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Zhang Z, Huang S, Chen H, Wang J. Deciphering the pollution risks, sources and their links of heavy metals in soils. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 950:175331. [PMID: 39117223 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.175331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2024] [Revised: 07/29/2024] [Accepted: 08/04/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Abstract
Heavy metals in soils pose serious ecological and health risks. To make efficient strategies for mitigating the underlying hazards, it is critical to reveal the pollution sources and their links with the risks. Researchers have investigated source identification and risk evaluation of heavy metals in soils, yet few have systematically deciphered the source-sink relationship of soil metals and the links between source apportionment and risk assessment. In the study, an integrated technological framework has been proposed to address the gaps, and applied to characterize the pollution risks, sources and their links of soil metals in a typical coal resource city in China. The assessment using geochemical tool and ecological risk index shows the soils in study area are polluted by Cd, Hg, Cr, As and Pb in varied degrees, and particularly, Cd and Hg present significant ecological risk. Two advanced receptor models (multivariate curve resolution-weighted alternating least-squares and multilinear engine 2) are comparatively applied for apportioning the potential sources of soil metals, and the results suggest the two models have identified similar sources (r2 > 0.90), including agricultural activities, atmospheric depositions and industrial discharges with contributions of 35.5 %-38.3 %, 30.3 %-35.1 %, and 26.6 %-34.1 %, respectively. Then, apportionment results of the two models are jointly employed for evaluating the source-specific health risks of metals in the environment using a probabilistic risk assessment model. The risk levels within the area are overall acceptable or tolerable, and relatively, the industrial discharges present higher contribution on the non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks of soil metals to public. Findings will help the managers to design targeted policies for reducing the risks of soil metals, and the framework proposed provides a useful guideline to better understand the source-risk relationship of soil metals in other environments worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhirou Zhang
- Engineering Research Center of Groundwater Pollution Control and Remediation, Ministry of Education, College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, No 19, Xinjiekouwai Street, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Shiqi Huang
- Engineering Research Center of Groundwater Pollution Control and Remediation, Ministry of Education, College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, No 19, Xinjiekouwai Street, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Haiyang Chen
- Engineering Research Center of Groundwater Pollution Control and Remediation, Ministry of Education, College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, No 19, Xinjiekouwai Street, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Jinsheng Wang
- Advanced Institute of Natural Science, Beijing Normal University at Zhuhai, 519087, China.
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2
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Zhu G, Zhu G, Tong B, Zhang D, Wu J, Zhai Y, Chen H. Spatial heterogeneity: Necessary and feasible for revealing soil trace elements pollution, sources, risks, and their links. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 479:135698. [PMID: 39217934 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.135698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2024] [Revised: 08/13/2024] [Accepted: 08/27/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
The source diversity and health risk of trace elements (TEs) in soil make it necessary to reveal the relationship between pollution, source, and risk. However, neglect of spatial heterogeneity restricts the reliability of existing identification methods. In this study, spatial heterogeneity is proposed as a necessary and feasible factor for accurately dissecting the pollution-source-risk link of soil TEs. A comprehensive framework is developed by integrating positive matrix factorization, Geodetector, and risk evaluation tools, and successfully applied in a mining-intensive city in northern China. Overall, the TEs are derived from natural background (28.5 %), atmospheric deposition (25.6 %), coal mining (21.8 %), and metal industry (24.1 %). The formation mechanism of heterogeneity for high-variance TEs (Se, Hg, Cd) is first systematically deciphered by revealing the heterogeneous source-sink relationship. Specifically, Se is dominated (76.5 %) by heterogeneous coal mining (q=0.187), Hg is determined (92.6 %) by the heterogeneity of metal mining (q=0.183) and smelting (q=0.363), and Cd is caused (50.9 %) by heterogeneous atmospheric deposition (q>0.254) co-influenced by the terrains and soil properties. Highly heterogeneous sources are also noteworthy for their potential to pose extreme risks (THI=1.122) in local areas. This study highlights the necessity of integrating spatial heterogeneity in pollution and risk assessment of soil TEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanhua Zhu
- College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Ganghui Zhu
- Technical Centre for Soil, Agriculture and Rural Ecology and Environment, Ministry of Ecology and Environment of the People's Republic of China, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Baocai Tong
- College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Dasheng Zhang
- Hebei Institute of Water Science, Shijiazhuang 050051, China
| | - Jin Wu
- Faculty of Architecture, Civil and Transportation Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Yuanzheng Zhai
- College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Haiyang Chen
- College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
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Zhao H, Chen W, Li F, Wang X, Pan X, Liu Y, Wang L, Sun W, Li F, Jiang S. Dissecting the long-term neurobehavioral impact of embryonic benz[a]anthracene exposure on zebrafish: Social dysfunction and molecular pathway activation. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 930:172615. [PMID: 38657801 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Benz[a]anthracene (BaA), a prevalent environmental contaminant within the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon class, poses risks to both human health and aquatic ecosystems. The impact of BaA on neural development and subsequent social behavior patterns remains inadequately explored. In this investigation, we employed the zebrafish as a model to examine the persisting effects of BaA exposure on social behaviors across various developmental stages, from larvae, juveniles to adults, following embryonic exposure. Our findings indicate that BaA exposure during embryogenesis yields lasting neurobehavioral deficits into adulthood. Proteomic analysis highlights that BaA may impair neuro-immune crosstalk in zebrafish larvae. Remarkably, our proteomic data also hint at the activation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) and cytochrome P450 1A (CYP1A) pathway by BaA, leading to the hypothesis that this pathway may be implicated in the disruption of neuro-immune interactions, contributing to observable behavioral disruptions. In summary, our findings suggest that early exposure to BaA disrupts social behaviors, such as social ability and shoaling behaviors, from the larval stage through to maturity in zebrafish, potentially through the detrimental effects on neuro-immune processes mediated by the AHR-CYP1A pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haichu Zhao
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Weiran Chen
- Ministry of Education and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China; Department of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatric & Child Primary Care, Brain and Behavioral Research Unit of Shanghai Institute for Pediatric Research, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Fei Li
- Biomedical Analysis Center, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Xiaoyang Wang
- Biomedical Analysis Center, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Xin Pan
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Biomedical Analysis Center, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Liting Wang
- Biomedical Analysis Center, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Wei Sun
- Biomedical Analysis Center, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Fei Li
- Ministry of Education and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China; Department of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatric & Child Primary Care, Brain and Behavioral Research Unit of Shanghai Institute for Pediatric Research, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Shan Jiang
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China.
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Zhang Y, Jiang B, Gao Z, Wang M, Feng J, Xia L, Liu J. Health risk assessment of soil heavy metals in a typical mining town in north China based on Monte Carlo simulation coupled with Positive matrix factorization model. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 251:118696. [PMID: 38493860 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.118696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 03/02/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
The accumulation of heavy metals (HMs) in soil caused by mineral resource exploitation and its ancillary industrial processes poses a threat to ecology and public health. Effective risk control measures require a quantification of the impacts and contributions to health risks from individual sources of soil HMs. Based on high-density sampling, soil contamination risk indexes, positive matrix factorization (PMF) model, Monte Carlo simulation and human health risk analysis model were applied to investigate the risk of HMs in a typical mining town in North China. The results showed that As was the most dominant soil pollutant factor, Cd and Hg were the most dominant soil ecological risk factors, and Cr and Ni were the most dominant health risk factors in the study area. Overall, both pollution and ecological risks were at low levels, while there were still some higher hazard areas located in the central and south-central part of the region. According to the probabilistic health risk assessment (HRA), children suffered greater health risks than adults, with 21.63% of non-carcinogenic risks and 53.24% of carcinogenic risks exceeding the prescribed thresholds (HI > 1 and TCR>1E-4). The PMF model identified five potential sources: fuel combustion (FC), processing of building materials with limestone as raw materials (PBML), industry source (IS), iron ore mining combined with garbage (IOG), and agriculture source (AS). PBML is the primary source of soil HM contamination, as well as the major anthropogenic source of carcinogenic risk for all populations. Agricultural inputs associated with As are the major source of non-carcinogenic risk. This study offers a good example of probabilistic HRA using specific sources, which can provide a valuable reference for strategy establishment of pollution remediation and risk prevention and control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqi Zhang
- College of Earth Science and Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China.
| | - Bing Jiang
- The Fourth Geological Brigade of Shandong Provincial Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources, Weifang 261021, China; Key Laboratory of Coastal Zone Geological Environment Protection of Shandong Geology and Mineral Exploration and Development Bureau, Weifang 261021, China.
| | - Zongjun Gao
- College of Earth Science and Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China.
| | - Min Wang
- College of Earth Science and Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China.
| | - Jianguo Feng
- College of Earth Science and Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China.
| | - Lu Xia
- College of Earth Science and Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China.
| | - Jiutan Liu
- College of Earth Science and Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China.
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Hua L, Gao Y, Guo S, Zhu H, Yao Y, Wang B, Fang J, Sun H, Xu F, Zhao H. Urinary Metabolites of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons of Rural Population in Northwestern China: Oxidative Stress and Health Risk Assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:7758-7769. [PMID: 38669205 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.4c00122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) exposure is suspected to be linked to oxidative damage. Herein, ten PAH human exposure biomarkers [hydroxylated PAH metabolites (OH-PAHs)] and five oxidative stress biomarkers (OSBs) were detected in urine samples collected from participants living in a rural area (n = 181) in Northwestern China. The median molar concentration of ΣOH-PAHs in urine was 47.0 pmol mL-1. The 2-hydroxynaphthalene (2-OHNap; median: 2.21 ng mL-1) was the dominant OH-PAH. The risk assessment of PAH exposure found that hazard index (HI) values were <1, indicating that the PAH exposure of rural people in Jingyuan would not generate significant cumulative risks. Smokers (median: 0.033) obtained higher HI values than nonsmokers (median: 0.015, p < 0.01), suggesting that smokers face a higher health risk from PAH exposure than nonsmokers. Pearson correlation and multivariate linear regression analysis revealed that ΣOH-PAH concentrations were significant factors in increasing the oxidative damage to deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) (8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine, 8-OHdG), ribonucleic acid (RNA) (8-oxo-7,8-dihydroguanine, 8-oxoGua), and protein (o, o'-dityrosine, diY) (p < 0.05). Among all PAH metabolites, only 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OHPyr) could positively affect the expression of all five OSBs (p < 0.05), suggesting that urinary 1-OHPyr might be a reliable biomarker for PAH exposure and a useful indicator for assessing the impacts of PAH exposure on oxidative stress. This study is focused on the relation between PAH exposure and oxidative damage and lays a foundation for the study of the health effect mechanism of PAHs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liting Hua
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
- School of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Earth Surface Processes, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yafei Gao
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Sai Guo
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Hongkai Zhu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Yiming Yao
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Beibei Wang
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Jing Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Hongwen Sun
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Fuliu Xu
- School of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Earth Surface Processes, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Hongzhi Zhao
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
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Zhao M, Wang H, Sun J, Cai B, Tang R, Song X, Huang X, Liu Y, Fan Z. Human health risks of heavy metal(loid)s mediated through crop ingestion in a coal mining area in Eastern China. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2024; 276:116305. [PMID: 38599158 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2024.116305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
The heavy metal(loid)s (HMs) in soils can be accumulated by crops grown, which is accompanied by crop ingestion into the human body and then causes harm to human health. Hence, the health risks posed by HMs in three crops for different populations were assessed using Health risk assessment (HRA) model coupled with Monte Carlo simulation. Results revealed that Zn had the highest concentration among three crops; while Ni was the main polluting element in maize and soybean, and As in rice. Non-carcinogenic risk for all populations through rice ingestion was at an "unacceptable" level, and teenagers suffered higher risk than adults and children. All populations through ingestion of three crops might suffer Carcinogenic risk, with the similar order of Total carcinogenic risk (TCR): TCRAdults > TCRTeenagers > TCRChildren. As and Ni were identified as priority control HMs in this study area due to their high contribution rates to health risks. According to the HRA results, the human health risk was associated with crop varieties, HM species, and age groups. Our findings suggest that only limiting the Maximum allowable intake rate is not sufficient to prevent health risks caused by crop HMs, thus more risk precautions are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Menglu Zhao
- School of Resoureces and Environment, Anqing Normal University, Anqing 246133, China; Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Huijuan Wang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Jiaxun Sun
- Department of Geographical Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park 20742, United States
| | - Boya Cai
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Rui Tang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Xiaoyong Song
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Xinmiao Huang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yafeng Liu
- School of Resoureces and Environment, Anqing Normal University, Anqing 246133, China.
| | - Zhengqiu Fan
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China.
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Zhou Y, Jiang D, Ding D, Wei J, Xie W, Zhu X, Deng S, Long T, Wu Y. Comprehensive distribution characteristics and factors affecting the migration of chromium in a typical chromium slag-contaminated site with a long history in China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:21881-21893. [PMID: 38400974 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-32403-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/26/2024]
Abstract
The contamination of abandoned chromium slag-contaminated sites poses serious threats to human health and the environment. Therefore, improving the understanding of their distribution characteristics and health risks by multiple information is necessary. This study explored the distribution, accumulation characteristic, and the role in the migration process of chromium. The results showed that the contents of total Cr and Cr (VI) ranged from 12.00 to 7400.00 mg/kg, and 0.25 to 2160.00 mg/kg, respectively. The average contents of both total Cr and Cr (VI) reached the highest value at the depth of 7-9 m, where the silt layer retaining total Cr and Cr (VI) was. The spatial distribution analysis revealed that the total contamination area percentages of total Cr and Cr (VI) reached 7.87% and 90.02% in the mixed fill layer, and reduced to 1.21% and 34.53% in the silty layer, and the same heavily polluted areas were located in the open chromium residue storage. Soil pH and moisture content were the major factors controlling the migration of total Cr and Cr(VI) in soils. Results of probabilistic health risk assessment revealed that carcinogenic risk was negligible for adults and children, and the sensitive analysis implied that the content of Cr(VI) was the predominant contributor to carcinogenic risk. The combination of chemical reduction and microbial remediation could be the feasible remediation strategy for soil Cr(VI) pollution. Overall, this study provides scientific information into the chromium post-remediation and pollution management for various similar chromium-contaminated sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhou
- Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Environmental Science, Nanjing, 210042, Jiangsu, China
| | - Dengdeng Jiang
- Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Environmental Science, Nanjing, 210042, Jiangsu, China
| | - Da Ding
- Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Environmental Science, Nanjing, 210042, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jing Wei
- Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Environmental Science, Nanjing, 210042, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wenyi Xie
- Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Environmental Science, Nanjing, 210042, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xin Zhu
- Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Environmental Science, Nanjing, 210042, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shaopo Deng
- Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Environmental Science, Nanjing, 210042, Jiangsu, China
| | - Tao Long
- Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Environmental Science, Nanjing, 210042, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yunjin Wu
- Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Environmental Science, Nanjing, 210042, Jiangsu, China.
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Qiaoyu C, Yanyan H, Yue C, Lijun Y, Benguo Z, Qing H, Lijuan W, Juan L. Accurate identification of sludge contamination sources by classification-based PMF and machine learning with consideration of sewer network distribution differences. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 910:168576. [PMID: 37979854 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.168576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/20/2023]
Abstract
The application of source identification such as PMF for large-scale pollution source analysis frequently produces ambiguous outcomes. In this study, we utilized a classification-based method to accurately track key pollution sources in the sludge. In the study, we categorized the wastewater treatment plants into two groups: T1 and T2, according to the pipeline network. T1 sewage treatment plants are the main sewage plants in urban areas, covering a large area and connected to industrial wastewater treatment plants for secondary treatment. T2 sewage treatment plants are typically smaller in size and usually responsible for treating sewage in rural or township areas. The PMF analysis indicates that industrial pollution sources contribute 3.4 times more to T1 sludge than to T2 sludge, making industrial pollution the primary factor causing the disparity. The application of Random Forest and Adaboost based on pollutant concentrations for classification and fitting of sludge resulted in the identification of the main pollutants: Zn, Cu, Ni, and Cyanide, which align with characteristic pollutants from the electroplating industry. The GIS analysis shows a significant correlation between the distance of wastewater treatment plants with abnormal environmental risk and electroplating industrial parks, all within a 20 km radius. Indeed, when conducting large-scale pollution source identification studies, utilizing classification-based analysis can effectively improve the accuracy of pollution source identification, leading to more valuable analysis results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Qiaoyu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Native Plants, Chongqing Landscape and Gardening Research Institute, 401329 Chongqing, China.
| | - Hu Yanyan
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Native Plants, Chongqing Landscape and Gardening Research Institute, 401329 Chongqing, China
| | - Chen Yue
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Native Plants, Chongqing Landscape and Gardening Research Institute, 401329 Chongqing, China
| | - Yang Lijun
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Native Plants, Chongqing Landscape and Gardening Research Institute, 401329 Chongqing, China
| | - Zhu Benguo
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Native Plants, Chongqing Landscape and Gardening Research Institute, 401329 Chongqing, China
| | - He Qing
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Native Plants, Chongqing Landscape and Gardening Research Institute, 401329 Chongqing, China
| | - Wang Lijuan
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Native Plants, Chongqing Landscape and Gardening Research Institute, 401329 Chongqing, China
| | - Li Juan
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Native Plants, Chongqing Landscape and Gardening Research Institute, 401329 Chongqing, China
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9
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Li Z, Qi R, Li Y, Miao J, Li Y, He Z, Zhang N, Pan L. Source-specific ecological and health risks of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the adjacent coastal area of the Yellow River Estuary, China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2024; 26:146-160. [PMID: 38009362 DOI: 10.1039/d3em00419h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2023]
Abstract
Industrialization and urbanization have led to increasing levels of PAH pollution in highly urbanized estuaries and their adjacent coastal areas globally. This study focused on the adjacent coastal area of the Yellow River Estuary (YRE) and collected surface seawater, surface sediment, and clams Ruditapes philippinarum and Mactra veneriformis at four sites (S1 to S4) in May, August, and October 2021 to analyze the source-specific ecological and health risks and bioeffects. The findings revealed that the main sources of PAHs were traffic emission (25.2% to 28.5%), petroleum sources (23.3% to 29.5%), coal combustion (24.7% to 27.5%), and biomass combustion (19.8% to 20.7%). Further, the PMF-RQ and PMF-ILCR analyses indicated that traffic emission was the primary contributor to ecological risks in seawater and health risks in both clam species, while coal combustion was the major contributor in sediment. Taken together, it is recommended to implement control strategies for PAH pollution following the priority order: traffic > coal > petroleum > biomass, to reduce the content and risk of PAHs in the YRE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeyuan Li
- The Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, PR China
| | - Ruicheng Qi
- The Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, PR China
| | - Yufen Li
- The Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, PR China
| | - Jingjing Miao
- The Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, PR China
| | - Yaobing Li
- The Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, PR China
| | - Zhiheng He
- The Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, PR China
| | - Ning Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, PR China
| | - Luqing Pan
- Fisheries College, Ocean University of China, Yushan Road 5, Qingdao 266003, China.
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10
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Wang H, Liu D, Lv Y, Wang W, Wu Q, Huang L, Zhu L. Ecological and health risk assessments of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in soils around a petroleum refining plant in China: A quantitative method based on the improved hybrid model. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 461:132476. [PMID: 37714002 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/17/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are extensively released into the environment by petroleum refining activities, predominantly affecting soil as a major reservoir. This study focuses on an active petroleum refinery in central China and employs a multi-faceted approach, combining geo-statistics, the absolute principal component-multiple linear regression model, and the Monte Carlo simulation, to comprehensively unravel the sources and risks associated with 12 PAHs. The analysis reveals a wide range of PAH concentrations, spanning from 60.23 to 1678.00 μg·kg-1, with an average of 278.91 μg·kg-1. Strikingly elevated PAH levels are primarily concentrated in construction and transportation lands, whereas woodland and grasslands exhibit lower PAH concentrations. In terms of ecological impact, the risk arising from oil-coal combustion significantly surpasses that linked to biomass combustion. meticulous assessments indicate negligible carcinogenic risks for both children and adults within the study area. An innovative hybrid model, which seamlessly integrates risk assessments with source identification, emerges as a pivotal advancement. This hybrid model not only quantifies PAH emission levels from refining activities but also effectively quantifies potential risks from distinct sources. Consequently, this study furnishes a robust theoretical foundation for strategizing PAH pollution risk mitigation. In essence, our research not only contributes a comprehensive understanding of PAH distribution around an active petroleum refinery but also introduces an advanced hybrid model, culminating in valuable insights for devising measures to curtail PAH-related environmental risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanzhi Wang
- School of Resources & Environmental Science, Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Sustainable Resource and Energy, Hubei Key Laboratory of Biomass-Resources Chemistry and Environmental Biotechnology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, PR China
| | - Dongyang Liu
- School of Resources & Environmental Science, Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Sustainable Resource and Energy, Hubei Key Laboratory of Biomass-Resources Chemistry and Environmental Biotechnology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, PR China
| | - Yuanfei Lv
- School of Resources & Environmental Science, Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Sustainable Resource and Energy, Hubei Key Laboratory of Biomass-Resources Chemistry and Environmental Biotechnology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, PR China
| | - Wei Wang
- School of Resources & Environmental Science, Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Sustainable Resource and Energy, Hubei Key Laboratory of Biomass-Resources Chemistry and Environmental Biotechnology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, PR China
| | - Qirui Wu
- School of Resources & Environmental Science, Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Sustainable Resource and Energy, Hubei Key Laboratory of Biomass-Resources Chemistry and Environmental Biotechnology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, PR China
| | - Lizhi Huang
- School of Civil Engineering, Wuhan University, No. 8, East Lake South Road, Wuhan 430079, PR China.
| | - Liandong Zhu
- School of Resources & Environmental Science, Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Sustainable Resource and Energy, Hubei Key Laboratory of Biomass-Resources Chemistry and Environmental Biotechnology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Water Resources Engineering and Management, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, PR China.
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11
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Zhou H, Yue X, Chen Y, Liu Y. Source-specific probabilistic contamination risk and health risk assessment of soil heavy metals in a typical ancient mining area. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 906:167772. [PMID: 37839479 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Revised: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
Heavy metal pollution (HMP) from mining operations severely threatens soil ecosystems and human health. Identifying the sources of soil heavy metals (HMs) and assessing source-specific risks are critical for developing effective risk mitigation strategies. In this study, a combination of methodologies including PMF, Monte Carlo analysis, soil pollution risk index, and a human health risk assessment model were utilized to investigate soil HM risks in a typical ancient mining area in Daye City, China, considering both environmental pollution and human health impacts. Cu emerged as the most significant soil pollution risk, whereas As posing the highest health risk. About 48.44 % of the multi-element integrated soil pollution risk has escalated to the heavy level. Furthermore, around 22.42 % of the non-carcinogenic risk (NCR) and 9.53 % of the carcinogenic risk (CR) exceeded unacceptable thresholds (THI > 1 for NCR and TCR > 1E-4 for CR). The PMF model identified four distinct sources: the smelting industry, traffic emissions, a combination of agricultural and natural factors, and mining activities. The mixed agricultural and natural source significantly impacted health risks, contributing 42.17 % to NCR and 53.88 % to CR, followed by the mining source, contributing 31.67 % to NCR and 24.07 % to CR. Interestingly, the mining source contributed the highest soil pollution risk at 42.45 %, while the mixed agricultural and natural source exhibited the lowest at 16.33 %. Furthermore, the study explored source-specific risk components by evaluating the contributions of different sources to specific elements. The mining source was identified as the focus for soil HMP control, followed by the mixed agricultural and natural source. Overall, this study provided an in-depth analysis of soil heavy metal risks in mining areas from the source apportionment perspective, which broadened the research framework of soil heavy metal source analysis and risk assessment, potentially providing scientific guidance for managing regional soil HMP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Zhou
- Wuhan University of Science and Technology, No.947 Heping Avenue, Wuhan 430080, Hubei, China; National Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection Mining and Metallurgy Resource Utilization and Pollution Control, Wuhan 430080, Hubei, China.
| | - Xuemei Yue
- Wuhan University of Science and Technology, No.947 Heping Avenue, Wuhan 430080, Hubei, China; National Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection Mining and Metallurgy Resource Utilization and Pollution Control, Wuhan 430080, Hubei, China.
| | - Yong Chen
- Wuhan University of Science and Technology, No.947 Heping Avenue, Wuhan 430080, Hubei, China; National Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection Mining and Metallurgy Resource Utilization and Pollution Control, Wuhan 430080, Hubei, China; Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization and Agglomeration of Metallurgical Mineral Resources, Wuhan 430080, Hubei, China.
| | - Yanzhong Liu
- Wuhan University of Science and Technology, No.947 Heping Avenue, Wuhan 430080, Hubei, China; Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization and Agglomeration of Metallurgical Mineral Resources, Wuhan 430080, Hubei, China.
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12
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Sun H, Jia X, Wu Z, Yu P, Zhang L, Wang S, Xia T. Contamination and source-specific health risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soil from a mega iron and steel site in China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 340:122851. [PMID: 37918775 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
The iron and steel industry has always been a key and difficult point of environmental pollution control. In the present study, 493, 175, 153, 72, and 42 soil samples were collected from the soil depths of 0-0.5, 0.5-2, 2-3, 3-4, and 4-5 m (herein called the layers) of the Shougang Steel site, respectively. Compared with the evaluation criteria, the Shougang Steel surface soil was severely polluted by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Inverse distance-weighted interpolation and the Kruskal-Wallis H test revealed that the soil PAH pollution in the iron-making area, especially the coking area, was severer than those in other areas. The PAH concentrations first decreased, and then, increased with the increase of depth. With the increase in depth, the contributions of 2- and 3-ring PAHs increased, while those of 4-, 5-, and 6-ring PAHs decreased. The bivariate local indicators of spatial association (LISA) analysis was used to identify the areas prone to soil PAH pollution due to atmospheric deposition of industrial waste gas and traffic emissions. The method could be used to analyze the impact of anthropogenic activities on soil's PAH pollution for other contaminated sites. Three main pollution sources of soil PAHs, the backfill source, the combustion of coal, and the traffic emissions, were identified based upon three diagnostic ratios, positive matrix factorization and the bivariate LISA analysis, and accounted for 53.8%, 23.5%, and 22.7%, respectively. The combination of bivariate LISA analysis and other source analysis methods could improve the accuracy of source analysis. Benzo[a]pyrene contributed the most to the total health risk among sixteen PAHs. The health risks related to the three pollution sources decreased in the order of backfill sources > coal combustion > traffic emissions. The incremental life-time carcinogenic risks were all below 10-4, indicating negligible or acceptable risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haixu Sun
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Risk Modeling and Remediation of Contaminated Sites, Beijing Municipal Research Institute of Eco-Environmental Protection, Beijing, 100037, China; College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Xiaoyang Jia
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Risk Modeling and Remediation of Contaminated Sites, Beijing Municipal Research Institute of Eco-Environmental Protection, Beijing, 100037, China; College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Zhiyuan Wu
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Risk Modeling and Remediation of Contaminated Sites, Beijing Municipal Research Institute of Eco-Environmental Protection, Beijing, 100037, China
| | - Peiyao Yu
- Beijing Shougang Construction Investment Company Limited, Beijing, 100043, China
| | - Lina Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Risk Modeling and Remediation of Contaminated Sites, Beijing Municipal Research Institute of Eco-Environmental Protection, Beijing, 100037, China
| | - Shijie Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Risk Modeling and Remediation of Contaminated Sites, Beijing Municipal Research Institute of Eco-Environmental Protection, Beijing, 100037, China
| | - Tianxiang Xia
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Risk Modeling and Remediation of Contaminated Sites, Beijing Municipal Research Institute of Eco-Environmental Protection, Beijing, 100037, China.
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13
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Wu J, Yang G, Chen H, Zhai Y, Teng Y, Li J, Chen R. Source apportionment and source specific health risk assessment of HMs and PAHs in soils with an integrated framework in a typical cold agricultural region in China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 904:167337. [PMID: 37748612 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
A new innovative methodology system framework for source apportionment and source-specific risk assessment has been proposed and actively applied to identify the contamination characteristics, oriented sources and health risks associated with contamination levels of Heavy metals (HMs) and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in soils, a typical cold agricultural region in Northeastern China. To achieve this meaningful goal, a large-scale dataset including 1780 top soil samples, 10 HMs and 16 priority PAHs has been organized and collected from a typical study area in China. The total concentrations of the 10 selected HMs in study area range from 0.05 to 2147.40 mg/kg, with an average of 549.25 ± 541.37 mg/kg. The average concentrations of PAHs for (3-6)-rings are 16.60 ± 18.90, 26.40 ± 28.20, 9.51 ± 13.00 and 1.99 ± 5.30 ng/g, respectively. On the base of optimized literature source fingerprints for HM and PAH, a widely used receptor model, positive matrix factorization (PMF) has been applied to apportion the contamination sources HMs and PAHs in soils. Then source-specific health risk of soil HMs and PAHs have been assessed using the probabilistic incremental lifetime cancer risk model incorporated with source apportionment results data. Fertilizer residues/coke oven comprise the primary contamination source contributors of HMs and PAHs with corresponding contributions of 32.23 % and 27.93 % for HMs and 37.94 % for PAHs. Fertilizer/pesticide residues contributes most to the risks of soil HMs (28.8 %), followed by fossil fuel combustion (24.6 %), mining activities (20.2 %), traffic and vehicle emission (16.3 %) and electroplating/dyeing (14.1 %). Meanwhile, the ranking of health risks from the five identified contamination sources of soil PAHs are resident discharge, coal-fired boilers, coke oven emission, gasoline combustion and power plant, with the contribution of 27.1 %, 25.3 %, 17.3 %, 15.5 % and 14.8 %. And relatively, source-specific risk assessment demonstrates fossil fuel and coal combustion contribute the greatest impact to the total risk of HMs and PAHs (61.7 % and 56.1 %), respectively. This study provides a good example of how the source specific health risk assessment can be utilized to reduce the contamination in soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Wu
- College of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Gang Yang
- Development Research Center, Ministry of Water Resources, Beijing 100038, China
| | - Haiyang Chen
- College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Yuanzheng Zhai
- College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Yanguo Teng
- College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Jiao Li
- Technical Centre for Soil, Agricultural and Rural Ecology and Environment, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Beijing 100012, China.
| | - Ruihui Chen
- Beijing Water Science and Technology Institute, Beijing 100048, China.
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14
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Dong Z, Kong Z, Dong Z, Shang L, Zhang R, Xu R, Li X. Air pollution prevention in central China: Effects on particulate-bound PAHs from 2010 to 2018. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 344:118555. [PMID: 37418927 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.118555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Abstract
Long-term trends in particulate-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) concentrations in air in Zhengzhou (a severely polluted city in central China) between 2010 and 2018 were studied to assess the effectiveness of an air pollution prevention and control action plan (APPCAP) implemented in 2013. The PM2.5, sum of 16 PAHs (Σ16 PAHs), benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), and BaP toxic equivalent concentrations were high before 2013 but 41%, 77%, 77%, and 78% lower, respectively, after the APPCAP. The maximum daily Σ16 PAHs concentration between 2014 and 2018 was 338 ng/m3, 65% lower than the maximum of 961 ng/m3 between 2010 and 2013. The ratio between the Σ16 PAHs concentrations in winter and summer decreased over time and was 8.0 in 2011 and 1.5 in 2017. The most abundant PAH was benzo[b]fluoranthene, for which the 9-year mean concentration was 14 ± 21 ng/m3 (15% of the Σ16 PAHs concentration). The mean benzo[b]fluoranthene concentration decreased from 28 ± 27 ng/m3 before to 5 ± 4 ng/m3 after the APPCAP (an 83% decrease). The mean daily BaP concentrations were 0.1-62.8 ng/m3, and >56% exceeded the daily standard limit of 2.5 ng/m3 for air. The BaP concentration decreased from 10 ± 8 ng/m3 before to 2 ± 2 ng/m3 after the APPCAP (a 77% decrease). Diagnostic ratios and positive matrix factorization model results indicated that coal combustion and vehicle exhausts were important sources of PAHs throughout the study period, contributing >70% of the Σ16 PAHs concentrations. The APPCAP increased the relative contribution of vehicle exhausts from 29% to 35% but decreased the Σ16 PAHs concentration attributed to vehicle exhausts from 48 to 12 ng/m3. The PAH concentration attributed to vehicle exhausts decreased by 79% even though vehicle numbers strongly increased, indicating that pollution caused by vehicles was controlled well. The relative contribution of coal combustion remained stable but the PAH concentration attributed to coal combustion decreased from 68 ng/m3 before to 13 ng/m3 after the APPCAP. Vehicles made dominant contributions to the incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCRs) before and after the APPCAP even though the APPCAP decreased the ILCRs by 78%. Coal combustion was the dominant source of PAHs but contributed only 12-15% of the ILCRs. The APPCAP decreased PAH emissions and changed the contributions of different sources of PAHs, and thus strongly affected the overall toxicity of PAHs to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhangsen Dong
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China; Institute of Environmental Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Zihan Kong
- School of Ecology and Environment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Zhe Dong
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China; Institute of Environmental Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Luqi Shang
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China; Institute of Environmental Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Ruiqin Zhang
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China; School of Ecology and Environment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Ruixin Xu
- School of Ecology and Environment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Xiao Li
- School of Ecology and Environment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China.
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15
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Zhang Y, Guo Z, Peng C, He Y. Introducing a land use-based weight factor in regional health risk assessment of PAHs in soils of an urban agglomeration. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 887:163833. [PMID: 37149166 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The high heterogeneity of land uses in urban areas has led to large spatial variations in the contents and health risks of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in soils. A land use-based health risk assessment (LUHR) model was proposed for soil pollution on a regional scale by introducing a land use-based weight factor, which considered the differences in exposure levels of soil pollutants to receptor populations between land uses. The model was applied to assess the health risk posed by soil PAHs in the rapidly industrializing urban agglomeration of Changsha-Zhuzhou-Xiangtan Urban Agglomeration (CZTUA). The mean concentration of total PAHs (∑PAHs) in CZTUA was 493.2 μg/kg, and their spatial distribution was consistent with emissions from industry and vehicles. The LUHR model suggested the 90th percentile health risk value was 4.63 × 10-7, which was 4.13 and 1.08 times higher than those of traditional risk assessments that have adopted adults and children as default risk receptors, respectively. The risk maps of LUHRs showed that the ratios of the area exceeding the risk threshold (1 × 10-6) to the total area were 34.0 %, 5.0 %, 3.8 %, 2.1 %, and 0.2 % in the industrial area, urban green space, roadside, farmland, and forestland, respectively. The LUHR model back-calculated the soil critical values (SCVs) for ∑PAHs under different land uses, resulting in values of 6719, 4566, 3224, and 2750 μg/kg for forestland, farmland, urban green space, and roadside, respectively. Compared with the traditional health risk assessment models, this LUHR model identified high-risk areas and drew risk contours more accurately and precisely by considering both the spatial variances of soil pollution and their exposure levels to different risk receptors. This provides an advanced approach to assessing the health risks of soil pollution on a regional scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha 410083, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhaohui Guo
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha 410083, People's Republic of China
| | - Chi Peng
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha 410083, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yalei He
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha 410083, People's Republic of China
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16
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Yang Z, Li C, Chen H, Shan X, Chen J, Zhang J, Liu S, Liu Q, Wang X. Source-oriented ecological and resistome risks associated with geochemical enrichment of heavy metals in river sediments. CHEMOSPHERE 2023:139119. [PMID: 37302501 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 05/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Heavy metals (HMs) pose ecological and resistome risks to aquatic systems. To efficiently develop targeted risk mitigation strategies, apportioning HM sources and assessing their source-oriented risks are essential. Although many studies have reported risk assessment and source apportionment of HMs, yet few have explored source-specific ecological and resistome risks associated with geochemical enrichment of HMs in aquatic environments. Therefore, this study proposes an integrated technological framework to characterize source-oriented ecological and resistome risks in the sediments of a plain river in China. Several geochemical tools quantitatively showed Cd and Hg had the highest pollution levels in the environment, with 19.7 and 7.5 times higher than their background values, respectively. Positive matrix factorization (PMF) and Unmix were comparatively used to apportion sources of HMs. Essentially, the two models were complementary and identified similar sources including industrial discharges, agricultural activities, atmospheric deposition and natural background, with contributions of 32.3-37.0%, 8.0-9.0%, 12.1-15.9% and 42.8-43.0%, respectively. To analyze source-specific ecological risks, the apportionment results were integratively incorporated into a modified ecological risk index. The results showed anthropogenic sources were the most significant contributors to the ecological risks. Particularly, industrial discharges majorly contributed high- (44%) and extremely high (52%) ecological risk for Cd, while agricultural activities posed a greater percentage of considerable-(36%) and high- (46%) ecological risk for Hg. Furthermore, the high-throughput sequencing metagenomic analysis identified abundant and diverse antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), including some carbapenem-resistance genes and emerging genes such as mcr-type in the river sediments. Network and statistical analyses displayed significant correlations between ARGs and geochemical enrichment of HMs (ρ > 0.8; P-value <0.01), indicating their important impacts on resistome risks in the environment. This study provides useful insights into risk prevention and pollution control of HMs, and the framework can be made applicable to other rivers facing environmental challenges worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhimin Yang
- Key Laboratory for Water and Sediment Sciences of Ministry of Education, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Chunhui Li
- Key Laboratory for Water and Sediment Sciences of Ministry of Education, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Haiyang Chen
- Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education on Groundwater Pollution Control and Remediation, College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China.
| | - Xin Shan
- Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education on Groundwater Pollution Control and Remediation, College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Jinping Chen
- Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education on Groundwater Pollution Control and Remediation, College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Jianhang Zhang
- Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Shaoda Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China.
| | - Qiang Liu
- Key Laboratory for Water and Sediment Sciences of Ministry of Education, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Xuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
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17
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Yuan B, Cao H, Du P, Ren J, Chen J, Zhang H, Zhang Y, Luo H. Source-oriented probabilistic health risk assessment of soil potentially toxic elements in a typical mining city. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 443:130222. [PMID: 36356524 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.130222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Identifying potential sources of soil potentially toxic elements (PTEs) and developing source-oriented health risk assessments in typical mining cities are key for pollution prevention and risk management. To this end, a case study was conducted to explore the pollution characteristics, potential sources, and human health risks of PTEs in Daye City, China. Indices, including the pollution factor (PF), pollution load index (PLI), and geo-accumulation index (Igeo), were applied to assess PTE pollution. Cd had the highest value among the detected PTEs, and 82.93% of the sampling sites had moderate pollution levels, with the highest mean Igeo value for Cd (2.30). Four potential sources were determined. Cr and Ni originated mainly from natural sources. Zn (91.5%) was exclusively and then Cd (33.1%) was moderately derived from industrial activities. The mixed source of various mineral exploitation smelting, and coal-fired traffic emissions leaded to the accumulation of As, Cd, and Pb. Cu was associated with Cu-related mining and smelting activities. The probabilistic health risk assessment indicated that the non-carcinogenic risks for populations were negligible. Overall, this work provides scientific information for environmental managers to manage soil PTE pollution through the effective management of anthropogenic sources with limited resources and costs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bei Yuan
- Technical Centre for Soil, Agriculture and Rural Ecology and Environment, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Beijing 100012, China; Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Hanlin Cao
- Technical Centre for Soil, Agriculture and Rural Ecology and Environment, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Ping Du
- Technical Centre for Soil, Agriculture and Rural Ecology and Environment, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Beijing 100012, China.
| | - Jie Ren
- Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Waste Resource Recycle, School of Ecology and Environment, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, 010021, China
| | - Juan Chen
- Technical Centre for Soil, Agriculture and Rural Ecology and Environment, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Technical Centre for Soil, Agriculture and Rural Ecology and Environment, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Yunhui Zhang
- Technical Centre for Soil, Agriculture and Rural Ecology and Environment, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Huilong Luo
- Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; College of Water Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
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18
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Rashid A, Ayub M, Ullah Z, Ali A, Sardar T, Iqbal J, Gao X, Bundschuh J, Li C, Khattak SA, Ali L, El-Serehy HA, Kaushik P, Khan S. Groundwater Quality, Health Risk Assessment, and Source Distribution of Heavy Metals Contamination around Chromite Mines: Application of GIS, Sustainable Groundwater Management, Geostatistics, PCAMLR, and PMF Receptor Model. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:ijerph20032113. [PMID: 36767482 PMCID: PMC9916341 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20032113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Groundwater contamination by heavy metals (HMs) released by weathering and mineral dissolution of granite, gneisses, ultramafic, and basaltic rock composition causes human health concerns worldwide. This paper evaluated the heavy metals (HMs) concentrations and physicochemical variables of groundwater around enriched chromite mines of Malakand, Pakistan, with particular emphasis on water quality, hydro-geochemistry, spatial distribution, geochemical speciation, and human health impacts. To better understand the groundwater hydrogeochemical profile and HMs enrichment, groundwater samples were collected from the mining region (n = 35), non-mining region (n = 20), and chromite mines water (n = 5) and then analyzed using ICPMS (Agilent 7500 ICPMS). The ranges of concentrations in the mining, non-mining, and chromite mines water were 0.02-4.5, 0.02-2.3, and 5.8-6.0 mg/L for CR, 0.4-3.8, 0.05-3.6, and 3.2-5.8 mg/L for Ni, and 0.05-0.8, 0.05-0.8, and 0.6-1.2 mg/L for Mn. Geochemical speciation of groundwater variables such as OH-, H+, Cr+2, Cr+3, Cr+6, Ni+2, Mn+2, and Mn+3 was assessed by atomic fluorescence spectrometry (AFS). Geochemical speciation determined the mobilization, reactivity, and toxicity of HMs in complex groundwater systems. Groundwater facies showed 45% CaHCO3, 30% NaHCO3, 23.4% NaCl, and 1.6% Ca-Mg-Cl water types. The noncarcinogenic and carcinogenic risk of HMs outlined via hazard quotient (HQ) and total hazard indices (THI) showed the following order: Ni > Cr > Mn. Thus, the HHRA model suggested that children are more vulnerable to HMs toxicity than adults. Hierarchical agglomerative cluster analysis (HACA) showed three distinct clusters, namely the least, moderately, and severely polluted clusters, which determined the severity of HMs contamination to be 66.67% overall. The PCAMLR and PMF receptor model suggested geogenic (minerals prospects), anthropogenic (industrial waste and chromite mining practices), and mixed (geogenic and anthropogenic) sources for groundwater contamination. The mineral phases of groundwater suggested saturation and undersaturation. Nemerow's pollution index (NPI) values determined the unsuitability of groundwater for domestic purposes. The EC, turbidity, PO4-3, Na+, Mg+2, Ca+2, Cr, Ni, and Mn exceeded the guidelines suggested by the World Health Organization (WHO). The HMs contamination and carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic health impacts of HMs showed that the groundwater is extremely unfit for drinking, agriculture, and domestic demands. Therefore, groundwater wells around the mining region need remedial measures. Thus, to overcome the enrichment of HMs in groundwater sources, sustainable management plans are needed to reduce health risks and ensure health safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdur Rashid
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
- National Centre of Excellence in Geology, University of Peshawar, Peshawar 25130, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Ayub
- Department of Botany, Hazara University, Dhodial P.O. Box 21120, Pakistan
| | - Zahid Ullah
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Asmat Ali
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Tariq Sardar
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat 26000, Pakistan
| | - Javed Iqbal
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Xubo Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Jochen Bundschuh
- School of Civil Engineering and Surveying, Faculty of Health, Engineering and Sciences, University of Southern Queensland, West Street, Toowoomba, QLD 4350, Australia
| | - Chengcheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Seema Anjum Khattak
- National Centre of Excellence in Geology, University of Peshawar, Peshawar 25130, Pakistan
| | - Liaqat Ali
- National Centre of Excellence in Geology, University of Peshawar, Peshawar 25130, Pakistan
| | - Hamed A. El-Serehy
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh l1451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Prashant Kaushik
- Instituto de Conservación y Mejora de la Agrodiversidad Valenciana, Universitat Politècnica de València, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Sardar Khan
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Peshawar, Peshawar P.O. Box 25120, Pakistan
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Liang L, Zhu Y, Xu X, Hao W, Han J, Chen Z, Dong X, Qiu G. Integrated Insights into Source Apportionment and Source-Specific Health Risks of Potential Pollutants in Urban Park Soils on the Karst Plateau, SW China. EXPOSURE AND HEALTH 2023; 15:1-18. [PMID: 36644014 PMCID: PMC9825100 DOI: 10.1007/s12403-023-00534-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and heavy metal(loid)s (HMs) pose risks to environmental and human health. Identification of priority control contaminants is important in guiding the management and control of these synchronous pollutants. A total of 247 soil samples were collected from 64 urban parks in the karst plateau city of Guiyang in SW China to determine the concentrations, spatial distributions, and health risks of PAHs and HMs. The results indicate that dibenz(ah)anthracene and benzo(a)pyrene are the main PAHs species of high ecological risk, and Cr, Mn, and Ni pose elevated ecological risk among the HMs. Four sources were identified for PAHs (biomass burning, coke oven, traffic sources, and coal burning) and HMs (traffic sources, coal burning, industrial sources, and natural sources). The non-carcinogenic risk (NCR) and total carcinogenic risk (TCR) of PAHs were all determined to be negligible and at acceptable levels, several orders of magnitude below those of HMs. The NCR and TCR values of HMs were relatively high, especially for children (11.9% of NCR > 1; 79.1% of TCR > 10-4). Coal burning and natural sources make the greatest contributions to the NCR and TCR values from karst park soils in Guiyang. Considering HMs bioavailability, NCR and TCR values were rather low, due to the high residual HM fractions. Integrated insights into source specific ecological and human health risk indicate future directions for management and control of synchronous PAH and HM pollution, particularly for karst plateau areas. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12403-023-00534-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longchao Liang
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang, 550025 China
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang, 550081 China
| | - Yaru Zhu
- College of Resource & Environment, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002 China
| | - Xiaohang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang, 550081 China
- Key Laboratory of Karst Georesources and Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025 China
| | - Wanbin Hao
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang, 550025 China
| | - Jialiang Han
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang, 550081 China
| | - Zhuo Chen
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang, 550025 China
| | - Xian Dong
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang, 550025 China
| | - Guangle Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang, 550081 China
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Ding H, Lan J, Yao S, Zhang D, Han B, Pan G, Li X. Evolution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the surface sediment of southern Jiaozhou Bay in northern China after an accident of oil pipeline explosion. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2022; 183:114039. [PMID: 35986952 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.114039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 08/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The 2013 "Qingdao oil pipeline explosion" contaminated about 2.5 km of shoreline in the Jiaozhou Bay area and aroused widespread concern because of the serious casualties even though it was not the most severe oil-spill contamination in China. To evaluate the long-term impact, we collected thirty-three surface sediment samples after 3 years of the accident, with sixteen polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) detected. Spatial-temporal variation in PAHs revealed that a minimal impact might still be present after 3 years. Source analysis combined with a one-way ANOVA showed that pyrolytic sources were consistently predominant. The environmental impact was already minimal 3 years later and negligible thereafter. Although the cancer risk has decreased over the years, there has always been a potential hazard to human for specific occupation, with all of the risk values exceeded 10-6. This study offers a reference for assessing the long-term impact of oil spills in similar bay areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiping Ding
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology (Ocean University of China), Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Jie Lan
- Qingdao Institute of Scientific & Technical Information, Qingdao 266003, China.
| | - Shuo Yao
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology (Ocean University of China), Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Dahai Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology (Ocean University of China), Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Bin Han
- Key Laboratory of Marine Eco-Environment Science and Technology, First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, China.
| | - Gang Pan
- School of Humanities, York St John University, York YO31 7EX, UK
| | - Xianguo Li
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology (Ocean University of China), Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266100, China.
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21
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A comprehensive review on occurrence, source, effect, and measurement techniques of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in India. Microchem J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2022.108005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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22
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Qi R, Pan L, Liu T, Li Z. Source risk, ecological risk, and bioeffect assessment for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Laizhou Bay and Jiaozhou Bay of Shandong Peninsula, China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:56705-56726. [PMID: 35347599 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-19778-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In order to incorporate the contribution of pollution sources to ecological risks into environmental monitoring, positive matrix factorization-risk quotient (PMF-RQ) was used to quantify the contribution of different PAH sources to ecological risks, which indicated that the unburned petroleum, vehicular emissions, and diesel combustion were the main sources of PAHs in Laizhou Bay and Jiaozhou Bay, and they were caused by petrochemical industry, maritime shipping, and urban traffic exhaust as the major sources of PAHs for ecological risk. Meanwhile, integrated biomarker response (IBR) and multi-biomarker pollution index (MPI) suggested that September was the most polluted month for PAHs in Laizhou Bay and Jiaozhou Bay and the pollution in Laizhou Bay was significantly higher than that in Jiaozhou Bay. This research was dedicated to explore the monitoring pattern for PAH pollution from the source to bioeffects, and it may have contributed a scientific support to monitoring and governance of marine PAH pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruicheng Qi
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Luqing Pan
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China.
- Fisheries College, Ocean University of China, Yushan Road 5, Qingdao, 266003, China.
| | - Tong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Zeyuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
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23
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Meng Z, Fan S, Yuan X, Li Q, Huang Y, Niu L, Shi G, Zhang Y. Rapid Screening of 22 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Residues in Vegetable Oils by Gas Chromatography-Electrostatic Field Orbitrap High Resolution Mass Spectrometry. Front Nutr 2022; 9:949025. [PMID: 35903452 PMCID: PMC9320171 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.949025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
A method for simultaneous determination of 22 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) residues in vegetable oils by gas chromatography-electrostatic field orbitrap high resolution mass spectrometry (Orbitrap GC-MS) was established. The samples were vortexed with acetonitrile, centrifuged at 8,000 r/min for 5 min, and frozen at −70°C for 10 min. The extracts of upper layer were poured out, dried with nitrogen at 40°C, redissolved in dichloromethane, and measured by Orbitrap GC-MS. The matrix interference in vegetable oil could be effectively removed by determining the accurate mass number of target compounds under the full scan mode. Six typical vegetable oil samples (soybean oil, sesame oil, peanut oil, olive oil, rapeseed oil, sunflower oil) were used for method validation. The calibration curve displayed good linearity in the range of 1–100 ng/mL, with correlation coefficients > 0.9950. The limits of detection (LODs) were in the range of 0.10–0.60 μg/kg, and the limits of quantification (LOQs) were in the range of 0.35–2.00 μg/kg. The average spiked recoveries of 22 PAHs in 6 matrices at 5, 50 and 100 μg/kg levels were 76.4–115.4%, and the average relative standard deviations (RSDs) were 1.8–10.8%. The results showed that 22 PAHs were detected in 6 types of 90 edible vegetable oil samples in the Chinese market by this method. Meanwhile, the abundance of light PAHs (LPAHs) was higher than that of heavy PAHs (HPAHs), and its relative contribution of LPAHs to the total PAHs was higher. All levels of BaP conformed to the Chinese requirement of upper limit, 10 μg/kg. However, 13.3 and 11.1% of the samples exceeded the maximum limits of BaP and PAH4 set by EU, 2 and 10 μg/kg, respectively. The total concentrations of 22 PAHs (defined as PAH22) varies greatly among different oil species, and the average PAH22 contents were listed in descending order as follows: peanut oil > sesame oil > olive oil > rapeseed oil > soybean oil > sunflower seed oil. The established method effectively avoided interference from large amounts of lipids and pigments. Therefore, the method is simple, sensitive and suitable for rapid screening and confirmation of PAHs in vegetable oil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijuan Meng
- Hebei Food Safety Key Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Special Food Supervision Technology for State Market Regulation, Hebei Engineering Research Center for Special Food Safety and Health, Hebei Food Inspection and Research Institute, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Sufang Fan
- Hebei Food Safety Key Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Special Food Supervision Technology for State Market Regulation, Hebei Engineering Research Center for Special Food Safety and Health, Hebei Food Inspection and Research Institute, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Xiaoxuan Yuan
- Hebei Food Safety Key Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Special Food Supervision Technology for State Market Regulation, Hebei Engineering Research Center for Special Food Safety and Health, Hebei Food Inspection and Research Institute, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Qiang Li
- Hebei Food Safety Key Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Special Food Supervision Technology for State Market Regulation, Hebei Engineering Research Center for Special Food Safety and Health, Hebei Food Inspection and Research Institute, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yunxia Huang
- Hebei Food Safety Key Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Special Food Supervision Technology for State Market Regulation, Hebei Engineering Research Center for Special Food Safety and Health, Hebei Food Inspection and Research Institute, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Lisha Niu
- Hebei Food Safety Key Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Special Food Supervision Technology for State Market Regulation, Hebei Engineering Research Center for Special Food Safety and Health, Hebei Food Inspection and Research Institute, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Guohua Shi
- Hebei Food Safety Key Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Special Food Supervision Technology for State Market Regulation, Hebei Engineering Research Center for Special Food Safety and Health, Hebei Food Inspection and Research Institute, Shijiazhuang, China
- *Correspondence: Guohua Shi
| | - Yan Zhang
- Hebei Food Safety Key Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Special Food Supervision Technology for State Market Regulation, Hebei Engineering Research Center for Special Food Safety and Health, Hebei Food Inspection and Research Institute, Shijiazhuang, China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, College of Forensic Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
- Yan Zhang
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Živančev J, Antić I, Buljovčić M, Đurišić-Mladenović N. A case study on the occurrence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in indoor dust of Serbian households: Distribution, source apportionment and health risk assessment. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 295:133856. [PMID: 35122819 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.133856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
This study was conducted in order to obtain the first insight into the occurrence, potential sources, and health risks of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in indoor dust. Samples (n = 47) were collected from households in four settlements in the northern Serbian province of Vojvodina. Total concentrations of 16 EPA priority PAHs in the dust samples varied from 140 to 8265 μg kg-1. Mean and median values for all samples were 1825 and 1404 μg kg-1, respectively. According to the international guidelines for indoor environment, PAH content can be regarded as normal (<500 μg kg-1) for ∼6% of the samples, high (500-5000 μg kg-1) for ∼87% of the samples, and very high (5000-50000 μg kg1) for ∼6% of the samples. In all settlements, PAHs with 4 rings were the most prevalent (accounting for 40-53% of the total PAHs). They were followed by 3-ringed PAHs (29-40%), which indicates rather uniform PAH profiles in the analyzed dust. Based on diagnostic ratios, principal component analysis (PCA), and positive matrix factorization (PMF), pyrogenic sources, such as vehicle emissions and wood combustion were the dominant sources of PAHs in analyzed samples. Health risk assessment, which included incidental ingesting, inhaling and skin contact with PAHs in the analyzed dust, was evaluated by using the incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) model. Median total ILCR was 3.88E-04 for children, and 3.73E-04 for adults. Results revealed that major contribution to quite high total ILCRs was brought by dermal contact and ingestion. Total cancer risk for indoor dust indicated that 85% of the studied locations exceeded 10-4. This implies risk of high concern, with potential adverse health effects. The results are valuable for future observation of PAHs in indoor environment. They are also useful for regional authorities who can use them to create policies which control sources of pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Živančev
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Technology Novi Sad, Bulevar Cara Lazara 1, 21000, Novi Sad, Serbia.
| | - Igor Antić
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Technology Novi Sad, Bulevar Cara Lazara 1, 21000, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Maja Buljovčić
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Technology Novi Sad, Bulevar Cara Lazara 1, 21000, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Nataša Đurišić-Mladenović
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Technology Novi Sad, Bulevar Cara Lazara 1, 21000, Novi Sad, Serbia
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25
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Liu Q, Zhao W, Ma J, Zhou Y, Wu Y, Qu Y, Sun Y. Spatial clustering and source-specific risk of combined pollutants in soils from an industrial area in Shanxi Province, China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 299:118925. [PMID: 35104560 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.118925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Heavy metal (loid)s (HMs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in soils from a typical industrial county of Shanxi were synchronously measured to determine the spatial clustering of combined HMs and PAHs pollution, and the resulting source-specific health risks. The spatial interaction of HMs and PAHs was determined by the Moran's I index, and a bivariate local indicators of spatial association (LISA) analysis showed that the high HMs-high PAHs clusters were mainly distributed in Fencheng and Xijia towns, as well as the main urban areas of Xiangfen County. The spatial clusters of high naphthalene (Nap)-high HMs were more obvious than those of high benzo(a)pyrene (Bap)-high HMs. Based on positive matrix factorization (PMF), four sources were identified for both HMs and PAHs, with coal consumption and industrial emission identified as common sources of both pollutants. The source-oriented health risk was determined using an improved health risk assessment model. The cancer risk from the combined pollution industrial emissions was relatively serious for both adults and children, with the risk value exceeding 10-6. Therefore, special attention should be paid to emission control. Based on spatial clustering and source-specific health risk assessment, the largest risk areas and pollutant sources were in the main urban areas of Fencheng and Xijia towns. The spatial interaction patterns and source-specific HMs and PAHs pollution concentrations provide a basis for effective pollution management and control. Finally, a systematic framework for reference was proposed for risk area identification and analysis of the source-oriented health risks of combined HMs and PAHs pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiyuan Liu
- School of Earth Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Wenhao Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Jin Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China.
| | - Yongzhang Zhou
- School of Earth Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Yihang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Yajing Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Yi Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
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26
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Zuzolo D, Sciarrillo R, Postiglione A, Guarino C. The remediation potential for PAHs of Verbascum sinuatum L. combined with an enhanced rhizosphere landscape: A full-scale mesocosm experiment. BIOTECHNOLOGY REPORTS (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2021; 31:e00657. [PMID: 34277366 PMCID: PMC8264111 DOI: 10.1016/j.btre.2021.e00657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A full-scale mesocosm study was conducted to depict how integrated biological systems interact to adapt to contaminant stress and improve remediation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)contaminated soils. The combination of Verbascum sinuatum L. and microbial consortium (fungi and bacteria) was employed along with three differently contaminated soils. After 240 days the highest PAHs removal (up to 68 %) and 6-rings compounds decrease was found in soil with lower pollution and cation exchange capacity. V. sinuatum showed a significant adaptability over time in terms of redox biology. Soil enzyme activities and microscopic evidences proved a rising plant-microorganisms association and a successful mycorrhization, arising from the inoculation of our consortia. In addition, an enhanced richness of PAHs degrading genes was achieved. Microbial co-metabolism, helped by the establishment of complex relationships with hosting plant, demonstrated to be suitable for the degradation of high molecular weight PAHs and represents a biotechnology with great prospects.
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