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Arif I, Adams MD, Johnson MTJ. A meta-analysis of the carcinogenic effects of particulate matter and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 351:123941. [PMID: 38614427 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.123941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/15/2024]
Abstract
Urbanization has numerous benefits to human society, but some aspects of urban environments, such as air pollution, can negatively affect human health. Two major air pollutants, particulate matter (PM) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), have been classified as carcinogens by the International Agency for Research on Cancer. Here, we answer two questions: (1) What are the carcinogenic effects of PM and PAH exposure? (2) How does carcinogenic risk vary across geographical regions? We performed a comprehensive literature search of peer-reviewed published studies examining the link between air pollution and human cancer rates. Focusing on studies published since 2014 when the last IARC monograph on air pollution was published, we converted the extracted data into relative risks and performed subgroup analyses. Exposure to PM2.5 (per 10 μg/m3) resulted in an 8.5% increase in cancer incidence when all cancer types were combined, and risk for individual cancer types (i.e. lung cancer and adenocarcinoma) was also elevated. PM2.5 was also associated with 2.5% higher mortality due to cancer when all types of cancer were combined, and for individual cancer types (i.e., lung and breast cancer). Exposure to PM2.5 and PM10 posed the greatest risk to lung cancer incidence and mortality in Europe (PM2.5 RR 2.15; PM10 RR 1.26); the risk in Asia and the Americas was also elevated. Exposure to PAH and benzo[a]pyrene significantly increased the pooled risk of cancer incidence (10.8% and 8.0% respectively) at the highest percentile of exposure concentration. Our meta-analyses of studies over the past decade shows that urban air pollution in the form of PM2.5, PM10, and PAH all elevate the incidence and mortality of cancer. We discuss the possible mechanisms of carcinogenesis of PM and PAH. These results support World Health Organization's conclusion that air pollution poses among the greatest health risks to humans living in cities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irtaqa Arif
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Canada; Centre for Urban Environments, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, Canada.
| | - Matthew D Adams
- Department of Geography, University of Toronto Mississauga, Canada; Centre for Urban Environments, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, Canada
| | - Marc T J Johnson
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Canada; Centre for Urban Environments, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, Canada
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Zhang Y, Wang Y, Zheng H, Wei J. Increased mortality risk from airborne exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 474:134714. [PMID: 38820754 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2024] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/02/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The potential health effects of airborne polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) among general population remained extensively unstudied. This study sought to investigate the association of short-term exposure to low-level total and 7 carcinogenic PAHs with mortality risk. METHODS We conducted an individual-level time-stratified case-crossover study in Jiangsu province of eastern China, by investigating over 2 million death cases during 2016-2019. Daily concentrations of total PAH and its 7 carcinogenic species including benzo[a]anthracene (BaA), benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), benzo[b]fluoranthene (BbF), benzo[k]fluoranthene (BkF), chrysene (Chr), dibenz[a,h]anthracene (DahA), and indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene (IcdP), predicted by well-validated spatiotemporal models, were assigned to death cases according to their residential addresses. We estimated mortality risk associated with short-term exposure to increase of an interquartile range (IQR) for aforementioned PAHs using conditional logistic regression. RESULTS An IQR increase (16.9 ng/m3) in 2-day (the current and prior day) moving average of total PAH concentration was associated with risk increases of 1.90% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.71-2.09) in all-cause mortality, 1.90% (95% CI: 1.70-2.10) in nonaccidental mortality, 2.01% (95% CI: 1.72-2.29) in circulatory mortality, and 2.53% (95% CI: 2.03-3.02) in respiratory mortality. Risk increases of cause-specific mortality ranged between 1.42-1.90% for BaA (IQR: 1.6 ng/m3), 1.94-2.53% for BaP (IQR: 1.6 ng/m3), 2.45-3.16% for BbF (IQR: 2.8 ng/m3), 2.80-3.65% for BkF (IQR: 1.0 ng/m3), 1.36-1.77% for Chr (IQR: 1.8 ng/m3), 0.77-1.24% for DahA (IQR: 0.8 ng/m3), and 2.96-3.85% for IcdP (IQR: 1.7 ng/m3). CONCLUSIONS This study provided suggested evidence for heightened mortality risk in relation to short-term exposure to airborne PAHs in general population. Our findings suggest that airborne PAHs may pose a potential threat to public health, emphasizing the need of more population-based evidence to enhance the understanding of health risk under the low-dose exposure scenario.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunquan Zhang
- Institute of Social Development and Health Management, Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, School of Public Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430065, China.
| | - Yaqi Wang
- Institute of Social Development and Health Management, Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, School of Public Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430065, China
| | - Hao Zheng
- Department of Environmental Health, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Jing Wei
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Science, Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, United States.
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Ali N. Dust dynamics: distribution patterns of semi-volatile organic chemicals across particle sizes in varied indoor microenvironments. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:35429-35441. [PMID: 38727973 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-33508-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
An extensive analysis of the distribution patterns of three distinct classes of semi-volatile organic chemicals (SVOCs)-phthalates (PAEs), organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs), and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)-across four distinct size fractions of dust (25, 50, 100, and 200 μm) was conducted. The dust samples were sourced from AC filter, covered car parking lots, households, hotels, mosques, and car floors. To generate the four fractions, ten dust samples from each microenvironment were pooled and sieved utilizing sieving apparatus with the appropriate mesh size. Selected SVOCs were quantified utilizing gas chromatography-mass spectrometry in electron impact (EI) mode. Results unveiled diverse contamination levels among dust fractions, showcasing car parking lot dust with the lowest chemical contamination, while car floor dust displayed the highest levels of PAHs and OPFRs, peaking at 28.3 µg/g and 43.2 µg/g, respectively. In contrast, mosque and household floor dust exhibited the highest concentrations of phthalates, with values of 985 µg/g and 846 µg/g, respectively. Across the analyzed microenvironments, we observed a trend where concentrations of SVOCs tended to rise as dust particles decreased in size, forming a visually striking pattern. This phenomenon was particularly pronounced in dust samples collected from car floors and parking lots. Among SVOCs, PAEs emerged as the predominant contributors with > 90% followed by OPFRs and PAHs. The high levels of OPFRs in car floor dust align logically with the fact that numerous interior components of cars are treated with OPFRs, within a compact indoor microenvironment, to comply to fire safety regulations. Furthermore, petroleum products are a major source of PAHs in the environment and all the sampled cars in the study had combustion engines. Consequently, car dust is more likely to be polluted with PAHs stemming from petroleum combustion. Although previous investigations have noted an increase in heavy metals and brominated flame retardants with decreasing dust particles, this is the first study analyzing these SVOCs in different fractions of dust from various microenvironments. However, aside from two specific microenvironments, the observed pattern of escalating SVOC concentrations with smaller dust particle sizes was not corroborated among the examined microenvironments. This divergence in concentration trends suggests the potential involvement of supplementary variables in influencing SVOC distributions within dust particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadeem Ali
- Center of Excellence in Environmental Studies, King Abdulaziz University, 21589, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
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Frapiccini E, De Marco R, Grilli F, Marini M, Annibaldi A, Prezioso E, Tramontana M, Spagnoli F. Anthropogenic contribution, transport, and accumulation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in sediments of the continental shelf and slope in the Mediterranean Sea. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 352:141285. [PMID: 38286310 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/21/2024] [Indexed: 01/31/2024]
Abstract
A multidisciplinary approach, involving geochemical, sedimentological and oceanographic analyses, was employed to examine the distribution of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in a strongly anthropized area of the marginal Adriatic Sea (Mediterranean basin). The investigation into PAH distribution considered the grain size and biogeochemical properties of the sediments, as well as in relation to the main oceanographic processes and river inputs. Both biogeochemical and hydrographical inputs regulated the sedimentation of organic particles, influencing the distribution of PAHs. The results indicated PAH levels in 116 marine surface sediments ranging from 4 to 235 ng g-1 (average 55 ng g-1). The distribution of PAHs in Adriatic Sea surface sediments aligned with a higher clayey sedimentation in the deeper basin areas of the Middle Adriatic Depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuela Frapiccini
- Institute for Marine Biological Resources and Biotechnology (IRBIM), National Research Council (CNR), Largo Fiera della Pesca 2, 60125, Ancona, Italy.
| | - Rocco De Marco
- Institute for Marine Biological Resources and Biotechnology (IRBIM), National Research Council (CNR), Largo Fiera della Pesca 2, 60125, Ancona, Italy
| | - Federica Grilli
- Institute for Marine Biological Resources and Biotechnology (IRBIM), National Research Council (CNR), Largo Fiera della Pesca 2, 60125, Ancona, Italy
| | - Mauro Marini
- Institute for Marine Biological Resources and Biotechnology (IRBIM), National Research Council (CNR), Largo Fiera della Pesca 2, 60125, Ancona, Italy; Fano Marine Center, The Inter-Institute Center for Research on Marine Biodiversity, Resources and Biotechnologies (FMC), 61032, Fano, Italy
| | - Anna Annibaldi
- Fano Marine Center, The Inter-Institute Center for Research on Marine Biodiversity, Resources and Biotechnologies (FMC), 61032, Fano, Italy; Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131, Ancona, Italy
| | - Emanuela Prezioso
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131, Ancona, Italy
| | - Mario Tramontana
- Department of Pure and Applied Sciences (DiSPeA), University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Campus Scientifico E. Mattei, 61029, Urbino, Italy
| | - Federico Spagnoli
- Institute for Marine Biological Resources and Biotechnology (IRBIM), National Research Council (CNR), Largo Fiera della Pesca 2, 60125, Ancona, Italy; University of Camerino, School of Science and Technology, Geology Division, Via Gentile III da Varano, Camerino, Italy
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Loive J, Strandberg B, Christensen K, Hagvall L. Indoor air levels of polycyclic aromatic compounds (PAC) in public buildings with creosote impregnated constructions - A pilot case study using passive samplers. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 352:141240. [PMID: 38266881 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
Creosote has been used in Sweden as a wood preservative in buildings since the 19th century. These buildings can function as workplaces, homes, and cultural buildings to which the public has access. Creosote contains polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) which are well known carcinogens. To understand exposure and risks in an indoor environment, it is important to determine air levels of parent PAHs as well as the more toxic nitrated and oxygenated PAH derivatives (NPAH, OPAH). This study aims to investigate indoor air levels of polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs) e.g., PAH, NPAH, OPAH and dibenzothiophenes in buildings containing creosote sources and whether these levels pose a health risk. Four cultural buildings were studied, all located within a radius of 130 m. Two were known to have creosote sources, and two had not. Polyurethane foam passive air samplers (PUF-PAS) were used to indicate possible point sources. PUF-PAS measurements were performed for one month in each building winter and summer. Simultaneously, PAC outdoor level measurements were performed. Buildings with creosote impregnated constructions had notably higher indoor air levels of PAC (31-1200 ng m-3) compared to the two buildings without creosote sources (14-45 ng m-3). The PAH cancer potency (sum of benzo[a]pyrene equivalents (BaPeq)) was more than one order of magnitude higher in the buildings containing creosote impregnated wood compared to reference buildings. The highest value was 5.1 BaPeq ng m-3 which was significantly higher than the outdoor winter measurement (1.3 BaPeq ng m-3). Fluoranthene and phenanthrene, with significant distribution in gas phase, but also several particulate NPAHs contributed significantly to the total cancer risk. Thus, creosote containing buildings can still contaminate the indoor air with PACs despite being over a hundred years old. The PUF-PAS was shown to be a good tool providing quantitative/semiquantitative measures of PACs exposure in indoor microenvironments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Loive
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Lund University, Lund, SE-221 00, Sweden; Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Region Skåne, Lund, SE-223 81, Sweden
| | - Bo Strandberg
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Lund University, Lund, SE-221 00, Sweden; Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Region Skåne, Lund, SE-223 81, Sweden
| | - Karen Christensen
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Region Skåne, Lund, SE-223 81, Sweden
| | - Lina Hagvall
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Lund University, Lund, SE-221 00, Sweden; Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Region Skåne, Lund, SE-223 81, Sweden.
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Murcia-Morales M, Tzanetou EN, García-Gallego G, Kasiotis KM, Vejsnaes F, Brodschneider R, Hatjina F, Machera K, Van der Steen JJ. Environmental assessment of PAHs through honey bee colonies - A matrix selection study. Heliyon 2024; 10:e23564. [PMID: 38187233 PMCID: PMC10770451 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e23564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 11/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
The steady conditions of temperature, humidity and air flux within beehives make them a valuable location for conducting environmental monitoring of pollutants such as PAHs. In this context, the selection of an appropriate apicultural matrix plays a key role in these monitoring studies, as it maximizes the information that will be obtained in the analyses while minimizing the inaccurate results. In the present study, three apicultural matrices (honey bees, pollen and propolis) and two passive samplers (APIStrips and silicone wristbands) are compared in terms of the number and total load of PAHs detected in them. Samplings took place in a total of 11 apiaries scattered in Austria, Denmark, and Greece, with analyses performed by GC-MS/MS. Up to 14 different PAHs were identified in silicone wristbands and pollen, whereas the remaining matrices contained a maximum of five contaminants. Naphthalene, 1-methylnaphthalene, 2-methylnaphthalene, and pyrene were found to be the most prevalent substances in the environment. Recovery studies were also performed; these suggested that the chemical structure of APIStrips is likely to produce very strong interactions with PAHs, thus hindering the adequate desorption of these substances from their surface. Overall, silicone wristbands placed inside the beehives proved the most suitable matrix for PAH monitoring through honey bee colonies.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Murcia-Morales
- Chemistry and Physics Department, University of Almeria, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3), 04120 Almería, Spain
| | - Evangelia N. Tzanetou
- Laboratory of Chemical Control of Pesticides, Department of Pesticides Control and Phytopharmacy, Benaki Phytopathological Institute, 145 61 Kifissia, Greece
| | - Guillermo García-Gallego
- Chemistry and Physics Department, University of Almeria, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3), 04120 Almería, Spain
| | - Konstantinos M. Kasiotis
- Laboratory of Pesticides' Toxicology, Department of Pesticides Control and Phytopharmacy, Benaki Phytopathological Institute, 145 61 Kifissia, Greece
| | | | - Robert Brodschneider
- Institute of Biology, University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 2, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Fani Hatjina
- Department of Apiculture, Institute of Animal Science, Ellinikos Georgikos Organismos ‘DIMITRA’, Nea Moudania GR-63200, Greece
| | - Kyriaki Machera
- Laboratory of Pesticides' Toxicology, Department of Pesticides Control and Phytopharmacy, Benaki Phytopathological Institute, 145 61 Kifissia, Greece
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Zhang Y, Tong Y, Cheng F, Shi J, Huang J, Yu M, You J. Occurrence of emerging contaminants in pet hair and indoor air: integrative health risk assessment using multiple ToxCast endpoints. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2023; 25:1839-1849. [PMID: 37427597 DOI: 10.1039/d3em00182b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
Indoor exposome is a growing concern, including a mixture of legacy and emerging contaminants. Recent studies suggest that indoor pollutants may accumulate in pet hair, a part of indoor exposome, increasing health risks to pet owners; however, the source and hazards of pollutants associated with pet hair are largely unknown. Here, we found that hydrophobic pollutants often had higher indoor concentrations than hydrophilic ones, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were the most dominant fractions (61.1%) in indoor air exposome while polycyclic musks (PCMs) had the highest concentrations among all contaminant classes in indoor dust (1559 ± 1598 ng g-1 dw) and pet hair (2831 ± 2458 ng g-1 dw). The levels of hygiene-related contaminants (PCMs, current-use pesticides (CUPs), and antibiotics) were higher in pet hair than dust due to direct contact during applications. Health risk assessment using toxicity thresholds from high-throughput screening data showed that human health risks from the five classes of indoor contaminants (PAHs, PCMs, organophosphate esters, CUPs, and antibiotics) via inhalation, ingestion, and dermal contact were within acceptable limits, but the children may be exposed to a higher risk than the adults. The thresholds estimated from the ToxCast data using endpoint sensitivity distribution make the exposome risk assessment feasible in the absence of benchmarks, which is beneficial for including a mixture of emerging pollutants in risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China.
| | - Yujun Tong
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China.
| | - Fei Cheng
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China.
| | - Jingwen Shi
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China.
| | - Jiehui Huang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China.
| | - Minqi Yu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China.
| | - Jing You
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China.
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Wang B, Zhang H, Zhang X, Wang J, Wang H, Jiang J. Association between urinary concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and risk of endometriosis in the NHANES 2003-2006. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:117715-117728. [PMID: 37872335 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-30545-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
To explore the association between exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and endometriosis risk. Data were obtained from the 2003-2006 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey database. Urinary concentrations of PAHs were divided into quartiles, and weighted multivariate logistic regression, restricted cubic spline, and subgroup analyses were performed. An extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost) algorithm was used to screen the most important PAHs. After multivariable adjustments, 9-fluorene, 1-phenanthrene, 2-phenanthrene, and 4-phenanthrene exposure were significantly associated with a risk of endometriosis. Specifically, compared with the reference group, the odds ratios (ORs) of endometriosis for the fourth quartile were 3.52 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.15, 10.77), 3.10 (95% CI: 1.37, 6.97), 4.86 (95% CI: 1.93, 12.21), and 2.67 (95% CI: 1.02, 7.01) for 9-fluorene, 1-phenanthrene, 2-phenanthrene, and 4-phenanthrene, respectively. In terms of continuous exposure, each one-standard-deviation increase in the urinary concentration of 9-fluorene, 1-phenanthrene, 2-phenanthrene, and 4-phenanthrene was independently associated with a 66% (OR: 1.66, 95% CI: 1.15, 2.40), 62% (OR:1.62, 95% CI: 1.19, 2.20), 68% (OR: 1.68, 95% CI: 1.24, 2.28), and 56% (OR: 1.56, 95% CI: 1.11, 2.19) increase in the risk of endometriosis, respectively, in the fully adjusted model. A significant association between the urinary concentration of 9-fluorene and the risk of endometriosis was also observed in participants who had a high body-mass index (≥25 kg/m2), with a corresponding OR of 2.61 (95% CI: 1.37, 5.00; P for interaction = 0.006). Our findings show that high urinary concentrations of PAHs were associated with a high risk of endometriosis in participants and that the urinary concentration of 9-fluorene was related with a high susceptibility of endometriosis in participants with overweight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beidi Wang
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Huiyan Zhang
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Xiaoming Zhang
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, People's Hospital of Pingfang District, Harbin, China
| | - Jingmeng Wang
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Hongli Wang
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Jing Jiang
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.
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Zhang Z, Yuan Q, Wang M, Hu T, Huang Y, Xiu G, Lai S, Gao Y, Lee SC. Exposure and health risk assessment of PM 2.5-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons during winter at residential homes: A case study in four Chinese cities. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 895:165111. [PMID: 37364838 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Residential indoor PM2.5 were concurrently collected in Hong Kong, Guangzhou, Shanghai, and Xi'an during the winter and early spring seasons of 2016-2017, for updating the current knowledge of the spatial variation of indoor air pollution and the potential health risks in China. PM2.5-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were characterized, and the associated inhalation cancer risks were assessed by a probabilistic approach. Higher levels of indoor PAHs were identified in Xi'an residences (averaged at 176.27 ng m-3) with those of other cities ranging from 3.07 to 15.85 ng m-3. Traffic-related fuel combustion was identified as a common contributor to indoor PAHs through outdoor infiltration for all investigated cities. Indoor PAHs profiles showed city-specific differences, while distinctions between profiles based on indoor activities or ambient air quality were limited. Similar with the total PAHs concentrations, the estimated toxic equivalencies (TEQ) with reference to benzo[a]pyrene in Xi'an residences (median at 18.05 ng m-3) were above the recommended value of 1 ng m-3 and were magnitudes higher than the other investigated cities with estimated median TEQ ranging from 0.27 to 1.55 ng m-3. Incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) due to PAHs inhalation exposure was identified with a descending order of adult (median at 8.42 × 10-8) > adolescent (2.77 × 10-8) > children (2.20 × 10-8) > senior (1.72 × 10-8) for different age groups. Considering the lifetime exposure-associated cancer risk (LCR), potential risks were identified for residents in Xi'an as an LCR level over 1 × 10-6 was identified for half of the adolescent group (median at 8.96 × 10-7), and exceedances were identified for about 90 % of the groups of adults (10th percentile at 8.29 × 10-7) and seniors (10th percentile at 1.02 × 10-6). The associated LCR estimated for other cities were relatively insignificant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuozhi Zhang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong
| | - Qi Yuan
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong
| | - Meng Wang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong
| | - Tafeng Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences (IEECAS), Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Yu Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences (IEECAS), Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Guangli Xiu
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology (ECUST), Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Senchao Lai
- The Key Lab of Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Ministry of Education, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology (SCUT), Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yuan Gao
- Instrumentation and Service Center for Science and Technology, Beijing Normal University, Zhuhai 519087, China
| | - Shun Cheng Lee
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong.
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Rahman HH, Toohey W, Munson-McGee SH. Exposure to arsenic, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, metals, and association with skin cancers in the US adults. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:101681-101708. [PMID: 37653200 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-29422-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Worldwide, skin cancer affects millions of people yearly and is broadly classified into melanoma and nonmelanoma types of skin cancer. The toxicity of metals to human health is a public and clinical health problem due to their widespread use in tools, machinery, and appliances as well as their widespread distribution in the air, water, and soil. Arsenic is a carcinogenic metalloid and available in the Earth's crust. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are toxic to humans, and incomplete combustion of fossil fuels is the main source of PAHs. Human populations exposed to metals from various sources can lead to various diseases including cancer. Limited studies are conducted to simultaneously assess the correlation of multiple arsenic, PAHs, metals with the occurrence of skin cancer. This study aimed to analyze the association between six PAHs compounds, seven types of arsenic, and fourteen metals from urine specimen with skin cancer in US adults. We performed a cross-sectional analysis using data from a total of 14,716 adults from the National Health Examination and Nutrition Survey (NHANES) database for three cycles ranging from 2011-2012 to 2015-2016. Specialized weighted complex survey logit regressions were conducted. Linear logit regression models using only main effects were performed first to identify the correlation between the selected demographic and lifestyle variables and melanoma, nonmelanoma, and unknown types of skin cancer. A second set of linear, main-effects logit regression models were constructed to examine the correlation between melanoma, nonmelanoma, and other types of skin cancers and seven types of arsenic (arsenous acid, arsenic acid, arsenobetaine, arsenocholine, dimethylarsinic acid, monomethylacrsonic acid, and total arsenic), six PAHs (1-hydroxynaphthalene, 2-hydroxynaphthalene, 3-hydroxyfluorene, 2-hydroxyfluorene, 1-hydroxyphenathrene, and 1-hydroxypyrene), and fourteen metals (barium, cadmium, cobalt, cesium, molybdenum, manganese, lead, antimony, tin, strontium, thallium, tungsten, uranium, and mercury) when adjusted for the selected covariates. The statistical analysis was conducted using R software, version 4.0.4. A marginal positive significant correlation between total arsenic and nonmelanoma was observed. This study identified a significant positive association between barium, cadmium, cesium, mercury, tin, and melanoma development. Cesium showed a significant positive statistical association for nonmelanoma, and thallium showed a borderline significant statistical association for nonmelanoma. A statistically significant positive association was found between cadmium and an unknown type of skin cancer. The findings of this study indicated a statistically significant positive association between skin cancer and barium, cadmium, cesium, tin, mercury, and thallium. Further studies are recommended in humans to refute or confirm these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Walker Toohey
- Burrell College of Osteopathic Medicine, 3501 Arrowhead Dr, Las Cruces, NM, 88003, USA
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Jiang G, Song X, Xie J, Shi T, Yang Q. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in ambient air of Guangzhou city: Exposure levels, health effects and cytotoxicity. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 262:115308. [PMID: 37544068 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in PM2.5 pose potentially serious threats to human health. In this study, the distribution characteristics of 16 priority controlled, fine PM (PM2.5)-bound PAHs in the ambient air of Guangzhou city were analysed from 2016 to 2019. Four high-molecular-weight PAHs with the highest annual average concentrations were benzo[ghi]perylene (BghiP; 0.757 ng/m3), indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene (IcdP; 0.627 ng/m3), benzo[b]fluoranthene (BbF, 0.519 ng/m3) and 3,4-benzopyrene (BaP; 0.426 ng/m3). Increasing concentrations of BghiP, IcdP, BbF and BaP were associated with increasing numbers of outpatient visits for respiratory diseases, indicating that exposure to these PAHs potentially causes acute respiratory injury in residents. Acute exposure of the human bronchial epithelial cell line BEAS-2B cells to BghiP, IcdP, BbF and BaP in vitro resulted in acute inflammation, DNA damage and apoptosis. Further bioinformatic analysis indicated that nuclear receptor subfamily 1 group D member 1 (NR1D1) may be a key target gene involved in mediating the toxic effects of BghiP. Collectively, our results suggest that BghiP and the other PAHs represented by it can damage the respiratory system and induce lung cancer. This study provides valuable evidence regarding the potential health risks posed by local ambient PAHs pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanqing Jiang
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangzhou Medical University, Xinzao, Panyu District, Guangzhou 511436, PR China
| | - Xu Song
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangzhou Medical University, Xinzao, Panyu District, Guangzhou 511436, PR China
| | - Jiaying Xie
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangzhou Medical University, Xinzao, Panyu District, Guangzhou 511436, PR China
| | - Tongxing Shi
- Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 1 Qide Road, Baiyun District, Guangzhou 510440, PR China
| | - Qiaoyuan Yang
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangzhou Medical University, Xinzao, Panyu District, Guangzhou 511436, PR China.
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12
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Dai Y, Xu X, Huo X, Faas MM. Effects of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) on pregnancy, placenta, and placental trophoblasts. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 262:115314. [PMID: 37536008 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a group of persistent organic pollutants that are carcinogenic, mutagenic, endocrine-toxic, and immunotoxic. PAHs can be found in maternal and fetal blood and in the placenta during pregnancy. They may thus affect placental and fetal development. Therefore, the exposure levels and toxic effects of PAHs in the placenta deserve further study and discussion. This review aims to summarize current knowledge on the effects of PAHs and their metabolites on pregnancy and birth outcomes and on placental trophoblast cells. A growing number of epidemiological studies detected PAH-DNA adducts as well as the 16 high-priority PAHs in the human placenta and showed that placental PAH exposure is associated with adverse fetal outcomes. Trophoblasts are important cells in the placenta and are involved in placental development and function. In vitro studies have shown that exposure to either PAH mixtures, benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) or BaP metabolite benzo(a)pyrene-7,8-dihydrodiol-9,10-epoxide (BPDE) affected trophoblast cell viability, differentiation, migration, and invasion through various signaling pathways. Furthermore, similar effects of BPDE on trophoblast cells could also be observed in BaP-treated mouse models and were related to miscarriage. Although the current data show that PAHs may affect placental trophoblast cells and pregnancy outcomes, further studies (population studies, in vitro studies, and animal studies) are necessary to show the specific effects of different PAHs on placental trophoblasts and pregnancy outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifeng Dai
- Division of Medical Biology, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen and University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, the Netherlands; Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Developmental Toxicology, Shantou University Medical College, 22 Xinling Rd, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, China.
| | - Xijin Xu
- Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Developmental Toxicology, Shantou University Medical College, 22 Xinling Rd, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, China; Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Shantou University Medical College, 22 Xinling Rd, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, China
| | - Xia Huo
- Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Developmental Toxicology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, Guangdong, China
| | - Marijke M Faas
- Division of Medical Biology, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen and University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, the Netherlands; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Medical Center Groningen and University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, the Netherlands
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Zhang X, Li Z. Investigating industrial PAH air pollution in relation to population exposure in major countries: A scoring approach. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 338:117801. [PMID: 36996564 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.117801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are common air pollutants worldwide, associated with industrial processes. In the general population, both modeling and field studies revealed a positive correlation between air PAH concentrations and urinary PAH metabolite levels. Many countries lack population urinary data that correspond to local PAH air concentrations. Thus, we proposed a scoring-based approximate approach to investigating that correlation in selected countries, hypothesizing that PAH air concentrations in selected regions could represent the national air quality influenced by industrial emission and further correlate to PAH internal exposure in the general population. This research compiled 85 peer-reviewed journal articles and 9 official monitoring datasets/reports covering 34 countries, 16 of which with both atmospheric PAH data and human biomonitoring data. For the air pollution score (AirS), Egypt had the highest AirS at 0.94 and Pakistan was at the bottom of the score ranking at -1.95, as well as the median in the UK (AirS: 0.50). For the population exposure score (ExpS), China gained the top ExpS at 0.44 and Spain was with the lowest ExpS of -1.52, with the median value in Italy (ExpS: 0.43). Through the correlation analysis, atmospheric PAHs and their corresponding urinary metabolites provided a positive relationship to a diverse extent, indicating that the related urinary metabolites could reflect the population's exposure to specific atmospheric PAHs. The findings also revealed that in the 16 selected countries, AirS indexes were positively correlated with ExpS indexes, implying that higher PAH levels in the air may lead to elevated metabolite urinary levels in general populations. Furthermore, lowering PAH air concentrations could reduce population internal PAH exposure, implying that strict PAH air regulation or emission would reduce health risks for general populations. Notably, this study was an ideal theoretical research based on proposed assumptions to some extent. Further research should focus on understanding exposure pathways, protecting vulnerable populations, and improving the PAH database to optimize PAH pollution control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Zhang
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518107, China
| | - Zijian Li
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518107, China.
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Laguerre A, Gall ET. Measurement of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) on Indoor Materials: Method Development. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:20634-20641. [PMID: 37332781 PMCID: PMC10268631 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c01184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
Wildfire smoke penetrates indoors, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in smoke may accumulate on indoor materials. We developed two approaches for measuring PAHs on common indoor materials: (1) solvent-soaked wiping of solid materials (glass and drywall) and (2) direct extraction of porous/fleecy materials (mechanical air filter media and cotton sheets). Samples are extracted by sonication in dichloromethane and analyzed with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Extraction recoveries range from 50-83% for surrogate standards and for PAHs recovered from direct application to isopropanol-soaked wipes, in line with prior studies. We evaluate our methods with a total recovery metric, defined as the sampling and extraction recovery of PAHs from a test material spiked with known PAH mass. Total recovery is higher for "heavy" PAHs (HPAHs, 4 or more aromatic rings) than for "light" PAHs (LPAHs, 2-3 aromatic rings). For glass, the total recovery range is 44-77% for HPAHs and 0-30% for LPAHs. Total recoveries from painted drywall are <20% for all PAHs tested. For filter media and cotton, total recoveries of HPAHs are 37-67 and 19-57%, respectively. These data show acceptable HPAH total recovery on glass, cotton, and filter media; total recovery of LPAHs may be unacceptably low for indoor materials using methods developed here. Our data also indicate that extraction recovery of surrogate standards may overestimate the total recovery of PAHs from glass using solvent wipe sampling. The developed method enables future studies of accumulation of PAHs indoors, including potential longer-term exposure derived from contaminated indoor surfaces.
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15
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Liu B, Yu X, Lv L, Dong W, Chen L, Wu W, Yu Y. A nationwide survey of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in household dust in China: spatial distribution, sources, and health risk assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2023:10.1007/s10653-023-01563-2. [PMID: 37014533 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-023-01563-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
As a carrier of toxic substances, household dust has a great impact on human health. Here we collected 73 household dust samples from 27 provinces and 1 municipality in China to investigate the levels, spatial distribution, sources, and carcinogenic risk of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The total concentrations of 14 detected PAHs (∑14 PAHs) ranged from 3.72 to 60,885 ng g-1. High ∑14 PAHs were found in Northeast and Southwest China. High molecular weights (HMW) PAHs (4-6 rings) were predominant PAHs in most dust samples, accounting for 93.6% of ∑14 PAHs. Household fuel, cooking frequency, air conditioning, and smoking were the main factors influencing PAH concentrations in household dust. Principal component analysis model indicated that fossil combustion (81.5%) and biomass combustion and vehicle exhaust (8.1%) are the primary sources of PAHs. Positive matrix factorization model suggested that household cooking and heating contributed about 70% of ∑14 PAHs, and smoking contributed another 30%. The values of benzo[a]pyrene equivalent in rural dust were found to be higher than those in urban dust. The sum of toxic equivalents (TEQs) of 14 PAHs were in range of 0.372-7241 ng g-1, in which 7 HMW PAHs accounted for 98.0 ± 1.98% of the total TEQs. Monte Carlo Simulation showed a low to moderate potential carcinogenic risk of PAHs in household dusts. This study documents comprehensive information on human exposure to PAHs in household dust at a national-scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baolin Liu
- College of Chemistry, Changchun Normal University, Changchun, 130032, China
| | - Xin Yu
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun, 130022, China
| | - Linyang Lv
- College of Chemistry, Changchun Normal University, Changchun, 130032, China
| | - Weihua Dong
- College of Geographic Sciences, Changchun Normal University, Changchun, 130032, China
| | - Lina Chen
- College of Chemistry, Changchun Normal University, Changchun, 130032, China
| | - Wenling Wu
- China Construction Industrial Engineering and Technology Research Academy Co. Ltd., Beijing, 101399, China
| | - Yong Yu
- Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Environment, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130102, China.
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16
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Alva-Gallegos R, Carazo A, Mladěnka P. Toxicity overview of endocrine disrupting chemicals interacting in vitro with the oestrogen receptor. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2023; 99:104089. [PMID: 36841273 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2023.104089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The oestrogen receptor (ER) from the nuclear receptor family is involved in different physiological processes, which can be affected by multiple xenobiotics. Some of these compounds, such as bisphenols, pesticides, and phthalates, are widespread as consequence of human activities and are commonly present also in human organism. Xenobiotics able to interact with ER and trigger a hormone-like response, are known as endocrine disruptors. In this review, we aim to summarize the available knowledge on products derived from human industrial activity and other xenobiotics reported to interact with ER. ER-disrupting chemicals behave differently towards oestrogen-dependent cell lines than endogenous oestradiol. In low concentrations, they stimulate proliferation, whereas at higher concentrations, are toxic to cells. In addition, most of the knowledge on the topic is based on individual compound testing, and only a few studies assess xenobiotic combinations, which better resemble real circumstances. Confirmation from in vivo models is lacking also.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raul Alva-Gallegos
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Alejandro Carazo
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.
| | - Přemysl Mladěnka
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
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Wu Y, Hu Q, Zeng X, Xu L, Liang Y, Yu Z. Co-occurrence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and their oxygenated derivatives in indoor dust from various microenvironments in Guangzhou, China: levels, sources, and potential human health risk. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:57006-57016. [PMID: 36930318 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-26476-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
For decades, the presence and potential health risk of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in indoor dust have been extensively investigated while with limited attention to oxygenated PAHs (OPAHs). In this study, we collected 45 indoor dust from four microenvironments in Guangzhou City, China, and then focused on the co-occurrence of 16 PAHs and 8 OPAHs and their potential carcinogenic risk to humans. The ΣPAHs concentrations, dominated by 4-6 ring PAHs, ranged from 1761 to 14,290 ng/g (mean of 6058 ng/g) without significant difference in the different microenvironments (Tukey, p > 0.05). The OPAHs were observed with concentrations from 250 to 5160 ng/g (mean of 1646 ng/g), and anthraquinone (AQ) was identified as the main OPAHs with significantly high levels in the residential environment than in instrumental rooms. Notably, AQ dominated over the other target analytes in dust in this study. Our results indicated that PAHs and OPAHs in indoor dust were from outdoor environments, which mainly originated from vehicular exhaust and biomass/coal combustion. A potential cancer risk of PAHs and OPAHs to local adults and children was observed via inhalation, ingestion, and dermal absorption, with the main contribution from benzo[a]pyrene and dibenz[a,h]anthracene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Qiongpu Hu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Xiangying Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China.
- CAS Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou, 510640, China.
| | - Liang Xu
- Jiangxi Academy of Eco-Environmental Sciences and Planning, Nanchang, 330029, China
| | - Yi Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Zhiqiang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou, 510640, China
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18
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Zhu X, Meng Y, Ju Y, Yang Y, Zhang S, Miao L, Liu Z. Association of the urinary polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons with sex hormones stratified by menopausal status older than 20 years: a mixture analysis. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:57717-57727. [PMID: 36971937 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-26099-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
We examined the relationships between exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) metabolites and sex hormones in pre- and postmenopausal women from the 2013-2016 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. The study comprised 648 premenopausal and 370 postmenopausal women (aged 20 years or older) with comprehensive data on PAH metabolites and sex steroid hormones. To evaluate the correlations between individual or mixture of the PAH metabolites and sex hormones stratified by menopausal status, we used linear regression and Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR). After controlling for confounders, 1-Hydroxynaphthalene (1-NAP) was inversely associated with total testosterone (TT), and 1-NAP, 3-Hydroxyfluorene (3-FLU), and 2-Hydroxyfluorene (2-FLU) were inversely associated with estradiol (E2). 3-FLU was positively associated with sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) and TT/E2, whereas 1-NAP and 2-FLU were inversely associated with free androgen index (FAI). In the BKMR analyses, chemical combination concentrations at or above the 55th percentile were inversely connected to E2, TT, and FAI values but positively correlated with SHBG when compared with the matching 50th percentile. In addition, we only found that mixed exposure to PAHs was positively associated with TT and SHBG in premenopausal women. Exposure to PAH metabolites, either alone or as a mixture, was negatively associated with E2, TT, FAI, and TT/E2 but positively associated with SHBG. These associations were stronger among postmenopausal women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xihui Zhu
- Department of Perinatal Center, The Fourth Hospital of Shijiazhuang/Shijiazhuang Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yancen Meng
- Department of Perinatal Center, The Fourth Hospital of Shijiazhuang/Shijiazhuang Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yaru Ju
- Department of Perinatal Center, The Fourth Hospital of Shijiazhuang/Shijiazhuang Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yanjing Yang
- Department of Perinatal Center, The Fourth Hospital of Shijiazhuang/Shijiazhuang Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Su'e Zhang
- Department of Perinatal Center, The Fourth Hospital of Shijiazhuang/Shijiazhuang Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Liye Miao
- Department of Perinatal Center, The Fourth Hospital of Shijiazhuang/Shijiazhuang Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Zhan Liu
- Department of Perinatal Center, The Fourth Hospital of Shijiazhuang/Shijiazhuang Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Shijiazhuang, China.
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Zhao X, Xu H, Li Y, Liu Y, Guo C, Li Y. Status and frontier analysis of indoor PM 2.5-related health effects: a bibliometric analysis. REVIEWS ON ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH 2023; 0:reveh-2022-0228. [PMID: 36976918 DOI: 10.1515/reveh-2022-0228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiological data indicate atmospheric particulate matter, especially fine particulate matter (PM2.5), has many negative effects on human health. Of note, people spend about 90% of their time indoors. More importantly, according to the World Health Organization (WHO) statistics, indoor air pollution causes nearly 1.6 million deaths each year, and it is considered as one of the major health risk factors. In order to obtain a deeper understanding of the harmful effects of indoor PM2.5 on human health, we used bibliometric software to summarize articles in this field. In conclusion, since 2000, the annual publication volume has increased year by year. America topped the list for the number of articles, and Professor Petros Koutrakis and Harvard University were the author and institution with the most published in this research area, respectively. Over the past decade, scholars gradually paid attention to molecular mechanisms, therefore, the toxicity can be better explored. Particularly, apart from timely intervention and treatment for adverse consequences, it is necessary to effectively reduce indoor PM2.5 through technologies. In addition, the trend and keywords analysis are favorable ways to find out future research hotspots. Hopefully, various countries and regions strengthen academic cooperation and integration of multi-disciplinary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinying Zhao
- Department of Toxicology and Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Hailin Xu
- Department of Toxicology and Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Department of Occupational Health and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yufan Liu
- Department of Toxicology and Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Caixia Guo
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Department of Occupational Health and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yanbo Li
- Department of Toxicology and Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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20
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Cao H, Zhou Z, Wang C, Sun H. Adsorption of Phenanthrene on Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes in the Presence of Nonionic Surfactants. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:3648. [PMID: 36834341 PMCID: PMC9959379 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20043648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The bioavailability and mobility of phenanthrene (Phe) adsorbed by multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) may be substantially influenced by nonionic surfactants used both in the synthesis and dispersion of MWCNTs. The adsorption mechanisms of Phe adsorbed onto MWCNTs under the different nonionic surfactants Tween 80 (TW-80) and Triton X-100 (TX-100) in the aqueous phase were investigated in terms of changes in the MWCNTs' compositions and structures. The results showed that TW-80 and TX-100 were easily adsorbed onto MWCNTs. Phe adsorption data onto MWCNTs were better suited to the Langmuir equation than the Freundlich equation. Both TW-80 and TX-100 reduced the adsorption capacity of Phe onto MWCNTs. When TW-80 and TX-100 were added in the adsorption system, the saturated adsorption mass of Phe decreased from 35.97 mg/g to 27.10 and 29.79 mg/g, respectively, which can be attributed to the following three reasons. Firstly, the hydrophobic interactions between MWCNTs and Phe became weakened in the presence of nonionic surfactants. Secondly, the nonionic surfactants covered the adsorption sites of MWCNTs, which caused Phe adsorption to be reduced. Finally, nonionic surfactants can also promote the desorption of Phe from MWCNTs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Cuiping Wang
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
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Anake WU, Nnamani EA. Indoor air quality in day-care centres: a global review. AIR QUALITY, ATMOSPHERE, & HEALTH 2023; 16:997-1022. [PMID: 36819788 PMCID: PMC9930043 DOI: 10.1007/s11869-023-01320-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
A healthy indoor environment is critical for children due to the severe effect of poor indoor air quality (IAQ) on their overall well-being. Day-care centres (DCCs) are important indoor microenvironments for children apart from their homes. Therefore, monitoring IAQ in this microenvironment is vital because of the vulnerability of the occupants. This review gives a global overview of the predominant indoor chemical pollutant levels monitored in DCCs, compares their concentration with available regulations for IAQ, evaluates the sources and health risk effects of chemical pollutants and proposes strategies for enhancing IAQ in DCCs. Thirty-seven (37) articles were used based on specific stated inclusion and exclusion criteria. Continents like Europe and Asia have the most published studies in indoor DCCs. The decreasing trend of pollutants examined in most studies include particulate matter > carbon dioxide > formaldehyde > carbon monoxide > total volatile organic compounds > volatile organic compounds > nitrogen dioxide > ozone > benzene > sulphur dioxide = radon. Particulate matter in the size and mass concentration range of PM10 (0.116-1920.71 μg/m3) > PM2.5 (0.279.2-260.74 μg/m3) was the most investigated pollutant. While nitrogen dioxide, radon and carbon monoxide were consistent with the existing national and international reference values for IAQ across the continents, exceedances occurred in other pollutants. The limited number of indoor chemical pollutant studies suggests the need for more comprehensive studies on IAQ in DCC globally. Further studies should highlight the availability of low-cost sensors and mobile analytical equipment that will promote affordable ground-level data accessibility. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11869-023-01320-5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Winifred U. Anake
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science & Technology, Covenant University, Km10 Idiroko Road, Ota, Nigeria
| | - Esther A. Nnamani
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science & Technology, Covenant University, Km10 Idiroko Road, Ota, Nigeria
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22
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Comparing the chromatographic performance of benzene and aniline end capped stationary phase synthesized by click chemistry. Microchem J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2022.107840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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23
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Highly selective and recyclable lanthanoids coordination polymers fluorescent sensors for 1-Hydroxypyrene. Polyhedron 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2022.116147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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24
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Rezania S, Talaiekhozani A, Oryani B, Cho J, Barghi M, Rupani PF, Kamali M. Occurrence of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in the atmosphere of South Korea: A review. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 307:119586. [PMID: 35680069 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Numerous studies found the presence of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in various environmental compartments, including air, water, and soil. POPs have been discovered in various industrial and agricultural products with severe environmental and human health consequences. According to the data, South Korea is a hotspot for POP pollution in the southern part of Asia; hence, South Korea has implemented the Stockholm Convention's National Implementation Plan (NIP) to address this worldwide issue. The purpose of this review is to assess the distribution pattern of POPs pollution in South Korea's atmosphere. According to findings, PAHs, PCBs, BFRs, and PBDEs significantly polluted the atmosphere of South Korea; however, assessing their exposure nationwide is difficult due to a shortage of data. The POPs temporal trend and meta-analysis disclosed no proof of a decrease in PAHs and BFRs residues in the atmosphere. However, POP pollution in South Korea tends to decrease compared to contamination levels in neighboring countries like Japan and China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahabaldin Rezania
- Department of Environment and Energy, Sejong University, Seoul, 05006, South Korea.
| | - Amirreza Talaiekhozani
- Department of Civil Engineering, Jami Institute of Technology, Isfahan, 84919-63395, Iran
| | - Bahareh Oryani
- Technology Management, Economics and Policy Program, College of Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinwoo Cho
- Department of Environment and Energy, Sejong University, Seoul, 05006, South Korea
| | | | - Parveen Fatemeh Rupani
- KU Leuven, Department of Chemical Engineering, Process and Environmental Technology Lab, J. De Nayerlaan 5, 2860 Sint-Katelijne-Waver, Belgium
| | - Mohammadreza Kamali
- KU Leuven, Department of Chemical Engineering, Process and Environmental Technology Lab, J. De Nayerlaan 5, 2860 Sint-Katelijne-Waver, Belgium
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25
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Ghetu C, Rohlman D, Smith BW, Scott RP, Adams KA, Hoffman PD, Anderson KA. Wildfire Impact on Indoor and Outdoor PAH Air Quality. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:10042-10052. [PMID: 35803593 PMCID: PMC9301925 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c00619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Air quality impacts from wildfires are poorly understood, particularly indoors. As frequencies increase, it is important to optimize methodologies to understand and reduce chemical exposures from wildfires. Public health recommendations use air quality estimates from outdoor stationary air monitors, discounting indoor air conditions, and do not consider chemicals in the vapor phase, known to elicit adverse effects. We investigated vapor-phase polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in indoor and outdoor air before, during, and after wildfires using a community-engaged research approach. Paired passive air samplers were deployed at 15 locations across four states. Twelve unique PAHs were detected only in outdoor air during wildfires, highlighting a PAH exposure mixture for future study. Heavy-molecular-weight (HMW) outdoor PAH concentrations and average Air Quality Index (AQI) values were positively correlated (p < 0.001). Indoor PAH concentrations were higher in 77% of samples across all sampling events. Even during wildfires, 58% of sampled locations still had higher indoor PAH air concentrations. When AQI values exceeded 140 (unhealthy for sensitive groups), outdoor PAH concentrations became similar to or higher than indoors. Cancer and noncancer inhalation risk estimates from vapor-phase PAHs were higher indoors than outdoors, regardless of the wildfire impact. Consideration of indoor air quality and vapor-phase PAHs could inform public health recommendations regarding wildfires.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine
C. Ghetu
- Department
of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States
| | - Diana Rohlman
- College
of Public Health and Human Sciences, Oregon
State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States
| | - Brian W. Smith
- Department
of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States
| | - Richard P. Scott
- Department
of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States
| | - Kaley A. Adams
- Department
of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States
| | - Peter D. Hoffman
- Department
of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States
| | - Kim A. Anderson
- Department
of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States
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26
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Cooke CA, Emmerton CA, Yi Y, Levesque L, Glozier N. Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds in Rivers Dominated by Petrogenic Sources after a Boreal Megafire. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:9408-9416. [PMID: 35709477 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c01671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs) threaten the health of aquatic ecosystems. In northeastern Alberta, Canada, decades of oil sands mining and upgrading activities have increased PAC delivery into freshwaters. This PAC pollution adds to natural inputs from river erosion of bitumen-bearing McMurray Formation outcrops and wildfire inputs. Quantifying these petrogenic and pyrogenic PAC inputs, which is key for understanding industrial impacts, remains a challenge. To distinguish petrogenic from pyrogenic inputs, we characterized river water PACs before and after the 2016 Fort McMurray wildfire, one of the largest natural disasters in Canadian history. Samples of wildfire ash and outcropping bitumen allow us to distinguish between these important PAC sources. River PAC concentrations ranged over multiple orders of magnitude (10s-10 000s ng/L). Petrogenic PACs dominated most of the postfire period with only short-term episodes of pyrogenic signatures in burned watersheds due to the wash-in of ash from the watershed. Wildfire PAC inputs during these events resulted in exceptional increases in concentrations that met or exceeded high (petrogenic) background concentrations, driven by the natural erosion of outcropping bitumen. Our dataset offers the first quantification of these two important PAC sources in this industrialized region and provides new insight into the impacts of increasing wildfire frequency and severity across the Boreal Forest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin A Cooke
- Environment and Parks, Government of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T5J 5C6, Canada
- Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E3, Canada
| | - Craig A Emmerton
- Environment and Parks, Government of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T5J 5C6, Canada
- Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E3, Canada
| | - Yi Yi
- Environment and Parks, Government of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T5J 5C6, Canada
- Department of Geography, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia V8W 2Y2, Canada
| | - Lucie Levesque
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, 11 Innovation Blvd, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 3H5, Canada
| | - Nancy Glozier
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, 11 Innovation Blvd, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 3H5, Canada
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Liu M, Zheng H, Chen M, Liang J, Duan M, Du H, Chen M, Ke H, Zhang K, Cai M. Dissolved PAHs impacted by air-sea interactions: Net volatilization and strong surface current transport in the Eastern Indian Ocean. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 431:128603. [PMID: 35255333 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.128603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In the Indian Ocean, the marine fate of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) is impacted by the unique air-sea interactions with great monsoon characters. By collecting water-column samples during the monsoon transition period, we found PAHs (∑8PAH: 1.1-27 ng L-1) showed significantly different distributions from the Bay of Bengal, Equatorial Indian Ocean, Eastern Indian Ocean, and the South China Sea (p < 0.001). Their vertical profiles showed natural logarithm relationships with depth in the Bay of Bengal and Equatorial Indian Ocean. PAHs were mainly from wood/coal combustion and vehicle emission. The estimation of PAHs' air-seawater exchange flux revealed net volatilizations from seawater except in the Eastern Indian Ocean. The Wyrtki Jet, a surface current driven by the westerly wind, was observed in the equatorial area. This swift current could transport PAHs eastward efficiently with a mass flux of 636 ± 188 g s-1. The subsurface current, Equatorial Undercurrent, played a less crucial role in PAHs' lateral transport with a flux of 115 ± 31.3 g s-1. This study preliminarily revealed the role of air-sea interactions on PAHs' transport and fate in the open ocean. The coupled air-sea interactions with biogeochemical processes should be considered in future work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, 999077, Hong Kong, China; College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Haowen Zheng
- College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Meng Chen
- College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Junhua Liang
- College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Mengshan Duan
- College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Huihong Du
- College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Mian Chen
- College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Hongwei Ke
- College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Kai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, 999077, Hong Kong, China
| | - Minggang Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China.
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28
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Wang Y, Zhang H, Zhang X, Bai P, Neroda A, Mishukov VF, Zhang L, Hayakawa K, Nagao S, Tang N. PM-Bound Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Nitro-Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in the Ambient Air of Vladivostok: Seasonal Variation, Sources, Health Risk Assessment and Long-Term Variability. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19052878. [PMID: 35270572 PMCID: PMC8910546 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19052878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2022] [Revised: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Total suspended particles (TSP) were collected in Vladivostok, Russia, which is a typical port city. This study investigated the concentration, potential sources, and long-term variation in particle PAHs and NPAHs in the atmosphere of Vladivostok. The PAH and NPAH concentrations were higher in winter than in summer (PAHs: winter: 18.6 ± 9.80 ng/m3 summer: 0.54 ± 0.21 ng/m3; NPAHs: winter: 143 ± 81.5 pg/m3 summer: 143 ± 81.5 pg/m3). The diagnostic ratios showed that PAHs and NPAHs mainly came from vehicle emissions in both seasons, while heating systems were the main source of air pollution in winter. The TEQ assessment values were 2.90 ng/m3 and 0.06 ng/m3 in winter and summer, respectively, suggesting a significant excess cancer risk in the general population in winter. The ILCR values conveyed a potential carcinogenic risk because the value was between 1 × 10−5 and 1 × 10−7 and ingestion was a main contributor in Vladivostok. However, it is worth noting that the concentrations of PAHs and NPAHs showed an overall downward trend from 1999 to 2020. An important reason for this is the cogenerations project implemented by the Far Eastern Center for Strategic Research on Fuel and Energy Complex Development in 2010. This research clarified the latest variations in PAHs and NPAHs to provide continuous observation data for future chemical reaction or model prediction research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wang
- Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 9201192, Japan; (Y.W.); (H.Z.); (X.Z.); (P.B.)
| | - Hao Zhang
- Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 9201192, Japan; (Y.W.); (H.Z.); (X.Z.); (P.B.)
| | - Xuan Zhang
- Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 9201192, Japan; (Y.W.); (H.Z.); (X.Z.); (P.B.)
| | - Pengchu Bai
- Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 9201192, Japan; (Y.W.); (H.Z.); (X.Z.); (P.B.)
| | - Andrey Neroda
- Pacific Oceanological Institute, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 690041 Vladivostok, Russia; (A.N.); (V.F.M.)
| | - Vassily F. Mishukov
- Pacific Oceanological Institute, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 690041 Vladivostok, Russia; (A.N.); (V.F.M.)
| | - Lulu Zhang
- Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 9201192, Japan; (L.Z.); (K.H.); (S.N.)
| | - Kazuichi Hayakawa
- Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 9201192, Japan; (L.Z.); (K.H.); (S.N.)
| | - Seiya Nagao
- Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 9201192, Japan; (L.Z.); (K.H.); (S.N.)
| | - Ning Tang
- Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 9201192, Japan; (L.Z.); (K.H.); (S.N.)
- Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 9201192, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-76-34-4455
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29
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Aslam R, Sharif F, Baqar M, Shahzad L. Source identification and risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in air and dust samples of Lahore City. Sci Rep 2022; 12:2459. [PMID: 35165345 PMCID: PMC8844380 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-06437-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
During two consecutive summer and winter seasons in Lahore, the health risk of air and dust-borne polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) was evaluated. Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GS/MS) was used to determine air and dust samples from various functional areas across the city. The mean ∑16PAHs were higher in air 1035.8 ± 310.7 (pg m-3) and dust 963.4 ± 289.0 (ng g-1 d.w.) during winter seasons as compared to summer seasons in air 1010.9 ± 303.3 (pg m-3) and dust matrices 945.2 ± 283.6 (ng g-1 d.w.), respectively. PAHs ring profile recognized 3 and 4 rings PAHs as most dominant in air and dust samples. Estimated results of incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) highlighted high carcinogenic risk among the residents of Lahore via ingestion and dermal contact on exposure to atmospheric PAHs. The total ILCR values in air among children (summer: 9.61E - 02, winter: 2.09E - 02) and adults (summer: 1.45E - 01, winter: 3.14E - 02) and in dust, children (summer: 9.16E - 03, winter: 8.80E - 03) and adults (summer: 1.38E - 02, winter: 1.33E - 02) during the study period. The isomeric ratios in the study area revealed mixed PAH sources, including vehicular emission, petroleum, diesel and biomass combustion. As a result, it is advised that atmospheric PAHs should be monitored throughout the year and the ecologically friendly fuels be used to prevent PAHs pollution and health concerns in the city. The findings of this study are beneficial to the local regulating bodies in terms of controlling the exposure and promoting steps to reduce PAHs pollution and manage health in Lahore.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabia Aslam
- Sustainable Development Study Centre, Government College University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Faiza Sharif
- Sustainable Development Study Centre, Government College University, Lahore, Pakistan.
| | - Mujtaba Baqar
- Sustainable Development Study Centre, Government College University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Laila Shahzad
- Sustainable Development Study Centre, Government College University, Lahore, Pakistan
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30
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Chen X, Ward TJ, Ho K, Sarkar C, Webster C. Characteristics and health risks of personal exposure to particle-bound PAHs for Hong Kong adult residents: From ambient pollution to indoor exposure. INDOOR AIR 2022; 32:e12956. [PMID: 34783390 PMCID: PMC9298719 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Research on individual level polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) exposure is scarce. Moreover, the independent contribution of ambient- and indoor-origin PAHs to personal exposure remains poorly studied. We performed simultaneous ambient, residential indoor, and personal exposure measurements in a panel of healthy adults to investigate particle-bound PAHs, focusing on their carcinogenic congeners (cPAHs). Average PAH concentrations were much higher in ambient and residential indoor than personal exposure, with distinct seasonal variations. We employed chrysene as a tracer to investigate residential indoor and personal PAHs exposure by origin. Personal cPAH exposure was largely attributable to ambient-origin exposures (95.8%), whereas a considerable proportion of residential indoor PAHs was likely attributable to indoor emissions (33.8%). Benzo[a]pyrene equivalent (BaPeq) concentrations of cPAH accounted for 95.2%-95.6% of total carcinogenic potential. Uncertainties in estimated PAHs (and BaPeq) exposure and cancer risks for adults were calculated using the Monte Carlo simulation. Cancer risks attributable to ambient, residential indoor, and personal cPAH inhalation exposures ranged from 4.0 × 10-6 to 1.0 × 10-5 . A time-activity weighted model was employed for personal PAH exposure estimations. Estimated cPAH exposures demonstrate high cancer risks for adults in Hong Kong, suggesting that exposure to indoor-generated PAHs should be of great concern to the general population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao‐Cui Chen
- Healthy High Density Cities LabHKUrbanLabThe University of Hong KongHong Kong Special Administrative RegionChina
- Shenzhen Institute of Research and InnovationThe University of Hong KongShenzhenChina
| | - Tony J. Ward
- School of Public and Community Health SciencesUniversity of MontanaMissoulaMontanaUSA
| | - Kin‐Fai Ho
- The Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary CareThe Chinese University of Hong KongHong KongChina
| | - Chinmoy Sarkar
- Healthy High Density Cities LabHKUrbanLabThe University of Hong KongHong Kong Special Administrative RegionChina
| | - Chris Webster
- Healthy High Density Cities LabHKUrbanLabThe University of Hong KongHong Kong Special Administrative RegionChina
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31
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Besis A, Botsaropoulou E, Balla D, Voutsa D, Samara C. Toxic organic pollutants in Greek house dust: Implications for human exposure and health risk. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 284:131318. [PMID: 34192665 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.131318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Organic contaminants often documented in house dust include mainly chemicals released from construction materials and consumer products and compounds emitted from indoor combustion activities. The occurrence of major chemical classes of toxic organic pollutants, included polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and nitrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (NPAHs), was for the first time investigated in house dust in Greece. The mean concentrations of ∑16PAHs, ∑20PBDEs, ∑7NPAHs and∑15PCBs in house dust were 4650 ng g-1, 564 ng g-1, 7.52 ng g-1, and 6.29 ng g-1, respectively. Exposure to dust organic contaminants via ingestion, inhalation and dermal absorption was estimated for two age classes (adults and children) and carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks were assessed. The hazard index (HI) for adults and children for PBDEs, PCBs, PAHs and NPAHs in all samples was less than 1 suggesting a very low level of concern for all human age group due to exposure to those chemicals. Total carcinogenic risk via the three exposure pathways (ingestion, inhalation and dermal contact) was within the safe range of 10-6 to 10-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athanasios Besis
- Environmental Pollution Control Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - Elisavet Botsaropoulou
- Environmental Pollution Control Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Dimitra Balla
- Environmental Pollution Control Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Dimitra Voutsa
- Environmental Pollution Control Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Constantini Samara
- Environmental Pollution Control Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
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Adeniran JA, Abdulraheem MO, Ameen HA, Odediran ET, Yusuf MNO. Source identification and health risk assessments of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in settled dusts from different population density areas of Ilorin, Nigeria. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2021; 193:777. [PMID: 34748100 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-021-09566-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) have attracted significant attention in recent times on account of their reasonably high environmental burden and extreme toxicity. Samples of indoor dusts were obtained daily over a period of 2 weeks from 10 residences located within low, medium, and high density residential areas of Ilorin City. The concentration levels, potential sources, and cancer health risks of sixteen polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were investigated using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. PAHs total concentrations varied from 3.95 ± 0.19 to 8.70 ± 0.43 μg/g with arithmetic mean of 6.09 ± 0.46 μg/g. Fluoranthene was the most dominant PAHs congener. High molecular weight (HMW) PAHs (4-6 rings) were the most prevalent PAHs and were responsible for 79.29% of total PAHs in sampled residences. Chrysene (Chry) was the most abundant compound among the 7 carcinogenic PAHs (CPAHs). Moreover, diagnostic ratios and positive matrix factorization (PMF) employed to apportion PAHs suggested that indoor dusts originated from indoor activities and infiltrating outdoor air pollutants. Diagnostic ratios revealed that PAHs are from mixed sources which include coal/wood combustion, non-traffic and traffic emissions, petroleum, petrogenic (gasoline), and petroleum combustion. Similarly, positive matrix factorization (PMF) model suggested five sources (factors) were responsible for PAHs in indoor dusts comprised of petroleum combustion and traffic emissions (60.05%), wood and biomass combustion emissions (20.84%), smoke from cooking, incense burning and tobacco (4.17%), gasoline combustion from non-traffic sources (13.89%), and emissions from coal burning and electronic devices (1.05%). The incremental lifetime carcinogenic risks (ILCR) of PAHs in adults and children estimated by applying benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) equivalent were within the satisfactory risk limits in Ilorin. Indoor PAHs emissions in Ilorin residences could be monitored and controlled by using data provided in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamiu Adetayo Adeniran
- Environmental Engineering Research Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria.
| | | | - Hafsat Abolore Ameen
- Department of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria
| | - Emmanuel Toluwalope Odediran
- Environmental Engineering Research Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria
| | - Muhammad-Najeeb O Yusuf
- Environmental Engineering Research Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria
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33
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Qin C, Yang B, Cheng H, Hu X, Gao Y. Non-covalent binding interaction and mechanism between polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and extracellular DNA. CHINESE SCIENCE BULLETIN-CHINESE 2021. [DOI: 10.1360/tb-2021-0927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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