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Ye Z, Huang J, Liang Z, Liu S, Lei J, Deng S, Zheng B, Hong C, Wang Y, Wang X, Gao Q, Yang Y. A case study showing highly traceable sources of bacteria on surfaces of university buildings. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2024; 281:116632. [PMID: 38959791 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2024.116632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2024] [Revised: 06/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
University students predominantly spend their time indoors, where prolonged exposure raises the risk of contact with microorganisms of concern. However, our knowledge about the microbial community characteristics on university campus and their underpinnings is limited. To address it, we characterized bacterial communities from the surfaces of various built environments typical of a university campus, including cafeterias, classrooms, dormitories, offices, meeting rooms, and restrooms, in addition to human skin. The classrooms harbored the highest α-diversity, while the cafeterias had the lowest α-diversity. The bacterial community composition varied significantly across different building types. Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, and Cyanobacteria were common phyla in university buildings, accounting for more than 90 % of total abundance. Staphylococcus aureus was the most abundant potential pathogen in classrooms, dormitories, offices, restrooms, and on human skin, indicating a potential risk for skin disease infections in these buildings. We further developed a new quantitative pathogenic risk assessment method according to the threat of pathogens to humans and found that classrooms exhibited the highest potential risk. The fast expectation-maximization algorithm identified 59 %-86 % of bacterial sources in buildings, with the human skin as the largest bacterial source for most buildings. As the sources of bacteria were highly traceable, we showed that homogeneous selection, dispersal limitation, and ecological drift were major ecological forces that drove community assembly. Our findings have important implications for predicting the distribution and sources of indoor dust bacterial communities on university campus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhencheng Ye
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Jide Huang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhengxiong Liang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Suo Liu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiesi Lei
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Sihang Deng
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Bo Zheng
- Institute of Environment and Ecology, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Chaopeng Hong
- Institute of Environment and Ecology, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yong Wang
- Institute for Ocean Engineering, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiaoxiong Wang
- Institute for Ocean Engineering, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Qun Gao
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yunfeng Yang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China; Institute of Environment and Ecology, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China.
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Wang Y, Li X, Qu T, Huang F, Xu J, Gao H, Zhang S. Defective ferritinophagy and imbalanced iron metabolism in PBDE-47-triggered neuronal ferroptosis and salvage by Canolol. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 934:173118. [PMID: 38750757 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.173118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Revised: 05/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024]
Abstract
The brominated flame retardant 2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (PBDE-47) is a ubiquitous environmental pollutant that causes neurotoxicity. However, incomplete understanding of the underlying mechanisms has hampered the development of effective intervention strategies. Oxidative stress and related cell death are the modes of action for PBDE-47 neurotoxicity, which are also the characteristics of ferroptosis. Nonetheless, the role of ferroptosis in PBDE-47-induced neurotoxicity remains unclear. In the present study, we found that PBDE-47 triggered ferroptosis in neuron-like PC12 cells, as evidenced by intracellular iron overload, lipid peroxidation, and mitochondrial damage. This was confirmed by ferroptosis inhibitors including the lipid reactive oxygen species scavenger ferrostatin-1 and iron chelator deferoxamine mesylate. Mechanistically, PBDE-47 impaired ferritinophagy by disrupting nuclear receptor coactivator 4-mediated lysosomal degradation of the iron storage protein ferritin. Moreover, PBDE-47 disturbed iron metabolism by increasing cellular iron import via upregulation of transferrin receptor 1 and decreasing cellular iron export via downregulation of ferroportin 1 (FPN1). Intriguingly, rescuing lysosomal function by overexpressing cathepsin B (CatB) mitigated PBDE-47-induced ferroptosis by partially restoring dysfunctional ferritinophagy and enhancing iron excretion via the upregulation of FPN1. However, FPN1 knockdown reversed the beneficial effects of CatB overexpression on the PBDE-47-induced iron overload. Finally, network pharmacology integrated with experimental validation revealed that Canolol, the main phenolic compound in canola oil, protected against PBDE-47-evoked iron overload, resulting in ferroptosis by restoring defective ferritinophagy and improving abnormal iron metabolism via lowering iron uptake and facilitating iron excretion. Overall, these data suggest that ferroptosis is a novel mechanism of PBDE-47-induced neuronal death and that manipulation of ferritinophagy and iron metabolism via Canolol represents a promising therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yafei Wang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, MOE Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xiaoning Li
- Department of preventive medicine services, Wuhan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 288 Machang Road, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Tengjiao Qu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, MOE Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Fenghong Huang
- Department of Nutriology, Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Lipid Chemistry and Nutrition, Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Jiqu Xu
- Department of Nutriology, Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Lipid Chemistry and Nutrition, Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
| | - Hui Gao
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
| | - Shun Zhang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, MOE Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
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3
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Stelzer VB, da Silva AA, Penteado CSG, Cristale J. Organophosphate esters in inert landfill soil: A case study. WASTE MANAGEMENT & RESEARCH : THE JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOLID WASTES AND PUBLIC CLEANSING ASSOCIATION, ISWA 2024; 42:583-590. [PMID: 37638685 DOI: 10.1177/0734242x231190813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphate esters (OPEs) used as flame retardants and plasticizers are additives in building and construction materials, decorations, furniture, electronic equipment, among other applications. The presence of materials containing these substances in construction and demolition waste (CDW) from weak waste management practices can result in environmental contamination. In this study, OPEs' presence in soil samples collected from a CDW landfill in Brazil was evaluated. Soil samples were collected in areas adjacent to CDW from an inert landfill, and the samples were analysed by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. The OPEs were detected in all soil samples at quantifiable concentrations ranging from 21 to 251 ng g-1, and detected compounds were tris(phenyl) phosphate, tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate, tris(1,3-dichloroisopropyl) phosphate, tris(2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate and 2-ethylhexyl diphenyl phosphate. The presence of these compounds in a CDW landfill is probably due to the lack of control of the materials sent to and deposited in the landfill, which, results in part from the lack of sampling and screening systems that can help identify the presence of contaminants in the CDW waste stream. This is partially due to OPEs not being considered controlled compounds under current regulations, thus screening or separation for handling of OPEs at construction and demolition work sites is rare to non-existent. The data generated in this study reveals the need for improving CDW management to minimize, if not eliminate, environmental contamination by OPEs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Joyce Cristale
- School of Technology, University of Campinas, Limeira, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- Center for Nuclear Energy in Agriculture, University of Sao Paulo, Piracicaba, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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Cseresznye A, Hardy EM, Ait Bamai Y, Cleys P, Poma G, Malarvannan G, Scheepers PTJ, Viegas S, Martins C, Porras SP, Santonen T, Godderis L, Verdonck J, Poels K, João Silva M, Louro H, Martinsone I, Akūlova L, van Dael M, van Nieuwenhuyse A, Mahiout S, Duca RC, Covaci A. HBM4EU E-waste study: Assessing persistent organic pollutants in blood, silicone wristbands, and settled dust among E-waste recycling workers in Europe. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 250:118537. [PMID: 38408627 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.118537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2024] [Revised: 02/17/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
E-waste recycling is an increasingly important activity that contributes to reducing the burden of end-of-life electronic and electrical apparatus and allows for the EU's transition to a circular economy. This study investigated the exposure levels of selected persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in workers from e-waste recycling facilities across Europe. The concentrations of seven polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and eight polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) congeners were measured by GC-MS. Workers were categorized into five groups based on the type of e-waste handled and two control groups. Generalized linear models were used to assess the determinants of exposure levels among workers. POPs levels were also assessed in dust and silicone wristbands (SWB) and compared with serum. Four PCB congeners (CB 118, 138, 153, and 180) were frequently detected in serum regardless of worker's category. With the exception of CB 118, all tested PCBs were significantly higher in workers compared to the control group. Controls working in the same company as occupationally exposed (Within control group), also displayed higher levels of serum CB 180 than non-industrial controls with no known exposures to these chemicals (Outwith controls) (p < 0.05). BDE 209 was the most prevalent POP in settled dust (16 μg/g) and SWB (220 ng/WB). Spearman correlation revealed moderate to strong positive correlations between SWB and dust. Increased age and the number of years smoked cigarettes were key determinants for workers exposure. Estimated daily intake through dust ingestion revealed that ΣPCB was higher for both the 50th (0.03 ng/kg bw/day) and 95th (0.09 ng/kg bw/day) percentile exposure scenarios compared to values reported for the general population. This study is one of the first to address the occupational exposure to PCBs and PBDEs in Europe among e-waste workers through biomonitoring combined with analysis of settled dust and SWB. Our findings suggest that e-waste workers may face elevated PCB exposure and that appropriate exposure assessments are needed to establish effective mitigation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Cseresznye
- Toxicological Centre, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Emilie M Hardy
- Environmental Hygiene and Human Biological Monitoring, Department of Health Protection, Laboratoire National de Santé (LNS), Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Yu Ait Bamai
- Toxicological Centre, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; Center for Environmental and Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Paulien Cleys
- Toxicological Centre, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Giulia Poma
- Toxicological Centre, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Govindan Malarvannan
- Toxicological Centre, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Paul T J Scheepers
- Radboud Institute for Biological and Environmental Sciences, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Susana Viegas
- Comprehensive Health Research Center, NOVA National School of Public Health, Public Health Research Centre, NOVA University Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Carla Martins
- Comprehensive Health Research Center, NOVA National School of Public Health, Public Health Research Centre, NOVA University Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Simo P Porras
- Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tiina Santonen
- Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Lode Godderis
- Environment and Health, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Idewe, External Service for Prevention and Protection at Work, Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Jelle Verdonck
- Environment and Health, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Katrien Poels
- Environment and Health, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Maria João Silva
- ToxOmics -Centre for Toxicogenomics and Human Health, Department of Human Genetics, National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge (INSA), NOVA Medical School, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Henriqueta Louro
- ToxOmics -Centre for Toxicogenomics and Human Health, Department of Human Genetics, National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge (INSA), NOVA Medical School, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Inese Martinsone
- Institute of Occupational Safety and Environmental Health, Rīgas Stradiņš University, Riga, Latvia
| | - Lāsma Akūlova
- Institute of Occupational Safety and Environmental Health, Rīgas Stradiņš University, Riga, Latvia
| | - Maurice van Dael
- Radboud Institute for Biological and Environmental Sciences, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - An van Nieuwenhuyse
- Environmental Hygiene and Human Biological Monitoring, Department of Health Protection, Laboratoire National de Santé (LNS), Luxembourg, Luxembourg; Environment and Health, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Selma Mahiout
- Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Radu Corneliu Duca
- Environmental Hygiene and Human Biological Monitoring, Department of Health Protection, Laboratoire National de Santé (LNS), Luxembourg, Luxembourg; Environment and Health, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Adrian Covaci
- Toxicological Centre, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
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Xu T, Liu K, Zhang Y, Chen Y, Yin D. EGFR and Hippo signaling pathways are involved in organophosphate esters-induced proliferation and migration of triple-negative breast cancer cells. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:41939-41952. [PMID: 38856849 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-33872-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
The widespread application of organophosphate flame retardants has led to pervasive exposure to organophosphate esters (OPEs), prompting considerable concerns regarding their potential health risk to humans. Despite hints from previous research about OPEs' association with breast cancer, their specific effects and underlying mechanisms of triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) remain unclear. In this study, we investigated the effects of four representative OPEs on cell proliferation, cell cycle regulation, migration, and the expression of genes and proteins associated with the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and Hippo signaling pathways in TNBC (MDA-MB-231) cells. Our findings revealed that treatment with 1-25 μM triphenyl phosphate (TPHP) and tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCIPP) induced TNBC cell proliferation and accelerated cell cycle progression, with upregulation in MYC, CCND1, and BRCA1 mRNA. Moreover, exposure to 1-25 μM TPHP, 10-25 μM TDCIPP, and 1-10 μM tris (2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP) induced MMP2/9 mRNA expression and enhanced migratory capacity, except for 2-ethylhexyl diphenyl phosphate (EHDPP). Mechanistically, four OPEs treatments activated the EGFR-ERK1/2 and EGFR-PI3K/AKT signaling pathways by increasing the transcript of EGFR, ERK1/2, PI3K, and AKT mRNA. OPEs treatment also suppressed the Hippo signaling pathway by inhibiting the expression of MST1 mRNA and phosphorylation of LATS1, leading to the overactivation of YAP1 protein, thereby promoting TNBC cell proliferation and migration. In summary, our study elucidated that activation of the EGFR signaling pathway and suppression of the Hippo signaling pathway contributed to the proliferation, cell cycle dysregulation, and migration of TNBC cells following exposure to OPEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Xu
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
- Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Kaiyue Liu
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Yajie Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Yawen Chen
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China.
- Post-doctoral Research Station of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China.
| | - Daqiang Yin
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
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Yang J, Yao Y, Li X, He A, Chen S, Wang Y, Dong X, Chen H, Wang Y, Wang L, Sun H. Nontarget Identification of Novel Organophosphorus Flame Retardants and Plasticizers in Indoor Air and Dust from Multiple Microenvironments in China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:7986-7997. [PMID: 38657129 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.4c00568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
The indoor environment is a typical source for organophosphorus flame retardants and plasticizers (OPFRs), yet the source characteristics of OPFRs in different microenvironments remain less clear. This study collected 109 indoor air samples and 34 paired indoor dust samples from 4 typical microenvironments within a university in Tianjin, China, including the dormitory, office, library, and information center. 29 target OPFRs were analyzed, and novel organophosphorus compounds (NOPs) were identified by fragment-based nontarget analysis. Target OPFRs exhibited the highest air and dust concentrations of 46.2-234 ng/m3 and 20.4-76.0 μg/g, respectively, in the information center, where chlorinated OPFRs were dominant. Triphenyl phosphate (TPHP) was the primary OPFR in office air, while tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate dominated in the dust. TPHP was predominant in the library. Triethyl phosphate (TEP) was ubiquitous in the dormitory, and tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate was particularly high in the dust. 9 of 25 NOPs were identified for the first time, mainly from the information center and office, such as bis(chloropropyl) 2,3-dichloropropyl phosphate. Diphenyl phosphinic acid, two hydroxylated and methylated metabolites of tris(2,4-ditert-butylphenyl) phosphite (AO168), and a dimer phosphate were newly reported in the indoor environment. NOPs were widely associated with target OPFRs, and their human exposure risk and environmental behaviors warrant further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Yang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Yiming Yao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Ana He
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Shijie Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Yulong Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Xiaoyu Dong
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Hao Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Yu Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Lei Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Hongwen Sun
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
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Dvoršćak M, Živančev J, Jagić K, Buljovčić M, Antić I, Đurišić-Mladenović N, Klinčić D. Contamination levels, influencing factors, and risk assessment of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in house dust of northern Serbia. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:25033-25045. [PMID: 38466382 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-32836-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are a group of compounds that, due to their applications, are considered mainly indoor contaminants. To obtain the first information about the presence of PBDEs in Serbia, dust samples (n = 50) were collected in settlements in the northern Serbian province of Vojvodina. The selected/target congeners (BDE-28, 47, 99, 100, 153, 154, and 183) were extracted from house dust by microwave-assisted extraction technique, and purified extracts were analyzed on a dual-column gas chromatograph with micro-electron capture detectors. A wide range of ΣPBDEs was detected (0.295 to 394 ng g-1 dust), which reflects large differences in contamination among the examined homes. For the majority of samples (72%), ΣPBDEs were lower than 5 ng g-1 indicating that people living in Vojvodina province are exposed to low concentrations of PBDEs present in their households. Based on principal component analysis (PCA), balcony areas and age of the house positively correlate with the PBDE congeners with higher detection frequencies (≥ 50%), namely, with BDE-99, BDE-153, and BDE-183. Statistically significant positive correlation (p < 0.01) was obtained for BDE-99 and the number of household's members. Estimated daily intakes (EDItot) were calculated for ingestion and dermal absorption of dust for two age groups-adults and toddlers. These are the first data on PBDE status in the area of the Western Balkan, and the health risk assessment indicates that PBDE levels obtained in household dust do not pose a risk for human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marija Dvoršćak
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska c. 2, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Jelena Živančev
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Technology Novi Sad, Bulevar cara Lazara 1, 21 000, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Karla Jagić
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska c. 2, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Maja Buljovčić
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Technology Novi Sad, Bulevar cara Lazara 1, 21 000, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Igor Antić
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Technology Novi Sad, Bulevar cara Lazara 1, 21 000, Novi Sad, Serbia.
| | - Nataša Đurišić-Mladenović
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Technology Novi Sad, Bulevar cara Lazara 1, 21 000, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Darija Klinčić
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska c. 2, Zagreb, Croatia
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8
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Masinga P, Simbanegavi TT, Makuvara Z, Marumure J, Chaukura N, Gwenzi W. Emerging organic contaminants in the soil-plant-receptor continuum: transport, fate, health risks, and removal mechanisms. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2024; 196:367. [PMID: 38488937 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-023-12282-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
There is a lack of comprehensive reviews tracking emerging organic contaminants (EOCs) within the soil-plant continuum using the source-pathway-receptor-impact-mitigation (SPRIM) framework. Therefore, this review examines existing literature to gain insights into the occurrence, behaviour, fate, health hazards, and strategies for mitigating EOCs within the soil-plant system. EOCs identified in the soil-plant system encompass endocrine-disrupting chemicals, surfactants, pharmaceuticals, personal care products, plasticizers, gasoline additives, flame retardants, and per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS). Sources of EOCs in the soil-plant system include the land application of biosolids, wastewater, and solid wastes rich in EOCs. However, less-studied sources encompass plastics and atmospheric deposition. EOCs are transported from their sources to the soil-plant system and other receptors through human activities, wind-driven processes, and hydrological pathways. The behaviour, persistence, and fate of EOCs within the soil-plant system are discussed, including sorption, degradation, phase partitioning, (bio)transformation, biouptake, translocation, and bioaccumulation in plants. Factors governing the behaviour, persistence, and fate of EOCs in the soil-plant system include pH, redox potential, texture, temperature, and soil organic matter content. The review also discusses the environmental receptors of EOCs, including their exchange with other environmental compartments (aquatic and atmospheric), and interactions with soil organisms. The ecological health risks, human exposure via inhalation of particulate matter and consumption of contaminated food, and hazards associated with various EOCs in the soil-plant system are discussed. Various mitigation measures including removal technologies of EOCs in the soil are discussed. Finally, future research directions are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Privilege Masinga
- Department of Soil Science and Environment, Faculty of Agriculture, Environment, and Food Systems, University of Zimbabwe, Mount Pleasant, P. O. Box MP 167, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Tinoziva T Simbanegavi
- Department of Soil Science and Environment, Faculty of Agriculture, Environment, and Food Systems, University of Zimbabwe, Mount Pleasant, P. O. Box MP 167, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Zakio Makuvara
- Department of Physics, Geography and Environmental Science, School of Natural Sciences, Great Zimbabwe University, Masvingo, Zimbabwe
- Department of Life and Consumer Sciences, School of Agriculture and Life Sciences, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of South Africa, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Jerikias Marumure
- Department of Physics, Geography and Environmental Science, School of Natural Sciences, Great Zimbabwe University, Masvingo, Zimbabwe
- Department of Life and Consumer Sciences, School of Agriculture and Life Sciences, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of South Africa, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Nhamo Chaukura
- Department of Physical and Earth Sciences, Sol Plaatje University, Kimberley, 8301, South Africa
| | - Willis Gwenzi
- Biosystems and Engineering Research Group, 380 New Adylin, Marlborough, Harare, Zimbabwe.
- Biosystems and Environmental Engineering Research Group, 380 New Adylin, Marlborough, Harare, Zimbabwe.
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Ma Y, Stubbings WA, Jin J, Cline-Cole R, Abdallah MAE, Harrad S. Impact of Legislation on Brominated Flame Retardant Concentrations in UK Indoor and Outdoor Environments: Evidence for Declining Indoor Emissions of Some Legacy BFRs. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:4237-4246. [PMID: 38386008 PMCID: PMC10919073 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c05286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers, hexabromocyclododecane (HBCDD), and novel brominated flame retardants (NBFRs) were measured in indoor dust, indoor air, and outdoor air in Birmingham, UK. Concentrations of ΣBFRs ranged from 490 to 89,000 ng/g, 46-14,000 pg/m3, and 22-11,000 pg/m3, respectively, in UK indoor dust, indoor air, and outdoor air. BDE-209 and decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) were the main contributors. The maximum concentration of DBDPE (10,000 pg/m3) in outdoor air is the highest reported anywhere to date. In contrast with previous studies of outdoor air in Birmingham, we observed significant correlations between concentrations of tri- to hepta-BDEs and HBCDD and temperature. This may suggest that primary emissions from ongoing use of these BFRs have diminished and that secondary emissions (e.g., evaporation from soil) are now a potentially major source of these BFRs in outdoor air. Conversely, the lack of significant correlations between temperature and concentrations of BDE-209 and DBDPE may indicate that ongoing primary emissions from indoor sources remain important for these BFRs. Further research to clarify the relative importance of primary and secondary sources of BFRs to outdoor air is required. Comparison with earlier studies in Birmingham reveals significant (p < 0.05) declines in concentrations of legacy BFRs, but significant increases for NBFRs over the past decade. While there appear minimal health burdens from BFR exposure for UK adults, dust ingestion of BDE-209 may pose a significant risk for UK toddlers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulong Ma
- School
of Geography, Earth, and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K.
| | - William A. Stubbings
- School
of Geography, Earth, and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K.
| | - Jingxi Jin
- School
of Geography, Earth, and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K.
| | - Reginald Cline-Cole
- Department
of African Studies & Anthropology, School of History and Cultures, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K.
| | | | - Stuart Harrad
- School
of Geography, Earth, and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K.
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10
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Schrenk D, Bignami M, Bodin L, Chipman JK, del Mazo J, Grasl‐Kraupp B, Hogstrand C, (Ron) Hoogenboom L, Leblanc J, Nebbia CS, Nielsen E, Ntzani E, Petersen A, Sand S, Schwerdtle T, Wallace H, Benford D, Fürst P, Hart A, Rose M, Schroeder H, Vrijheid M, Ioannidou S, Nikolič M, Bordajandi LR, Vleminckx C. Update of the risk assessment of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in food. EFSA J 2024; 22:e8497. [PMID: 38269035 PMCID: PMC10807361 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2024.8497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The European Commission asked EFSA to update its 2011 risk assessment on polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in food, focusing on 10 congeners: BDE-28, -47, -49, -99, -100, -138, -153, -154, -183 and ‑209. The CONTAM Panel concluded that the neurodevelopmental effects on behaviour and reproductive/developmental effects are the critical effects in rodent studies. For four congeners (BDE-47, -99, -153, -209) the Panel derived Reference Points, i.e. benchmark doses and corresponding lower 95% confidence limits (BMDLs), for endpoint-specific benchmark responses. Since repeated exposure to PBDEs results in accumulation of these chemicals in the body, the Panel estimated the body burden at the BMDL in rodents, and the chronic intake that would lead to the same body burden in humans. For the remaining six congeners no studies were available to identify Reference Points. The Panel concluded that there is scientific basis for inclusion of all 10 congeners in a common assessment group and performed a combined risk assessment. The Panel concluded that the combined margin of exposure (MOET) approach was the most appropriate risk metric and applied a tiered approach to the risk characterisation. Over 84,000 analytical results for the 10 congeners in food were used to estimate the exposure across dietary surveys and age groups of the European population. The most important contributors to the chronic dietary Lower Bound exposure to PBDEs were meat and meat products and fish and seafood. Taking into account the uncertainties affecting the assessment, the Panel concluded that it is likely that current dietary exposure to PBDEs in the European population raises a health concern.
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11
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Hou G, Wang Q, Li N, Zhao Y, Wang Z, Shi S, Liu D, Zhang Y, Hu P, Zhao L, Cao Z. Face mask as an indicator and shield of human exposure to traditional and novel organophosphate esters. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2024; 183:108389. [PMID: 38118213 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2023.108389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/22/2023]
Abstract
Herein, the trapping effectiveness of N95, filter KN95, medical surgical masks (MSMs), and disposable medical masks (DMMs) against 19 airborne traditional and novel organophosphate esters (OPEs) was evaluated. Laboratory simulations (n = 24 for each type of mask) showed that time-dependent accumulation of ∑19OPEs on the four types of masks ranged between 30.1 and 86.6 ng in 24 h, with the highest and lowest median amounts trapped by the N95 masks (53.3 ng) and DMMs (43.2 ng), respectively. The trapping efficiency of the four types of masks for ∑19OPEs decreased over time from 84 % to 39 % in 24 h, with N95 masks showing the highest median efficiency (70 %). Further, field investigations were conducted in five types of microenvironments (train, hospital, bus, supermarket, and canteen), and an analysis of 200 samples showed that ∑19OPEs were accumulated in the masks with a variable amount from 3.7 to 117 ng/mask. Consistent with the laboratory simulations, the N95 masks (29.0 ng/mask) exhibited the highest hourly median amount of trapped OPEs, followed by the KN95 masks (24.5 ng/mask), MSMSs (17.4 ng/mask), and DMMs (15.8 ng/mask). Triethyl phosphate (TEP), tris(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TCIPP), tri-n-butyl phosphate (TNBP), and cresyl diphenyl phosphate (CDP) as well as 4-isopropylphenyl diphenyl phosphate (4IPPDPP) and 2,4-diisopropylphenyl diphenyl phosphate (24DIPPDPP) were the most commonly detected traditional and novel OPEs. Based on the amount of OPEs trapped on the masks, we estimated the concentration of ∑19OPEs in the train microenvironment to be the highest (222 ng/m3), which is approximately 2-5 times higher than that in the other microenvironments. The results of this study prove that masks can effectively protect humans from exposure to OPEs and act as low-cost indicators of indoor contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guodong Hou
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Qiyue Wang
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Na Li
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Youhua Zhao
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Zhexi Wang
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Shiyu Shi
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Donghai Liu
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Yacai Zhang
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Pengtuan Hu
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Leicheng Zhao
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China.
| | - Zhiguo Cao
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China.
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12
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Navarro I, de la Torre A, Sanz P, Baldi I, Harkes P, Huerta-Lwanga E, Nørgaard T, Glavan M, Pasković I, Pasković MP, Abrantes N, Campos I, Alcon F, Contreras J, Alaoui A, Hofman J, Vested A, Bureau M, Aparicio V, Mandrioli D, Sgargi D, Mol H, Geissen V, Silva V, Martínez MÁ. Occurrence of pesticide residues in indoor dust of farmworker households across Europe and Argentina. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 905:167797. [PMID: 37838044 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/16/2023]
Abstract
Pesticides are widely used as plant protection products (PPPs) in farming systems to preserve crops against pests, weeds, and fungal diseases. Indoor dust can act as a chemical repository revealing occurrence of pesticides in the indoor environment at the time of sampling and the (recent) past. This in turn provides information on the exposure of humans to pesticides in their homes. In the present study, part of the Horizon 2020 funded SPRINT project, the presence of 198 pesticide residues was assessed in 128 indoor dust samples from both conventional and organic farmworker households across Europe, and in Argentina. Mixtures of pesticide residues were found in all dust samples (25-121, min-max; 75, median). Concentrations varied in a wide range (<0.01 ng/g-206 μg/g), with glyphosate and its degradation product AMPA, permethrin, cypermethrin and piperonyl butoxide found in highest levels. Regarding the type of pesticides, insecticides showed significantly higher levels than herbicides and fungicides. Indoor dust samples related to organic farms showed a significantly lower number of residues, total and individual concentrations than those related to conventional farms. Some pesticides found in indoor dust were no longer approved ones (29 %), with acute/chronic hazards to human health (32 %) and with environmental toxicity (21 %).
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Navarro
- Unit of POPs and Emerging Pollutants in Environment, Department of Environment, CIEMAT, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Adrián de la Torre
- Unit of POPs and Emerging Pollutants in Environment, Department of Environment, CIEMAT, Madrid, Spain
| | - Paloma Sanz
- Unit of POPs and Emerging Pollutants in Environment, Department of Environment, CIEMAT, Madrid, Spain
| | - Isabelle Baldi
- University of Bordeaux, INSERM, BPH, U1219 Bordeaux, France
| | - Paula Harkes
- Soil Physics and Land Management Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Esperanza Huerta-Lwanga
- Soil Physics and Land Management Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | | | - Matjaž Glavan
- Agronomy Department, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Igor Pasković
- Department of Agriculture and Nutrition, Institute of Agriculture and Tourism, Porec, Croatia
| | - Marija Polić Pasković
- Department of Agriculture and Nutrition, Institute of Agriculture and Tourism, Porec, Croatia
| | - Nelson Abrantes
- Department of Biology and CESAM, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Isabel Campos
- Department of Environment and Planning and CESAM, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Francisco Alcon
- Department of Business Economics, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Spain
| | - Josefina Contreras
- Department Agricultural Engineering, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Spain
| | - Abdallah Alaoui
- Institute of Geography, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Jakub Hofman
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Anne Vested
- Department of Public Health - Unit for Environment, Occupation, and Health, Danish Ramazzini Centre, Aarhus University, Denmark
| | | | | | - Daniele Mandrioli
- Cesare Maltoni Cancer Research Center, Ramazzini Institute, Bologna, Italy
| | - Daria Sgargi
- Cesare Maltoni Cancer Research Center, Ramazzini Institute, Bologna, Italy
| | - Hans Mol
- Wageningen Food Safety Research - part of Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Violette Geissen
- Soil Physics and Land Management Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Vera Silva
- Soil Physics and Land Management Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - María Ángeles Martínez
- Unit of POPs and Emerging Pollutants in Environment, Department of Environment, CIEMAT, Madrid, Spain
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13
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Wang N, Lai C, Xu F, Huang D, Zhang M, Zhou X, Xu M, Li Y, Li L, Liu S, Huang X, Nie J, Li H. A review of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and novel brominated flame retardants in Chinese aquatic environment: Source, occurrence, distribution, and ecological risk assessment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 904:166180. [PMID: 37562617 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
Due to the widespread commercial production and use of brominated flame retardants (BFRs) in China, their potential impact on human health development should not be underestimated. This review searched the literature on Polybrominated diphenyl ethers and Novel brominated flame retardant (PBDEs and NBFRs) (broad BFRs) in the aquatic environment (including surface water and sediment) in China over the last decade. It was found that PBDEs and NBFRs entered the aquatic environment through four main pathways, atmospheric deposition, surface runoff, sewage effluent and microplastic decomposition. The distribution of PBDEs and NBFRs in the aquatic environment was highly correlated with the local economic structure and population density. In addition, a preliminary risk assessment of existing PBDEs and PBDEs in sediments showed that areas with high-risk quotient values were always located in coastal areas with e-waste dismantling sites, which was mainly attributed to the historical legacy of electronic waste. This research provides help for the human health development and regional risk planning management posed by PBDEs and NBFRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neng Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, Hunan, China
| | - Cui Lai
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, Hunan, China.
| | - Fuhang Xu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, Hunan, China
| | - Danlian Huang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, Hunan, China.
| | - Mingming Zhang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, Hunan, China
| | - Xuerong Zhou
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, Hunan, China
| | - Mengyi Xu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, Hunan, China
| | - Yixia Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, Hunan, China
| | - Ling Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, Hunan, China
| | - Shiyu Liu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, Hunan, China
| | - Xinyu Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR. China
| | - Jinxin Nie
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, Hunan, China
| | - Hanxi Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, Hunan, China
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14
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Yilmaz O, Kucuk M, Darie-Nita RN, Cheaburu-Yilmaz CN. Halogen-Free Waterborne Polymeric Hybrid Coatings for Improved Fire Retardancy of Textiles. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:4496. [PMID: 38231923 PMCID: PMC10707787 DOI: 10.3390/polym15234496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Wildfires are becoming more intense and more frequent, ravaging the habitations and ecosystems in their path. One solution to reducing the risk of damage to buildings and other structures during a fire event is the use of fire-retardant coatings that can stop or slow down the spread of flames, especially for textile materials. The present study focuses on the preparation and application of halogen-free boron/bentonite-based polymeric fire-retardant (FR) hybrid coating formulations for fabrics such as cotton (CO) and polyester (PE) fibers. For the preparation of FR composites, two types of boron derivatives, disodium octaborate and zinc borate, were used in combination with sodium bentonite. A styrene-acrylic copolymer was specifically synthesized and used as a coating binder for FR components to apply on fabrics. The properties of the synthesized copolymer and FR composites were characterized with a particle size analysis, FTIR spectroscopy, a dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA), and rheological measurements. The obtained hybrid composites based on styrene-acrylic copolymers and two different inorganic fillers were applied on cotton (CO) and polyester (PE) fabrics with a screen-printing technique, and the flame retardancy performance of the finished textile samples was investigated by means of flame spread and limit oxygen index (LOI) tests. The findings showed that the FR-composite-coated fabrics had higher LOI values and much decreased flame spread rates in comparison with uncoated ones. Among the boron derivatives, the composites prepared with disodium octaborate (FR-A) had much more pronounced LOI values and decreased flame spread behavior in comparison with the composite with zinc borate (FR-B). When compared to a commercial product, the FR-A composite, in conjunction with the specially synthesized polymer, demonstrated commendable fire retardancy performance and emerged as a promising candidate for a halogen-free waterborne fire-retardant coating for fabrics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Onur Yilmaz
- Leather Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Ege University, Bornova 35100, Izmir, Türkiye;
- ACADEMICHEM Kimya ARGE San. Tic. Ltd. Şti, Ege University Technology Development Zone, Bornova 35100, Izmir, Türkiye
| | - Mehmet Kucuk
- Textile Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Ege University, Bornova 35100, Izmir, Türkiye;
| | - Raluca Nicoleta Darie-Nita
- Physical Chemistry of Polymers Department, “Petru Poni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Romanian Academy, 41A Grigore Ghica Voda Alley, 700487 Iasi, Romania;
| | - Catalina Natalia Cheaburu-Yilmaz
- ACADEMICHEM Kimya ARGE San. Tic. Ltd. Şti, Ege University Technology Development Zone, Bornova 35100, Izmir, Türkiye
- Biochemistry Division, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Dokuz Eylul University, Buca 35390, Izmir, Türkiye
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15
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Li X, Zheng N, Zhang W, Sun S, An Q, Li Z, Ji Y, Wang S. Estimate of the maximum amount of dust adhering to skin and the upper limit of dust-skin adherence factor for young adults: An example from Changchun, China. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 339:139754. [PMID: 37553043 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
Contaminants present in dust adhering to the skin can pose a significant risk to human health through dermal absorption and hand-to-mouth contact. The adhesion capacity of dust differs significantly from that of soil due to its physicochemical properties. Therefore, applying the raw soil exposure parameters to estimate the health risks associated with dermal exposure to dust may lead to erroneous conclusions. In this study, we quantified the maximum amount of dust that adhered to the skin (MADmax) and the upper limit of dust-skin adherence factor (DSAFmax) in 26 adults using element markers as a proxy for dust. The volunteers were exposed to dust and rinse water samples were collected from their hands, forearms, lower legs, and feet. We analyzed both the raw dust samples and the rinse water samples for 11 element markers, including Be, V, Cr, Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Se, Ba, and Pb. The results showed that the MADmax of indoor dust and outdoor dust increased by 0.08-0.62 mg and 0.33-0.56 mg following a 1 cm2 increase in skin surface area, respectively. Based on best dust element markers, the body part-weighted dust-skin adherences (WDSAFmaxs) of indoor dust and outdoor dust were 0.35 and 0.64 mg/cm2, respectively. A smaller particle size and higher moisture content resulted in a larger DSAFmax. Only when indoor dust concentrations exceed 24.2 mg/m3 or outdoor dust concentrations exceed 44.3 mg/m3, can the WDSAFmax be applied directly in the health risk assessment of dermal exposure to dust. The method from this study can be re-applied in different regions, and the adherence data can help to improve future studies on the health effects of dermal exposure to dust.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqian Li
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment of the Ministry of Education, College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, Jilin, China
| | - Na Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment of the Ministry of Education, College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, Jilin, China; Northeast Institute of Geography and Agricultural Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130102, Jilin, China.
| | - Wenhui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment of the Ministry of Education, College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, Jilin, China
| | - Siyu Sun
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment of the Ministry of Education, College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, Jilin, China
| | - Qirui An
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment of the Ministry of Education, College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, Jilin, China
| | - Zimeng Li
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment of the Ministry of Education, College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, Jilin, China
| | - Yining Ji
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment of the Ministry of Education, College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, Jilin, China
| | - Sujing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment of the Ministry of Education, College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, Jilin, China
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16
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Hoang MTT, Le GT, Kiwao K, Duong HT, Nguyen TQ, Phan TQ, Bui MQ, Truong DA, Trinh HT. Occurrence and risk of human exposure to organophosphate flame retardants in indoor air and dust in Hanoi, Vietnam. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 328:138597. [PMID: 37028719 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The presence and distribution of thirteen organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) were investigated in indoor air and dust samples collected in Hanoi, Vietnam. The total OPFRs (ƩOPFRs) concentrations in indoor air and dust samples were 42.3-358 ng m-3 (median 101 ng m-3) and 1290-17,500 ng g-1 (median 7580 ng g-1), respectively. The profile of OPFRs in both indoor air and dust indicated that tris(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TCIPP) was the most dominant compound with a median concentration of 75.3 ng m-3 and 3620 ng g-1, contributing 75.2% and 46.1% to ƩOPFRs concentrations in indoor air and dust, respectively, followed by tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBOEP), with a median concentration of 16.3 ng m-3 and 2500 ng g-1, contributing 14.1% and 33.6% to ƩOPFRs concentrations in indoor air and dust, respectively. The levels of OPFRs in the indoor air samples and corresponding indoor dust samples showed a strong positive correlation. The total estimated daily intakes (EDItotal) of ƩOPFRs (via air inhalation, dust ingestion, and dermal absorption) for adults and toddlers under the median and high exposure scenarios were 36.7 and 160 ng kg-1 d-1, and 266 and 1270 ng kg-1 d-1, respectively. Among the investigated exposure pathways, dermal absorption was a primary exposure pathway to OPFRs for both toddlers and adults. The hazard quotients (HQ) ranged from 5.31 × 10-8 to 6.47 × 10-2 (<1), and the lifetime cancer risks (LCR) were from 2.05 × 10-11 to 7.37 × 10-8 (<10-6), indicating that human health risks from exposure to OPFRs in indoor environments are not significant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minh Tue Thi Hoang
- Graduate University of Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Hanoi, 10000, Viet Nam; Le Quy Don Technical University, 236 Hoang Quoc Viet, Hanoi, 10000, Viet Nam
| | - Giang Truong Le
- Institute of Chemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Hanoi, 10000, Viet Nam
| | - Kadokami Kiwao
- The University of Kitakyushu, 1-1 Hibikino, Kitakyushu, 808-0135, Japan
| | - Hanh Thi Duong
- Institute of Environmental Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Hanoi, 10000, Viet Nam
| | - Trung Quang Nguyen
- Center for Research and Technology Transfer, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Hanoi, 10000, Viet Nam
| | - Thang Quang Phan
- Institute of Environmental Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Hanoi, 10000, Viet Nam
| | - Minh Quang Bui
- Center for Research and Technology Transfer, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Hanoi, 10000, Viet Nam
| | - Dung Anh Truong
- Institute of Environmental Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Hanoi, 10000, Viet Nam
| | - Ha Thu Trinh
- Institute of Chemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Hanoi, 10000, Viet Nam.
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Wang M, Xu J, Zhao Z, Gong L, Su Y, Fang Z, Chen P, Liu Y, Zhang L, Xu F. Triphenyl phosphate induced apoptosis of mice testicular Leydig cells and TM3 cells through ROS-mediated mitochondrial fusion inhibition. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 256:114876. [PMID: 37027944 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.114876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Triphenyl phosphate (TPHP) is a widely used organophosphate flame retardant and has biological toxicity. Previous studies showed TPHP can restrain testosterone biosynthesis in Leydig cells, while the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, C57BL/6J male mice were exposed to 0, 5, 50, and 200 mg/kg B.W. of TPHP for 30 d by oral, as well as TM3 cells were treated with 0, 50, 100, and 200 μM of TPHP for 24 h. Results showed that TPHP induced testes damage, including spermatogenesis disorders and testosterone synthesis inhibition. Meanwhile, TPHP can cause apoptosis in testicular Leydig cells and TM3 cells, as evidenced by the increased apoptosis rate and decreased Bcl-2/Bax ratio. Moreover, TPHP disrupted mitochondrial ultrastructure of testicular Leydig cells and TM3 cells, reduced healthy mitochondria content and depressed mitochondrial membrane potential of TM3 cells, as well as inhibited mitochondrial fusion proteins mitofusin 1 (Mfn1), mitofusin 2 (Mfn2), and optic atrophy 1 (Opa1) expression, without effect on mitochondrial fission proteins dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1) and fission 1 (Fis1) in testicular tissue and/or TM3 cells. Then, the mitochondrial fusion promoter M1 was used to pre-treat TPHP-exposed TM3 cells to determine the roles of mitochondrial fusion inhibition in TPHP-induced Leydig cells apoptosis. The results showed M1 pretreatment alleviated the above changes and further mitigated TM3 cells apoptosis and testosterone levels decreased, indicating TPHP induced TM3 cells apoptosis by inhibited mitochondrial fusion. Intriguingly, the intervention experiment of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) showed that TPHP-induced mitochondrial fusion inhibition is ROS dependent, because inhibition of ROS overproduction alleviated mitochondrial fusion inhibition, and subsequently relieved TPHP-induced apoptosis in TM3 cells. In summary, above data revealed that apoptosis is a specific mechanism for TPHP-induced male reproductive toxicity, and that ROS-mediated mitochondrial fusion inhibition is responsible for Leydig cells apoptosis caused by TPHP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minxin Wang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, College of Basic Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264003, China; Xu Rongxiang Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264003, China
| | - Jinyu Xu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, College of Basic Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264003, China; Xu Rongxiang Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264003, China
| | - Zhengbo Zhao
- Department of Histology and Embryology, College of Basic Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264003, China
| | - Lichao Gong
- Department of Histology and Embryology, College of Basic Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264003, China
| | - Yu Su
- Department of Histology and Embryology, College of Basic Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264003, China
| | - Zhichao Fang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, College of Basic Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264003, China
| | - Pengfei Chen
- Department of Histology and Embryology, College of Basic Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264003, China
| | - Yifan Liu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, College of Basic Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264003, China
| | - Lianshuang Zhang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, College of Basic Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264003, China; Xu Rongxiang Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264003, China
| | - Feibo Xu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, College of Basic Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264003, China; Xu Rongxiang Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264003, China.
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18
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Zhang G, Meng L, Guo J, Guan X, Liu M, Han X, Li Y, Zhang Q, Jiang G. Exposure to novel brominated and organophosphate flame retardants and associations with type 2 diabetes in East China: A case-control study. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 871:162107. [PMID: 36764545 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The alternative flame retardants, novel brominated flame retardants (NBFRs) and organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) are ubiquitous in the environment and biota and may induce endocrine disruption effects. Associations between traditional endocrine-disrupting chemicals and type 2 diabetes have been extensively reported in epidemiological studies. However, the effects of NBFRs and OPFRs in humans have not been reported to date. This paper reports a case-control study of 344 participants aged 25-80 years from Shandong Province, East China, where potential associations between serum NBFR and OPFR concentrations and type 2 diabetes are assessed for the first time. After adjusting for covariates (i.e., age, sex, body mass index, smoking status, alcohol consumption, triglycerides, and total cholesterol), serum concentrations of pentabromotoluene, 2,3-dibromopropyl 2,4,6-tribromophenyl ether, tri-n-propyl phosphate, triphenyl phosphate, and tris (2-ethylhexyl) phosphate were significantly positively associated with type 2 diabetes. In the control group, decabromodiphenyl ethane and triphenyl phosphate were significantly positively associated with fasting plasma glucose, triglycerides, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. In the quantile g-computation model, significant positive mixture effect was found between the flame retardants mixtures and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels, and decabromodiphenyl ethane contributed the largest positive weights to the mixture effect. Overall, these findings suggest that exposure to NBFRs and OPFRs may promote type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaoxin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; Key Laboratory of Eco-Environment-Related Polymer Materials Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Ministry of Gansu Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730070, China
| | - Lingling Meng
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan, Shandong 250014, China
| | - Jiehong Guo
- School of Public Health, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; Department of Civil, Environmental, and Geospatial Engineering, Michigan Technological University, MI 49931, USA
| | - Xiaoling Guan
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan, Shandong 250014, China
| | - Mei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xu Han
- Sinopec Research Institute of Petroleum Processing CO., LTD., Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yingming Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Qinghua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Institute of Environment and Health, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou 310000, China
| | - Guibin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Institute of Environment and Health, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou 310000, China
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De Oro-Carretero P, Sanz-Landaluze J. Bioaccumulation and Biotransformation of BDE-47 Using Zebrafish Eleutheroembryos (Danio rerio). ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2023; 42:835-845. [PMID: 36705440 DOI: 10.1002/etc.5569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are well-known endocrine disrupting chemicals identified as organic persistent pollutants. Their metabolites OH-BDE and MeO-BDE have been reported to be potentially more toxic than the postulated precursor PBDEs. One of the most predominant congeners of PBDEs in the environment is BDE-47, due to its high presence in industrially used mixtures. In the present study, the bioaccumulation and biotransformation of BDE-47 into its major metabolites is evaluated using zebrafish (Danio rerio) eleutheroembryos adapting a previously developed alternative method to bioconcentration official guideline Organisation for Economic Co-ordination and Development 305, which reduces the animal suffering, time, and cost. For the simultaneous determination of BDE-47 and its metabolites in larvae and exposure medium, and considering the polarity difference of the analytes and the small sample size, the development of a validated analytical method is a step to ensure quality results. In the present study, an ultrasound-assisted extraction followed by a solid phase extraction dispersive clean-up step and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry-microelectron capture detector (GC-MS-μECD) with a previous derivatization process was optimized and validated. Bioconcentration factors (BCFs) were calculated using a first-order one-compartment toxicokinetic model. The profiles found show rapid absorption in the first hours of larval development and great bioaccumulative capacity, finding BCFs of 7294 ± 899 and 36 363 ± 5702 at nominal concentrations of 10 and 1 μg L-1 , respectively. Metabolization studies show increasing concentrations of the metabolites BDE-28, 2'-OH-BDE-28, and 5-MeO-BDE-47 throughout the exposure time. The results obtained show the feasibility of the method for bioaccumulation and open up the possibility of metabolic studies with zebrafish eleutheroembryos, which is a very underdeveloped field without official testing or regulation. Environ Toxicol Chem 2023;42:835-845. © 2023 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paloma De Oro-Carretero
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Science, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jon Sanz-Landaluze
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Science, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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20
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Li X, Liu Y, Yin Y, Wang P, Su X. Occurrence of some legacy and emerging contaminants in feed and food and their ranking priorities for human exposure. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 321:138117. [PMID: 36775031 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The "feed-to-food" pathway is one of the most important routes for human exposure to manmade contaminants. The contaminants could threaten human health through the "feed-to-food" route and have recently become of great public concern. This review selects the representative legacy and emerging contaminants (ECs), such as polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), novel brominated flame retardants (NBFRs), organophosphate esters (OPEs), short-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs), and per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs), regarding their occurrence in feed and food, as well as their metabolites and transport in farming and livestock ecosystems. Factors that might influence their presence and behavior are discussed. This review raises an approach to rank the priority of ECs using the EC concentrations in feed and food and using the hazard quotient (HQ) method for human health. Although SCCPs have the highest levels in feed and food, their potential risks appear to be the lowest. PFASs have the highest HQs on account of human exposure risk. Future research should pay more attention to the combined effects of multiple ECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomin Li
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Yifei Liu
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yuhan Yin
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing 100081, China
| | - Peilong Wang
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xiaoou Su
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing 100081, China
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21
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Dang Y, Tang K, Wang Z, Cui H, Lei J, Wang D, Liu N, Zhang X. Organophosphate Esters (OPEs) Flame Retardants in Water: A Review of Photocatalysis, Adsorption, and Biological Degradation. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28072983. [PMID: 37049746 PMCID: PMC10096410 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28072983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
As a substitute for banned brominated flame retardants (BFRs), the use of organophosphate esters (OPEs) increased year by year with the increase in industrial production and living demand. It was inevitable that OPEs would be discharged into wastewater in excess, which posed a great threat to the health of human beings and aquatic organisms. In the past few decades, people used various methods to remove refractory OPEs. This paper reviewed the photocatalysis method, the adsorption method with wide applicability, and the biological method mainly relying on enzymolysis and hydrolysis to degrade OPEs in water. All three of these methods had the advantages of high removal efficiency and environmental protection for various organic pollutants. The degradation efficiency of OPEs, degradation mechanisms, and conversion products of OPEs by three methods were discussed and summarized. Finally, the development prospects and challenges of OPEs’ degradation technology were discussed.
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22
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An Q, Yang L, Yang S, Wang Y, Shi L, Aamir M, Liu W. Legacy and novel brominated flame retardants in agricultural soils of eastern China (2011-2021): Concentration level, temporal trend, and health risk assessment. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 446:130631. [PMID: 36586335 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.130631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and novel brominated flame retardants (NBFRs) have been extensively investigated in the terrestrial environment of China. However, little is known about how PBDEs and NBFRs burdens in agricultural soils altered over time. In this study, agricultural soils from different regions of China were collected from 2011 to 2021 to investigate the contamination levels and temporal variation of PBDEs and NBFRs. The concentrations of ∑26PBDEs and ∑5NBFRs ranged from 0.144 to 215 ng/g dry weight (d.w.) and 0.186-144 ng/g (d.w.), with a mean value of 9.27 ng/g (d.w.) and 8.22 ng/g (d.w.), respectively. Among PBDEs and NBFRs, BDE-209 and decabromodiphenylethane (DBDPE) were the most predominant compounds. The PBDE concentrations did not vary significantly during the past decade, whereas the lower brominated congeners increased with time (doubling times ranged from 5.46 to 8.56 years). Meanwhile, NBFR concentrations increased over time, with concentrations significantly higher in 2021, 2016, and 2013 than in 2011 (p < 0.05). Additionally, DBDPE, 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane (BTBPE), and hexabromobenzene (HBB) had doubling times of 6.84, 11.2, and 7.37 years, respectively. Total organic matter (TOC) impacted the distribution and variation of PBDEs (particularly lower-brominated congeners), with soil organic matter (SOM)-sorption showing an increasing and then decreasing trend. Health risk assessment suggested that PBDEs and NBFRs did not pose non-carcinogenic risks to humans. Nevertheless, the long-term health risk of BFRs should be considered. Overall, this is the first study to comprehensively analyze the contamination burdens and temporal trends of PBDEs and NBFRs in Chinese agricultural soils over a long period, providing a fundamental basis for future BFR management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi An
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Environmental Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Lina Yang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Environmental Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Shengchao Yang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Environmental Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yanting Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Environmental Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Long Shi
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Environmental Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Muhammad Aamir
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Exposure and Health Intervention, Interdisciplinary Research Academy, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou 310015, China
| | - Weiping Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Environmental Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Key Laboratory of Pollution Exposure and Health Intervention, Interdisciplinary Research Academy, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou 310015, China.
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23
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Recycling of Plastics from E-Waste via Photodegradation in a Low-Pressure Reactor: The Case of Decabromodiphenyl Ether Dispersed in Poly(acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene) and Poly(carbonate). Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28062491. [PMID: 36985461 PMCID: PMC10053933 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28062491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Recycling of plastic waste from electrical and electronic equipment (EEE), containing brominated flame retardants (BFR) remains difficult due to the increasingly stringent regulations on their handling and recovery. This report deals with photodegradation in a low-pressure reactor applying UV-visible light on Decabromodiphenyl ether (DBDE or BDE-209) randomly dispersed in commercially available Poly(acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene) (ABS) and Poly(carbonate) (PC). The aim of this study is to investigate the possibility of decomposing a BFR in plastic waste from EEE while maintaining the specifications of the polymeric materials in order to allow for their recycling. The photodegradation of the extracted BFR was monitored using infrared spectroscopy and gas chromatography coupled with mass spectroscopy. DBDE underwent rapid photodegradation during the first minutes of exposure to UV-visible light and reached degradation yields superior to 90% after 15 min of irradiation. The evaluation of polymer properties (ABS and PC) after irradiation revealed superficial crosslinking effects, which were slightly accelerated in the presence of DBDE. However, the use of a low-pressure reactor avoids large photooxidation and allowed to maintain the thermal and structural properties of the virgin polymers.
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Zheng K, Zeng Z, Lin Y, Wang Q, Tian Q, Huo X. Current status of indoor dust PBDE pollution and its physical burden and health effects on children. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:19642-19661. [PMID: 36648715 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-24723-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are widely detected in indoor dust, which has been identified as a more important route of PBDE exposure for children than food intake. The physical burden and health hazards to children of PBDE exposure in house dust have not been adequately summarized; therefore, this article reviews the current status of PBDE pollution in indoor dust associated with children, highlighting the epidemiological evidence for physical burden and health risks in children. We find that PBDEs remain at high levels in indoor dust, including in homes, schools, and cars, especially in cars showing a significant upward trend. There is a trend towards an increase in the proportion of BDE-209 in household dust, which is indicative of recent PBDE contamination. Conversely, PBDE congeners in car and school indoor dust tended to shift from highly brominated to low brominated, suggesting a shift in current pollution patterns. Indoor dust exposure causes significantly higher PBDE burdens in children, especially infants in early life, than in adults. Exposure to dust also affects breast milk, putting infants at high risk of exposure. Although evidence is limited, available epidemiological studies suggest that exposure to indoor dust PBDEs promotes neurobehavioral problems and cancer development in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keyang Zheng
- Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Developmental Toxicology, School of Environment, Jinan University, 855 East Xingye Avenue, Guangzhou, 511443, Guangdong, China
- Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhijun Zeng
- Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Developmental Toxicology, School of Environment, Jinan University, 855 East Xingye Avenue, Guangzhou, 511443, Guangdong, China
| | - Yucong Lin
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, Berkeley, USA
| | - Qihua Wang
- Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Developmental Toxicology, School of Environment, Jinan University, 855 East Xingye Avenue, Guangzhou, 511443, Guangdong, China
| | - Qianwen Tian
- Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Developmental Toxicology, School of Environment, Jinan University, 855 East Xingye Avenue, Guangzhou, 511443, Guangdong, China
- Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, China
| | - Xia Huo
- Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Developmental Toxicology, School of Environment, Jinan University, 855 East Xingye Avenue, Guangzhou, 511443, Guangdong, China.
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Li X, Wang Y, Bai W, Zhang Q, Zhao L, Cheng Z, Zhu H, Sun H. Novel Brominated Flame Retardants in Dust from E-Waste-Dismantling Workplace in Central China: Contamination Status and Human Exposure Assessment. TOXICS 2023; 11:58. [PMID: 36668783 PMCID: PMC9864280 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11010058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Novel brominated flame retardants (NBFRs) have been widely used as alternatives to legacy BFRs. However, information on the contamination status and human exposure risks of electronic waste (e-waste)-derived NBFRs in the e-waste workplace is limited. In this study, six NBFRs and the legacy BFRs, hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs), were analyzed in 50 dust samples from an e-waste-dismantling workplace in Central China. The dust concentration of NBFRs in e-waste-dismantling workshops (median, 157−169 ng/g) was found to be significantly higher than those in an outdoor environment (17.3 ng/g) (p < 0.01). Differently, the highest median concentration of HBCDs was found in dust from the dismantling workshop for cellphones and computers (367 ng/g) among studied areas. The bis(2-ethylhexyl)-3,4,5,6-tetrabromo-phthalate (BEHTBP) was the predominant compound, which contributed 66.0−88.0% of measured NBFR concentrations. NBFRs might originate from plastic and rubber materials in wastes based on the correlation and principal component analysis. Moreover, the total estimated daily intakes (average scenario) of NBFRs were calculated at 2.64 × 10−2 ng/kg bw/d and 2.91× 10−2 ng/kg bw/d for the male and female dismantling workers, respectively, via dust ingestion, inhalation, and dermal contact pathways, which were lower than the reference dose values, and thus indicated a limited human exposure risk for NBFRs at the current level. Although the dust concentrations and daily intakes of NBFRs were still lower than those of other emerging pollutants (e.g., organophosphate and nitrogenous flame retardants) measured in the same sampling set, the elevated levels of NBFRs suggested the progressive BFR replacement process in China, which deserves more attention regarding their adverse effects on both the environment and human health.
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26
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Zhou Y, Li Z, Zhu Y, Chang Z, Hu Y, Tao L, Zheng T, Xiang M, Yu Y. Legacy and alternative flame retardants in indoor dust from e-waste industrial parks and adjacent residential houses in South China: Variations, sources, and health implications. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 845:157307. [PMID: 35839871 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Many studies have elucidated health concerns of informal e-waste recycling activities, yet few has evaluated the effectiveness of the regulations as well as the human exposure risks to adjacent residents. Herein, legacy polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), hexabromocyclododecane (HBCDs), and alternative organophosphate esters (OPEs) were investigated in indoor dust collected from three e-waste industrial parks and five adjacent villages located in south China. The levels and composition patterns varied significantly between workshop and home dust. BDE209 showed much higher (p < 0.01) concentrations in workshop dust versus home dust, while relatively comparable levels were found for OPEs and HBCDs. Principal component analysis revealed that OPEs and PBDEs were mainly related to home and workshop dust, respectively. Results strongly indicated that e-waste dismantling activities still contribute to a high burden of BDE209 to surrounding residents, whilst the sources of OPEs may also originated from household products, especially for TCEP. The estimated daily intakes (EDIs) via dust ingestion and dermal absorption for occupational worker and nearby toddlers were below available reference dose (RfD) values even at worst case scenario. This study highlights the significance of deca-BDEs rather than alternative OPEs in e-waste generated in China, which could provide scientific suggestions for policy formulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhou
- The Postgraduate Training Base of Jinzhou Medical University (South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment), Guangzhou 510530, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Zongrui Li
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Yu Zhu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Zhaofeng Chang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Yongxia Hu
- West Center, Guangzhou Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China
| | - Lin Tao
- School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Tong Zheng
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Mingdeng Xiang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Yunjiang Yu
- The Postgraduate Training Base of Jinzhou Medical University (South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment), Guangzhou 510530, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510530, China.
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Yu Y, Lu M, Ge X, Ma S, Liu H, Li G, An T. Composition profiles of halogenated flame-retardants in the surface soils and in-situ cypress leaves from two chemical industrial parks. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 845:157129. [PMID: 35792269 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
There is limited information available regarding the investigation on typical organic pollutants between the soil and in-situ grown plant leaves. This study is to reveal whether the pollution characteristics of soil and leaves can reflect the long-term and short-term pollution situation, and to find the differences between halogenated flame-retardants in the surface soils and in-situ cypress leaves. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), dechlorane plus (DP), and decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) in were investigated in two different industrial parks, which were located at the largest brominated flame-retardant-manufacturing center in Weifang, China. These chemicals were frequently detected with high median concentrations of PBDEs (1.22 × 103 ng/g) and DBDPE (227 ng/g) in the soil samples, and DBDPE (881 ng/g) and PBDEs (461 ng/g) in the in-situ cypress leaves. The DP concentration was 1-4 orders of magnitude lower than the other two chemicals in both the matrices. Different composition profiles of the chemicals in soil and cypress leaves were observed. The PBDEs and DBDPE were found to be the predominant species in soils and cypress leaves, respectively. In comparison, the LG industrial parks had higher concentrations of PBDEs and DBDPE in both the soils and cypress leaves. No significant correlations were observed for these chemicals between the soil and leaf samples, although significant correlations (p < 0.05) were observed for several PBDE congeners among all samples from the industrial parks and a separate industrial park. The results indicated that the soil was not the important source of these chemicals in leaves. A large proportion of DBDPE was preferentially present in cypress leaves, which revealed the situation of recent pollution. The results deepen the understanding of chemical distribution characteristics among different environmental matrices in soils and leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingxin Yu
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Key Laboratory of City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Meijuan Lu
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Key Laboratory of City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Xiang Ge
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Key Laboratory of City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Shengtao Ma
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Key Laboratory of City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Hongli Liu
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Key Laboratory of City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Guiying Li
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Key Laboratory of City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Taicheng An
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Key Laboratory of City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China.
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Yan M, Zhu H, Shi Y, Xu K, Chen S, Zou Q, Sun H, Kannan K. Profiling of multiple classes of flame retardants in house dust in China: Pattern analysis and human exposure assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 311:120012. [PMID: 36007786 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Legacy [e.g., brominated- (BFRs)] and alternative [e.g., organophosphate- (OPFRs) and nitrogenous- (NFRs)] flame retardants have a propensity to migrate out of consumer products, and thus are dispersed in indoor microenvironments. In this study, simultaneous presence of 11 BFRs, 18 OPFRs and 11 NFRs were measured in house dust collected from Tianjin, China. OPFRs were found at the highest concentrations, with a median value of 3200 ng/g, followed by NFRs (2600) and BFRs (1600). Tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (median: 1800 ng/g), melamine (1100), and BDE-209 (870) were the top three most abundant chemicals in the respective groups. Location-specific patterns of flame retardant concentrations were found with 30%, 20% and 10% of samples were predominated by OPFRs, NFRs and BFRs, respectively, and the remaining samples contained by two or more of the chemical groups occurring concurrently. Network and cluster analysis results indicated the existence of multiple sources of flame retardants in the indoor microenvironment. Estimated human daily intakes via indoor dust ingestion were approximately several tens of ng/kg bw/day and were below their respective reference dose values. Our results indicate widespread occurrence of multiple flame retardant families in indoor dust and suggest need for continued monitoring and efforts to reduce exposures through dust ingestion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengqi Yan
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Hongkai Zhu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China.
| | - Yumeng Shi
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Ke Xu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Shucong Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Qiang Zou
- Department of Interventional Therapy, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, 300060, China
| | - Hongwen Sun
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Kurunthachalam Kannan
- Department of Pediatrics and Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA
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29
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Hoang AQ, Karyu R, Tue NM, Goto A, Tuyen LH, Matsukami H, Suzuki G, Takahashi S, Viet PH, Kunisue T. Comprehensive characterization of halogenated flame retardants and organophosphate esters in settled dust from informal e-waste and end-of-life vehicle processing sites in Vietnam: Occurrence, source estimation, and risk assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 310:119809. [PMID: 35931384 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Information about the co-occurrence of halogenated flame retardants (HFRs) and organophosphate esters (OPEs) in the environment of informal waste processing areas is still limited, especially in emerging and developing countries. In this study, OPEs and HFRs including polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), novel brominated flame retardants (NBFRs), and chlorinated flame retardants (CFRs) were determined in settled dust from Vietnamese e-waste recycling (WR) and vehicle processing (VP) workshops. Pollutant concentrations decreased in the order: OPEs (median 1500; range 230-410,000 ng/g) ≈ PBDEs (1200; 58-250,000) > NBFRs (140; not detected - 250,000) > CFRs (13; 0.39-2200). HFR and OPE levels in the WR workshops for e-waste and obsolete plastic were significantly higher than in the VP workshops. Decabromodiphenyl ether and decabromodiphenyl ethane are major HFRs, accounting for 60 ± 26% and 25 ± 29% of total HFRs, respectively. Triphenyl phosphate, tris(2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate, and tris(1,3-dichloroisopropyl) phosphate dominated the OPE profiles, accounting for 30 ± 25%, 25 ± 16%, and 24 ± 18% of total OPEs, respectively. The OPE profiles differed between WR and VP dust samples, implying different usage patterns of these substances in polymer materials for electric/electronic appliance and automotive industries. Human health risk related to dust-bound HFRs and OPEs in the study areas was low.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anh Quoc Hoang
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, 19 Le Thanh Tong, Hanoi, 11000, Viet Nam
| | - Ryogo Karyu
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES), Ehime University, 2-5 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama, Ehime, 790-8577, Japan
| | - Nguyen Minh Tue
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES), Ehime University, 2-5 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama, Ehime, 790-8577, Japan; Key Laboratory of Analytical Technology for Environmental Quality and Food Safety Control (KLATEFOS), University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, 334 Nguyen Trai, Hanoi, 11400, Viet Nam
| | - Akitoshi Goto
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES), Ehime University, 2-5 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama, Ehime, 790-8577, Japan
| | - Le Huu Tuyen
- University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, 334 Nguyen Trai, Hanoi, 11400, Viet Nam
| | - Hidenori Matsukami
- Material Cycles Division, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, 305- 8506, Japan
| | - Go Suzuki
- Material Cycles Division, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, 305- 8506, Japan
| | - Shin Takahashi
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Ehime University, 3-5-7 Tarumi, Matsuyama, 790-8566, Japan
| | - Pham Hung Viet
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Technology for Environmental Quality and Food Safety Control (KLATEFOS), University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, 334 Nguyen Trai, Hanoi, 11400, Viet Nam
| | - Tatsuya Kunisue
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES), Ehime University, 2-5 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama, Ehime, 790-8577, Japan.
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Wang C, Zeng L, Li Y, Shi C, Peng Y, Pan R, Huang M, Wang S, Zhang J, Li H. Decabromodiphenyl ethane induces locomotion neurotoxicity and potential Alzheimer's disease risks through intensifying amyloid-beta deposition by inhibiting transthyretin/transthyretin-like proteins. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2022; 168:107482. [PMID: 35998411 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
As a major alternative to traditional brominated flame retardants (BFRs), decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) is widely used and has been commonly detected in various environmental media and organisms. Few previous studies have focused on DBDPE-induced locomotion neurotoxicity, and the exact molecular mechanisms and related health risks remain unclear. In this study, we first analyzed the locomotion indicators of nematodes following DBDPE exposure, demonstrated that DBDPE caused locomotion neurotoxicity, and identified that a series of the transthyretin (TTR)-like genes participated in the regulation of nematode motility by transcriptomic analysis, gene transcription validation and TTR-like mutant verification. Subsequently, this study demonstrated that DBDPE exacerbated amyloid-beta (Aβ) deposition by repressing TTR/TTR-like gene transcription based on Alzheimer's disease (AD) model nematodes and human SH-SY5Y cells following DBDPE exposure and further revealed that DBDPE reduced the binding between TTR and Aβ by competing with the strand G region sites on the TTR/TTR-like protein, ultimately exacerbating Aβ deposition and the risk of AD. In short, our study demonstrated that DBDPE induced locomotion neurotoxicity and potential AD risks through intensifying Aβ deposition by inhibiting TTR/TTR-like proteins, providing reference support for risk management and policy formulation related to DBDPE and similarly structured novel BFRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Wang
- Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, PR China
| | - Lingjun Zeng
- Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, PR China
| | - Yeyong Li
- Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, PR China
| | - Chongli Shi
- Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, PR China
| | - Yi Peng
- Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, PR China
| | - Ruolin Pan
- Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, PR China
| | - Mengyan Huang
- Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, PR China
| | - Susu Wang
- Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, PR China
| | - Jin Zhang
- Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, PR China
| | - Hui Li
- Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, PR China.
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31
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He WL, Huang YT, Gu L, Shen JC, Cheng XW, Guan JP. Fabrication of P/N/B-Based Intumescent Flame-Retardant Coating for Polyester/Cotton Blend Fabric. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:6420. [PMID: 36143732 PMCID: PMC9501000 DOI: 10.3390/ma15186420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Polyester/cotton (T/C) blend fabrics are highly flammable due to the particular "scaffolding effect". In this work, an intumescent flame retardant (IFR) agent containing P, N, and B was designed and synthesized using bio-based phytic acid, pentaerythritol, boric acid, and urea. The IFR compounds were deposited onto a T/C blend fabric by the surface-coating route. The chemical structure of IFR agent and its potential cross-linking reactions with T/C fibers were characterized. The morphology, thermal stability, heat-release ability, flame retardancy, and mechanism of coated T/C blend fabrics were explored. The self-extinguishing action was observed for the coated T/C blend fabric with a weight gain of 13.7%; the limiting oxygen index (LOI) value increased to 27.1% versus 16.9% for a pristine one. Furthermore, the intumescent flame retardant (IFR) coating imparted T/C blend fabrics with high thermal stability and significantly suppressed heat release by nearly 50%. The char residue analyses on morphology and element content confirmed the intumescent FR action for coated T/C blend fabrics. The prepared IFR coating has great potential to serve as an eco-friendly approach for improving the flame retardancy of T/C blend textiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Lin He
- Key Laboratory of Flame Retardancy Finishing of Textile Materials (CNTAC), College of Textile and Clothing Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Yi-Ting Huang
- Key Laboratory of Flame Retardancy Finishing of Textile Materials (CNTAC), College of Textile and Clothing Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Liang Gu
- Key Laboratory of Flame Retardancy Finishing of Textile Materials (CNTAC), College of Textile and Clothing Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Ji-Cheng Shen
- Suzhou Haitai Textile Co., Ltd., Suzhou Knitting Industrial Park, Suzhou 215228, China
| | - Xian-Wei Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Flame Retardancy Finishing of Textile Materials (CNTAC), College of Textile and Clothing Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Jin-Ping Guan
- Key Laboratory of Flame Retardancy Finishing of Textile Materials (CNTAC), College of Textile and Clothing Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
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32
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Núñez M, Fontanals N, Borrull F, Marcé RM. Multiresidue analytical method for high production volume chemicals in dust samples, occurrence and human exposure assessment. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 301:134639. [PMID: 35447216 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.134639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A multiresidue analytical method based on pressurised liquid extraction and gas-chromatography mass spectrometry was developed to determine 22 compounds belonging to different chemical families in indoor dust.: Seven organophosphate esters, six phthalate esters, three benzotriazoles, five benzothiazoles and four benzenesulfonamides were included in the present study, all of them belonging to the category of high production volume chemicals (HPVCs). Apparent recoveries ranged between 45% and 123% and method quantification limits ranged from 0.03 μg/g to 3.8 μg/g. The occurrence of the selected HPVCs was evaluated in indoor dust from different locations in the Tarragona (Catalonia, Spain) region. Two benzenesulfonamides, ortho-toluenesulfonamide and para-toluenesulfonamide, were detected in dust samples for the first time. Phthalate esters and organophosphate esters were the most abundant compounds found, and di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) was determined at the highest concentrations. With the data obtained, human exposure was assessed by calculating the estimated daily intakes (EDI) via ingestion and dermal contact. Non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risk assessments found no risks in any of the scenarios tested, which included two age classes (children and adults) and two possible exposure scenarios (median and worst-case scenario), except for the evaluation of carcinogen risk due to ingestion of DEHP in the worst-case scenario.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mireia Núñez
- Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic Chemistry, Sescelades Campus, Marcel·lí Domingo s/n, Building N4, Tarragona, 43007, Spain
| | - Núria Fontanals
- Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic Chemistry, Sescelades Campus, Marcel·lí Domingo s/n, Building N4, Tarragona, 43007, Spain
| | - Francesc Borrull
- Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic Chemistry, Sescelades Campus, Marcel·lí Domingo s/n, Building N4, Tarragona, 43007, Spain
| | - Rosa Maria Marcé
- Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic Chemistry, Sescelades Campus, Marcel·lí Domingo s/n, Building N4, Tarragona, 43007, Spain.
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Ma S, Ren G, Zheng K, Cui J, Li P, Huang X, Lin M, Liu R, Yuan J, Yin W, Peng P, Sheng G, Yu Z. New Insights into Human Biotransformation of BDE-209: Unique Occurrence of Metabolites of Ortho-Substituted Hydroxylated Higher Brominated Diphenyl Ethers in the Serum of e-Waste Dismantlers. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:10239-10248. [PMID: 35790344 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c02074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Extremely high levels of decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) are frequently found in the serum of occupationally exposed groups, such as e-waste dismantlers and firefighters. However, the metabolism of BDE-209 in the human body is not adequately studied. In this study, 24 serum samples were collected from workers at a typical e-waste recycling workshop in Taizhou, Eastern China, and the occurrence and fate of these higher brominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) were investigated. The median concentration of the total PBDEs in the serum was 199 ng/g lipid weight (lw), ranging from 125 to 622 ng/g lw. Higher brominated octa- to deca-BDEs accounted for more than 80% of the total PBDEs. Three ortho-hydroxylated metabolites of PBDEs─6-OH-BDE196, 6-OH-BDE199, and 6'-OH-BDE206─were widely detected with a total concentration (median) of 92.7 ng/g lw. The concentrations of the three OH-PBDEs were significantly higher than their octa- and nona-PBDE homologues, even exceeding those of the total PBDEs in several samples, indicating that the formation of OH-PBDEs was a major metabolic pathway of the higher brominated PBDEs in occupationally exposed workers. An almost linear correlation between 6-OH-BDE196 and 6-OH-BDE199 (R = 0.971, P < 0.001) indicates that they might undergo a similar biotransformation pathway in the human body or may be derived from the same precursor. In addition, the occurrence of a series of penta- to hepta- ortho-substituted OH-PBDEs was preliminarily identified according to their unique "predioxin" mass spectral profiles by GC-ECNI-MS. Taken together, the tentative metabolic pathway for BDE-209 in e-waste dismantlers was proposed. The oxidative metabolism of BDE-209 was mainly observed at the ortho positions to form 6'-OH-BDE-206, which later underwent a consecutive loss of bromine atoms at the meta or para positions to generate other ortho-OH-PBDEs. Further studies are urgently needed to identify the chemical structures of these ortho-OH-PBDE metabolites, and perhaps more importantly to clarify the potentially toxic effects, along with their underlying molecular mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengtao Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environment Protection and Resource Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510640, China
| | - Guofa Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environment Protection and Resource Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510640, China
- Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Kewen Zheng
- Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Juntao Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environment Protection and Resource Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510640, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Pei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environment Protection and Resource Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510640, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Xiaomei Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environment Protection and Resource Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510640, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Meiqing Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environment Protection and Resource Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510640, China
| | - Ranran Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environment Protection and Resource Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510640, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Jing Yuan
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health and The MOE Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Wenjun Yin
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health and The MOE Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
- Wuhan Prevention and Treatment Center for Occupational Diseases, Wuhan, Hubei 430015, China
| | - Ping'an Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environment Protection and Resource Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510640, China
| | - Guoying Sheng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environment Protection and Resource Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510640, China
| | - Zhiqiang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environment Protection and Resource Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510640, China
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Sonego E, Simonetti G, Di Filippo P, Riccardi C, Buiarelli F, Fresta A, Olivastri M, Pomata D. Characterization of organophosphate esters (OPEs) and polyfluoralkyl substances (PFASs) in settled dust in specific workplaces. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:52302-52316. [PMID: 35258734 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-19486-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
An analytical method for detecting flame retardants was slightly modified and optimized for the simultaneous determination of 11 organophosphate esters (OPEs) and 26 polyfluoralkyl substances (PFASs) contained in dust. All the analytes were determined in HPLC/MS-MS, and OPEs were also analyzed in GC/MS, and the results were compared. The study was conducted through the investigation of the Standard Reference Material SRM 2585 of the National Institute of Standard and Technology (NIST). The results were compared with the available reference mass fraction reported in the NIST certificate. The mass fraction obtained for the other OPEs and PFASs was compared to available data in the literature. After verifying the reliability of the results, the method was applied to environmental samples of settled dust, collected in four workplaces, where OPE and PFAS content is expected to be higher than in house dust: a mechanical workshop, an electronic repair center, a disassembly site, and a shredding site of two electronic waste recycling plants. By analyzing both PFASs and OPEs in the same samples, the present work demonstrated that the selected working places were more polluted in OPEs than houses; on the contrary, PFAS content in house dust proved to be more than ten times higher than that in workplaces. Additional research is necessary to confirm these data. Nevertheless, because this preliminary study showed not negligible concentrations of OPEs in some workplaces and of PFASs in houses, their monitoring should be extended to other domestic and selected working sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Sonego
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Giulia Simonetti
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Francesca Buiarelli
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Alice Fresta
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Matteo Olivastri
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
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Kim D, Park JY, Lee DH, Lim JE, Moon HB, Kim S, Lee K. Simultaneous assessment of organophosphate flame retardants, plasticizers, trace metals, and house dust mite allergens in settled house dust. INDOOR AIR 2022; 32:e13071. [PMID: 35904395 DOI: 10.1111/ina.13071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Settled house dust (SHD) is a reservoir for various contaminants, including endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs), trace metals, and house dust mite allergens. This study aimed to characterize various chemical and biological contaminants in SHD and identify determinants governing the indoor contaminants. In total, 106 SHD samples were collected from 106 houses in Seoul and Gyeonggi Province, Korea, in 2021. Bedding dust samples were collected from 30 of these 106 houses. All participants completed a questionnaire comprised of housing and lifestyle-related factors. The samples were analyzed for 18 organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs), 16 phthalates, five alternative plasticizers (APs), seven trace metals, and two house dust mite allergens (Dermatophagoides farinae type 1 [Der f1] and Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus type 1 [Der p1]). A multiple regression analysis was conducted to identify the determinants governing the concentrations and profiles of various contaminants. OPFRs, phthalates, APs, and trace metals were detected in all SHD samples, indicating ubiquitous contamination in indoor environments. Among the three EDC groups, APs were detected at the highest concentrations (geometric mean [GM] (geometric standard deviation, [GSD]): 1452 (1.6) μg/g in total), followed by phthalates (GM (GSD): 676 (1.4) μg/g in total) and OPFRs (GM (GSD): 10 (1.4) μg/g in total). Der f1 was detected in all bedding dust samples with significantly higher levels than Der p1 (GM (GSD): 0.1 (1.8) μg/g vs. 1.4 × 10-3 (2.3) μg/g). The concentrations of OPFRs, plasticizers, and trace metals in SHD were significantly associated with the type and number of electronic appliances and combustion activities. Der f1 was significantly associated with the number of occupants and water penetration. Ventilation, vacuum cleaning, and wet cleaning or dry mopping significantly reduced the levels of most contaminants in SHD. As residents are persistently exposed to a wide array of pollutants, comprehensive and adequate measures are required to prevent potential exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghyun Kim
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ji Young Park
- Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Dong Hyun Lee
- Consulting & Technology for Environment Health and Safety, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jae-Eun Lim
- Department of Marine Science and Convergence Engineering, College of Science and Convergence Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, South Korea
| | - Hyo-Bang Moon
- Department of Marine Science and Convergence Engineering, College of Science and Convergence Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, South Korea
| | - Sungkyoon Kim
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kiyoung Lee
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
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Al-Omran LS, Stubbings WA, Harrad S. Concentrations and isomer profiles of hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDDs) in floor, elevated surface, and outdoor dust samples from Basrah, Iraq. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2022; 24:910-920. [PMID: 35662304 DOI: 10.1039/d2em00133k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Concentrations of the α, β, and γ- diastereomers of hexabromocyclododecane (α-, β-, and γ-HBCDD) were measured in 60 dust samples from 20 homes across Basrah, Iraq. From each home, two indoor dust (ID) samples (specifically one collected from elevated surfaces (ESD) and one from the floor (FD)) were collected from the living room, with one outdoor dust (OD) sample collected from the front yard of the house. Concentrations of HBCDDs decreased in the following sequence ESD > FD > OD. For ID, ΣHBCDD concentrations varied from 5.3 ng g-1 in FD to 150 ng g-1 in ESD, with median levels of 60 and 40 ng g-1 in ESD and FD respectively. Concentrations of γ-HBCDD, and consequently of ΣHBCDDs in ESD, significantly (p < 0.05) exceeded those in FD. For adults, this implies that exposure assessments based on FD only may underestimate exposure, as adults are more likely to ingest ESD. Concentrations of ΣHBCDDs in OD ranged between 7.4 and 120 ng g-1 with a median of 35 ng g-1 and were significantly exceeded (p < 0.05) by those in ID samples. Concentrations of ΣHBCDDs in OD from houses with car parking areas exceeded (p < 0.05) those in OD from other homes, implying vehicles as potential emission sources of HBCDDs. Simultaneously, there was moderate correlation (R = 0.510-0.609, p < 0.05) between concentrations in ID and OD, implying that the indoor environment is an important source of OD contamination. The isomer pattern of HBCDDs in dust samples displayed a predominance of α-HBCDD, which represented 56%, 52% and 59% ΣHBCDD in ESD, FD and OD samples respectively. Derived from the concentrations reported in this study, the median and 95th percentile estimated daily intakes (EDI) for Iraqi adults and toddlers through house dust ingestion did not exceed the reference dose (RfD) value for HBCDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Layla Salih Al-Omran
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Basrah, Basrah, Iraq
- School of Geography, Earth, and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.
| | - William A Stubbings
- School of Geography, Earth, and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.
| | - Stuart Harrad
- School of Geography, Earth, and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.
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Beltrán EM, González-Doncel M, García-Mauriño JE, Hortigüela PG, Pablos MV. Effects of life cycle exposure to dietary 2,2', 4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47) on medaka fish (Oryzias latipes). AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2022; 245:106133. [PMID: 35279506 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2022.106133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies conducted in our laboratory, which resorted to 40-day oral exposures to BDE-47 in specific developmental windows of medaka (Oryzias latipes) did not evidence effects on growing or breeding periods. In this new study, full life cycle (i.e. 140-day) dietary exposure to 1000 ng of BDE-47/g was performed with medaka to evaluate effects on growth and reproduction (i.e. fecundity, fertility, hatchability), and to analyze the bioacumulated BDE-47 in and transferred to offspring. No significant effects were observed for the biometric analyses during the growth and maturation periods and no biased sex ratios were found. Reproductive capacity was not affected by the presence of BDE-47 in diet. There was no evidence for apparent effects from parental exposure during embryo and eleutheroembryo development. The analytical results revealed steady BDE-47 bioaccumulation during the growing period, which remained in the reproductive phase in males, and a decreasing tendency was noted in females. These lowering BDE-47 levels in females coincided with the detected BDE-47 levels offloaded in embryos. In the 10-day-old post-hatch larvae, the BDE-47 concentrations dropped to comparatively lower values than the concentrations detected in parents. This finding suggests an efficient metabolic process in the eleutheroembryonic and post-eleutheroembryonic phases. Our 140-day dietary approach found no BDE-47 effects on medaka growth and reproduction, or in early progeny stages despite effective bioaccumulation and maternal transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eulalia María Beltrán
- Laboratory of Ecotoxicology, Department of the Environment, National Institute for Agricultural and Food Research and Technology (INIA-CSIC), A-6, Km. 7.5, E-28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Miguel González-Doncel
- Laboratory of Ecotoxicology, Department of the Environment, National Institute for Agricultural and Food Research and Technology (INIA-CSIC), A-6, Km. 7.5, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - José Enrique García-Mauriño
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Complutense University, Ciudad Universitaria, E- 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Pilar García Hortigüela
- Laboratory of Ecotoxicology, Department of the Environment, National Institute for Agricultural and Food Research and Technology (INIA-CSIC), A-6, Km. 7.5, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - María Victoria Pablos
- Laboratory of Ecotoxicology, Department of the Environment, National Institute for Agricultural and Food Research and Technology (INIA-CSIC), A-6, Km. 7.5, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
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Esplugas R, Rovira J, Mari M, Fernández-Arribas J, Eljarrat E, Domingo JL, Schuhmacher M. Emerging and legacy flame retardants in indoor air and dust samples of Tarragona Province (Catalonia, Spain). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 806:150494. [PMID: 34844308 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Flame retardants (FRs) are widely used in consumer products including furniture foam and electronic equipment such as computers, monitors and TVs. Over time, FRs can easily migrate into the surrounding environments. Since brominated FRs (BFRs) has been determined of high concern due to their environmental persistence, bioaccumulation and potential toxicity, novel FRs have emerged. The present study was aimed at identifying and quantifying the indoor levels of 41 legacy and novel FRs, which include 20 OPFRs and 21 HFRs (8 PBDEs, 3 HBCDDs, 5 NBFRs and 5 DECs) in Tarragona Province (Catalonia, Spain). The results have confirmed the presence of both legacy and novel FRs in air and dust of homes, schools and offices. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first European study measuring OPFRs at office environments and also confirming the presence of the following OPFRs: TEP, TCIPP, T2IPPP, TPPO, DCP, TMCP and B4IPPPP in indoor air, even some of them at high levels. OPFRs in general and TCIPP in particular showed high concentrations in air (94,599 pg/m3 and 72,281 pg/m3, respectively) and dust (32,084 ng/g and 13,496 ng/g, respectively) samples collected in indoor environments. HBCDDs were found at high levels in dust (32,185 ng/g), whereas the presence of PBDEs and DECs were low in both matrices (<160 pg/m3 in air and <832 ng/g in dust). NBFRs showed higher levels than the two legacy FRs groups, which is supported by the current restrictions of these FRs (640 pg/m3 in air and 1291 ng/g in dust). Samples of schools had significantly lower levels of NBFRs, but significantly higher concentrations of HFRs in air than in home samples, while dust levels of HFRs were significantly lower than those in samples of offices. Regarding human health risks, the current assessment suggests that those derived from exposure to FRs were lower -although close- to assumable risks, evidencing the potential of FRs for non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks, mainly due to the exposure to TCIPP, which was the main contributor together with ΣHBCDDs and also EHDPP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roser Esplugas
- Environmental Analysis and Management Group, Chemical Engineering Department, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain; Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain
| | - Joaquim Rovira
- Environmental Analysis and Management Group, Chemical Engineering Department, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain; Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain.
| | - Montse Mari
- Environmental Analysis and Management Group, Chemical Engineering Department, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Julio Fernández-Arribas
- Water and Soil Quality Research Group, Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ethel Eljarrat
- Water and Soil Quality Research Group, Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Barcelona, Spain
| | - José L Domingo
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain
| | - Marta Schuhmacher
- Environmental Analysis and Management Group, Chemical Engineering Department, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain
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You J, Chen ZM, Hou XY, Guo JS, Wang CC, Gao JM. Occurrence, potential sources and risks of organophosphate esters in the high-elevation region, Tibet, China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 806:151348. [PMID: 34728211 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphate esters (OPEs) are widely used flame retardants that are frequently released into the environment, causing potential harm to humans and ecosystems. Tibet is located on the Tibetan Plateau, known as the "roof of the world", but the occurrence of OPEs in Tibet remains unclear. This is the first report of the occurrence, potential sources and risks of 12 OPEs in water, soil, sediment and snow from Xainza, a typical town at high-elevation in Tibet (average elevation = 4700 m). Ten OPEs were observed, with ∑OPE concentrations of 46.45-1744.73 ng/L in surface water, 29.74-73.85 ng/g in soil, and 13.30-32.23 ng/g in sediment. Moreover, the mean ∑OPE concentration in snow was 413.90 ng/L. Tris (2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP) and tris (2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate (TCPP) were the main OPEs in surface water and snow, while 2-ethylhexyl diphenyl phosphate (EHDPP) was dominant in soil and sediment. Local human activities and long-distance atmospheric transport may be the main sources of OPEs in Xainza. The assessment of ecological risk indicated that EHDPP in soil poses potential risk. The occurrence of OPEs in Xainza showed that more attention should be paid to persistent organic pollutants in high-elevation regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia You
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China
| | - Zhu-Man Chen
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China
| | - Xian-Yu Hou
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China
| | - Jin-Song Guo
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China
| | - Chen-Chen Wang
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China
| | - Jun-Min Gao
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China.
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Wu Z, Lyu H, Ma X, Ren G, Song J, Jing X, Liu Y. Comparative effects of environmental factors on bacterial communities in two types of indoor dust: Potential risks to university students. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 203:111869. [PMID: 34411549 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.111869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
University students are constantly exposed to potential bacterial pathogens and environmental pollutants in indoor environment because they spend most of their time indoors. University dormitory and printing shop are two typical indoor environments frequented by university students. However, little is known about the characteristics of bacterial community as well as the effect of indoor environmental factors on them. 16S rRNA gene sequencing was used to reveal the bacterial community in indoor dust, electronic devices were recorded during dust sampling, and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) were detected by gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria and Firmicutes were leading phyla, and Acinetobacter, Paracoccus and Kocuria were dominating genera. The predominant genera showed Acinetobacter > Paracoccus > unidentified Corynebacteriaceae in indoor dusts from university dormitories, whereas Paracoccus > unidentified Cyanobacteria > Acinetobacter in printing shops. The occurrence of Acinetobacter, Kocuria, Corynebacterium, Pseudomonas, and Bacillus suggested the health risks of potential pathogenic bacteria to university students. Significant differences of microbial composition and diversity were proved between university dormitories and printing shops. Chemoheterotrophy and aerobic chemoheterotrophy were dominant bacterial functions, and the seven primary bacterial functions displayed university dormitory > printing shop. BDE 138 and BDE 66 were main environmental parameters affecting the indoor dust bacterial community in university dormitory, while printer and BDE 47 played dominating role in shaping microorganism in printing shop. The complex biotic (potential bacterial pathogens) and abiotic factors (electronic equipment and chemical pollutants) in indoor dusts may pose potential health risks to university students.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhineng Wu
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, 300401, China; School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, China
| | - Honghong Lyu
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, 300401, China
| | - Xiaodong Ma
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, 300401, China.
| | - Gengbo Ren
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, 300401, China
| | - Jie Song
- School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, China
| | - Xiaohua Jing
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anyang Normal University, Henan Province, 455002, China
| | - Yuanyuan Liu
- Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
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Klinčić D, Tariba Lovaković B, Jagić K, Dvoršćak M. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers and the multi-element profile of house dust in Croatia: Indoor sources, influencing factors of their accumulation and health risk assessment for humans. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 800:149430. [PMID: 34399331 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Given the large amount of time people spend indoors today, human exposure to indoor contaminants causes increasing public health concerns. The present study reports for the first time the levels of 7 polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) congeners, and 18 trace elements measured in dust samples collected in 68 households from Zagreb, Croatia. Based on the obtained data from dust analysis and the questionnaire on the house characteristics and habits of the residents, we aimed to assess the possible indoor sources of PBDEs/elements, and the associated health risks. Mass concentrations of ΣPBDE ranged from 0.16 and 200.09 ng g-1 dust (median 4.19 ng g-1 dust). The most frequently detected congeners were BDE-99 and BDE-183 found in >88% of samples, while for trace elements, Al, Fe, Zn, Mn and Cu were found at the highest concentrations (enumerated in the descending order). The regression analysis indicated that renovation, number of residents and hours spent using electronic devices are significant predictors for determining PBDE dust concentrations, while the house age, and the house area were identified as the most important contributors for most trace elements. Our health risk assessment considering dust ingestion and dermal absorption of analyzed dust indicated that no adverse health effects are expected in toddlers and adults from exposure to PBDEs or trace elements in house dust. However, calculating the worst case exposure scenario based on the maximum measured concentrations and high dust intake rates, it was estimated that there is a risk of potential adverse health effects for Co (HI > 1). Even though the cases of high exposure to toxic elements from dust are sporadic, and not common among the general population, this exposure scenario should be included whenever assessing the background exposure of children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darija Klinčić
- Biochemistry and Organic Analytical Chemistry Unit, Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska cesta 2, 10001 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Blanka Tariba Lovaković
- Analytical Toxicology and Mineral Metabolism Unit, Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska cesta 2, 10001 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Karla Jagić
- Biochemistry and Organic Analytical Chemistry Unit, Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska cesta 2, 10001 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Marija Dvoršćak
- Biochemistry and Organic Analytical Chemistry Unit, Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska cesta 2, 10001 Zagreb, Croatia
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A new generation of cable grade poly(vinyl chloride) containing heavy metal free modifier. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-021-02798-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
AbstractMany additives are used to improve the performance of cables in terms of increasing their flame retardancy, thermal stability, thermal conductivity, and other characteristics. Unfortunately, most of these additives contain heavy metals. Therefore, the main objective of this study is to introduce a material representing a new generation of environmentally friendly heavy metal-free stabilizers for cable grade poly(vinyl chloride) that can compete with traditional materials in terms of performance and distinctive properties. This unique additive is Oxydtron, a synthetic silicate or simply nanocement. The tests performed are rheological properties represented by a capillary rheometry analysis, limiting oxygen index, and volume resistivity. The most significant improvement in Bagley correction measurements was 14.61%; 18.13%; and 27.20% more than poly(vinyl chloride) basic formulation when using 5wt.% Oxydtron at 160 °C, 170 °C, and 180 °C, respectively. Also, the mean increases in relaxation time were 3.200 times, 8.825 times, and 12.458 times more than poly(vinyl chloride) basic formulation with 1wt.%, 3wt.%, and 5wt.% of Oxydtron, respectively. Furthermore, the Oxydtron lowered the value of the accompanying thermal gradient of the L.O.I test, reducing the heat-affected zone. The best result was with the extrusion processing method due to the uniformity of the processing conditions. However, the thermal gradient analysis showed residual heat stress in the test samples after cutting the burning layer and re-testing the samples again; this causes them to burn faster. This situation requires caution for designs that are exposed to high temperatures without burning. The optimum improvement in volume resistivity value was 14.71% and 38.24% more than poly(vinyl chloride) basic formulation after adding 5wt.% and 7wt.% of Oxydtron, respectively.
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Ye S, Li S, Ma Y, Hu D, Xiao F. Curcumin hinders PBDE-47-induced neutrophil extracellular traps release via Nrf2-associated ROS inhibition. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 225:112779. [PMID: 34530259 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE-47), a kind of lipophilic persistent organic pollutants (POPs) brominated flame retardant, has been widely used in various consumer products. However, the toxicity of PBDE-47 on human immune system has not been well elucidated. Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) contribute to the innate immune responses, and the release of NETs is recognized as the most important part of the extracellular killing mechanism. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of PBDE-47 on NETs and its possible molecular mechanism, as well as the intervention effect of curcumin (Cur). In this study, the formation of PBDE-47-induced NETs was observed by fluorescence microscopy and scanning electron microscopy, and was also quantitatively detected by DNA dye SYTOX green. In addition, we used Cur and Nrf2 inhibitor ML385 to explore the role of reactive oxygen species (ROS), extracellular signal regulated kinase (ERK) and p38 signaling pathway in PBDE-47-induced reticular formation. We demonstrated that PBDE-47 could significantly induce the formation of NETs, and its molecular mechanism might be related to ROS burst. Cur reduced ROS and inhibited PBDE-47-induced NETs formation by interfering with Nrf2. In conclusion, this study revealed that Cur hindered PBDE-47-induced NETs via Nrf2-associated ROS inhibition, which enriched the cytotoxicity mechanism of PBDE-47, and provided a new clue for the development of Cur as an antagonist of PBDE-47-related immune injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuzi Ye
- Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha 410078, PR China.
| | - Siwen Li
- Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha 410078, PR China.
| | - Yu Ma
- Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha 410078, PR China.
| | - Die Hu
- Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha 410078, PR China
| | - Fang Xiao
- Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha 410078, PR China.
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Ding J, Liu W, Zhang H, Zhu L, Zhu L, Feng J. Liver-Based Probabilistic Risk Assessment of Exposure to Organophosphate Esters via Dust Ingestion Using a Physiologically Based Toxicokinetic (PBTK) Model. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph182312469. [PMID: 34886193 PMCID: PMC8657049 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182312469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Organophosphate esters (OPEs) are widely used and harmful to organisms and human health. Dust ingestion is an important exposure route for OPEs to humans. In this study, by integrating ToxCast high-throughput in vitro assays with in vitro to in vivo extrapolation (IVIVE) via physiologically based Toxicokinetic (PBTK) modeling, we assessed the hepatocyte-based health risk for humans around the world due to exposure to two typical OPEs (TPHP and TDCPP) through the dust ingestion exposure route. Results showed that the health guidance value of TPHP and TCDPP obtained in this study was lower than the value obtained through animal experiments. In addition, probabilistic risk assessment results indicate that populations worldwide are at low risk of exposure to TPHP and TDCPP through dust ingestion due to low estimated daily intakes (EDIs) which are much lower than the reference dose (RfDs) published by the US EPA, except in some regional cases. Most margin of exposure (MOE) ranges of TDCPP for children are less than 100, which indicates a moderately high risk. Researchers should be concerned about exposure to TDCPP in this area. The method proposed in this study is expected to be applied to the health risk assessment of other chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Lin Zhu
- Correspondence: (L.Z.); (J.F.)
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Li Z, Zhu Y, Wang D, Zhang X, Jones KC, Ma J, Wang P, Yang R, Li Y, Pei Z, Zhang Q, Jiang G. Modeling of Flame Retardants in Typical Urban Indoor Environments in China during 2010-2030: Influence of Policy and Decoration and Implications for Human Exposure. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:11745-11755. [PMID: 34410710 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c03402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Novel flame retardants (FRs) are of increasing concern, given growing evidence of health effects and use to replace polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). This study modeled combined effects of use policies and decoration on indoor FRs and human exposure for 18 widely used PBDEs, organophosphate esters (OPEs), and novel brominated flame retardants in typical urban indoor environments in China. The current estimated indoor emission rates and average concentrations in air and dust of the 18 FRs were 102-103 ng/h, 561 ng/m3, and 1.5 × 104 ng/g, respectively, with seven OPEs dominant (>69%). Different use patterns exist between China and the US and Europe. Scenarios modeled over 2010-2030 suggested that decoration would affect indoor concentrations of FRs more than use policies, and use policies were mainly responsible for shifts of FR composition. Additional use of hexabromobenzene and 2,3,4,5,6-pentabromotoluene and removal of BDE-209 would make the total human exposure to the modeled FR mixture increase after the restriction of penta- and octa-BDE but decrease after deca-BDE was banned. Better knowledge of the toxicity of substitutes is needed for a complete understanding of the health implications of such changes. Toddlers may be more affected by use changes than adults. Such studies are supportive to the management of FR use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zengwei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ying Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Dou Wang
- Laboratory (Hangzhou) for Risk Assessment of Agricultural Products of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Quality and Standard for Agro-products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xianming Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke Street, West Montreal, Quebec H4B 1R6, Canada
| | - Kevin C Jones
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, United Kingdom
| | - Jianmin Ma
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Pu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Ruiqiang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Yingming Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Zhiguo Pei
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Qinghua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Guibin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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46
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Bekele TG, Zhao H, Yang J, Chegen RG, Chen J, Mekonen S, Qadeer A. A review of environmental occurrence, analysis, bioaccumulation, and toxicity of organophosphate esters. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:49507-49528. [PMID: 34378126 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-15861-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The ban and restriction of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and major brominated flame retardants (BFRs), including hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), due to their confirmed detrimental effects on wildlife and humans have paved the way for the wide application of organophosphate esters (OPEs). OPEs have been extensively used as alternative flame retardants, plasticizer, and antifoaming agents in various industrial and consumer products, which leads to an increase in production, usage, and discharge in the environment. We compile recent information on the production/usage and physicochemical properties of OPEs and discussed and compared the available sample treatment and analysis techniques of OPEs, including extraction, clean-up, and instrumental analysis. The occurrence of OPEs in sediment, aquatic biota, surface, and drinking water is documented. Toxicity, human exposure, and ecological risks of OPEs were summarized; toxicological data of several OPEs shows different adverse health effects on aquatic organisms and humans. Much attention was given to document evidence regarding the bioaccumulation and biomagnification potential of OPEs in aquatic organisms. Finally, identified research gaps and avenues for future studies are forwarded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadiyose Girma Bekele
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
- Department of Natural Resource Management, Arba Minch University, 21, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
| | - Hongxia Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China.
| | - Jun Yang
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, China.
| | - Ruth Gebretsadik Chegen
- Department of Marine Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, No.1 Linghai Road, High-tech Zone District, Dalian, 116026, China
| | - Jingwen Chen
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Seblework Mekonen
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences and Technology, Jimma University, 378, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Abdul Qadeer
- National Engineering Laboratory for Lake Pollution Control and Ecological Restoration, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
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47
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Vishnu Sreejith M, Aradhana KS, Varsha M, Cyrus MK, Aravindakumar CT, Aravind UK. ATR-FTIR and LC-Q-ToF-MS analysis of indoor dust from different micro-environments located in a tropical metropolitan area. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 783:147066. [PMID: 34088116 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Indoor dust is an important matrix that exposes humans to a broad spectrum of chemicals. The information on the occurrence of contaminants of emerging concern (CECs), their metabolites, and re-emerging contaminants in indoor dust is rather limited. As the indoor environment is exposed to various chemicals from personal care products, furniture, building materials, machineries and cooking/cleaning products, there is a high chance of the presence of hazardous contaminants in indoor dust. In the present study, dust samples were collected from four different micro indoor environments (photocopying centres, residential houses, classrooms, and ATM cabins) located in an urban environment located in India's southwestern part. The collected samples were subjected to ATR - FTIR and LC-Q-ToF-MS analyses. The ATR - FTIR analysis indicated the presence of aldehydes, anhydrides, carboxylic acids, esters, sulphonic acids, and asbestos - a re-emerging contaminant. A total of 19 compounds were identified from the LC-Q-ToF-MS analysis. These compounds belonged to various classes such as plasticisers, plasticiser metabolites, photoinitiators, personal care products, pharmaceutical intermediates, surfactants, and pesticides. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report regarding the presence of CECs in indoor environments in Kerala and also the suspected occurrence of pesticides (metaldehyde and ethofumesate) in classroom dust in India. Another important highlight of this work is the demonstration of ATR-FTIR as a complementary technique for LC-Q-ToF-MS in the analysis of indoor pollution while dealing with totally unknown pollutants. These results further highlight the occurrence of probable chemically modified metabolites in the tropical climatic conditions in a microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Vishnu Sreejith
- Schoool of Environmental Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University (MGU), Kottayam 686560, Kerala, India
| | - K S Aradhana
- School of Environmental Studies, Cochin University of Science & Technology (CUSAT), Kochi 682022, Kerala, India
| | - M Varsha
- School of Environmental Studies, Cochin University of Science & Technology (CUSAT), Kochi 682022, Kerala, India
| | - M K Cyrus
- Inter University Instrumentation Centre (IUIC), Mahatma Gandhi University (MGU), Kottayam 686560, Kerala, India
| | - C T Aravindakumar
- Schoool of Environmental Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University (MGU), Kottayam 686560, Kerala, India; Inter University Instrumentation Centre (IUIC), Mahatma Gandhi University (MGU), Kottayam 686560, Kerala, India.
| | - Usha K Aravind
- School of Environmental Studies, Cochin University of Science & Technology (CUSAT), Kochi 682022, Kerala, India..
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Jagić K, Dvoršćak M, Jurič A, Safner T, Klinčić D. Optimization and validation of a two-step method for the determination of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in Croatian house dust samples. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2021; 13:3504-3510. [PMID: 34268546 DOI: 10.1039/d1ay00695a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Microwave-assisted extraction was applied as a method for extraction of seven polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) congeners (28, 47, 99, 100, 153, 154, and 183) from house dust samples. Optimization of MAE experimental conditions was achieved using a multivariate design approach, and the results indicated that only the choice of extraction solvent had a statistically significant influence on extraction efficiency. The extract purification step was also investigated in detail with a goal to achieve effective cleaning, with minor solvent consumption. As the final operating conditions, 20 min MAE extraction from 1 g of dust with 20 mL of n-hexane : acetone (1 : 1, v/v) at 80 °C and extract purification on an in-lab prepared column containing 2 g of neutral silica and 4 g of acidified silica, whereby the PBDEs were eluted from the column with 15 mL of n-hexane : dichloromethane (4 : 1, v/v), were selected. The extracts were analyzed on a dual GC-μECD system, and GC-MS/MS was used as a confirmatory method. The performance of the optimized method was validated by analyzing spiked dust samples and a standard reference material (NIST 2585 "Organic Contaminants in House Dust"). Congener specific PBDE recovery ranged from 76% to 90% for the spiked samples (with very good repeatability; RSD < 7%) and the measured mass concentrations of selected PBDEs were in excellent agreement with certified values for a standard reference material. The proposed method was successfully applied to the analysis of targeted PBDEs in house dust samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karla Jagić
- Biochemistry and Organic Analytical Chemistry Unit, Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska Cesta 2, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Marija Dvoršćak
- Biochemistry and Organic Analytical Chemistry Unit, Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska Cesta 2, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Andreja Jurič
- Analytical Toxicology and Mineral Metabolism Unit, Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska Cesta 2, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Toni Safner
- Department of Plant Breeding, Genetics, Biometrics and Experimentation, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zagreb, Svetošimunska Cesta 25, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia and Centre of Excellence for Biodiversity and Molecular Plant Breeding (CoE CroP-BioDiv), Svetošimunska Cesta 25, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Darija Klinčić
- Biochemistry and Organic Analytical Chemistry Unit, Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska Cesta 2, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
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Hoang MTT, Anh HQ, Kadokami K, Duong HT, Hoang HM, Van Nguyen T, Takahashi S, Le GT, Trinh HT. Contamination status, emission sources, and human health risk of brominated flame retardants in urban indoor dust from Hanoi, Vietnam: the replacement of legacy polybrominated diphenyl ether mixtures by alternative formulations. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:43885-43896. [PMID: 33837942 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-13822-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the occurrence, distribution of several additive brominated flame retardants (BFRs) such as polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and some novel brominated flame retardants (NBFRs) in urban indoor dust collected from ten inner districts of Hanoi, Vietnam to assess the contamination status, emission sources, as well as their associated human exposure through indoor dust ingestion and health risks. Total concentrations of PBDEs and NBFRs in indoor dust samples ranged from 43 to 480 ng g-1 (median 170 ng g-1) and from 56 to 2200 ng g-1 (median 180 ng g-1), respectively. The most abundant PBDE congener in these dust samples was BDE-209 with concentrations ranging from 29 to 360 ng g-1, accounting for 62.6-86.5% of total PBDE levels. Among the NBFRs analyzed, decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) was the predominant compound with a mean contribution of 98.6% total NBFR amounts. Significant concentrations of DBDPE were detected in all dust samples (median 180 ng g-1, range 54-2200 ng g-1), due to DBDPE as a substitute for deca-BDE. Other NBFRs such as 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy) ethane (BTBPE), pentabromoethylbenzene (PBEB) and 2,2',4,4',5,5'-hexabromobiphenyl (BB-153) were found at very low levels. Based on the measured BFR concentrations, daily intake doses (IDs) of PBDEs and NBFRs via dust ingestion at exposure scenarios using the median and 95th percentile levels for both adults and children were calculated for risk assessment. The results showed that the daily exposure doses via dust ingestion of all compounds, even in the high-exposure scenarios were also lower than their reference dose (RfD) values. The lifetime cancer risks (LTCR) were much lower than the threshold level (10-6), which indicated the acceptable health risks resulting from indoor BFRs exposure for urban residents in Hanoi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minh Tue Thi Hoang
- Graduate University of Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Hanoi, 10000, Vietnam
| | - Hoang Quoc Anh
- Faculty of Chemistry, VNU University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, 19 Le Thanh Tong, Hanoi, 10000, Vietnam
- Center of Advanced Technology for the Environment (CATE), Graduate School of Agriculture, Ehime University, 3-5-7 Tarumi, Matsuyama, 790-8566, Japan
| | - Kiwao Kadokami
- The University of Kitakyushu, 1-1 Hibikino, Kitakyushu, 808-0135, Japan
| | - Hanh Thi Duong
- Institute of Environmental Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Hanoi, 10000, Vietnam
| | - Ha Mai Hoang
- Institute of Chemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Hanoi, 10000, Vietnam
| | - Tuyen Van Nguyen
- Institute of Chemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Hanoi, 10000, Vietnam
| | - Shin Takahashi
- Center of Advanced Technology for the Environment (CATE), Graduate School of Agriculture, Ehime University, 3-5-7 Tarumi, Matsuyama, 790-8566, Japan
| | - Giang Truong Le
- Institute of Chemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Hanoi, 10000, Vietnam
| | - Ha Thu Trinh
- Institute of Chemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Hanoi, 10000, Vietnam.
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50
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Chen X, Zhao X, Shi Z. Organophosphorus flame retardants in breast milk from Beijing, China: Occurrence, nursing infant's exposure and risk assessment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 771:145404. [PMID: 33548720 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2020] [Revised: 01/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphorus flame retardants (OPFRs) are widely used chemicals, whereas data on OPFRs in human being is limited. In this study, thirteen OPFRs were measured in 105 breast milk samples collected from Beijing mothers in 2018. The ∑13OPFRs ranged from <LOD to 106 ng mL-1 (<LOD-6700 ng g-1 lipid weight (lw)), with a median value 10.6 ng mL-1 (157 ng g-1 lw). The most abundant compound was tris(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate (TEHP), followed by triphenyl phosphate (TPhP) and 2-ethylhexyl diphenyl phosphate (EHDPP). The detecting frequencies and contamination levels of OPFRs in our study were higher than those reported in other studies, which indicated that China is one of the most affected regions by OPFRs. In addition, OPFR levels in our study were found to be higher than levels of brominated flame retardants (BFRs) in human milk from China. Based on regression analyses, mothers' personal characters, including age, pregnancy, residing/working location, and educational level were found to be impact factors of some OPFRs in breast milk. Estimated daily intakes (EDI) of the OPFRs for nursing infants via human milk ingest were calculated, and the mean EDIs of the 13 OPFRs ranged from 2.62 to 1640 ng kg-1 bw d-1. Since the mean and max EDIs of most OPFRs were lower than corresponding reference doses (RfDs), the daily OPFR intake for most nursing infants would not cause significant health concerns. However, the max EDIs of two OPFRs, TPhP and EHDPP, with values of 1.09 × 104 and 2190 ng kg-1 bw d-1, respectively, were higher than their corresponding RfDs. To our knowledge, this is the first report on the occurrence of OPFRs in human milk from China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuelei Chen
- School of Public Health and Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Xuezhen Zhao
- School of Public Health and Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Zhixiong Shi
- School of Public Health and Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China.
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