824236, Bihar, India
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Zhang H, Huang Q, Han P, Zhang Z, Jiang S, Yang W. Source identification and toxicity apportionment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in surface soils in Beijing and Tianjin using a PMF-TEQ method. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0268615. [PMID: 35771809 PMCID: PMC9246166 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0268615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Beijing and Tianjin are two of the largest cities in northern China with high population densities and highly developed manufacturing industries. In the past decade, some authors have reported their PAH concentrations in surface soils, identified their sources and quantitatively reported their health risks. However, the contributions of different PAH sources to their toxicity have not been reported thus far. In this study, we reviewed the PAH concentrations, contributions of different sources to the toxicity, and cancer risks in soils from different land use types found within Beijing and Tianjin from data gathered by 41 studies. The total PAH concentration varied in the range of 175.7–1989.0 ng g-1 with a higher median PAH concentration detected in urban soils (789.7 ng g-1), followed by suburban soils (647.3 ng g-1) and rural soils (390.8 ng g-1). Source identification using diagnostic ratios and principal component analysis (PCA) suggested that the PAHs in all three land use types mainly originated from biomass and coal combustion, vehicular emissions, and petrogenic processes with contributions varying from 13% to 62%. Furthermore, results from a positive matrix factorization (PMF) model suggested that vehicular emissions and coal combustion in urban soils, and the vehicular emissions, coal combustion and biomass combustion in suburban and rural soils dominated the total PAH concentrations (>85%). These results were consistent with those of the PCA model. Results of the additional toxicity apportionment performed using the PMF model suggested that vehicular emissions and coal combustion contributed the most to the toxic equivalent quantity for Benzo(a)Pyrene (BaPTEQ) and, by extension, to the carcinogenic potencies. The incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) values suggested a low risk level for adults exposed to PAHs in the different land use types found within Beijing and Tianjin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huashuang Zhang
- Institute for Brain Research and Rehabilitation, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Qi Huang
- College of Life Science, Taizhou University, Taizhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ping Han
- Shandong Urban Construction Vocational College, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Zhicheng Zhang
- College of Life Science, Taizhou University, Taizhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shengtao Jiang
- College of Life Science, Taizhou University, Taizhou, Zhejiang, China
- * E-mail: (SJ); (WY)
| | - Wei Yang
- Polar and Marine Research Institute, Jimei University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
- * E-mail: (SJ); (WY)
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Chowdhury NJ, Shammi M, Rahman MM, Akbor MA, Uddin MK. Seasonal distributions and risk assessment of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in the surficial sediments from the Turag River, Dhaka, Bangladesh. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:45848-45859. [PMID: 35149950 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-19176-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were determined in sediment samples collected from the Turag River, Dhaka city, Bangladesh. This river provides critical ecological services to agriculture, industry, and transportation. However, it is one of the most polluted rivers surrounding the capital city. This study analyzed six PCB congeners (PCB 10, PCB 28, PCB 52, PCB 138, PCB 153, and PCB 180) by GC-ECD at 9 sampling sites in two different seasons. The total concentrations of PCBs in studied samples varied from 344 to 0.217 ng/g dw and 10.6 to 1.68 ng/g dw in Monsoon-season and Dry-season, respectively. The paramount contributor-congener to the total PCBs was PCB 180, and it was found at all the study sites. The ecological risk assessment indicated a high potential risk in the Monsoon-season ([Formula: see text]= 277) and low potential risk in the Dry-season ([Formula: see text]= 25.7). Sediment quality guideline quotients (SQGQs) showed that PCBs in the Monsoon-season would cause "no" or "moderate" biological effects on organisms at every site except site-5 (S5) (high biological effects), while no adverse ecotoxicological effect was observed in the Dry-season. Considering both probable effect level (PEL) and threshold effect level (TEL), the new sediment quality guideline quotient (NSQGQ) showed that in the Dry-season PCB contamination would cause "moderate" biological effects. At the same time, in the Monsoon-season, the findings remained consistent with the findings of SQGQ. This study looked at the PCB contamination scenario in the Turag River sediments for the first time and allowed for a comparison with other rivers worldwide.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Mashura Shammi
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Jahangirnagar University, Dhaka, 1342, Bangladesh.
| | - Md Mostafizur Rahman
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Jahangirnagar University, Dhaka, 1342, Bangladesh
| | - Md Ahedul Akbor
- Institute of National Analytical Research and Services (INARS), Bangladesh Council of Scientific & and Industrial Research (BCSIR), Dhanmondi, Dhaka, 1205, Bangladesh
| | - Md Khabir Uddin
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Jahangirnagar University, Dhaka, 1342, Bangladesh
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Chen R, Zhao Y, Tian Y, Feng X, Feng Y. Sources and uncertainties of health risks for PM 2.5-bound heavy metals based on synchronous online and offline filter-based measurements in a Chinese megacity. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2022; 164:107236. [PMID: 35447425 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 03/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Accurate measurements of PM2.5 related heavy metals (HMs) and some components are critical to better understanding the sources and health risks of PM2.5. HMs and other components in PM2.5 were simultaneously measured using online and offline filter-based methods in a Chinese megacity. Online Mn, Pb, Cu, and Zn concentrations exhibited good correspondence with offline results (R2 ≥ 0.7, relative biases = -3%-22%). Some differences were observed for Cr, As, Co, and V. The assessment of online and offline probabilistic health risks indicated that non-cancer and total cancer risks were higher than the acceptable limits. Different analytical methods of As may result in different uncertainties in risk analysis. The positive matrix factorization model (PMF) was used to perform online and offline source apportionment. Five sources (coal combustion, vehicle source, industrial source, secondary source, and resuspended dust) were identified. Lower online percentage contribution of resuspended dust (8%) might relate to the lack of Si and Al measurements. The different rate contributions of vehicle source were potentially linked to the different time resolutions of the online and offline data. The assessment of online and offline source-specific health risks revealed that industrial source and coal combustion were the most important sources. Online and offline source-specific risks were not significantly different (P > 0.05). This contrastive study not only helps decision makers to manage health risk more effectively, but also provides insights into the applicability of online and offline measurements for quantifying source-specific risks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rui Chen
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Yehui Zhao
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Yingze Tian
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China; CMA-NKU Cooperative Laboratory for Atmospheric Environment-Health Research, Tianjin 300350, China.
| | - Xin Feng
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Yinchang Feng
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China; CMA-NKU Cooperative Laboratory for Atmospheric Environment-Health Research, Tianjin 300350, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Wang Y, Qi A, Wang P, Tuo X, Huang Q, Zhang Y, Xu P, Zhang T, Zhang X, Zhao T, Wang W, Yang L. Temporal profiles, source analysis, and health risk assessments of parent polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PPAHs) and their derivatives (NPAHs, OPAHs, ClPAHs, and BrPAHs) in PM 2.5 and PM 1.0 from the eastern coastal region of China: Urban coastal area versus coastal background area. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 292:133341. [PMID: 34929283 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.133341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2021] [Revised: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The eastern coastal region of China is the area with the highest emission of PAHs in China. Therefore, understanding the sources and health risk of parent polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PPAHs) and their derivatives in eastern coastal cities of China is the main basis for air pollution control. In this study, we measured the concentrations of 18 parent PAHs, 17 nitrated PAHs, 7 oxygenated PAHs, 8 chlorinated PAHs, and 13 brominated PAHs in PM1.0 and PM2.5 samples collected at an urban coastal city site and a coastal background site in 2019. We analyzed the temporal distribution, molecular composition, and sources and performed health risk assessments for both winter and summer samples. The average concentration of the PPAHs and their derivatives (all 63 compounds combined) in the PM1.0 samples accounted for 75.57% of the PAHs concentration in PM2.5 samples. The average concentration of PM2.5- and PM1.0- bound PPAHs in winter was 114.70 times higher than in summer, and their derivatives was 27.51 times. Both the combined concentrations of the 18 PPAHs and the combined concentrations of the 45 derivatives were higher in the coastal city compared to the background site during the winter (1.90 and 1.48 times, respectively), but they were comparable during the summer. The positive matrix factorization analysis indicated that the compounds mainly originated from coal/biomass combustion, industrial sources, vehicle emissions, and secondary formation. In addition, the concentration-weighted trajectories model revealed that the PAHs were mainly emitted locally in Shandong Province and surrounding areas, such as Hebei Province, Henan Province, and Bohai Sea. The compounds 1-NPYR, 2+9-BrPHE, 9,10-Cl2PHE, and 1-ClPYR dominantly contributed to the derivatives of TEQ during the winter due to their high concentrations or the high TEFs of these compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yiming Wang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Anan Qi
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Pengcheng Wang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Xiong Tuo
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Qi Huang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Peng Xu
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Tianqi Zhang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Xiongfei Zhang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Tong Zhao
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Wenxing Wang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Lingxiao Yang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Climate Change, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210093, China.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Wang L, Ren X, Wang X, Ye P, Wang F, Cheng J, Chen Y, Yu A, Zhang L, Qiu Y. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the upstream rivers of Taihu Lake Basin, China: spatial distribution, sources and environmental risk. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:23690-23699. [PMID: 34816345 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-17598-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) pollution in Taihu Lake Basin has caused widespread concern. However, the spatial temporal distribution of PAHs in the upstream rivers of Taihu Lake Basin remains largely unknown. Thus, this study aims to investigate the level, spatial distribution, sources, and environment risk caused by PAHs in upstream rivers of Taihu Lake Basin. The concentrations of total 16 PAHs (∑16PAHs) ranged from 188.64 to 1060.39 ng/g, with an average of 472.62 ng/g. High-molecular-weight (HMW) PAHs were the predominant compounds in most sample sites. The results of source analysis demonstrated that the PAH pollution was mainly sourced from mixture of combustion and direct petroleum spillage. The ecological risk assessment showed that moderate ecological risk caused by the PAH contaminants might occur in most sample sites. The incremental lifetime cancer risks (ILCRs) ranged from 2.07 ×10-4 - 2.66 × 10-3 for children and 9.66 ×10-5 - 1.24 × 10-3 for adult, indicating moderate cancer risk of PAH-contaminated sediments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lingling Wang
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Jiangsu Provincial Academy of Environmental Science, Nanjing, 210036, China
- Jiangsu Environmental Engineering Technology Co. LTD, Nanjing, 210036, China
| | - Xiaoming Ren
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Jiangsu Provincial Academy of Environmental Science, Nanjing, 210036, China
| | - Xiaoping Wang
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Jiangsu Provincial Academy of Environmental Science, Nanjing, 210036, China
- Jiangsu Environmental Engineering Technology Co. LTD, Nanjing, 210036, China
| | - Perran Ye
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Jiangsu Provincial Academy of Environmental Science, Nanjing, 210036, China
- Jiangsu Environmental Engineering Technology Co. LTD, Nanjing, 210036, China
| | - Fei Wang
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Jiangsu Provincial Academy of Environmental Science, Nanjing, 210036, China
- Jiangsu Environmental Engineering Technology Co. LTD, Nanjing, 210036, China
| | - Jiade Cheng
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Jiangsu Provincial Academy of Environmental Science, Nanjing, 210036, China
- Jiangsu Environmental Engineering Technology Co. LTD, Nanjing, 210036, China
| | - Yan Chen
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Jiangsu Provincial Academy of Environmental Science, Nanjing, 210036, China
- Jiangsu Environmental Engineering Technology Co. LTD, Nanjing, 210036, China
| | - Ang Yu
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Jiangsu Provincial Academy of Environmental Science, Nanjing, 210036, China
- Jiangsu Environmental Engineering Technology Co. LTD, Nanjing, 210036, China
| | - Limin Zhang
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Jiangsu Provincial Academy of Environmental Science, Nanjing, 210036, China
- Jiangsu Environmental Engineering Technology Co. LTD, Nanjing, 210036, China
| | - Yang Qiu
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Jiangsu Provincial Academy of Environmental Science, Nanjing, 210036, China.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Wang W, Xu H, Qu X, Yang K, Lin D. Predicting the total PAHs concentrations in sediments from selected congeners using a multiple linear relationship. Sci Rep 2022; 12:3334. [PMID: 35228618 PMCID: PMC8885927 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-07312-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we observed that four congeners, including naphthalene (Nap), acenaphthylene (Acy), phenanthrene (Phe), and benz(a)anthracene (BaA), are the characteristic congeners for predicting the emission and the sediment concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). A novel multiple relationship of the total PAHs concentrations (C∑PAHs) in sediments with the concentrations of four congeners was established (p < 0.01, R2 = 0.95) using published data over the past 30 years. Moreover, the multiple linear relationship of the total PAHs emission factors with the emission factors of four congeners was also established (p < 0.01, R2 = 0.99). Interestingly, the ratio of multicomponents coefficient from the multiple linear relationship in sediments to that from the multiple linear relationship in emission sources correlated positively with octanol–water partition coefficient (logKow) (p < 0.01, R2 = 0.88) of the four PAHs congeners. Therefore, a novel model was established to predict CΣPAHs in sediments using the emissions and logKow of the four characteristic PAHs congeners. The percent sample deviation between calculated C∑PAHs and their observed values was 54%, suggesting the established model can accurately predict CΣPAHs in sediments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Wang
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.,Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Ecological Health of Ministry of Education, Hangzhou, 310058, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Huaping Xu
- Mathematics Teaching and Research Section, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, China
| | - Xiaolei Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Jiangsu, 210023, China
| | - Kun Yang
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China. .,Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Ecological Health of Ministry of Education, Hangzhou, 310058, China. .,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Hangzhou, 310058, China. .,Zhejiang University-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Hangzhou, 311200, China.
| | - Daohui Lin
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.,Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Ecological Health of Ministry of Education, Hangzhou, 310058, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Pradhap D, Gandhi KS, Krishnakumar S, Neelavannan K, Radhakrishnan K, Saravanan P. Baseline distributions and sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in reef-associated sediments of Vembar group of Islands, Gulf of Mannar, India. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2021; 171:112727. [PMID: 34340147 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.112727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The study aims to investigate the source and concentration of PAH fractions in the reef sediments of the Vembar group of Islands, Gulf of Mannar, India. The concentration of PAHs ranged from 0.36 to 15.98 ng/g. The reef environment was less contaminated with low-molecular-weight PAH fractions. The accumulation of the LMW-PAH fraction was very less, whereas the HMW fraction was derived from pyrolytic sources. The level of low and high molecular weight PAHs was lower than the level of Effective Range Median (ERM) and Effective Range Low (ERL).The calculated total TEQ value ranged from ND to 10.24 ng/g in the reef sediments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D Pradhap
- Department of Geology, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai 600 025, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - K Sanjai Gandhi
- Department of Geology, Periyar University, PG Extension Centre, Dharmapuri 636701, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - S Krishnakumar
- Department of Geology, Malankara Catholic college, Mariyagiri, Kaliyakkavilai, Kanyakumari District 629153, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - K Neelavannan
- Institute for Ocean Management, Anna University, Chennai 600025, India; Department of Earth Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, UP 208016, India
| | - K Radhakrishnan
- Department of Geology, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai 600 025, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - P Saravanan
- Department of Geology, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai 600 025, Tamil Nadu, India
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Tian Y, Li Y, Liang Y, Xue Q, Feng X, Feng Y. Size distributions of source-specific risks of atmospheric heavy metals: An advanced method to quantify source contributions to size-segregated respiratory exposure. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 407:124355. [PMID: 33144010 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Heavy metals in size-segregated particulate matter (PM) were investigated in a Chinese megacity, and an advanced model was developed to quantify source-specific risks focusing on size-segregated respiratory exposure. Incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) and non-cancer risk (hazard quotient: HQ) based on deposition concentrations of heavy metals displayed a peak at 4.7-5.8 µm. The percentage contributions to cancer risk were as follows: industrial emission (IE, 34%) > secondary and transport (ST, 29%) > resuspended dust (RD, 21%) > coal combustion (CC, 11%) > traffic emission (TE, 4%) during spring and summer (SS), and CC (31%) > ST (26%) > IE (21%) > RD (11%) ≈ TE (11%) during autumn and winter (AW). RD (41% of HQ during SS, 28% during AW) and IE (45% of HQ during SS, 35% during AW) dominated non-cancer risk. ILCR and HQ of CC were high at sizes 1.1-2.1 µm and 0.43-0.65 µm; those of RD were high at sizes > 3.3 µm; and those of IE were bimodal at fine (<2.1 µm) and coarse (>2.1 µm) sizes, respectively. Cancer risk was more susceptible to small particles than non-cancer risk, partly because higher ILCR was from CC, but higher HQ was attributed by RD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yingze Tian
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
| | - Yixuan Li
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Yongli Liang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Qianqian Xue
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Xin Feng
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Yinchang Feng
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Yin F, Song Z, Wei Q, Zhao X, Su P, Huang H. Characterization of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the surface sediments around the sunken Sanchi oil tanker. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2021; 164:112098. [PMID: 33545614 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.112098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The Sanchi oil tanker collision has attracted worldwide attention for its uniqueness in history. This study investigates the contamination level, spatial distribution, sources, and ecological risk level of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) present in the surface sediments collected from around the sunken tanker. The results indicated that the total PAH contents in the study area were in the range of 26.42-226.94 ngˑg-1, with an average of 106.86 ngˑg-1. The highest PAH concentration was observed at the station closest to the Sanchi wreckage, indicating potential PAH contamination due to the accident. The PAH ratios and statistical analysis revealed that the PAHs were mainly generated by coal and fuel oil combustion, with certain petrogenic inputs. The ecological risk assessment results suggested that adverse ecological effects to the benthic ecosystem due to PAH contamination was rare. However, long-term monitoring of the local sedimentary environment is highly recommended because of the prominent presence of high molecular weight PAHs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fang Yin
- College of Ocean Science and Engineering, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai 201306, PR China; International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai 201306, PR China
| | - Zhibo Song
- College of Ocean Science and Engineering, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai 201306, PR China
| | - Qingqing Wei
- College of Marine Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, PR China
| | - Xu Zhao
- College of Marine Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, PR China
| | - Penghao Su
- College of Ocean Science and Engineering, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai 201306, PR China; International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai 201306, PR China
| | - Hong Huang
- College of Marine Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Li W, Park R, Alexandrou N, Dryfhout-Clark H, Brice K, Hung H. Multi-year Analyses Reveal Different Trends, Sources, and Implications for Source-Related Human Health Risks of Atmospheric Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in the Canadian Great Lakes Basin. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:2254-2264. [PMID: 33512990 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c07079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are of high concern to public health due to their carcinogenic and mutagenic properties. Here, we present the first comprehensive and quantitative analysis of sources, potential source regions according to source sectors and source-related human health risks of multi-year atmospheric measurements of PAHs in the Canadian Great Lakes Basin (GLB). The highest PAH concentrations were observed at a rural residential site (Egbert), followed by two regionally representative remote sites [Point Petre (PPT) and Burnt Island]. The levels of most PAHs in the GLB atmosphere significantly decreased between 1997 and 2017, broadly consistent with the decreasing trends of anthropogenic emissions. Coal, liquid fossil fuel, and biomass burning were the most common potential sources. The potential source regions for most source sectors were identified south or southwest of the sampling sites. Risk assessment suggests potential health risks associated with the inhalation of atmospheric PAHs. On a positive note, health risks from coal combustion, liquid fossil fuel combustion, and petrogenic sources at PPT significantly decreased, directly demonstrating the success of emission control in reducing health impacts. In contrast, the health risk from forest fire-related PAH emissions may play an increasing role in the future due to climate change.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenlong Li
- Air Quality Processes Research Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 4905 Dufferin Street, Toronto, Ontario M3H 5T4, Canada
| | - Richard Park
- Air Quality Processes Research Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 4905 Dufferin Street, Toronto, Ontario M3H 5T4, Canada
| | - Nick Alexandrou
- Air Quality Processes Research Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 4905 Dufferin Street, Toronto, Ontario M3H 5T4, Canada
| | - Helena Dryfhout-Clark
- Air Quality Processes Research Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 4905 Dufferin Street, Toronto, Ontario M3H 5T4, Canada
| | - Ken Brice
- Air Quality Processes Research Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 4905 Dufferin Street, Toronto, Ontario M3H 5T4, Canada
| | - Hayley Hung
- Air Quality Processes Research Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 4905 Dufferin Street, Toronto, Ontario M3H 5T4, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Sun Y, Tian Y, Xue Q, Jia B, Wei Y, Song D, Huang F, Feng Y. Source-specific risks of synchronous heavy metals and PAHs in inhalable particles at different pollution levels: Variations and health risks during heavy pollution. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2021; 146:106162. [PMID: 33069984 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.106162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Synchronous heavy metals (HMs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in inhalable particulate matter (PM10) were measured during 2009-2012 and 2015-2016 in a Chinese megacity (Chengdu) to understand the variations in source-specific health risks during haze episodes. Samples were divided into four mass concentration levels: PM10 ≤ 150 μg m-3 (L1), 150 μg m-3 < PM10 ≤ 250 μg m-3 (L2), 250 μg m-3 < PM10 ≤ 350 μg m-3 (L3), and PM10 > 350 μg m-3 (L4). The percentages of some HMs and PAHs (accounting for PM10) decreased from L1 to L4, indicating that they exhibited lower growth rates than other species during heavy pollution. The combined cancer risk (R) for HMs and PAHs was higher at L1 and L4, and the combined non-cancer risk (HQ) was significantly high at L4. The HMs and PAHs combined source-specific risk apportion (HP-SRA) model was employed to quantify the source-specific risks. The relative contributions of (i) diesel and gasoline vehicles to the R, and (ii) crustal dust to the HQ increased during heavy pollution (L3 and L4). The relative contribution of industrial source declined from 81% (L1) to 60% (L4) for the HQ, and from 49% (L1) to 36% (L4) for the R, implying that the control of industrial emissions during heavy pollution events could alleviate risk growth as a co-benefit of controlling PM mass concentration. However, the risks associated with industrial emissions should also be considered during 'clean' days.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yueming Sun
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Yingze Tian
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
| | - Qianqian Xue
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Bin Jia
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Yang Wei
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Danlin Song
- Chengdu Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Chengdu 610015, China
| | - Fengxia Huang
- Chengdu Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Chengdu 610015, China
| | - Yinchang Feng
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Wang W, Ding X, Turap Y, Tursun Y, Abulizi A, Wang X, Shao L, Talifu D, An J, Zhang X, Zhang Y, Liu H. Distribution, sources, risks, and vitro DNA oxidative damage of PM 2.5-bound atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Urumqi, NW China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 739:139518. [PMID: 32534306 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Research has focused on the impacts of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the atmosphere due to their potential carcinogenicity. In this study, we investigated the seasonal variation, sources, incremental lifetime cancer risks (ILCRS), and vitro DNA oxidative damage of PAHs in Urumqi in NW China. A total of 72 atmospheric samples from Urumqi were collected over a year (September 2017-September 2018) and were analyzed for 16 PAHs that are specifically prioritized by the U.S Environmental Protection Agency (U·S EPA). The highest PAHs concentrations were in winter (1032.66 ng m-3) and lowest in spring (146.00 ng m-3). Middle molecular weight PAHs with four rings were the most abundant species (45.28-61.19% of the total). The results of the diagnostic ratio and positive matrix factorization inferred that the major sources of atmospheric PAHs in Urumqi were biomass burning, coking, and petrogenic sources (52.9%), traffic (30.1%), coal combustion (8.9%), and the plastics recycling industry (8.1%). ILCRS assessment and Monte Carlo simulations suggested that for all age groups PAHs cancer risks were mainly associated with ingestion and dermal contact and inhalation was negligible. The plasmid scission assay results showed a positive dose-response relationship between PAHs concentrations and DNA damage rates, demonstrating that toxic PAHs was the primary cause for PM2.5-induced DNA damage in the air of Urumqi.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineer, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China
| | - Xiang Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Science, Guangzhou 510640, China; Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Science, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Yusan Turap
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineer, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China
| | - Yalkunjan Tursun
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineer, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China
| | - Abulikemu Abulizi
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineer, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China
| | - Xingming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Science, Guangzhou 510640, China; Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Science, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Longyi Shao
- College of Geosciences and Survey Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Dilinuer Talifu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineer, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China.
| | - Juqin An
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineer, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineer, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China
| | - Yuanyu Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineer, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China
| | - Huibin Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineer, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Merhaby D, Ouddane B, Net S, Halwani J. Assessment of persistent organic pollutants in surface sediments along Lebanese coastal zone. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2020; 153:110947. [PMID: 32056855 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.110947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The levels of some persistent organic pollutants (POPs) along the Lebanese coastal zone (LCZ) were assessed by collecting15 surface sediments from five hotspot stations. Such stations were influenced by various industrial units, riverine input, and touristic activities. The levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (∑16PAHs), their methylated derivatives (∑18Me-PAHs), and polychlorinated biphenyls (∑28PCBs) were in the range of 537-3773 μg∙kg-1 dw, 187-1541 μg∙kg-1 dw, and 143-303 μg∙kg-1 dw respectively. Significant contamination was found at Beirut Port that is surrounded by a densely populated area and is subjected to multidisciplinary activities. Source identification of PAHs was confirmed by using the diagnostic ratio of PAHs with low molecular weight and high molecular weight (LMW/HMW). For PCBs, LCZ is polluted by higher chlorinated congeners with 4 to 9 chlorinated atoms generated from volatilization and combustion processes. Toxicity and biological risks were assessed using toxic equivalent quantity (TEQcarc) and sediment quality guideline quotient (SQGq).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dima Merhaby
- Univ. Lille, Laboratoire de Spectrochimie Infrarouge et Raman (LASIR)-UMR CNRS 8516, Equipe Physico-chimie de l'Environnement, 59000 Lille, France; Université Libanaise, Faculté de Santé Publique Section III, Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Eau et de l'Environnement (L.S.E.E), Tripoli, Lebanon
| | - Baghdad Ouddane
- Univ. Lille, Laboratoire de Spectrochimie Infrarouge et Raman (LASIR)-UMR CNRS 8516, Equipe Physico-chimie de l'Environnement, 59000 Lille, France.
| | - Sopheak Net
- Univ. Lille, Laboratoire de Spectrochimie Infrarouge et Raman (LASIR)-UMR CNRS 8516, Equipe Physico-chimie de l'Environnement, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Jalal Halwani
- Université Libanaise, Faculté de Santé Publique Section III, Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Eau et de l'Environnement (L.S.E.E), Tripoli, Lebanon
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Abootalebi Jahromi F, Moore F, Keshavarzi B, Mohebbi-Nozar SL, Mohammadi Z, Sorooshian A, Abbasi S. Bisphenol A (BPA) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the surface sediment and bivalves from Hormozgan Province coastline in the Northern Persian Gulf: A focus on source apportionment. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2020; 152:110941. [PMID: 32479302 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.110941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2019] [Revised: 01/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This study investigates Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) and Bisphenol-A (BPA) pollution in coastal sediments and bivalves of Hormozgan Province coastline. The results indicated that the BPA concentration in some bivalves reached up to 340.16 ng g-1. The mean BPA concentration in the sediment samples was also 787.01 ng g-1. The ∑PAHs content in sediments ranged from 14.54 to 85.00 ng g-1, while values for bivalves ranged from 5.37 to 16.40 ng g-1. Individual PAH concentrations in sediments exceeded those in bivalves for which only LMW PAHs were detected. A combination of techniques including Self-Organizing Maps (SOM), Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF), and Cluster Analysis (CA) were applied and both petrogenic and pyrogenic sources were identified. The risk of PAHs in the sediments was relatively low according to the sediment quality guidelines. The health risk indices suggest that exposure to PAHs through bivalve consumption does not impose harmful health effects upon consumers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Farid Moore
- Department of Earth Sciences, College of Sciences, Shiraz University, Shiraz, 71454, Iran
| | - Behnam Keshavarzi
- Department of Earth Sciences, College of Sciences, Shiraz University, Shiraz, 71454, Iran.
| | - Seyedeh Laili Mohebbi-Nozar
- Persian Gulf and Oman Sea Ecological Research Institute (PGOSERI), Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute (IFSRI), Agricultural Research Education & Extension Organization (AREEO), Bandar Abbas 79145-1597, Iran
| | - Zargham Mohammadi
- Department of Earth Sciences, College of Sciences, Shiraz University, Shiraz, 71454, Iran
| | - Armin Sorooshian
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA; Department of Hydrology and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Sajjad Abbasi
- Department of Earth Sciences, College of Sciences, Shiraz University, Shiraz, 71454, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Sun X, Wang H, Guo Z, Lu P, Song F, Liu L, Liu J, Rose NL, Wang F. Positive matrix factorization on source apportionment for typical pollutants in different environmental media: a review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2020; 22:239-255. [PMID: 31916559 DOI: 10.1039/c9em00529c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A bibliometric analysis of published papers with the key words "positive matrix factorization" and "source apportionment" in 'Web of Science', reveals that more than 1000 papers are associated with this research and that approximately 50% of these were produced in Asia. As a receptor-based model, positive matrix factorization (PMF) has been widely used for source apportionment of various environmental pollutants, such as persistent organic pollutants (POPs), heavy metals, volatile organic compounds (VOCs) as well as inorganic cations and anions in the last decade. In this review, based on the papers mainly from 2008 to 2018 that focused on source apportionment of pollutants in different environmental media, we provide a comparison and summary of the source categories of typical environmental pollutants, with a special focus on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), apportioned using PMF. Based on the statistical average, coal combustion and vehicular emission, are shown to be the two most common sources of PAHs, and contribute much more to emissions than other sources, such as biomass burning, biogenic sources and waste incineration. Heavy metals were mainly from agricultural activities, industrial and vehicular emissions and mining activities. Quantitative source apportionment on pollutants such as VOCs and particulate matter were also apportioned, showing a prominent contribution from fossil-fuel combustion. We conclude that, aside from natural sources, abatement strategies should be focused on changes in energy structure and industrial activities, especially in China. Source apportionment of typical POPs including polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), halogenated flame retardants (HFRs) and perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) is less comprehensive and further study is required.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Mine Disaster Dynamics and Control, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Haoqi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Mine Disaster Dynamics and Control, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China and Department of Environmental Science, College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China.
| | - Zhigang Guo
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Peili Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Mine Disaster Dynamics and Control, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China and Department of Environmental Science, College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China.
| | - Fuzhong Song
- Department of Environmental Science, College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China.
| | - Li Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Mine Disaster Dynamics and Control, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Jiaxin Liu
- Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Neil L Rose
- Environmental Change Research Centre, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Fengwen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Mine Disaster Dynamics and Control, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China and Department of Environmental Science, College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China. and Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Han M, Zhang R, Yu K, Li A, Wang Y, Huang X. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in corals of the South China Sea: Occurrence, distribution, bioaccumulation, and considerable role of coral mucus. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 384:121299. [PMID: 31585293 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.121299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Coral reefs have suffered degradation from climate change and water quality deterioration. Studies have shown that PAHs are present widely in some coastal seawater and coral tissues. However, no studies have focused on the PAHs in coastal coral mucus and offshore coral tissues. Targeting the South China Sea, this study for the first time investigated the occurrence, tissue-mucus partitioning, and bioaccumulation of PAHs in coastal and offshore corals. The tissue and mucus of the corals were processed separately. The results indicated that the total concentration of 15 of the 16 PAHs that are prioritized by U.S. EPA (excluding naphthalene) (∑15PAHs) was significantly higher in the coastal tissues (173 ± 314 ng g-1 dw) than in the offshore tissues (71 ± 109 ng g-1 dw), as well as in coastal seawater (196 ± 96 ng L-1) than in the offshore water (54 ± 9 ng L-1). ∑15PAHs is two orders of magnitude higher in the mucus (3200 ± 6470 ng g-1 dw) than in the tissues (128 ± 43 ng g-1 dw). By average, 29% of ∑15PAHs were accumulated in the mucus. The results suggest that mucus plays an important role in the bioaccumulation of PAHs by corals from ambient seawater.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Minwei Han
- Guangxi Laboratory on the Study of Coral Reefs in the South China Sea, Coral Reef Research Center of China, School of Marine Sciences, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Ruijie Zhang
- Guangxi Laboratory on the Study of Coral Reefs in the South China Sea, Coral Reef Research Center of China, School of Marine Sciences, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago 60612, USA.
| | - Kefu Yu
- Guangxi Laboratory on the Study of Coral Reefs in the South China Sea, Coral Reef Research Center of China, School of Marine Sciences, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China.
| | - An Li
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago 60612, USA
| | - Yinghui Wang
- Guangxi Laboratory on the Study of Coral Reefs in the South China Sea, Coral Reef Research Center of China, School of Marine Sciences, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Xueyong Huang
- Guangxi Laboratory on the Study of Coral Reefs in the South China Sea, Coral Reef Research Center of China, School of Marine Sciences, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Wu Y, Wang X, Ya M, Li Y, Liu Y, Chen H. Spatial-temporal distribution and transport flux of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in a large hydropower reservoir of Southeast China: Implication for impoundment impacts. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 257:113603. [PMID: 31767238 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In order to investigate the impacts of dam-related water impoundment on the spatial-temporal variations and transport of anthropogenic organic pollutants, 15 priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were analyzed in water samples from the Shuikou Reservoir (SKR) of the Minjiang River. The SKR was formed after the construction of the Shuikou Dam, which is the largest hydropower station in Southeast China. The water samples were collected from the backwater zone of the SKR, in both the wet and dry seasons, corresponding to the drainage and impoundment periods of water flow, respectively. The concentrations of the dissolved PAHs in surface water from the wet season (average of 161 ± 97 ng L-1) were significantly higher (ANOVA, p < 0.01) than those from the dry season (average of 43 ± 21 ng L-1). PAH concentrations in the SKR decreased from upstream (industrialized cities) to downstream (rural towns or counties), indicating high PAH loads caused by intensive urbanization effects. The high proportions of 3-ring PAHs in the wet season were from local sources via surface runoff; while the elevated proportions of 4- to 6- ring PAHs in the dry season reflected atmospheric deposition emerged of these PAHs and/or volatilization of 3-ring PAHs enhanced. Molecular diagnostic ratios of PAH isomers in multimedium and principal component analysis indicated that PAH presence in the SKR was mainly attributed to pyrogenic origin. The isomeric ratios of fluoranthene to fluoranthene plus pyrene in the wet season were homogeneous, implying that there were continuous new inputs along the riverine runoff. However, these ratios showed spatial downward trend in the dry season, indicating continued degradation of PAHs occurred along the transport path during the impoundment period. The input and output fluxes of PAHs in the SKR were 5330 kg yr-1 and 2991 kg yr-1, revealing that the reservoir retained contaminants after impoundment of the hydropower dam.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuling Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Xinhong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China.
| | - Miaolei Ya
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Yongyu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Yihao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Hanzhe Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Olgun B, Doğan G. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon concentrations in soils of greenhouses located in Aksu Antalya, Turkey. WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : A JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION ON WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH 2020; 81:283-292. [PMID: 32333661 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2020.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are hydrophobic organic compounds that are generally absorbed on organic fraction of soils. It is known that some PAHs, which can pass to air, soil, water and food as a result of natural or anthropogenic processes, have carcinogenic, toxic and mutagenic effects on humans and animals. One of the important steps that is identified in the transition takes place during agricultural production. Greenhouses are commonly used as a type of agricultural production especially during the winter season in mid and temperate climates. Greenhouse cultivation is abundant in Antalya Aksu Region in Turkey. Two sampling campaigns (autumn and winter) were carried out to sample the soils in 53 glass and polyethylene covered greenhouses. The samples were analysed with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS) for 16 PAHs. The result showed that four ring PAHs were dominant in the region. In the winter season, PAHs concentrations increase because of low volatility of motor vehicle exhaust related PAHs in the atmosphere and of coal and wood combustion emissions used in the heating of greenhouses and surrounding village houses. The cross plots of diagnostic ratios also confirmed coal and wood combustion and traffic emissions in the region.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bihter Olgun
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Akdeniz University, 07058 Antalya, Turkey E-mail:
| | - Güray Doğan
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Akdeniz University, 07058 Antalya, Turkey E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Wang C, Meng Z, Yao P, Zhang L, Wang Z, Lv Y, Tian Y, Feng Y. Sources-specific carcinogenicity and mutagenicity of PM 2.5-bound PAHs in Beijing, China: Variations of contributions under diverse anthropogenic activities. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 183:109552. [PMID: 31442804 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.109552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Revised: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
To study source-specific carcinogenicity and mutagenicity of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) under diverse anthropogenic activities, PM2.5-bound PAHs were detected in Beijing in four periods. PAHs in Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation meeting (APEC) was much lower than that in after-APEC period. The highest PAHs concentration was in heating period (303 ng/m3). Sources were quantified by Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF). In heating period, due to high emissions, weak diffusion, low degradation and evaporation, high contributions of all sources were observed, and both absolute and relative contributions of coal combustion increased. Changed contributions in during-APEC and after-APEC periods implied effectiveness of reinforced emission control, especially for coal combustion and vehicles. Furthermore, variations of sources-specific carcinogenicity and mutagenicity were investigated. In non-heating period, contributions of gasoline exhaust (38.4% TEQ: Toxic Equivalent Quantity, 33.7% MEQ: Mutagenic Equivalent Quantity) and diesel exhaust (53.8% TEQ, 57.9% MEQ) dominated both carcinogenic and mutagenic risks. Coal combustion sharply increased in heating period, attributing 27.5% TEQ and 21.7% MEQ. In during-APEC period, all contributions to carcinogenicity and mutagenicity were lower than those in after-APEC period, but "others" linked with regional transport contributed increased fractions (above 20%). Sources-specific carcinogenicity and mutagenicity under diverse anthropogenic activities, especially for APEC meeting with reinforced control, gave a new insight into assessment of control measures based on health risks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chao Wang
- China National Environmental Monitoring Center, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Zhao Meng
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Peiting Yao
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Linlin Zhang
- China National Environmental Monitoring Center, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Zheng Wang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Yibing Lv
- China National Environmental Monitoring Center, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Yingze Tian
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China.
| | - Yinchang Feng
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Liu J, Liu YJ, Liu Z, Zhang A, Liu Y. Source apportionment of soil PAHs and human health exposure risks quantification from sources: the Yulin National Energy and Chemical Industry Base, China as case study. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2019; 41:617-632. [PMID: 30027363 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-018-0155-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The Yulin National Energy and Chemical Industry Base is widely known for its rich mineral resources and multi-type fossil chemical industry, yet little is known regarding the level of contaminants. Therefore, this study investigates the spatial distributions and potential exposure risk of ubiquitous polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) contamination in this region and apportions PAHs source and source-oriented risk using two mathematical models, principal component analysis-multiple linear regression (PCA-MLR) model and positive matrix factorization (PMF) model coupling human health exposure risk. Results showed that ∑16PAHs concentrations ranged from 110 to 4934 μg/kg dw in 38 soil sampling sites. Compared with PCA-MLR model, PMF model is preferred method for source apportionment. Source apportionment results derived from PMF model indicated that the dominant contribution to ∑16PAHs was from coal-derived sources (34% for coke oven emissions and 33% coal combustion source), followed by wood combustion (22%) and vehicular emission (11%). The human health exposure risk of each source category was quantitatively calculated for three exposure routes by combining the total carcinogenic risk (Total-CR) and total hazard index (Total-HI) values with identified source contributions. The results showed that increased Total-CR was highly apportioned from coke oven emissions source and coal combustion was identified as the major cause of increased Total-HI, even though it was less contributed to ∑16PAHs. Moreover, the distributions of Total-CR and Total-HI apportionment for each source were significantly influenced by land utilization types.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Liu
- Key Lab of Northwest Water Resource, Ecology and Environment, Ministry of Education, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, No. 13 Yanta Road, Xi'an, 710055, China
| | - Yong Jun Liu
- Key Lab of Northwest Water Resource, Ecology and Environment, Ministry of Education, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, No. 13 Yanta Road, Xi'an, 710055, China.
| | - Zhe Liu
- Key Lab of Northwest Water Resource, Ecology and Environment, Ministry of Education, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, No. 13 Yanta Road, Xi'an, 710055, China
| | - Aining Zhang
- Key Lab of Northwest Water Resource, Ecology and Environment, Ministry of Education, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, No. 13 Yanta Road, Xi'an, 710055, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Key Lab of Northwest Water Resource, Ecology and Environment, Ministry of Education, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, No. 13 Yanta Road, Xi'an, 710055, China
- School of Petroleum and Environment Engineering, Yanan University, Yan'an, 716000, China
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Mitra S, Corsolini S, Pozo K, Audy O, Sarkar SK, Biswas JK. Characterization, source identification and risk associated with polyaromatic and chlorinated organic contaminants (PAHs, PCBs, PCBzs and OCPs) in the surface sediments of Hooghly estuary, India. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 221:154-165. [PMID: 30639811 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.12.173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The spatial distribution, source identification and ecotoxicological impact of a group of persistent organic pollutants (POPs: dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs), polychlorobiphenyls (PCBs), polychlorobenzenes (PCBzs)), and polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were investigated in surface sediment samples (0-5 cm, <63 μm grain size) along the ecologically stressed Hooghly River estuary, East India. The results demonstrated a wide range of concentrations (ng/g dry weight) with the following decreasing order: ∑16PAHs (3.3-630) > ∑6DDTs (0.14-18.6) > ∑7PCBs (0.28-7.7) > ∑2PCBzs (0.01-1.3) > ∑5HCH (0.10-0.6), with a dominance of p,p'-DDT and higher molecular weight PAHs. Selected diagnostic ratios indicated a mixture of both pyrolytic and petrogenic sources of PAHs, inputs of weathered DDT and their degradation in oxidizing environment, and a predominance of industrial input over the agricultural wastes. The cumulative impact of the pollutants (effective range medium quotient (ERMq): 0.01-0.16) reflected minimal to low ecotoxicological risk, with highest probability of toxic effects towards surrounding biota at Barrackpore (21%). ∑6DDTs exceeded the effect range low value resulting occasional adverse impact to the sediment dwelling organisms. Among the PAHs, the 4-ringed compounds accounted for 68% of the PAHs. Further, carcinogenic PAHs (BaA, Chry, BbF, BkF, BaP, DahP, Inp) possessed highest cancer risk (CR = 2.09 × 10-3) to the local population when exposed to the sediments from the studied area and ingestion was found to be the primary process of contamination. The study strongly recommends a systematic monitoring of POPs and PAHs, being the Hooghly River water used by local people for their livelihood.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Soumita Mitra
- Department of Marine Science, University of Calcutta, 35 Ballygunge Circular Road, Calcutta 700019, India
| | - Simonetta Corsolini
- Department of Physical, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Siena, I-53100 Siena, Italy.
| | - Karla Pozo
- Research Center for Toxic Compound in the Environment (RECETOX), Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic; Facultad de Ingeniería y Tecnología, Universidad San Sebastián, Lientur 1457 Concepción, Chile
| | - Ondrej Audy
- Research Center for Toxic Compound in the Environment (RECETOX), Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Santosh Kumar Sarkar
- Department of Marine Science, University of Calcutta, 35 Ballygunge Circular Road, Calcutta 700019, India
| | - Jayanta Kumar Biswas
- Department of Ecological Studies and International Centre for Ecological Engineering, University of Kalyani, Kalyani, Nadia 741235, India
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Maletić SP, Beljin JM, Rončević SD, Grgić MG, Dalmacija BD. State of the art and future challenges for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons is sediments: sources, fate, bioavailability and remediation techniques. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2019; 365:467-482. [PMID: 30453240 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Revised: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are amongst the most abundant contaminants found in the aquatic environment. Due to their toxicity and carcinogenicity, their sources, fate, behaviour, and cleanup techniques have been widely investigated in the last several decades. When entering the sediment-water system, PAH fate is determined by particular PAH and sediment physico-chemical properties. Most of the PAHs will be associated with fine-grained, organic-rich, sediment material. This makes sediment an ultimate sink for these pollutants. This association results in sediment contamination, and in this manner, sediments represent a permanent source of water pollution from which benthic organisms may accumulate toxic compounds, predominantly in lipid-rich tissues. A tendency for biomagnification can result in critical body burdens in higher trophic species. In recent years, researchers have developed numerous methods for measuring bioavailable fractions (chemical methods, non-exhaustive extraction, and biomimetic methods), as valuable tools in a risk-based approach for remediation or management of contaminated sites. Contaminated sediments pose challenging cleanup and management problems, as conventional environmental dredging techniques are invasive, expensive, and sometimes ineffective or hard to apply to large and diverse sediment sites. Recent studies have shown that a combination of strategies including in situ approaches is likely to provide the most effective long-term solution for dealing with contaminated sediments. Such in situ approaches include, but are not limited to: bioaugmentation, biostimulation, phytoremediation, electrokinetic remediation, surfactant addition and application of different sorbent amendments (carbon-rich such as activated carbon and biochar) that can reduce exposure and limit the redistribution of contaminants in the environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Snežana P Maletić
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Environmental Protection, Trg Dositeja Obradovica 3, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Jelena M Beljin
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Environmental Protection, Trg Dositeja Obradovica 3, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia.
| | - Srđan D Rončević
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Environmental Protection, Trg Dositeja Obradovica 3, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Marko G Grgić
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Environmental Protection, Trg Dositeja Obradovica 3, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Božo D Dalmacija
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Environmental Protection, Trg Dositeja Obradovica 3, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Li Y, Zhen X, Liu L, Tian C, Pan X, Tang J. From headwaters to estuary: distribution, sources, and ecological risk of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in an intensively human-impacted river, China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:36604-36614. [PMID: 30377958 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-3379-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Located in the Shandong Province, North China, the Xiaoqing River is heavily contaminated by industrial wastewater and domestic sewage. However, it plays a significant role with regard to irrigation for agriculture in the river basin. In this study, spatial distribution, sources, and the ecological risk of aqueous polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the Xiaoqing River Basin were investigated from the headwaters to the estuary. Fifteen USEPA priority PAHs (except naphthalene) were quantified in water particulate and soluble phases and in sediment samples. Σ15PAHs concentrations in the sediment varied from 17.15 to 3808.01 ng/g dry weight (dw), with an average of 988.72 ng/g dw, suggesting severe pollution of the Xiaoqing River in comparison with other rivers worldwide. The composition of PAHs was characterized by the high abundance of 4-ring and 5-ring PAHs in sediments and 2-ring and 3-ring PAHs in water. Industrial wastewater is a significant source of PAHs. In the river section, point source was the main factor affecting the distribution of PAHs, while in the estuary region, estuarine turbidity maximum zone (ETM), riverine flow and discharge, and its hydrodynamic parameters play more key roles on PAH levels. Molecular diagnostic ratios have proved that PAHs in sediments were derived from mixed sources, primarily a combination of several combustion processes. Toxicity equivalency concentrations (TEQs) and Ecological risk assessment by Sediment Quality Guidelines indicated that PAHs in sediments might have certain unfavorable effects on ecosystems in certain sites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Li
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 17 Chunhui Road, Laishan District, Yantai, 264003, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xiaomei Zhen
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 17 Chunhui Road, Laishan District, Yantai, 264003, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Lin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 17 Chunhui Road, Laishan District, Yantai, 264003, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Chongguo Tian
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 17 Chunhui Road, Laishan District, Yantai, 264003, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaohui Pan
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 17 Chunhui Road, Laishan District, Yantai, 264003, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianhui Tang
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 17 Chunhui Road, Laishan District, Yantai, 264003, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Taghvaee S, Sowlat MH, Hassanvand MS, Yunesian M, Naddafi K, Sioutas C. Source-specific lung cancer risk assessment of ambient PM 2.5-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in central Tehran. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2018; 120:321-332. [PMID: 30107293 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2018.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Revised: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In this study, source-specific cancer risk characterization of ambient PM2.5-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) was performed in central Tehran. The positive matrix factorization (PMF) model was applied for source apportionment of PAHs in the area from May 2012 through May 2013. The PMF runs were carried out using chemically analyzed PAHs mass concentrations. Five factors were identified as the major sources of airborne PAHs in central Tehran, including petrogenic sources and petroleum residue, natural gas and biomass burning, industrial emissions, diesel exhaust emissions, and gasoline exhaust emissions, with approximately similar contributions of around 20% to total PAHs concentration from each factor. Results of the PMF source apportionment (i.e., PAHs factor profiles and contributions) were then used to calculate the source-specific lung cancer risks for outdoor and lifetime exposure, using the benzo[α]pyrene (BaP) equivalent method. Our risk assessment analysis indicated that the lung cancer risk associated with each specific source is within the range of 10-6-10-5, posing cancer risks exceeding the United States Environmental Protection Agency's (USEPA) guideline safety values (10-6). Furthermore, the epidemiological lung cancer risk for lifetime exposure to total ambient PAHs was found to be (2.8 ± 0.78) × 10-5. Diesel exhaust and industrial emissions were the two sources with major contributions to the overall cancer risk, contributing respectively to 39% and 27% of the total risk associated with exposure to ambient PAHs. Results from this study provide an estimate of the cancer risk caused by exposure to ambient PAHs in highly crowded areas in central Tehran, and can be used as a guide for the adoption of effective air quality policies in order to reduce the human exposure to these harmful organic species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sina Taghvaee
- University of Southern California, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, LA, California, USA.
| | - Mohammad H Sowlat
- University of Southern California, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, LA, California, USA.
| | - Mohammad Sadegh Hassanvand
- Center for Air Pollution Research (CAPR), Institute for Environmental Research (IER), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Masud Yunesian
- Center for Air Pollution Research (CAPR), Institute for Environmental Research (IER), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Kazem Naddafi
- Center for Air Pollution Research (CAPR), Institute for Environmental Research (IER), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Constantinos Sioutas
- University of Southern California, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, LA, California, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Chen L, Xiao Y, Li Y, Shen Z. Construction of the hydrological condition-persistent organic pollutants relationship in the Yangtze River Estuary. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2018; 360:544-551. [PMID: 30145481 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.08.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2018] [Revised: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/12/2018] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
With anthropogenic activities, the persistent organic pollutants (POPs) accumulated in estuary has been notably concern but the influences of complex hydrodynamic conditions on the fate of POPs in estuary have not fully understood. In this study, the bottom velocity and the concentration of suspended sediment in the Yangtze River Estuary (YRE) were determined using the Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP), while the concentration of three typical POPs with distinguishing properties, including polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and organichlorine pesticides (OCPs), were determined simultaneously. Then three nonlinear equations were determined for identifying the hotspots of PCBs, OCPs and PAHs in the YRE. The results indicated the goodness-of-fitting of these three equations were satisfactory, indicating the bottom velocity and the suspended sediment level could be used as the reference factor of POPs. For the YRE, the north branch, the upstream of the north branch, and the mouth of the YRE are identified as the hotspots of PCBs, PAHs and OCPs, especially in the normal, flood and dry season, respectively. Simple structure and easy data availability make the results and methods presented in this paper to be easily used as a reference for POPs studies in other regions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, NO.19, Xinjiekou Street, Beijing 100875, PR China
| | - Yuechen Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, NO.19, Xinjiekou Street, Beijing 100875, PR China
| | - Yangyang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, NO.19, Xinjiekou Street, Beijing 100875, PR China
| | - Zhenyao Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, NO.19, Xinjiekou Street, Beijing 100875, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Quantitative Analysis of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons at Part Per Billion Levels in Fish Oil by Headspace Solid-Phase Microextraction and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (HS-SPME–GC–MS). J Chromatogr Sci 2018; 57:87-92. [DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmy086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
|
33
|
Su X, Feng J, Guo L, Liu Q, Sun J. Polychlorinated biphenyls in the Yellow River of Henan section: occurrence, composition, and impact factors. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:13479-13488. [PMID: 29492816 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-1532-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The levels, spatial variation, congener profiles, impact factors, and ecological risk of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in the sediment from the Yellow River of Henan section, China, were investigated in this paper. Total concentration of 31 PCBs and seven indicator PCBs varied from ND to 1015 pg g-1 and ND to 423 pg g-1, respectively. Compared with other aquatic environments around China, PCB levels in the studied area were relatively low. Spatial variations revealed that tributaries possessed higher PCB levels, in comparison to mainstream, which acted as input sources of PCBs in the mainstream. The homolog profiles were dominated by lighter PCBs (Tri-PentaCBs), contributing above 70% of total PCBs. Correlation analysis between PCB concentrations and total organic carbon indicated that local input or atmospheric deposition was the primary controls of spatial variation of PCBs. According to simple sediment quality guidelines (SQG), the risks posed by PCBs in the sediments might be negligible.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xianfa Su
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, 453007, China
| | - Jinglan Feng
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, 453007, China.
| | - Liya Guo
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, 453007, China
| | - Qi Liu
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, 453007, China
| | - Jianhui Sun
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, 453007, China
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Chen X, Liu X, Liu M, Yang Y, Wu S, Wang C. Molecular characterization of PAHs based on land use analysis and multivariate source apportionment in multiple phases of the Yangtze estuary, China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2018; 20:531-543. [PMID: 29441377 DOI: 10.1039/c7em00580f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Spatial-temporal distributions, source identification, and possible effects of land use patterns on PAHs were studied in overlying water and surface sediments in Yangtze estuarine and nearby coastal areas. The concentrations of PAHs ranged from 172.6 ± 9.3 to 5603.7 ± 548.7 ng L-1, 841.0 ± 36.6 to 31 190.5 ± 3711.5 ng g-1 and 312.3 ± 7.6 to 9081.1 ± 862.3 ng g-1, with mean contents of 1042.9 ng L-1, 8922.9 ng g-1 and 2400.2 ng g-1 in water, suspended particulate matter (SPM) and sediments. PAH concentrations in three phases were higher in dry seasons (January and April) than in rainy seasons (July and October), and showed a distribution pattern as freshwater area > transition area > seawater area. Water and urban (especially for industrial) land uses contributed significantly to the PAH content in water and sediments. Urban and agricultural land uses were identified as important factors for regulating PAH concentrations in the SPM. TOC and BC were crucial controlling factors for the sorption and distribution of PAHs. The stable carbon isotope signatures of TOC and BC indicated the terrestrial origin of PAHs. Multivariate statistical and toxicity assessments revealed that LHK and SDK were contamination hotspots. Traffic emissions contributed 63% of PAH loadings in the three phases, yet biomass/coal combustion contributed over 85% of the toxicity caused by PAHs. Potential ecological and health risks of PAHs were low. We thus conclude that PAH pollution in the study area was primarily of terrestrial origin. BC and TOC were important predictors for PAH fate in the estuary. Urban and agricultural land use and river systems along the estuary were the major input pathways for the PAH loadings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xing Chen
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science (Ministry of Education), East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China. and School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Xinran Liu
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science (Ministry of Education), East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China. and School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Min Liu
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science (Ministry of Education), East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China. and School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Yi Yang
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science (Ministry of Education), East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China. and School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Shixue Wu
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science (Ministry of Education), East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China. and School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Chong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science (Ministry of Education), East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China. and School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Ugwu KE, Ukoha PO. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in surface sediments near a mining site in Okobo-Enjema, Nigeria: concentrations, source apportionment and risk assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2018; 40:359-373. [PMID: 28185220 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-017-9916-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
PAHs are pollutants of serious environmental and human health concerns. PAH studies in environmental compartments may assist in designing PAH control measures. The levels of selected PAHs in surface sediment samples of a stream near a mining site at Okobo-Enjema, Nigeria, were investigated. The data were used to determine the possible sources of the PAHs and to assess the potential health risk of the PAHs to humans which was evaluated based on the sediment quality, contamination level and cancer risk guidelines. Sediment samples were collected in replicates at various locations in the stream. A mixture of acetone, dichloromethane and n-hexane was used to extract the PAH compounds by sonication. The extracts were cleaned-up, concentrated and quantitatively analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The results indicated 14, 10 and 4 out of the 16 target PAHs were detected at various sampling stations. The total concentrations of the PAHs ranged from 0.09 to 1.2 mg/kg dry weight. High molecular weight PAHs dominated over the low molecular weight compounds at distances nearer to the coal mine. The PAH contamination came from pyrogenic and petrogenic sources. The results suggested that there was no eco-toxicological risk for organisms in the sediments beyond 400 m from the coal mine. The sediments were highly contaminated at ≤400 m from the coal mine; moderately contaminated at between 400 and 500 m from the mine; and lowly contaminated at beyond 500 m from the mine. The cancer risk is low on ingestion and skin contact with the sediments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kenechukwu E Ugwu
- National Center for Energy Research and Development, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria.
| | - Pius O Ukoha
- Department of Pure and Industrial Chemistry, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Wang W, Bai J, Zhang G, Wang X, Jia J, Cui B, Liu X. Depth-distribution, possible sources, and toxic risk assessment of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in different river sediment cores affected by urbanization and reclamation in a Chinese delta. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2017; 230:1062-1072. [PMID: 28764122 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.06.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Revised: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Sediment cores were collected in urban (0-50 cm), rural (0-40 cm) and reclamation-affected river (0-40 cm) environments in the Pearl River Delta. Concentrations of 16 organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were determined in all collected samples to identify the depth-distribution, possible sources and ecotoxicological risks of OCPs in river sediments affected by urbanization and reclamation in a Chinese delta. The results showed that the top 10 cm of rural river sediments had slightly lower concentrations of the 16 OCPs compared to urban and reclamation-affected rivers, whereas the 30-40 cm sediment layers in the rural river showed higher levels of the 16 OCPs. However, higher OCPs levels were observed in the 20-30 cm sediment layers in the urban river than in the rural and reclamation-affected rivers. The principal OCPs in most deeper sediment layers were hexachlorobezene (HCB), the combination of aldrin, endrin and dieldrin (ΣDRINs) and the combination of α-HCH, β-HCH and γ-HCH (ΣHCHs). The predominant OCPs in surface sediments were HCB, ΣDRINs and the combination of p,p'-DDD, o,p'-DDT, p,p'-DDT and p,p'-DDE (ΣDDTs). Generally, OCP concentrations decreased with depth along sediment profiles at most sampling sites in the three types of rivers. The source analyses indicated that some sampling sites were still suffering from the recent use of hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs), dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes (DDTs) and aldrin. According to the soil quality thresholds of China, the levels of HCHs and DDTs at most sampling sites were below class Ⅰ criteria. Based on the sediment quality guideline quotient (SQGQ), the combined ecotoxicological risk of OCPs (γ-HCH, dieldrin, p,p'-DDD, p,p'-DDE and p,p'-DDT) in surface sediments (0-10 cm) was higher than deeper sediments, and the rural river sediments exhibited a higher combined ecotoxicological risk than the sediments in urban and reclamation-affected rivers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, PR China
| | - Junhong Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, PR China.
| | - Guangliang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, PR China
| | - Xin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, PR China
| | - Jia Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, PR China
| | - Baoshan Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, PR China
| | - Xinhui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Huang Y, Liu M, Wang R, Khan SK, Gao D, Zhang Y. Characterization and source apportionment of PAHs from a highly urbanized river sediments based on land use analysis. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 184:1334-1345. [PMID: 28679154 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.06.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2017] [Revised: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The city-scale land use/land cover change derived by urbanization on the fates of PAHs is of great concerns recently. This study evaluated spatiotemporal variations and sources of PAHs from a highly urbanized river sediments in the Huangpu River, Shanghai. Results indicated that the concentrations of PAHs in the sediments varied greatly across locations and seasons. The concentration of Σ16PAHs in the dry season were 6 times higher than that in wet season. The mainstream and midstream of the Huangpu River were identified as the hotspots in both dry and wet seasons. However, 4-ring PAH compounds were dominated, contributing 42.41% ± 6.81% and 44.70 ± 7.73% in the dry and wet seasons, respectively. Multivariate statistical and land use analysis suggested that the main sources of PAHs derived from the cultivation, traffic and commercial activities. Buffer radii (<750 m) area with cultivated land, road/street and transportation and commercial and business facilities contributed significantly the PAHs in the sediment of the Huangpu River. Population density was also an important variable regulating the PAHs concentrations less than 750 m in the wet season. Risk assessment results revealed that the PAHs toxicity in the sediments was higher in dry season than in wet season. Overall, severe land use changes caused by rapid urbanization can contribute more amount of PAHs emission and complicated sources of PAHs, thus provide insights into the importance of land use types in indicating PAHs source.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanping Huang
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science, Ministry of Education, School of Geographical Sciences, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, 200241 Shanghai, China
| | - Min Liu
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science, Ministry of Education, School of Geographical Sciences, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, 200241 Shanghai, China.
| | - Ruiqi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science, Ministry of Education, School of Geographical Sciences, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, 200241 Shanghai, China
| | - Saira Khalil Khan
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science, Ministry of Education, School of Geographical Sciences, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, 200241 Shanghai, China
| | - Dengzhou Gao
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science, Ministry of Education, School of Geographical Sciences, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, 200241 Shanghai, China
| | - Yazhou Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science, Ministry of Education, School of Geographical Sciences, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, 200241 Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Basavaiah N, Mohite RD, Singare PU, Reddy AVR, Singhal RK, Blaha U. Vertical distribution, composition profiles, sources and toxicity assessment of PAH residues in the reclaimed mudflat sediments from the adjacent Thane Creek of Mumbai. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2017; 118:112-124. [PMID: 28238488 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.02.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Revised: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A study on vertical distribution of magnetic susceptibility, carcinogenic and endocrine disrupting PAHs was performed in the reclaimed mudflat sediments adjacent to the Thane Creek of Mumbai. The 5-rings PAHs and ΣC-PAHs were more dominant at 120cm depth contributing 52.23% and 60.19% respectively to ∑PAHs. The average ratio values of LMW/HMW PAHs (0.58); Fla/(Fla+Pyr) (0.50); Ant/(Ant+Phe) (0.50); BaA/(Chry+BaA) (0.48); BaP/BghiP (2.06), Phe/Ant (1.03) and BaA/Chr (0.93) indicate that the PAH contamination might have raised due to inefficient combustion and pyrogenic emissions during the open burning of solid waste in the vicinity. This was further supported by the anthropogenic ferri(o)magnetic loading over the last 100years influencing the Creek sediments. The PAHs toxicity estimation was performed by calculating the toxic equivalent quantity (TEQ) value of 8.62ng TEQ/g which was below the safe level (600ng TEQ/g) suggested by the Canadian risk-based soil criterion for protection of human health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N Basavaiah
- Indian Institute of Geomagnetism, New Panvel, Navi Mumbai 410 218, India.
| | - R D Mohite
- Department of Chemistry, K.B.P. College, Vashi, Navi Mumbai, India
| | - P U Singare
- Department of Chemistry, Bhavan's College, Munshi Nagar, Andheri (West), Mumbai 400 058, India.
| | - A V R Reddy
- Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai 400 085, India
| | - R K Singhal
- Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai 400 085, India
| | - U Blaha
- ERDS-tec Environmental Solutions, P.O. Box 1404, 72004 Tübingen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Odabasi M, Dumanoglu Y, Kara M, Altiok H, Elbir T, Bayram A. Spatial variation of PAHs and PCBs in coastal air, seawater, and sediments in a heavily industrialized region. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:13749-13759. [PMID: 28401389 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-8991-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Concurrent coastal seawater (n = 22), sediment (n = 22), and atmospheric samples (n = 10) were collected in the Aliaga industrial region, Turkey, to explore the spatial variation, sources, and air-seawater exchange of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). Seawater Σ16PAH concentrations (particle + dissolved) ranged between 5107 and 294,624 pg L-1, while Σ41PCB concentrations were in the range of 880-50,829 pg L-1. Levels in sediments were highly variable ranging between 35.5-49,682 and 2.7-2450 μg kg-1 in dry weight for Σ16PAHs and Σ41PCBs, respectively. Atmospheric concentrations varied between 1791-274,974 and 104-20,083 pg m-3 for Σ16PAHs and Σ41PCBs, respectively. Sediment organic matter (OM) content and levels of Σ16PAHs and Σ41PCBs correlated weakly (r 2 = 0.19-0.23, p < 0.05) suggesting that the spatial variations of PAHs and PCBs were mainly affected by local sources rather than their sorption to OM. The geographical distribution of PAH and PCB concentrations in air, seawater, and sediment and factor analysis on the sediment levels pointed out that the major sources in the region are steel plants, petroleum refinery, petrochemical complex, ship breaking, loading/unloading activities at the ports, vehicular emissions, and fossil fuel combustion emissions. The direction of the air-seawater exchange was also explored by estimating seawater fugacity fractions of PAHs and PCBs. For PAHs, the number of cases implying deposition (43.0%) and volatilization (39.5%) was similar, while for PCBs, the number of cases implying volatilization (60.4%) was much higher compared to deposition (21.6%). Fugacity fractions were generally <0.36 (deposition) at the sites close to industrial and ship breaking activities where the highest seawater and sediment levels were measured, implying that atmospheric deposition is an important mechanism affecting seawater and sediment PAH and PCB levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Odabasi
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Dokuz Eylul University, Tinaztepe Campus, 35160, Izmir, Turkey.
| | - Yetkin Dumanoglu
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Dokuz Eylul University, Tinaztepe Campus, 35160, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Melik Kara
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Dokuz Eylul University, Tinaztepe Campus, 35160, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Hasan Altiok
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Dokuz Eylul University, Tinaztepe Campus, 35160, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Tolga Elbir
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Dokuz Eylul University, Tinaztepe Campus, 35160, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Abdurrahman Bayram
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Dokuz Eylul University, Tinaztepe Campus, 35160, Izmir, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Syakti AD, Oursel B, Garnier C, Doumenq P. Characterisation of the dynamics of organic contaminants (n-alkanes, PAHs and PCBs) in a coastal area. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2017; 117:184-196. [PMID: 28168980 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.01.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Revised: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The dynamics of three classes of organic contaminants, namely n-alkanes, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and polychlorinated biphenyls, were evaluated from the settled suspended particulate matter (SPM) of two wastewater treatment plant outlets (O1 and O2) at the Marseille coast. We used a 1-m-high Plexiglas settling column filled with 7L of seawater to determine the particles' settling rates, size distribution, and the extent of organic contaminants. Six classes of SPM (50-200μm particles size) were obtained from 15 fractions of 500-mL successive filtering samples ranging from 30s to 5days, including those in the tube wall. The results of the experiment indicated that >68% of the particles settled within 15min, which highly correlated with the distribution of organic carbon and contaminant contents. Furthermore, we demonstrated that 9%-13% of the SPM, which contained 5%-11% of the organic contaminants, are non-settable even after 5days. Extrapolating such behaviour in situ using molecular diagnostic indices for organic contaminant source apportionment indicated that these non-settable contaminant particles are exported to the sea.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Agung Dhamar Syakti
- Center for Maritime Biosciences Studies, Institute for Research and Community Service, Jenderal Soedirman University, Kampus Karangwangkal, Jl. dr. Suparno, Purwokerto 53123, Indonesia; Marine Science and Fisheries Faculty, Raja Ali Haji Maritime University, Jl. Politeknik Senggarang-Tanjungpinang, Riau Islands Province 29100, Indonesia.
| | - Benjamin Oursel
- Institut Méditerranéen de Biodiversité et d'Ecologie marine et continentale (IMBE), Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, IRD, Avignon Université, 52 avenue Escadrille Normandie Niémen, 13013 Marseille, France; Université de Toulon, PROTEE, EA 3819, 83957 La Garde, France
| | - Cedric Garnier
- Université de Toulon, PROTEE, EA 3819, 83957 La Garde, France
| | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Modeling the air-soil exchange, secondary emissions and residues in soil of polychlorinated biphenyls in China. Sci Rep 2017; 7:221. [PMID: 28303007 PMCID: PMC5428302 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-00351-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study investigated the environmental distribution and fate of low molecular weight (LMW) polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in China using the ChnGIPERM (Chinese Gridded Industrial Pollutants Emission and Residue Model), in which the air-soil exchange, spatial-temporal variations and the heterogeneity of secondary emission and residue in the non-source areas were studied. The model simulated the temporal and spatial variations of the PCB28 concentration in soils and air which agreed well with historical monitoring data across China. The long-range atmospheric transport (LRAT) and temperature was identified as the major factor affecting the distribution patterns of the secondary emissions and residues. Soil residue was considered as important environmental fate of PCB28. However, the intensity of an emissions source and the distance with non-source area strongly affected the spatial and temporal variations of PCB28 residues in soil. Several factors strongly impacted the distribution characteristics and air-soil exchange of PCB28, including emission patterns, atmospheric transport, soil organic carbon (SOC), soil vertical transfer, ambient temperature, and precipitation.
Collapse
|
42
|
Dumanoglu Y, Gaga EO, Gungormus E, Sofuoglu SC, Odabasi M. Spatial and seasonal variations, sources, air-soil exchange, and carcinogenic risk assessment for PAHs and PCBs in air and soil of Kutahya, Turkey, the province of thermal power plants. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 580:920-935. [PMID: 27939936 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.12.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2016] [Revised: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric and concurrent soil samples were collected during winter and summer of 2014 at 41 sites in Kutahya, Turkey to investigate spatial and seasonal variations, sources, air-soil exchange, and associated carcinogenic risks of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). The highest atmospheric and soil concentrations were observed near power plants and residential areas, and the wintertime concentrations were generally higher than ones measured in summer. Spatial distribution of measured ambient concentrations and results of the factor analysis showed that the major contributing PAH sources in Kutahya region were the coal combustion for power generation and residential heating (48.9%), and diesel and gasoline exhaust emissions (47.3%) while the major PCB sources were the coal (thermal power plants and residential heating) and wood combustion (residential heating) (45.4%), and evaporative emissions from previously used technical PCB mixtures (34.7%). Results of fugacity fraction calculations indicated that the soil and atmosphere were not in equilibrium for most of the PAHs (88.0% in winter, 87.4% in summer) and PCBs (76.8% in winter, 83.8% in summer). For PAHs, deposition to the soil was the dominant mechanism in winter while in summer volatilization was equally important. For PCBs, volatilization dominated in summer while deposition was higher in winter. Cancer risks associated with inhalation and accidental soil ingestion of soil were also estimated. Generally, the estimated carcinogenic risks were below the acceptable risk level of 10-6. The percentage of the population exceeding the acceptable risk level ranged from <1% to 16%, except, 32% of the inhalation risk levels due to PAH exposure in winter at urban/industrial sites were >10-6.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yetkin Dumanoglu
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Dokuz Eylul University, Tinaztepe Campus, 35160 Buca, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Eftade O Gaga
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Anadolu University, Iki Eylul Campus, 26555 Eskisehir, Turkey
| | - Elif Gungormus
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Izmir Institute of Technology, 35430 Gulbahce-Urla, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Sait C Sofuoglu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Izmir Institute of Technology, 35430 Gulbahce-Urla, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Environmental Engineering, Izmir Institute of Technology, 35430 Gulbahce-Urla, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Odabasi
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Dokuz Eylul University, Tinaztepe Campus, 35160 Buca, Izmir, Turkey.
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Wang W, Bai J, Xi M, Zhao Q, Zhang G, Wen X, Xiao R. Occurrence, sources, and risk assessment of OCPs in surface sediments from urban, rural, and reclamation-affected rivers of the Pearl River Delta, China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:2535-2548. [PMID: 27822694 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-8016-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Sediments were collected to a depth of 20 cm from urban, rural, and reclamation-affected rivers in the Pearl River Delta of China. In total, 16 organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in all sediment samples, and the occurrence, possible sources, toxicity, and health risks of OCPs were evaluated to compare the contamination characteristics of OCPs in sediments among the three types of rivers. The results showed that concentrations of Σ16OCPs in sediments from the three rivers followed the order urban river > reclamation-affected river > rural river, with a mean value of 247.21, 232.91, and 114.92 μg/kg, respectively, and the predominant OCPs were hexachlorobenzene (HCB), dieldrin, aldrin, endrin, and hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs). Source diagnostics illustrated that there might be recent input of HCHs, dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes (DDTs), and endosulfan in some sampling sites. Based on the soil quality thresholds of China, both HCHs and DDTs fell within the range of class II criteria except for some sediment samples in urban rivers with lower levels (below class I criteria). According to sediment quality guidelines, 92.86 % of samples were predicted to be toxic. The health risk assessment showed that OCPs would not pose a threat to people via dermal contact, ingestion, and inhalation, and the followed order of incremental lifetime cancer risks for OCPs in sediment samples was reclamation-affected river > urban river > rural river.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- State Key laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, People's Republic of China
| | - Junhong Bai
- State Key laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, People's Republic of China.
| | - Min Xi
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingqing Zhao
- State Key laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, People's Republic of China
| | - Guangliang Zhang
- State Key laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaojun Wen
- State Key laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, People's Republic of China
| | - Rong Xiao
- School of Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Odabasi M, Dumanoglu Y, Ozgunerge Falay E, Tuna G, Altiok H, Kara M, Bayram A, Tolunay D, Elbir T. Investigation of spatial distributions and sources of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in a heavily polluted industrial region using tree components. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 160:114-125. [PMID: 27367178 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.06.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Revised: 06/19/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Spatial distributions of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) were investigated in Iskenderun industrial region in Turkey. POP concentrations were measured in different tree components (i.e., pine needle, branch, bark, and stem) collected at several industrial and background sites (n = 27). Also, air, litter, and soil samples were analyzed to determine the relationship of atmospheric pollutants with tree components, litter, and soil. Spatial variation of measured concentrations and factor analysis showed that the iron-steel plants are the most important POP sources in Iskenderun area. Correlations of ambient air levels to those measured in soil, litter, and tree components were significant showing that POPs are exchanged between atmosphere and these compartments. Results have suggested that tree components, litter and soil could be used to determine the spatial distributions and sources of atmospheric POPs in a region. POP quantities (mg/ha) accumulated in different tree components, litter, and soil were also predicted. Generally, the highest quantities were accumulated by stem and needles. In terms of overall inventory, including trees, litter and soil, the highest accumulated quantities were found in soil followed by trees and litter, indicating that in addition to soil, vegetation is a notable reservoir accumulating POPs. Ambient air POP concentrations were also estimated using a bark/air partitioning model. The estimated/measured ratios were close to 1.0 for several compounds and the results showed that the atmospheric POP concentrations could be estimated from the bark measurements within factors of 0.23-3.07, 1.02-6.67, 0.63-7.44, 1.07-3.37 for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, polychlorinated biphenyls, polychlorinated naphthalenes, and polybrominated diphenyl ethers, respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Odabasi
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Dokuz Eylul University, Tinaztepe Campus, 35160, Buca, Izmir, Turkey.
| | - Yetkin Dumanoglu
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Dokuz Eylul University, Tinaztepe Campus, 35160, Buca, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Ezgi Ozgunerge Falay
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Dokuz Eylul University, Tinaztepe Campus, 35160, Buca, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Gizem Tuna
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Dokuz Eylul University, Tinaztepe Campus, 35160, Buca, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Hasan Altiok
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Dokuz Eylul University, Tinaztepe Campus, 35160, Buca, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Melik Kara
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Dokuz Eylul University, Tinaztepe Campus, 35160, Buca, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Abdurrahman Bayram
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Dokuz Eylul University, Tinaztepe Campus, 35160, Buca, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Doganay Tolunay
- Department of Forestry Engineering, Faculty of Forestry, Istanbul University, 34470, Sariyer, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Tolga Elbir
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Dokuz Eylul University, Tinaztepe Campus, 35160, Buca, Izmir, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Singare PU. Carcinogenic and endocrine-disrupting PAHs in the aquatic ecosystem of India. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2016; 188:599. [PMID: 27696093 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-016-5597-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The quantification studies of 17 carcinogenic and endocrine-disrupting polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the Mithi River polluting the Mahim Creek near Mumbai were performed to understand their sources and probable ecological risk. The overall concentration level of ΣPAHs was 157.96 ± 18.99 μg L-1, while that of carcinogenic PAHs (ΣC-PAHs) was 81.31 ± 9.75 μg L-1, which corresponds to 51.5 % of the ΣPAHs. The source analysis of PAH pollution was made on the basis of different PAH ratios. It was observed that the probable PAH contamination was due to pyrogenic inputs arising due to the combustion of grass, wood, and coal as well as due to the combustion of diesel and gasoline. Toxicity and biological risk assessment was made using toxic equivalent quantity (TEQ) for various C-PAHs. The results of our study showed that the mean BaP concentration in the Mithi River water (8.61 μg L-1) was above the European Directive 2008/105/EC Environmental Quality Standards (EQS) value of 0.05 μg L-1, while the levels of benzo(k)fluoranthene (BkF) + benzo(b)fluoranthene (BbF) (21.54 μg L-1) and benzo(g,h,i)perylene (BghiP) + indeno(1,2,3,-c,d) pyrene (InP) (18.27 μg L-1) were significantly higher than that set by the EQS (0.03 and 0.002 μg L-1, respectively), showing that the ecological integrity of the river and the adjoining creek is possibly at risk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pravin U Singare
- Department of Chemistry, Bhavan's College, Munshi Nagar, Andheri (West), Mumbai, 400058, India.
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Zhang Y, Lin Y, Cai J, Liu Y, Hong L, Qin M, Zhao Y, Ma J, Wang X, Zhu T, Qiu X, Zheng M. Atmospheric PAHs in North China: Spatial distribution and sources. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 565:994-1000. [PMID: 27241206 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.05.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2016] [Revised: 05/15/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), formed through incomplete combustion process, have adverse health effects. To investigate spatial distribution and sources of PAHs in North China, PAHs with passive sampling in 90 gridded sites during June to September in 2011 were analyzed. The average concentration of the sum of fifteen PAHs in North China is 220±14ng/m(3), with the highest in Shanxi, followed by Shandong and Hebei, and then the Beijing-Tianjin area. Major sources of PAHs are identified for each region of North China, coke process for Shanxi, biomass burning for Hebei and Shandong, and coal combustion for Beijing-Tianjin area, respectively. Emission inventory is combined with back trajectory analysis to study the influence of emissions from surrounding areas at receptor sites. Shanxi and Beijing-Tianjin areas are more influenced by sources nearby while regional sources have more impact on Hebei and Shandong areas. Results from this study suggest the areas where local emission should be the major target for control and areas where both local and regional sources should be considered for PAH abatement in North China.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanjun Zhang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yan Lin
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Jonathan and Karin Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
| | - Jing Cai
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yue Liu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Linan Hong
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Momei Qin
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yifan Zhao
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jin Ma
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Xuesong Wang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Tong Zhu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xinghua Qiu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Mei Zheng
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Wang C, Zou X, Zhao Y, Li B, Song Q, Li Y, Yu W. Distribution, sources, and ecological risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the water and suspended sediments from the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:17158-70. [PMID: 27215984 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-6846-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Samples were collected from the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, China, to study the concentrations, distributions, and compositions of 16 US-EPA priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in water and suspended particulate matter (SPM). We also evaluated sources of the PAHs and their potential toxicity. Total concentrations of the PAHs (ΣPAHs) in water ranged from 17.33 to 77.12 ng L(-1), and in SPM, the levels ranged from 595.91 to 2473.74 ng g(-1). Total concentrations of seven carcinogenic PAHs (ΣCPAHs) ranged from 7.63 to 13.02 ng L(-1) in water and 276.55 to 1216.89 ng g(-1) in SPM. PAH levels in water samples were relatively low, and those in the lower reaches were higher than in the middle reaches. SPM samples had higher levels of PAHs, especially in the lower reaches and in Dongting Lake and Poyang Lake. Principal component analysis (PCA) with multiple linear regression analysis (MLR) was performed to quantitatively characterize the PAH sources. Two factors and their contributions were identified from water samples. Coal and wood combustion accounted for 74.1 % of the PAHs, and petroleum emissions explained 25.9 % of the PAHs. Three source factors were identified from SPM samples: these were vehicular emissions (46.3 % of PAHs), wood and coal combustion (40.4 % of PAHs), and petrogenic sources (13.3 %). Ecological risk assessment indicated that a moderate undesirable impact will be caused by PAHs, and some control measures and remedial actions should be conducted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chenglong Wang
- School of Geographic and Oceanographic Sciences, Nanjing University, Xianlin Avenue 163, Nanjing, 210023, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Coast and Island Development, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Xinqing Zou
- School of Geographic and Oceanographic Sciences, Nanjing University, Xianlin Avenue 163, Nanjing, 210023, China.
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Coast and Island Development, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China.
- Collaborative Innovation Center of South China Sea Studies, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China.
| | - Yifei Zhao
- School of Geographic and Oceanographic Sciences, Nanjing University, Xianlin Avenue 163, Nanjing, 210023, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Coast and Island Development, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Baojie Li
- School of Geographic and Oceanographic Sciences, Nanjing University, Xianlin Avenue 163, Nanjing, 210023, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Coast and Island Development, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Qiaochu Song
- School of Geographic and Oceanographic Sciences, Nanjing University, Xianlin Avenue 163, Nanjing, 210023, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Coast and Island Development, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Yali Li
- School of Geographic and Oceanographic Sciences, Nanjing University, Xianlin Avenue 163, Nanjing, 210023, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Coast and Island Development, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Wenwen Yu
- School of Geographic and Oceanographic Sciences, Nanjing University, Xianlin Avenue 163, Nanjing, 210023, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Coast and Island Development, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Cui S, Fu Q, Guo L, Li YF, Li TX, Ma WL, Wang M, Li WL. Spatial-temporal variation, possible source and ecological risk of PCBs in sediments from Songhua River, China: Effects of PCB elimination policy and reverse management framework. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2016; 106:109-118. [PMID: 26997254 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Revised: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The spatial variation, possible sources and ecological risk of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in the sediment from the Songhua River, China were investigated and evaluated in this paper. The total concentration of PCBs ranged from 0.59 to 12.38ng/gdw, with a mean value of 3.82ng/gdw. The seven indicators of PCB concentrations are significantly correlated with the total PCB concentrations (R=0.950, p=0.000). The temporal trend of PCBs in sediments showed that the total PCBs in the Songhua River have decreased since 2008. Point source pollution, discharge of historical usage and industrial sewage, and emissions of unintentionally produced PCBs were the predominant sources in sediment. A risk assessment indicated that most of the sampling sites in the sediment were at low potential ecological risk. The apparent decrease of PCBs in the sediment appeared after the China National Coordination Group for Implementation of the Stockholm Convention was established. A conceptual reverse management framework for PCBs and other organic pollutants was established in this study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Song Cui
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), School of Water Conservancy and Civil Engineering, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150030, PR China
| | - Qiang Fu
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), School of Water Conservancy and Civil Engineering, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150030, PR China.
| | - Liang Guo
- School of Management, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, PR China.
| | - Yi-Fan Li
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), School of Water Conservancy and Civil Engineering, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150030, PR China; IJRC-PTS, State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150090, PR China; IJRC-PTS-NA, Toronto M2N 6X9, Canada
| | - Tian-Xiao Li
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), School of Water Conservancy and Civil Engineering, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150030, PR China
| | - Wan-Li Ma
- IJRC-PTS, State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150090, PR China
| | - Min Wang
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), School of Water Conservancy and Civil Engineering, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150030, PR China
| | - Wen-Long Li
- IJRC-PTS, State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150090, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Yang X, Yu L, Chen Z, Xu M. Bioavailability of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and their Potential Application in Eco-risk Assessment and Source Apportionment in Urban River Sediment. Sci Rep 2016; 6:23134. [PMID: 26976450 PMCID: PMC4791542 DOI: 10.1038/srep23134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Accepted: 02/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Traditional risk assessment and source apportionment of sediments based on bulk polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) can introduce biases due to unknown aging effects in various sediments. We used a mild solvent (hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin) to extract the bioavailable fraction of PAHs (a-PAHs) from sediment samples collected in Pearl River, southern China. We investigated the potential application of this technique for ecological risk assessments and source apportionment. We found that the distribution of PAHs was associated with human activities and that the a-PAHs accounted for a wide range (4.7%-21.2%) of total-PAHs (t-PAHs), and high risk sites were associated with lower t-PAHs but higher a-PAHs. The correlation between a-PAHs and the sediment toxicity assessed using tubificid worms (r = -0.654, P = 0.021) was greater than that from t-PAH-based risk assessment (r = -0.230, P = 0.472). Moreover, the insignificant correlation between a-PAH content and mPEC-Q of low molecular weight PAHs implied the potential bias of t-PAH-based risk assessment. The source apportionment from mild extracted fractions was consistent across different indicators and was in accordance with typical pollution sources. Our results suggested that mild extraction-based approaches reduce the potential error from aging effects because the mild extracted PAHs provide a more direct indicator of bioavailability and fresher fractions in sediments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xunan Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liuqian Yu
- Department of Oceanography, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Zefang Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangzhou, China
| | - Meiying Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Singare PU. Studies on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in surface sediments of Mithi River near Mumbai, India: Assessment of sources, toxicity risk and biological impact. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2015; 101:232-242. [PMID: 26453402 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2015.09.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Revised: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the levels, sources and potential risks of 17 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in surface sediment samples collected along the Mithi River of Mumbai. The concentration level of ΣPAHs found in the present study was in the range of 1206-4735 ng/g dw. The composition patterns of PAHs by ring size in sediment were surveyed which indicate the dominance of four rings followed by five and three ring PAHs. In the study it was observed that the high molecular weight PAHs (HMW PAHs) made greater contributions of 90.83% as compared to that of low molecular PAHs (LMW PAHs) contributing to 9.17% to the total PAH concentrations. Toxicity and biological risk were assessed using toxic equivalent quantity and sediment quality guideline quotient. It is feared that the pollution level of PAHs in the sediments might increase in coming times resulting in an unconspicuous risks for the environment and humans through food chains.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pravin U Singare
- Department of Chemistry, Bhavan's College, Munshi Nagar, Andheri (West), Mumbai 400058, India.
| |
Collapse
|