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Bai X, Lin J, Zhang Z, Zhan Y. Immobilization of lead, copper, cadmium, nickel, and zinc in sediment by red mud: adsorption characteristics, mechanism, and effect of dosage on immobilization efficiency. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:51793-51814. [PMID: 35254614 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-19506-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this work was to determine the effect of dosage on the immobilization of lead (Pb), copper (Cu), cadmium (Cd), nickel (Ni), and zinc (Zn) in sediment by red mud (RM). To achieve this aim, the adsorption characteristics and mechanism of Pb, Cu, Cd, Ni, and Zn from aqueous solution on RM were studied at first, and then the influence of the RM dosage on the fractionation and leaching potential of Pb, Cu, Cd, Ni, and Zn in sediment was investigated. The results showed that RM possessed high adsorption capacities for Pb(II), Cu(II), Cd(II), Ni(II), and Zn(II) in aqueous solution. The maximum monolayer Pb(II), Cu(II), Cd(II), Ni(II), and Zn(II) adsorption capacities for RM derived from the Langmuir isotherm model were found to be 296, 39.2, 70.2, 46.0, and 50.7 mg/g, respectively. The addition of RM into sediment could effectively reduce the toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP)-leachable concentrations of Pb, Cu, Cd, Ni, and Zn in the sediment. The added RM could effectively immobilize the mobile (exchangeable, reducible, and oxidizable fractions) Pb in sediment by the conversion of the exchangeable and reducible fractions into the residual fraction, and it could effectively immobilize the mobile Cu, Cd, Ni, and Zn in sediment by the conversion of the exchangeable fraction into the residual fraction. The quantities of mobile Pb, Cu, Cd, and Ni immobilized by RM had a good linear relationship with the added RM. The above results suggest that RM is a promising amendment for the immobilization of mobile Pb, Cu, Cd, Ni, and Zn in sediment, and the linear relationship between the RM dosage and the quantities of immobilized Pb, Cu, Cd, and Ni by RM can be employed to determine the RM dosage required for the immobilization of mobile Pb, Cu, Cd, and Ni in sediment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianshang Bai
- College of Marine Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Hucheng Ring Road No. 999, Shanghai, 201306, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianwei Lin
- College of Marine Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Hucheng Ring Road No. 999, Shanghai, 201306, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhibin Zhang
- School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan, 250101, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yanhui Zhan
- College of Marine Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Hucheng Ring Road No. 999, Shanghai, 201306, People's Republic of China
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Chen Y, Wang Y, Zheng R, Wen J, Li JY, Wang Q, Yin J. Stabilization of heavy metals in sediments: A bioavailability-based assessment of carbon adsorbent efficacy using diffusive gradients in thin films. AQUACULTURE AND FISHERIES 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aaf.2020.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Betremieux M, Mamindy-Pajany Y. Investigation of a biosurfactant-enhanced electrokinetic method and its effect on the potentially toxic trace elements in waterways sediments. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2021; 43:1-18. [PMID: 34044748 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2021.1936202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the biosurfactant-enhanced electrokinetic method was investigated for the removal of potentially toxic trace elements (As, Ba, Cd, Cr, Cu, Mo, Ni, Pb, Sb, Se and Zn) in waterways sediments. The effect of this method was compared to the removal capacities of deionized water in the same conditions in order to assess its efficiency. After treatment, batch leaching tests have shown that almost toxic elements (As: 81.3%; Ba: 80%; Cr: 97.3%; Cu: 82%; Zn: 94.5%; Mo: 13.8%; Ni: 62.7%; Se: 66.8% and Sb: 9.3%) were less released in waters. On the whole sediment samples, Ba and Cd displayed the highest removal rates (Ba: 71.2% and Cd: 77.5%). The use of biosurfactant enhanced the electrokinetic method by improving the trace elements migration and altering pH and Eh locally generated by the system. Overall, the application of this new approach dredged sediments seems to be promising but needed further investigations for industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathilde Betremieux
- Univ. Lille, Univ. Artois, IMT Lille Douai, JUNIA, ULR 4515 - LGCgE, Laboratoire de Génie Civil et géo-Environnement Lille, France
| | - Yannick Mamindy-Pajany
- Univ. Lille, Univ. Artois, IMT Lille Douai, JUNIA, ULR 4515 - LGCgE, Laboratoire de Génie Civil et géo-Environnement Lille, France
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Vihodceva S, Šutka A, Sihtmäe M, Rosenberg M, Otsus M, Kurvet I, Smits K, Bikse L, Kahru A, Kasemets K. Antibacterial Activity of Positively and Negatively Charged Hematite ( α-Fe 2O 3) Nanoparticles to Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Vibrio fischeri. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 11:652. [PMID: 33800165 PMCID: PMC7999532 DOI: 10.3390/nano11030652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
In the current study, the antibacterial activity of positively and negatively charged spherical hematite (α-Fe2O3) nanoparticles (NPs) with primary size of 45 and 70 nm was evaluated against clinically relevant bacteria Escherichia coli (gram-negative) and Staphylococcus aureus (gram-positive) as well as against naturally bioluminescent bacteria Vibrio fischeri (an ecotoxicological model organism). α-Fe2O3 NPs were synthesized using a simple green hydrothermal method and the surface charge was altered via citrate coating. To minimize the interference of testing environment with NP's physic-chemical properties, E. coli and S. aureus were exposed to NPs in deionized water for 30 min and 24 h, covering concentrations from 1 to 1000 mg/L. The growth inhibition was evaluated following the postexposure colony-forming ability of bacteria on toxicant-free agar plates. The positively charged α-Fe2O3 at concentrations from 100 mg/L upwards showed inhibitory activity towards E. coli already after 30 min of contact. Extending the exposure to 24 h caused total inhibition of growth at 100 mg/L. Bactericidal activity of positively charged hematite NPs against S. aureus was not observed up to 1000 mg/L. Differently from positively charged hematite NPs, negatively charged citrate-coated α-Fe2O3 NPs did not exhibit any antibacterial activity against E. coli and S. aureus even at 1000 mg/L. Confocal laser scanning microscopy and flow cytometer analysis showed that bacteria were more tightly associated with positively charged α-Fe2O3 NPs than with negatively charged citrate-coated α-Fe2O3 NPs. Moreover, the observed associations were more evident in the case of E. coli than S. aureus, being coherent with the toxicity results. Vibrio fischeri bioluminescence inhibition assays (exposure medium 2% NaCl) and colony forming ability on agar plates showed no (eco)toxicity of α-Fe2O3 (EC50 and MBC > 1000 mg/L).
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana Vihodceva
- Research Laboratory of Functional Materials Technologies, Faculty of Materials Science and Applied Chemistry, Riga Technical University, Paula Valdena 3/7, LV-1048 Riga, Latvia;
| | - Andris Šutka
- Research Laboratory of Functional Materials Technologies, Faculty of Materials Science and Applied Chemistry, Riga Technical University, Paula Valdena 3/7, LV-1048 Riga, Latvia;
| | - Mariliis Sihtmäe
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics, Akadeemia tee 23, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia; (M.S.); (M.R.); (M.O.); (I.K.); (K.K.)
| | - Merilin Rosenberg
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics, Akadeemia tee 23, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia; (M.S.); (M.R.); (M.O.); (I.K.); (K.K.)
- Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, Akadeemia tee 15, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Maarja Otsus
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics, Akadeemia tee 23, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia; (M.S.); (M.R.); (M.O.); (I.K.); (K.K.)
| | - Imbi Kurvet
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics, Akadeemia tee 23, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia; (M.S.); (M.R.); (M.O.); (I.K.); (K.K.)
| | - Krisjanis Smits
- Institute of Solid State Physics, University of Latvia, Kengaraga 8, LV-1063 Riga, Latvia; (K.S.); (L.B.)
| | - Liga Bikse
- Institute of Solid State Physics, University of Latvia, Kengaraga 8, LV-1063 Riga, Latvia; (K.S.); (L.B.)
| | - Anne Kahru
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics, Akadeemia tee 23, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia; (M.S.); (M.R.); (M.O.); (I.K.); (K.K.)
- Estonian Academy of Sciences, Kohtu 6, 10130 Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Kaja Kasemets
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics, Akadeemia tee 23, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia; (M.S.); (M.R.); (M.O.); (I.K.); (K.K.)
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Zang F, Wang S, Nan Z, Zhao C. Geochemistry of potentially hazardous elements in loess-amended mining sediment. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 252:126516. [PMID: 32217408 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Contaminated mining sediment may cause environmental and human health risk due to potentially hazardous elements (PHEs) leaching into groundwater, especially under very acid (pH ≤ 3) conditions. The capability of Chinese loess to immobilise and retain copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) from element contaminated mining sediment was explored by a column leaching experiment. Results showed that loess could effectively reduce Cu geomobility, and their leachate concentrations were lower than the quality standard (1.0 mg L-1) for ground water in China. The sierozem showed strong adsorption for Zn, Cd and Pb. The geomobility of Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb were affected by pH, electrical conductivity, organic matter and carbonate content of sediment/loess-amended sediment and sierozem. The long-term leaching of PHEs in loess-amended sediment may pose a potential risk to sierozem and groundwater in the region. This study highlights the need to develop a remediation technique to minimise the concentration level of hazardous elements in the mining sediment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Zang
- Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Prediction and Control, Gansu Province and Key Laboratory of Western China's Environmental Systems (Ministry of Education), College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China; State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Engineering Research Center of Grassland Industry, Ministry of Education, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Shengli Wang
- Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Prediction and Control, Gansu Province and Key Laboratory of Western China's Environmental Systems (Ministry of Education), College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China.
| | - Zhongren Nan
- Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Prediction and Control, Gansu Province and Key Laboratory of Western China's Environmental Systems (Ministry of Education), College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Chuanyan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Engineering Research Center of Grassland Industry, Ministry of Education, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
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Zhang M, Wang X, Yang L, Chu Y. Research on Progress in Combined Remediation Technologies of Heavy Metal Polluted Sediment. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16245098. [PMID: 31847211 PMCID: PMC6950138 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16245098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Revised: 12/07/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Heavy metals contaminated sediment has become a worldwide environmental issue due to its great harm to human and aquatic organisms. Thus, economical, effective, and environmentally-friendly remediation technologies are urgently needed. Among which, combined remediation technologies have attracted widespread attention for their unique advantages. This paper introduces combined remediation technologies based on physical-, chemical-, and bio-remediation of heavy metal polluted sediments. Firstly, the research progress in physical-chemical, bio-chemical, and inter-organismal (including plants, animals, microorganisms) remediation of heavy metal polluted sediments are summarized. Additionally, the paper analyzes the problems of the process of combined remediation of heavy metals in river sediments and outlooks the future development trends of remediation technologies. Overall, this review provides useful technology references for the control and treatment of heavy metal pollution in river sediments.
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Taneez M, Hurel C, Mady F, Francour P. Capping of marine sediments with valuable industrial by-products: Evaluation of inorganic pollutants immobilization. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 239:714-721. [PMID: 29723821 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.04.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2017] [Revised: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In-situ capping of polluted sediment is considered as an inexpensive and effective treatment technology to immobilize contaminants in a short time. In this remediation technique sediments are capped by placing a layer of sand, clean sediment or other materials over sediments in order to mitigate risk. In this study, low cost industrial by products (bauxaline, steel slag, and mixture of the two products) were applied as capping agents. A bench scale laboratory experiment in aquariums was performed to evaluate their effects on Cd, Zn, As, and Cr mobility from an artificially contaminated marine sediment. Without capping, all the contaminants are constantly released with various kinetic depending of mineral oxidation or dissolution or leaching. Nevertheless, release did not exceed 31% of the initial amount of pollutant. Capping sediment with steel slag, bauxaline and their mixture totally captured Cd, Zn, and As. In the case of Cr, only steel slag actively blocked its release. A kinetic model was developed to model As and Cr release, with and without capping. The release times for Cr and As from the sediment were close to 6 days. In the presence of capping agents, the capture time for Cr was found to be 57 days for steel slag, and 7 days for bauxaline. Despite a high capture time, steel slag was the best capping agent since bauxaline matrix was a source of Cr and rapidly released it (release time = 1 day). The results indicated that steel slag and its mixture additive can be used as potential capping materials for the remediation of contaminated sites due to their significant entrapping of Cd, Zn, As, and Cr.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehwish Taneez
- International Islamic University, Sulaiman Bin Abdullah Aba Al-Khail - Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Science (SA-CIRBS), Islamabad, Pakistan; Université de Nice Sophia Antipolis, Laboratoire des Ecosystèmes Marins Côtiers et Réponses aux Stress (ECOMERS), CNRS, Nice, France.
| | - Charlotte Hurel
- Université de Nice Sophia Antipolis, Laboratoire de Physique de la Matière Condensée (LPMC), UMR, CNRS, 7010, Nice, France
| | - Franck Mady
- Université de Nice Sophia Antipolis, Laboratoire de Physique de la Matière Condensée (LPMC), UMR, CNRS, 7010, Nice, France
| | - Patrice Francour
- Université de Nice Sophia Antipolis, Laboratoire des Ecosystèmes Marins Côtiers et Réponses aux Stress (ECOMERS), CNRS, Nice, France
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Abbas M, Adil M, Ehtisham-Ul-Haque S, Munir B, Yameen M, Ghaffar A, Shar GA, Asif Tahir M, Iqbal M. Vibrio fischeri bioluminescence inhibition assay for ecotoxicity assessment: A review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 626:1295-1309. [PMID: 29898537 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.01.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 247] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Revised: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Vibrio fischeri bioluminescence inhibition bioassay (VFBIA) has been widely applied for the monitoring of toxicity on account of multiple advantages encompassing shorter test duration, sensitive, cost-effective and ease of operation. Moreover, this bioassay found to be equally applicable to all types of matrices (organic & inorganic compounds, metals, wastewater, river water, sewage sludge, landfill leachate, herbicides, treated wastewater etc.) for toxicity monitoring. This review highlights the apparent significance of Vibrio fischeri bioluminescence inhibition assay for ecotoxicological screening and evaluation of diverse chemical substances toxicity profile. The biochemical and genetic basis of the bioluminescence assay and its regulatory mechanism have been concisely discussed. The basic test protocol with ongoing improvements, widespread applications, typical advantages and probable limitations of the assay have been overviewed. The sensitivity of VFBIA and toxicity bioassays has also been compared.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mazhar Abbas
- CVAS, Jhang Campus, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Adil
- CVAS, Jhang Campus, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | | | - Bushra Munir
- Department of Biochemistry, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Yameen
- Department of Biochemistry, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Abdul Ghaffar
- Department of Biochemistry, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan.
| | - Ghulam Abbas Shar
- Institute of Chemistry, Shah Abdul Latif University, Khairpur 66020, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - M Asif Tahir
- Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Munawar Iqbal
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan.
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Espinoza-Quiñones FR, Módenes AN, Dos Santos J, Obregón PL, de Pauli AR. Insights on limits of detection, precision and accuracy in TXRF analysis of trace and major elements in environmental solid suspensions. Appl Radiat Isot 2018; 137:80-90. [PMID: 29587163 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2018.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Revised: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
In this work, the analytical capability of the total reflection X-ray fluorescence technique with the S2 PICOFOX spectrometer was investigated. A set of certified reference materials was prepared as solid particulate for TXRF analysis. Experimental data of sensitivity, limits of detection and recovery for many elements were obtained. Good sensitivity and limits of detection with a good recovery range of around 90-110% were achieved. Thus, the TXRF technique exhibits a good analytical potential for its applicability on different materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Rodolfo Espinoza-Quiñones
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Postgraduate Program, West Parana State University, Campus of Toledo, rua da Faculdade 645, Jd. Santa Maria, 85903-000 Toledo, PR, Brazil.
| | - Aparecido Nivaldo Módenes
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Postgraduate Program, West Parana State University, Campus of Toledo, rua da Faculdade 645, Jd. Santa Maria, 85903-000 Toledo, PR, Brazil
| | - Joelmir Dos Santos
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Postgraduate Program, West Parana State University, Campus of Toledo, rua da Faculdade 645, Jd. Santa Maria, 85903-000 Toledo, PR, Brazil
| | - Phallcha Luízar Obregón
- Center for Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Paraná West State University, Campus of Cascavel, 85819-110 Cascavel, PR, Brazil
| | - Aline Roberta de Pauli
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Postgraduate Program, West Parana State University, Campus of Toledo, rua da Faculdade 645, Jd. Santa Maria, 85903-000 Toledo, PR, Brazil
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Zang F, Wang S, Nan Z, Ma J, Li Y, Zhang Q, Chen Y. Immobilization of Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb in mine drainage stream sediment using Chinese loess. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 181:83-91. [PMID: 28432880 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.04.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Revised: 04/08/2017] [Accepted: 04/15/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The in situ immobilization of metal-contaminated sediment, using various amendments, has attracted great attention owing to their cost-effectiveness. The present study investigated the effectiveness of Chinese loess on Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb stabilization by decreasing their bioavailability in contaminated sediment. The loess was mixed with the sediment in doses of 0, 0.5, 1, 2, 5, 10 and 20 kg. Approximately 70 d after loess application, the effectiveness was evaluated using the Tessier sequential extraction procedure and single extractants, including ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid disodium salt (EDTA-2Na), diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA), calcium chloride (CaCl2) and hydrochloric acid (HCl). The results indicated that the loess can effectively transform Cu from the carbonate fraction into the residual fraction when the loess dose was ≥5 kg. However, loess had little effect on Zn, Cd and Pb immobilization. Correlation analysis showed that these four extractants can provide a good indication of the toxicity of Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb in the amended sediment. Additionally, the organic matter content in the amended sediment decreased by 1.4% for CK, 1.6% for L0.5, 1.7% for L1, 1.5% for L2, 1.5% for L5, 1.9% for L10 and 1.9% for L20 (CK: untreated sediment; L0.5 to L20 represent loess doses of 0.5, 1, 2, 5, 10 and 20 kg, respectively) compared to the initial organic matter content in the unamended sediment, which may increase the atmospheric carbon dioxide owing to the degradation of organic matter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Zang
- Gansu Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Prediction and Control, College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Tianshui South Road 222, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu, China; Key Laboratory of Western China's Environmental Systems (Ministry of Education), College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Tianshui South Road 222, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu, China.
| | - Shengli Wang
- Gansu Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Prediction and Control, College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Tianshui South Road 222, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu, China; Key Laboratory of Western China's Environmental Systems (Ministry of Education), College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Tianshui South Road 222, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu, China.
| | - Zhongren Nan
- Gansu Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Prediction and Control, College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Tianshui South Road 222, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu, China; Key Laboratory of Western China's Environmental Systems (Ministry of Education), College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Tianshui South Road 222, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu, China
| | - Jianmin Ma
- Gansu Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Prediction and Control, College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Tianshui South Road 222, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu, China; Key Laboratory of Western China's Environmental Systems (Ministry of Education), College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Tianshui South Road 222, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu, China
| | - Yepu Li
- Gansu Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Prediction and Control, College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Tianshui South Road 222, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu, China; Key Laboratory of Western China's Environmental Systems (Ministry of Education), College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Tianshui South Road 222, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Gansu Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Prediction and Control, College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Tianshui South Road 222, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu, China; Key Laboratory of Western China's Environmental Systems (Ministry of Education), College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Tianshui South Road 222, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu, China
| | - Yazhou Chen
- Gansu Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Prediction and Control, College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Tianshui South Road 222, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu, China; Key Laboratory of Western China's Environmental Systems (Ministry of Education), College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Tianshui South Road 222, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu, China
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Chen W, Qu Y, Xu Z, He F, Chen Z, Huang S, Li Y. Heavy metal (Cu, Cd, Pb, Cr) washing from river sediment using biosurfactant rhamnolipid. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:16344-16350. [PMID: 28547372 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-9272-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Heavy metal-contaminated sediments posed a serious threat to both human beings and environment. A biosurfactant, rhamnolipid, was employed as the washing agent to remove heavy metals in river sediment. Batch experiments were conducted to test the removal capability. The effects of rhamnolipid concentration, washing time, solution pH, and liquid/solid ratio were investigated. The speciation of heavy metals before and after washing in sediment was also analyzed. Heavy metal washing was favored at high concentration, long washing time, and high pH. In addition, the efficiency of washing was closely related to the original speciation of heavy metals in sediment. Rhamnolipid mainly targeted metals in exchangeable, carbonate-bound or Fe-Mn oxide-bound fractions. Overall, rhamnolipid biosurfactant as a washing agent could effectively remove heavy metals from sediment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weifang Chen
- School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, 516 Jungong Rd, Shanghai, 200093, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Qu
- School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, 516 Jungong Rd, Shanghai, 200093, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhihua Xu
- School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, 516 Jungong Rd, Shanghai, 200093, People's Republic of China.
| | - Feifei He
- School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, 516 Jungong Rd, Shanghai, 200093, People's Republic of China
| | - Zai Chen
- School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, 516 Jungong Rd, Shanghai, 200093, People's Republic of China
| | - Sisi Huang
- School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, 516 Jungong Rd, Shanghai, 200093, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuxiang Li
- School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, 516 Jungong Rd, Shanghai, 200093, People's Republic of China
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Du J, Bu Y, Guo S, Tian L, Shen Z. Effects of epoxy resin on ground-granulated blast furnace slag stabilized marine sediments. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra06460h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, an environmentally friendly epoxy resin is mixed with ground-granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) for use as a stabilizer to enhance mechanical performance and leaching resistance properties of marine sediments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiapei Du
- College of Petroleum Engineering
- China University of Petroleum
- 266580 Qingdao
- China
| | - Yuhuan Bu
- College of Petroleum Engineering
- China University of Petroleum
- 266580 Qingdao
- China
| | - Shenglai Guo
- College of Petroleum Engineering
- China University of Petroleum
- 266580 Qingdao
- China
| | - Leiju Tian
- College of Petroleum Engineering
- China University of Petroleum
- 266580 Qingdao
- China
| | - Zhonghou Shen
- College of Petroleum Engineering
- China University of Petroleum
- 266580 Qingdao
- China
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13
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Hurel C, Taneez M, Volpi Ghirardini A, Libralato G. Effects of mineral amendments on trace elements leaching from pre-treated marine sediment after simulated rainfall events. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2017; 220:364-374. [PMID: 27707602 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.09.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Revised: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Bauxite extraction by-products (red mud) were used to evaluate their potential ability to stabilize trace elements from dredged and aerated/humidified marine sediment. The investigated by-products were: bauxaline®(BX) that is a press-filtered red mud; bauxsol™(BS) that is a press-filtered red mud previously washed with excess of seawater, and gypsum neutralized bauxaline® (GBX). These materials were separately mixed to dredged composted sediment sample considering 5% and 20% sediment: stabilizer ratios. For pilot experiments, rainfall events were regularly simulated for 3 months. Concentrations of As, Mo, Cd, Cr, Zn, Cu, and Ni were analyzed in collected leachates as well as toxicity. Results showed that Cd, Mo, Zn, and Cu were efficiently stabilized in the solid matrix when 20% of BX, BS, and GBX was applied. Consequently, toxicity of leachates was lower than for the untreated sediment, meaning that contaminants mobility was reduced. A 5% GBX was also efficient for Mo, Zn and Cu stabilization. In all scenarios, As stabilization was not improved. Compared to all other monitored elements, Mo mobility seemed to depend upon temperature-humidity conditions during pilot experiments suggesting the need of further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Hurel
- Laboratoire de Physique de la Matière Condensée, UMR CNRS 7336, Université de Nice Sophia Antipolis, 28 avenue Valrose, 06108 Nice Cedex 2, France.
| | - M Taneez
- Laboratoire Ecosystèmes Marins et réponse aux stress (ECOMERS), FRE CNRS 3729, Université de Nice Sophia Antipolis, 28 avenue Valrose, 06108 Nice Cedex 2, France
| | - A Volpi Ghirardini
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, University Ca' Foscari Venice, Via Torino 155, 30172 Venezia-Mestre, Italy
| | - G Libralato
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, University Ca' Foscari Venice, Via Torino 155, 30172 Venezia-Mestre, Italy; Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Complesso Universitario di Monte S. Angelo, Via Cinthia ed. 7, 80126 Naples, Italy
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14
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Effect of chemical constituents of oxytetracycline mycelia residue and dredged sediments on characteristics of ultra-lightweight ceramsite. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtice.2016.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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15
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Taneez M, Marmier N, Hurel C. Use of neutralized industrial residue to stabilize trace elements (Cu, Cd, Zn, As, Mo, and Cr) in marine dredged sediment from South-East of France. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 150:116-122. [PMID: 26894678 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Revised: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Management of marine dredged sediments polluted with trace elements is prime issue in the French Mediterranean coast. The polluted sediments possess ecological threats to surrounding environment on land disposal. Therefore, stabilization of contaminants in multi-contaminated marine dredged sediment is a promising technique. Present study aimed to assess the effect of gypsum neutralized bauxaline(®) (bauxite residue) to decrease the availability of pollutants and inherent toxicity of marine dredged sediment. Bauxaline(®), (alumia industry waste) contains high content of iron oxide but its high alkalinity makes it not suitable for the stabilization of all trace elements from multi-contaminated dredged sediments. In this study, neutralized bauxaline(®) was prepared by mixing bauxaline(®) with 5% of plaster. Experiments were carried out for 3 months to study the effect of 5% and 20% amendment rate on the availability of Cu, Cd, Zn, As, Mo, and Cr. Trace elements concentration, pH, EC and dissolved organic carbon were measured in all leachates. Toxicity of leachates was assessed against marine rotifers Brachionus plicatilis. The Results showed that both treatments have immobilization capacity against different pollutants. Significant stabilization of contaminants (Cu, Cd, Zn) was achieved with 20% application rate whereas As, Mo, and Cr were slightly stabilized. Toxicity results revealed that leachates collected from treated sediment were less toxic than the control sediment. These results suggest that application of neutralized bauxaline(®) to dredged sediment is an effective approach to manage large quantities of dredged sediments as well as bauxite residue itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehwish Taneez
- Université Nice Sophia Antipolis, CNRS, FRE 3729 ECOMERS, Parc Valrose 28, Nice, 06108, France.
| | - Nicolas Marmier
- Université Nice Sophia Antipolis, CNRS, FRE 3729 ECOMERS, Parc Valrose 28, Nice, 06108, France
| | - Charlotte Hurel
- Université Nice Sophia Antipolis, CNRS, LPMC, UMR 7336, Parc Valrose, 06108 Nice, France
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16
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Chen WF, Zhang J, Zhang X, Wang W, Li Y. Investigation of heavy metal (Cu, Pb, Cd, and Cr) stabilization in river sediment by nano-zero-valent iron/activated carbon composite. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:1460-1470. [PMID: 26370818 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-5387-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Nano-zero-valent iron/activated carbon (nZVI/AC) composite was evaluated for its effectiveness in the stabilization of Cu, Pb, Cd, and Cr in dredged river sediment. Synthetic precipitation leaching procedure (SPLP) and toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP) were adopted to compare the effects of nZVI/AC dosage, particle size, time duration, and temperature on heavy metal leachability. The results show that leachability dropped considerably with the addition of nZVI/AC and powdered particles in the size of 0.075-0.18 mm was more effective in stabilization than granular ones. Stabilization effect was stable in long-term and robust against changes in temperature. Tessier sequential extraction revealed that heavy metals were associated with solid particle, inorganic or organic matters in sediment. The addition of nZVI/AC was able to convert relatively weakly bound heavy metals into more strongly bound species and thus reduce the bioavailability and toxicity. Also, the standard potential of heavy metals may decide the mechanism of stabilization process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-fang Chen
- School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, 516 Jungong Rd., Shanghai, 200093, China.
| | - Jinghui Zhang
- School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, 516 Jungong Rd., Shanghai, 200093, China
| | - Xiaomao Zhang
- School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, 516 Jungong Rd., Shanghai, 200093, China
| | - Weiya Wang
- School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, 516 Jungong Rd., Shanghai, 200093, China
| | - Yuxiang Li
- School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, 516 Jungong Rd., Shanghai, 200093, China
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17
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Lu XM, Lu PZ, Chen JJ, Zhang H, Fu J. Effect of passivator on Cu form transformation in pig manure aerobic composting and application in soil. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 22:14727-14737. [PMID: 25982987 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-4680-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2014] [Accepted: 05/08/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A sequential extraction approach was used to evaluate the effects of various combinations of passivators (sepiolite, phosphate rock, and coal fly ash) on the concentration and speciation of Cu in swine manure aerobic compost along with soil to which the compost had been applied. The results indicate that the various passivators altered the bound forms of Cu in pig manure and soil; the concentrations of exchangeable and Fe-Mn-bound Cu decreased, whereas the residual Cu concentration increased, indicating that Cu transformed to low-availability forms after the passivator treatments. The concentrations of the carbonate-bound and organic-bound Cu varied widely. Among all treatments, the treatment of the control + straw + sepiolite + coal fly ash (2.5 %) + phosphate rock (5.0 %) resulted in the most efficient passivation of Cu; the percentage of residual Cu reached 3.91-21.14 %, obviously surpassing the percentage for the control without passivation. The treatment of the control + straw + sepiolite + phosphate rock (2.5 %) resulted in the lowest residual Cu fraction (0.85 %) among passivator treatments. These results show that the addition of suitable combinations of passivators to the composting process reduced the availability of Cu and the risk of Cu pollution during the application of composted pig manure to soil. Passivation also decreased the Cu content of Apium graveolens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Ming Lu
- Institute for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Wenzhou Vocational College of Science and Technology, 325006, Wenzhou, China.
| | - Peng-Zhen Lu
- Faculty of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Zhejiang University of Technology, 310014, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jian-Jun Chen
- College of Hydraulic and Environment Engineering, China Three Gorges University, 443002, YiChang, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Institute for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Wenzhou Vocational College of Science and Technology, 325006, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jie Fu
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA.
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18
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Taneez M, Hurel C, Marmier N. Ex-situ evaluation of bauxite residues as amendment for trace elements stabilization in dredged sediment from Mediterranean Sea: A case study. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2015; 98:229-234. [PMID: 26146133 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2015.06.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Revised: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 06/27/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Stabilization of marine dredged sediments contaminated with multi-elements is a challenging task in choosing the appropriate sorbent and application dosage. The present study investigates the possibility of using bauxite residues (Bauxaline® and Bauxsol) as amendment for the treatment of contaminated sediment. A pilot scale experiment was conducted for three months to stabilize trace elements in composted contaminated sediment sample using 5% by-product amendment. The results showed that after 3months of treatment, cationic trace elements were effectively immobilized but increased leaching of anionic pollutants was observed. Increased leaching of anionic pollutants could be limited by addition of higher quantities of amendments. The total content of available pollutants decreased in stabilized sediments but this treatment has no effect on the classification of waste. The leachates were then evaluated for acute toxicity using estuarine rotifers Brachionus plicatilis. Bauxite residues can be inexpensive choices for the stabilization of cationic pollutants in dredged sediments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehwish Taneez
- University of Nice Sophia-Antipolis, Laboratoire des Ecosystèmes Marins Côtiers et Réponses aux Stress (ECOMERS/EA 4228), Faculty of Sciences, Parc Valrose, 06108 Nice Cedex 02, France.
| | - Charlotte Hurel
- University of Nice Sophia-Antipolis, Laboratoire des Ecosystèmes Marins Côtiers et Réponses aux Stress (ECOMERS/EA 4228), Faculty of Sciences, Parc Valrose, 06108 Nice Cedex 02, France
| | - Nicolas Marmier
- University of Nice Sophia-Antipolis, Laboratoire des Ecosystèmes Marins Côtiers et Réponses aux Stress (ECOMERS/EA 4228), Faculty of Sciences, Parc Valrose, 06108 Nice Cedex 02, France
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19
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Bouyarmane H, El Hanbali I, El Karbane M, Rami A, Saoiabi A, Saoiabi S, Masse S, Coradin T, Laghzizil A. Parameters influencing ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, amoxicillin and sulfamethoxazole retention by natural and converted calcium phosphates. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2015; 291:38-44. [PMID: 25749000 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2015.02.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2014] [Revised: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The retention of four antibiotics, ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, amoxicillin and sulfamethoxazole by a natural phosphate rock (francolite) was studied and compared with a converted hydroxyapatite powder. The maximum sorption capacities were found to correlate with the molecular weight of the molecules. The mechanisms of sorption depended mostly on the charge of the antibiotic whereas the kinetics of the process was sensitive to their hydrophobic/hydrophilic character. The two materials showed slightly distinct affinities for the various antibiotics but exhibited similar maximum sorption capacities despite different specific surface areas. This was mainly attributed to the more pronounced hydrophobic character of the francolite phase constituting the natural phosphate. These data enlighten that the retention properties of these mineral phases depend on a complex interplay between the inter-molecular and molecule-solid interactions. These findings are relevant to understand better the contribution of calcium phosphates in the fate and retention of antibiotics in soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Bouyarmane
- Laboratoire de Chimie Physique Générale, Université Mohammed V-Agdal, Faculté des Sciences, BP. 1014 Rabat, Morocco
| | - I El Hanbali
- Laboratoire de Chimie Physique Générale, Université Mohammed V-Agdal, Faculté des Sciences, BP. 1014 Rabat, Morocco; Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR 7574, Laboratoire de Chimie de la Matière Condensée de Paris, F-75005 Paris, France; CNRS, UMR 7574, Laboratoire de Chimie de la Matière Condensée de Paris, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - M El Karbane
- Laboratoire National de Contrôle des Médicaments, Rabat, Morocco
| | - A Rami
- Laboratoire National de Contrôle des Médicaments, Rabat, Morocco
| | - A Saoiabi
- Laboratoire de Chimie Physique Générale, Université Mohammed V-Agdal, Faculté des Sciences, BP. 1014 Rabat, Morocco
| | - S Saoiabi
- Laboratoire de Chimie Physique Générale, Université Mohammed V-Agdal, Faculté des Sciences, BP. 1014 Rabat, Morocco
| | - S Masse
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR 7574, Laboratoire de Chimie de la Matière Condensée de Paris, F-75005 Paris, France; CNRS, UMR 7574, Laboratoire de Chimie de la Matière Condensée de Paris, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - T Coradin
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR 7574, Laboratoire de Chimie de la Matière Condensée de Paris, F-75005 Paris, France; CNRS, UMR 7574, Laboratoire de Chimie de la Matière Condensée de Paris, F-75005 Paris, France.
| | - A Laghzizil
- Laboratoire de Chimie Physique Générale, Université Mohammed V-Agdal, Faculté des Sciences, BP. 1014 Rabat, Morocco.
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Thiéry V. Characterization of fibrous mimetite. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2014; 20:596-601. [PMID: 24548472 DOI: 10.1017/s143192761301413x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Mimetite, Pb5(AsO4)3Cl, is a ubiquitous mineral that is of interest in various fields such as ore mineralogy, environmental studies, and minerals engineering. Mimetite generally forms hexagonal prisms and barrel-shaped crystals, but its fibrous form is quite an uncommon one. Here we attempt to present its worldwide occurrences on the basis of a literature review. We then present a study on fibrous mimetite from one of its historical locations based on the petrographic microscope, SEM-SE and EDX, and Raman spectroscopy.
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