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Zheng S, Sheng F, Gu C, Li Y, Fang Z, Luo J. DGT method for the in situ measurement of triazines and the desorption kinetics of atrazine in soil. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:51061-51074. [PMID: 36807020 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-25985-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
Triazines are frequently detected in nature water and agricultural soils worldwide. They are considered harmful to plants, animals, and the human health. In this study, diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT) method was developed for the assessment of several triazines. DGT device was used for the in situ measurement of atrazine in a pesticide factory and obtained reliable data. The atrazine concentrations measured by DGT, and solvent extraction method was in a constant ratio. The DIFS model was coupled with DGT technique to study the desorption kinetics of atrazine in four kinds of different soils. The yellow-brown soil was more inclined to adsorb atrazine than other three soils. 2_D DIFS model was used to obtain the partition coefficient for labile atrazine (Kdl), the values of the response time (Tc), and desorption/adsorption rates (k1 and k-1). The yellow-brown soil has a larger labile pool size, and a faster resupply speed of atrazine. The 1_D DIFS model was used to simulate the profiles of atrazine concentrations in soil solution and solid phase. The results show that the desorption of atrazine in soil was limited by kinetic limitation at short time, and was limited by the solid phase reservoir at long time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siheng Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Sheng
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Soil Environmental Management and Pollution Control, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Nanjing, 210042, People's Republic of China
| | - Cheng Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanying Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, No 1 Linghai Road, Dalian, Liaoning, 116026, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhou Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jun Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, People's Republic of China
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Cao H, Bu Q, Li Q, Gao X, Xie H, Gong W, Wang X, Yang L, Tang J. Development and applications of diffusive gradients in thin films for monitoring pharmaceuticals in surface waters. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 311:119979. [PMID: 35988678 PMCID: PMC9386599 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Pharmaceutical contaminants in surface water have raised significant concerns because of their potential ecological risks. In particular, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)-related pharmaceuticals can be released to surface water and reduce environmental water quality. Therefore, reliable and robust sampling tools are required for monitoring pharmaceuticals. In this study, passive sampling devices of diffusive gradients in thin films (DGTs) were developed for sampling 35 pharmaceuticals in surface waters. The results demonstrated that hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB) was more suitable for DGT-based devices compared with XAD18 and XDA1 resins. For most pharmaceuticals, the performance of the HLB-DGT devices were independent of pH (5.0-9.0), ionic strength (0.001-0.5 M), and flow velocity (0-400 rpm). The HLB-DGT devices exhibited linear pharmaceutical accumulation for 7 days, and time-weighted average concentrations provided by the HLB-DGT were comparable to those measured by conventional grab sampling. Compared to previous studies, we extended DGT monitoring to include three antiviral drugs used for COVID-19 treatment, which may inspire further exploration on identifying the effects of COVID-19 on ecological and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongmei Cao
- School of Chemical & Environmental Engineering, China University of Mining & Technology-Beijing, Beijing, 100083, PR China
| | - Qingwei Bu
- School of Chemical & Environmental Engineering, China University of Mining & Technology-Beijing, Beijing, 100083, PR China.
| | - Qingshan Li
- School of Chemical & Environmental Engineering, China University of Mining & Technology-Beijing, Beijing, 100083, PR China
| | - Xiaohong Gao
- School of Chemical & Environmental Engineering, China University of Mining & Technology-Beijing, Beijing, 100083, PR China
| | - Huaijun Xie
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), Dalian Key Laboratory on Chemicals Risk Control and Pollution Prevention Technology, School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Linggong Road 2, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Wenwen Gong
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100097, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Wang
- School of Chemical & Environmental Engineering, China University of Mining & Technology-Beijing, Beijing, 100083, PR China
| | - Lei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Jianfeng Tang
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China
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Zhu X, Jiang L, Wang Y, Ji X, Zhang D, Xu G, Wu D, Li A, Xie X. Validation and application of diffusive gradient in thin-film (DGT) equipped novel cyclodextrin polymer gels for monitoring endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) and environmental risk assessment in the Taihu lake basin. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 212:113391. [PMID: 35597293 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.113391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Taihu Lake is the most important drinking water source of the major cities in the Yangtze River Delta. The pollution of endocrine disruptors (EDCs)in Taihu Lake has been increasing recently, the accurate determination is an important guide for predicting its health risks and developing appropriate controls. Monitoring organic pollutants in water using the diffusive gradient in thin film technique (DGT) has attracted much attention due to more accuracy and convenience than the grab sampling methods. In this study, a novel cyclodextrin polymer (CDP) synthesized by the simple and green method in water was taken as an adsorbent for the binding gel. Four endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs), bisphenol A (BPA), 17α-ethinylestradiol (EE2), 17β-estradiol (E2), and estriol (E3), were taken as models to determine the diffusion coefficients (4.68 × 10-6, 3.38 × 10-6, 3.34 × 10-6 and 4.31 × 10-6 cm2/s) and to test the performance of DGT, such as adsorption capacity and deployment time (1-5 day). The assembled CDP-DGT was adopted to determine four EDCs in a simulated water environment (3-9 of pH, 0.001-0.5 M of ionic strength (IS), and dissolved organic matter (DOM) of 0-20 mg/L). The ability of CDP-DGT sampling was verified in the Jiuxiang River and was carried out for a large-scale field application of in situ sampling EDCs in Taihu Lake basin. The results show that the total EDCs concentration range and the estradiol equivalent concentrations (EEQ) in Taihu Lake and its main rivers are 2.78 ng/L to 11.08 ng/L and 2.62 ng/L to 10.91 ng/L, respectively. The risk quotients (RQs) of all sampling sites in the region were greater than 1, indicating that EDCs pose a serious threat to aquatic organisms in the area. Therefore, the monitoring of EDCs in the Taihu Lake basin should be further strengthened.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingqi Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Lu Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Yinfeng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Poyang Lake Environment and Resource Utilization, Ministry of Education, School of Resources Environmental & Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China; Jiangxi Nanxin Environmental Protection Technology Co. LTD, Jiujiang City of Jiangxi Province, 330300, China
| | - Xiaowen Ji
- School of Environment and Sustainability, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Delin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Guizhou Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Daishe Wu
- Key Laboratory of Poyang Lake Environment and Resource Utilization, Ministry of Education, School of Resources Environmental & Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China
| | - Aimin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Xianchuan Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, PR China; Key Laboratory of Poyang Lake Environment and Resource Utilization, Ministry of Education, School of Resources Environmental & Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China; Jiangxi Nanxin Environmental Protection Technology Co. LTD, Jiujiang City of Jiangxi Province, 330300, China.
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Zhu X, Jiang L, Tu Y, Tian Y, Xu G, Wu D, Li A, Xie X. In situ monitoring of phthalate esters (PAEs) pollution and environmental risk assessment in Poyang Lake Basin by DGT Technology using cyclodextrin polymer as binding phase. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 808:151892. [PMID: 34826470 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Poyang Lake is the first freshwater lake in China, which is an important drinking water source. In recent years, industrial pollution has led to the increased phthalate acid esters (PAEs) in Poyang Lake. PAEs are a class of typical endocrine disruptors that can accumulate in organisms and interfere with their secretion systems. Thus, the accurate determination of PAEs in Poyang Lake is important for health risk prediction and the development of corresponding control means. Monitoring organic pollutants in water using the diffusive gradient in thin films technique (DGT) has attracted much attention due to more accuracy and convenience than the traditional methods. This study used an inexpensive amphiphilic cyclodextrin polymer (PBCD) as the sorbent for the binding gel. This new binding gel has an ultra-high specific surface area and excellent adsorption performance. Diffusion coefficients of the five PAEs were determined, and the performance of DGT such as adsorption capacity and deployment time (1-4 days) was tested using five PAEs as models. The assembled PBCD-DGT was used to examine the performance in a complex simulated water environment. The sampling capability of PBCD-DGT was verified in Yangshan Lake, and a large-scale field application was conducted in Poyang Lake basin. The results of 11 sampling points showed that the concentration ranges of dimethyl phthalate, diethyl phthalate, diallyl phthalate, dipropyl phthalate, and dibutyl phthalate were 434-2594 ng/L, 40-314 ng/L, 80-527 ng/L, 45-308 ng/L, and ND-182 ng/L, respectively. The health risk index (HI) and ecological risk quotient (RQ) values of PAEs in the Poyang Lake watershed were far below 1, indictating a lower health and ecological risk. Considering that PAEs are bioaccumulative and persistent, it is very necessary to continue to pay attention to its pollution status and health and ecological risk changes in Poyang Lake Basin in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingqi Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lu Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yizhou Tu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuansong Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Guizhou Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Daishe Wu
- Key Laboratory of Poyang Lake Environment and Resource Utilization, Ministry of Education, School of Resources Environmental & Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Aimin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xianchuan Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China; Key Laboratory of Poyang Lake Environment and Resource Utilization, Ministry of Education, School of Resources Environmental & Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China; Jiangxi Nanxin Environmental Protection Technology Co. LTD, Jiujiang City, Jiangxi Province 330300, China.
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Liu SS, Cai QS, Li C, Cheng S, Wang Z, Yang Y, Ying GG, Sweetman AJ, Chen CE. In situ measurement of an emerging persistent, mobile and toxic (PMT) substance - Melamine and related triazines in waters by diffusive gradient in thin-films. WATER RESEARCH 2021; 206:117752. [PMID: 34695670 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.117752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Melamine has received increasing public attention as a persistent, mobile and toxic (PMT) substance. To better assess environmental exposure and risks of melamine and related triazines (cyromazine, ammeline, and atrazine), a new passive sampling method based on the diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT) technique has been developed and validated in this study. The studied triazines were adsorbed quickly and strongly by the selected mixed cation exchange (MCX) binding gels. This MCX-DGT can linearly accumulate these chemicals over at least 5 days, with neither significant individual influence from pH (6-8), ionic strength (0.01-0.5 M) or dissolved organic matter (0-10 M), or interaction effects. Field applications in Southern China showed that DGT performed well in both sewage treatment plant (STP) and river samples. Melamine was found to be the dominant triazine with the concentrations at μg·L-1 in the STP and receiving river. Surprisingly, much higher concentration of melanine was found in the STP effluent than influent, and appeared to be some of the highest concentrations reported in STPs worldwide to date. Comparable melamine and atrazine concentraions in the STP effluent and receiving river suggested other sources to the river. The MCX-DGT sampler developed here was demonstrated to be reliable and robust for measuring the triazines in waters, and is promising as an in situ tool in understanding the occurrence, sources, and fate of the emerging PMT substances in aquatic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si-Si Liu
- Environmental Research Institute, School of Environment, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety and MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Qi-Si Cai
- Environmental Research Institute, School of Environment, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety and MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Cailin Li
- Environmental Research Institute, School of Environment, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety and MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Shengming Cheng
- Environmental Research Institute, School of Environment, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety and MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Zhanyun Wang
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, ETH Zürich, Zürich 8093, Switzerland
| | - Yuanyuan Yang
- Environmental Research Institute, School of Environment, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety and MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Guang-Guo Ying
- Environmental Research Institute, School of Environment, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety and MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Andy J Sweetman
- Lancaster Environment Center, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, United Kingdom
| | - Chang-Er Chen
- Environmental Research Institute, School of Environment, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety and MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China.
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