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Ding J, He D, Du P, Wu J, Hu Q, Chen Q, Jiao X. Design Photocatalysts to Boost Carrier Dynamics in Plastics Photoconversion into Fuels. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024. [PMID: 38970473 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c07664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/08/2024]
Abstract
Solar-driven plastics conversion into valuable fuels has attracted broad attention in recent years, which has enormous potential for plastics recycling in the future. However, it usually encounters low conversion efficiency, where one of the reasons is attributed to the poor carrier dynamics in the photocatalytic process. In this Perspective, we critically review the developed strategies, involving defect engineering, doping engineering, heterojunction engineering, and composite construction, for boosted carrier separation efficiency. In addition, we provide an outlook for more potential strategies to engineer catalysts for promoted carrier dynamics. Finally, we also propose prospects for the future research direction of plastics photoconversion into fuels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyu Ding
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Dongpo He
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Peijin Du
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Jiacong Wu
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Qinyuan Hu
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Qingxia Chen
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Xingchen Jiao
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
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2
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Ngom F, Chang A, Blais C, Daiguebonne C, Suffren Y, Camara M, Calvez G, Bernot K, Guillou O. Halogen-Bonds-Based Strategy for the Design of Highly Luminescent Lanthanide Coordination Polymers as Taggants for Plastic Waste Sorting. Inorg Chem 2024. [PMID: 38954824 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.4c01866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
Reactions in water between a lanthanide ion and 3,4,5,6-tetrachloro-phthalate lead to a new series of iso-structural coordination polymers with general chemical formula [Ln2(tcpa)3(H2O)6]∞ with Ln = Eu-Yb plus Y. The crystal structure has been solved on the Y-derivative. This compound crystallizes in the monoclinic system, space group P21/n (no. 14) with the following cell parameters: a = 6.2155(2) Å, b = 19.6652(7) Å, c = 30.3720(9) Å, β = 94.631(1)°, V = 3700.22(37) Å3, and Z = 4. Luminescence properties of homo- and heterolanthanide coordination polymers that belong to this structural family have been studied in detail. This study shows that, in this system, intermetallic energy transfers are very efficient and that dilution by an optically non active Gd3+ ion leads to quite efficient luminescent heterolanthanide coordination polymers. The luminescence of these compounds, dispersed at a low doping rate in a poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) matrix, can be observed even with the naked eye. This study opens the way to the use of such compounds as taggants for optical sorting of plastic waste and consecutive recycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fallou Ngom
- Université Assane Seck de Ziguinchor, "Laboratoire de Chimie et de Physique des Matériaux", BP 523 Ziguinchor, Sénégal
| | - Aurélien Chang
- Univ Rennes, INSA Rennes, CNRS UMR 6226 "Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes", 35708 Rennes, France
| | - Chloé Blais
- Univ Rennes, INSA Rennes, CNRS UMR 6226 "Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes", 35708 Rennes, France
| | - Carole Daiguebonne
- Univ Rennes, INSA Rennes, CNRS UMR 6226 "Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes", 35708 Rennes, France
| | - Yan Suffren
- Univ Rennes, INSA Rennes, CNRS UMR 6226 "Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes", 35708 Rennes, France
| | - Magatte Camara
- Université Assane Seck de Ziguinchor, "Laboratoire de Chimie et de Physique des Matériaux", BP 523 Ziguinchor, Sénégal
| | - Guillaume Calvez
- Univ Rennes, INSA Rennes, CNRS UMR 6226 "Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes", 35708 Rennes, France
| | - Kevin Bernot
- Univ Rennes, INSA Rennes, CNRS UMR 6226 "Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes", 35708 Rennes, France
| | - Olivier Guillou
- Univ Rennes, INSA Rennes, CNRS UMR 6226 "Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes", 35708 Rennes, France
- Institut Universitaire de France, 1 rue Descartes, 75005 Paris, France
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3
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Kwak Y, Eom J, Nam H, Nam C. Upcycling of PVC waste to high-value sorbent with KOH-activation for efficient removal of organic dyes. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 359:142283. [PMID: 38734251 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.142283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
Polyvinyl chloride (PVC), known for its chemical stability and flame-retardant qualities, has many uses in various fields, such as pipes, electric wires, and cable insulation. Research has established its potential recovery as a fluidic fuel through pyrolysis, but the use of PVC pyrolysis oil, which is tainted by chlorine, is constrained by its low heat value and harmful environmental effects. This study engineered a layered double hydroxide (LDH) to tackle these challenges. The LDH facilitated dechlorination during PVC pyrolysis and bolstered thermal stability via cross-linking. During pyrolysis with LDH, PVC was transformed into carbon-rich precursors to sorbents. Chemical activation of these residues using KOH created sorbents with a specific surface area of 1495.4 m2 g⁻1, rendering them hydrophilic. These resulting sorbents displayed impressive adsorption capabilities, removing up to 486.79 mg g⁻1 of methylene blue and exhibiting the simultaneous removal of cations and anions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngwoo Kwak
- Carbon Composites Convergence Materials Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, 567 Baekje-daero, Deokjin-dong, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju, Jeollabuk-do, 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Junhyeok Eom
- Carbon Composites Convergence Materials Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, 567 Baekje-daero, Deokjin-dong, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju, Jeollabuk-do, 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyungseok Nam
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41950, Republic of Korea
| | - Changwoo Nam
- Carbon Composites Convergence Materials Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, 567 Baekje-daero, Deokjin-dong, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju, Jeollabuk-do, 54896, Republic of Korea.
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4
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Gao L, Zhong X, Liu J, Chen J, Wang Z, Zhang Y, Wang D, Shakeri M, Zhang X, Zhang B. Selective Upcycling of Polyethylene over Ru/H-ZSM-5 Bifunctional Catalyst into High-Quality Liquid Fuel at Mild Conditions. CHEMSUSCHEM 2024:e202400598. [PMID: 38697954 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202400598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
It has been known that plastics with undegradability and long half-times have caused serious environmental and ecological issues. Considering the devastating effects, the development of efficient plastic upcycling technologies with low energy consumption is absolutely imperative. Catalytic hydrogenolysis of single-use polyethylene over Ru-based catalysts to produce high-quality liquid fuel has been one of the current top priority strategies, but it is restricted by some tough challenges, such as the tendency towards methanation resulting from terminal C-C cleavage. Herein, we introduced Ru nanoparticles supported on hollow ZSM-5 zeolite (Ru/H-ZSM-5) for hydrocracking of high-density polyethylene (HDPE) under mild reaction conditions. The implication of experimental results is that the 1Ru/H-ZSM-5 (~1 wt % Ru) acted as an effective and reusable bifunctional catalyst providing higher conversion rate (82.53 %) and liquid fuel (C5-C21) yield (62.87 %). Detailed characterization demonstrated that the optimal performance in hydrocracking of PE could be attributed to the moderate acidity and appropriate positively charged Ru species resulting from the metal-zeolite interaction. This work proposes a promising catalyst for plastic upcycling and reveals its structure-performance relationship, which has guiding significance for catalyst design to improve the yield of high-value liquid fuels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Gao
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning, China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning, China
| | - Xia Zhong
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning, China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning, China
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, China
| | - Junnan Chen
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning, China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning, China
| | - Ziru Wang
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning, China
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning, China
- School of Petrochemical Engineering, Liaoning Petrochemical University, Fushun, 113001, China
| | - Deli Wang
- Bilahe Forestry Bureau Bilahe, 165474, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Mozaffar Shakeri
- Laboratory of Heterogeneous Catalysis, Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Research Center of Iran, Tehran, 16363, Iran
| | - Xia Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, China
| | - Bingsen Zhang
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning, China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning, China
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5
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Plaza MG, Mendoza López ML, Pérez Bueno JDJ, Pérez Meneses J, Maldonado Pérez AX. Polymer Waste Recycling of Injection Molding Purges with Softening for Cutting with Fresnel Solar Collector-A Real Problem Linked to Sustainability and the Circular Economy. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1012. [PMID: 38611270 PMCID: PMC11014222 DOI: 10.3390/polym16071012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
A plastic injection waste known as "purge" cannot be reintegrated into the recycling chain due to its shape, size, and composition. Grinding these cannot be carried out with traditional mills due to significant variations in size and shape. This work proposes a process and the design of a device that operates with solar energy to cut the purges without exceeding the degradation temperature. The size reduction allows reprocessing, revalorization, and handling. The purges are mixtures of processed polymers, so their characterization information is unavailable. Some characterizations were conducted before the design of the process and after the cut of the purges. Some of the most representative purges in a recycling company were evaluated. The flame test determines that all material mixtures retain thermoplasticity. The hardness (Shore D) presented changes in four of the purges being assessed, with results in a range of 59-71 before softening and 60-68 after softening. Young's modulus was analyzed by the impulse excitation technique (IET), which was 2.38-3.95 GPa before softening and 1.7-4.28 after softening. The feasibility of cutting purges at their softening temperature was evaluated. This was achieved in all the purges evaluated at 250-280 °C. FTIR allowed for corroboration of no significant change in the purges after softening. The five types of purges evaluated were polypropylene-ABS, polycarbonate-ABS-polypropylene, yellow nylon 66, acetal, and black nylon 66 with fillers, and all were easily cut at their softening temperature, allowing their manipulation in subsequent process steps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ma. Guadalupe Plaza
- Tecnológico Nacional de México, Instituto Tecnológico de Querétaro, Av. Tecnológico s/n Esq. M. Escobedo Col. Centro, Santiago de Querétaro C.P. 76000, Querétaro, Mexico (J.P.M.)
| | - Maria Luisa Mendoza López
- Tecnológico Nacional de México, Instituto Tecnológico de Querétaro, Av. Tecnológico s/n Esq. M. Escobedo Col. Centro, Santiago de Querétaro C.P. 76000, Querétaro, Mexico (J.P.M.)
| | - José de Jesús Pérez Bueno
- Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo Tecnológico en Electroquímica, S. C., Parque Tecnológico Querétaro-Sanfandila, Pedro Escobedo C.P. 76703, Querétaro, Mexico;
| | - Joaquín Pérez Meneses
- Tecnológico Nacional de México, Instituto Tecnológico de Querétaro, Av. Tecnológico s/n Esq. M. Escobedo Col. Centro, Santiago de Querétaro C.P. 76000, Querétaro, Mexico (J.P.M.)
| | - Alejandra Xochitl Maldonado Pérez
- Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo Tecnológico en Electroquímica, S. C., Parque Tecnológico Querétaro-Sanfandila, Pedro Escobedo C.P. 76703, Querétaro, Mexico;
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6
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Vuppaladadiyam SSV, Vuppaladadiyam AK, Sahoo A, Urgunde A, Murugavelh S, Šrámek V, Pohořelý M, Trakal L, Bhattacharya S, Sarmah AK, Shah K, Pant KK. Waste to energy: Trending key challenges and current technologies in waste plastic management. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 913:169436. [PMID: 38160846 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Due to the 'forever' degrading nature of plastic waste, plastic waste management is often complicated. The applications of plastic are ubiquitous and inevitable in many scenarios. Current global waste plastics production is ca. 3.5 MMT per year, and with the current trend, plastic waste production will reach 25,000 MMT by 2040. However, the rapid growth in plastic manufacture and the material's inherent nature resulted in the accumulation of a vast amount of plastic garbage. The current recycling rate is <10 %, while the large volumes of discarded plastic waste cause environmental and ecological problems. Recycling rates for plastic vary widely by region and type of plastic. In some developed countries, the recycling rate for plastics is around 20-30 %, while in many developing nations, it is much lower. These statistics highlight the magnitude of the plastic waste problem and the urgent need for comprehensive strategies to manage plastic waste more effectively and reduce its impact on the environment. This review critically analyses past studies on the essential and efficient techniques for turning plastic trash into treasure. Additionally, an attempt has been made to provide a comprehensive understanding of the plastic upcycling process, the 3Rs policy, and the life-cycle assessment (LCA) of plastic conversion. The review advocates pyrolysis as one of the most promising methods of turning plastic trash into valuable chemicals. In addition, plastic waste management can be severely impacted due to uncontrollable events, such as Covid 19 pandemic. Recycling and chemical upcycling can certainly bring value to the end-of-life plastic. However, the LCA analysis indicated there is still a huge scope for innovation in chemical upcycling area compared to mechanical recycling. The formulation of policies and heightened public participation could play a pivotal role in reducing the environmental repercussions of plastic waste and facilitating a shift towards a more sustainable future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Abhisek Sahoo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Ajay Urgunde
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Auburn University, AL 36849, USA
| | - S Murugavelh
- CO(2) Research and Green Technologies Centre, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, India
| | - Vít Šrámek
- Department of Power Engineering, Faculty of Environmental Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic; Department of Gaseous and Solid Fuels and Air Protection, University of Chemistry and Technology, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Michael Pohořelý
- Department of Power Engineering, Faculty of Environmental Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Lukáš Trakal
- Department of Environmental Geosciences, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 16500 Praha 6, Suchdol, Czech Republic
| | - Sankar Bhattacharya
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia.
| | - Ajit K Sarmah
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Faculty of Engineering, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.
| | - Kalpit Shah
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Kamal K Pant
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India.
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7
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Su H, Xu D, Li T, Zhu L, Wang S. Low-Temperature Upcycling of Polypropylene Waste into H 2 Fuel via a Novel Tandem Hydrothermal Process. CHEMSUSCHEM 2024; 17:e202301299. [PMID: 37806957 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202301299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 10/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Plastic waste is a promising and abundant resource for H2 production. However, upcycling plastic waste into H2 fuel via conventional thermochemical routes requires relatively considerable energy input and severe reaction conditions, particularly for polyolefin waste. Here, we report a tandem strategy for the selective upcycling of polypropylene (PP) waste into H2 fuel in a mild and clean manner. PP waste was first oxidized into small-molecule organic acids using pure O2 as oxidant at 190 °C, followed by the catalytic reforming of oxidation aqueous products over ZnO-modified Ru/NiAl2 O4 catalysts to produce H2 at 300 °C. A high H2 yield of 44.5 mol/kgPP and a H2 mole fraction of 60.5 % were obtained from this tandem process. The entire process operated with almost no solid residue remaining and equipment contamination, ensuring relative stability and cleanliness of the reaction system. This strategy provides a new route for low-temperature transforming PP and improving the sustainability of plastic waste disposal processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongcai Su
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Zheda Road 38, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Dan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Zheda Road 38, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Tian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Zheda Road 38, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Lingjun Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Zheda Road 38, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Shurong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Zheda Road 38, Hangzhou, 310027, China
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8
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Ran J, Talebian-Kiakalaieh A, Zhang S, Hashem EM, Guo M, Qiao SZ. Recent advancement on photocatalytic plastic upcycling. Chem Sci 2024; 15:1611-1637. [PMID: 38303948 PMCID: PMC10829029 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc05555h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
More than 8 billion tons of plastics have been generated since 1950. About 80% of these plastics have been dumped in landfills or went into natural environments, resulting in ever-worsening contamination. Among various strategies for waste plastics processing (e.g., incineration, mechanical recycling, thermochemical conversion and electrocatalytic/photocatalytic techniques), photocatalysis stands out as a cost-effective, environmentally benign and clean technique to upcycle plastic waste at ambient temperature and pressure using solar light. The mild reaction conditions for photocatalysis enable the highly selective conversion of plastic waste into targeted value-added chemicals/fuels. Here, we for the first time summarize the recent development of photocatalytic plastic upcycling based on the chemical composition of photocatalysts (e.g., metal oxides, metal sulfides, non-metals and composites). The pros and cons of various photocatalysts have been critically discussed and summarized. At last, the future challenges and opportunities in this area are presented in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingrun Ran
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Adelaide Adelaide SA 5005 Australia
| | | | - Shuai Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Adelaide Adelaide SA 5005 Australia
| | - Elhussein M Hashem
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Adelaide Adelaide SA 5005 Australia
| | - Meijun Guo
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Adelaide Adelaide SA 5005 Australia
| | - Shi-Zhang Qiao
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Adelaide Adelaide SA 5005 Australia
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Priya AK, Muruganandam M, Imran M, Gill R, Vasudeva Reddy MR, Shkir M, Sayed MA, AlAbdulaal TH, Algarni H, Arif M, Jha NK, Sehgal SS. A study on managing plastic waste to tackle the worldwide plastic contamination and environmental remediation. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 341:139979. [PMID: 37659517 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 08/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/04/2023]
Abstract
Over the past 50 years, the emergence of plastic waste as one of the most urgent environmental problems in the world has given rise to several proposals to address the rising levels of contaminants associated with plastic debris. Worldwide plastic production has increased significantly over the last 70 years, reaching a record high of 359 million tonnes in 2020. China is currently the world's largest plastic producer, with a share of 17.5%. Of the total marine waste, microplastics account for 75%, while land-based pollution accounts for responsible for 80-90%, and ocean-based pollution 10-20% only in overall pollution problems. Even at small dosages (10 μg/mL), microplastics have been found to cause toxic effects on human and animal health. This review examines the sources of microplastic contamination, the prevalent reaches of microplastics, their impacts, and the remediation methods for microplastic contamination. This review explains the relationship between the community composition and the presence of microplastic particulate matter in aquatic ecosystems. The interaction between microplastics and emerging pollutants, including heavy metals, has been linked to enhanced toxicity. The review article provided a comprehensive overview of microplastic, including its fate, environmental toxicity, and possible remediation strategies. The results of our study are of great value as they illustrate a current perspective and provide an in-depth analysis of the current status of microplastics in development, their test requirements, and remediation technologies suitable for various environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- A K Priya
- Department of Chemical Engineering, KPR Institute of Engineering and Technology, Tamilnadu, India; Project Prioritization, Monitoring & Evaluation and Knowledge Management Unit, ICAR-Indian Institute of Soil & Water Conservation (ICAR-IISWC), Dehradun, India.
| | - M Muruganandam
- Project Prioritization, Monitoring & Evaluation and Knowledge Management Unit, ICAR-Indian Institute of Soil & Water Conservation (ICAR-IISWC), Dehradun, India
| | - Muhammad Imran
- Saudi Basic Industries Corporation (SABIC) Technology and Innovation Center, Riyadh 11551, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rana Gill
- University Centre for Research & Development, Electronics & Communication Department Chandigarh University Gharuan, Mohali, Punjab, India
| | | | - Mohd Shkir
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University, Abha, 61413, Saudi Arabia.
| | - M A Sayed
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University, Abha, 61413, Saudi Arabia
| | - T H AlAbdulaal
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University, Abha, 61413, Saudi Arabia
| | - H Algarni
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University, Abha, 61413, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohd Arif
- Applied Science and Humanities Section, University Polytechnic, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi-110025, India
| | - Niraj Kumar Jha
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering and Technology, Sharda University, Greater Noida 201310, India.
| | - Satbir S Sehgal
- Division of Research Innovation, Uttaranchal University, Dehradun, India
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10
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Sui B, Wang T, Fang J, Hou Z, Shu T, Lu Z, Liu F, Zhu Y. Recent advances in the biodegradation of polyethylene terephthalate with cutinase-like enzymes. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1265139. [PMID: 37849919 PMCID: PMC10577388 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1265139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) is a synthetic polymer in the polyester family. It is widely found in objects used daily, including packaging materials (such as bottles and containers), textiles (such as fibers), and even in the automotive and electronics industries. PET is known for its excellent mechanical properties, chemical resistance, and transparency. However, these features (e.g., high hydrophobicity and high molecular weight) also make PET highly resistant to degradation by wild-type microorganisms or physicochemical methods in nature, contributing to the accumulation of plastic waste in the environment. Therefore, accelerated PET recycling is becoming increasingly urgent to address the global environmental problem caused by plastic wastes and prevent plastic pollution. In addition to traditional physical cycling (e.g., pyrolysis, gasification) and chemical cycling (e.g., chemical depolymerization), biodegradation can be used, which involves breaking down organic materials into simpler compounds by microorganisms or PET-degrading enzymes. Lipases and cutinases are the two classes of enzymes that have been studied extensively for this purpose. Biodegradation of PET is an attractive approach for managing PET waste, as it can help reduce environmental pollution and promote a circular economy. During the past few years, great advances have been accomplished in PET biodegradation. In this review, current knowledge on cutinase-like PET hydrolases (such as TfCut2, Cut190, HiC, and LCC) was described in detail, including the structures, ligand-protein interactions, and rational protein engineering for improved PET-degrading performance. In particular, applications of the engineered catalysts were highlighted, such as improving the PET hydrolytic activity by constructing fusion proteins. The review is expected to provide novel insights for the biodegradation of complex polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beibei Sui
- School of Biological Science, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong, China
| | - Tao Wang
- School of Biological Science, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong, China
| | - Jingxiang Fang
- Rizhao Administration for Market Regulation, Rizhao, Shandong, China
| | - Zuoxuan Hou
- School of Biological Science, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong, China
| | - Ting Shu
- School of Biological Science, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong, China
| | - Zhenhua Lu
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Fei Liu
- School of Biological Science, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong, China
| | - Youshuang Zhu
- School of Biological Science, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong, China
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11
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Xu Z, Munyaneza NE, Zhang Q, Sun M, Posada C, Venturo P, Rorrer NA, Miscall J, Sumpter BG, Liu G. Chemical upcycling of polyethylene, polypropylene, and mixtures to high-value surfactants. Science 2023; 381:666-671. [PMID: 37561876 DOI: 10.1126/science.adh0993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
Conversion of plastic wastes to fatty acids is an attractive means to supplement the sourcing of these high-value, high-volume chemicals. We report a method for transforming polyethylene (PE) and polypropylene (PP) at ~80% conversion to fatty acids with number-average molar masses of up to ~700 and 670 daltons, respectively. The process is applicable to municipal PE and PP wastes and their mixtures. Temperature-gradient thermolysis is the key to controllably degrading PE and PP into waxes and inhibiting the production of small molecules. The waxes are upcycled to fatty acids by oxidation over manganese stearate and subsequent processing. PP ꞵ-scission produces more olefin wax and yields higher acid-number fatty acids than does PE ꞵ-scission. We further convert the fatty acids to high-value, large-market-volume surfactants. Industrial-scale technoeconomic analysis suggests economic viability without the need for subsidies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | | | - Qikun Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Shandong Normal University, Shandong 250014, PR China
| | - Mengqi Sun
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Carlos Posada
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Paul Venturo
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Nicholas A Rorrer
- Renewable Resources and Enabling Sciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO 80401, USA
- BOTTLE Consortium, Golden, CO 80401, USA
| | - Joel Miscall
- Renewable Resources and Enabling Sciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO 80401, USA
- BOTTLE Consortium, Golden, CO 80401, USA
| | - Bobby G Sumpter
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - Guoliang Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Macromolecules Innovation Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
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12
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Yan S, Xia D, Lai NC, Jiang B, Liu X. New insight into the synergistic reactions involved in the hydrothermal co-liquefaction of synthetic polymer wastes by molecular dynamics and DFT methods. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 449:131032. [PMID: 36821896 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Coliquefying synthetic aliphatic and aromatic polymer wastes using supercritical water has drawn considerable research attention. However, the mechanisms of chemical reactions between different types of polymers are ambiguous. Herein, depolymerization mechanisms for individual polymers and reaction mechanisms for binary polymer mixtures were investigated using molecular dynamics and density functional theory (DFT). The innovative approach showed that the production of oil from individual polymers during HTL was hindered by (1) volatile C1-C4 molecules emitted from aliphatic polymers and (2) polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) produced from aromatic polymers. Interestingly, synergistic reactions among these byproducts from different polymers could promote oil production during coliquefaction. Specifically, the synergistic radical-related reactions included (1) the ring-opening of PAHs caused by C2H2 molecules emitted from aliphatic polymers and (2) the recombination of PHA branches and short-chain aliphatics. A considerable synergy between aromatic polymers with higher benzene ring contents and aliphatic polymers with lower H/C atomic ratios was observed near the critical temperature of 649 K. This work provides new insights into the synergistic reactions involved in the coliquefaction of synthetic polymers and gives useful guidance for realizing efficient oil production from mixed organic wastes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Yan
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Dehong Xia
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China; Beijing Key Laboratory for Energy Saving and Emission Reduction of Metallurgical Industry, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Nien-Chu Lai
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Binfan Jiang
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xiangjun Liu
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
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13
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Alawa B, Chakma S. Investigation in PO blending and compression ratio on engine performance and gas emissions including environmental health risk assessment and economic analysis. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:64006-64024. [PMID: 37060406 PMCID: PMC10105155 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-26576-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
Waste management and mitigation is the primary necessity across the globe. The daily use of plastic materials in different forms emergence the plastic pollutions, and it has been significantly increased during the COVID-19 pandemic. Thus, mitigation of waste plastics generation is one of the major challenges in the present situation. The present study addressed the conversion of waste plastics into value-added products such as liquid hydrocarbon fuels and their application in reducing greenhouse gas emissions. A comprehensive investigation has been performed on engine performance and combustion characteristics at various compression ratios and PO blending. The effect of liquid fuel blending with commercial diesel was investigated at three different compression ratios (15.1, 16.2, and 16.7) under various BMEP conditions. The results revealed that blending of liquid fuel produced from waste plastic can improve the BTE significantly, and the highest 35.77% of BTE was observed for 10% blending at 15.1 CR. While the lowest BSFC of 5.77 × 10-5 kg/kW-s was estimated for 20% PO blending at 16.7 CR under optimum BMEP (4.0 bar) conditions. The investigation of combustion parameters such as cylinder pressure, net heat release rate, rate of pressure rise, and cumulative heat release showed that it increases with the compression ratio from 15.1 to 16.7. At the same time, the emissions of CO, CO2, and unburnt hydrocarbon was decreased significantly. The economic analysis for the present lab-scale study estimated that approximately ₹12.17 ($0.15) profit per liter is possible in the 1st year, while the significant profit starts from the 2nd year onward, which is in the range of ₹59.78-₹84.48 ($0.75-$1.07) when the PO is blended with CD within the permissible limits as per the norms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bablu Alawa
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhopal, 462 066, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Sankar Chakma
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhopal, 462 066, Madhya Pradesh, India.
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14
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Bohre A, Jadhao PR, Tripathi K, Pant KK, Likozar B, Saha B. Chemical Recycling Processes of Waste Polyethylene Terephthalate Using Solid Catalysts. CHEMSUSCHEM 2023:e202300142. [PMID: 36972065 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202300142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) is a non-degradable single-use plastic and a major component of plastic waste in landfills. Chemical recycling is one of the most widely adopted methods to transform post-consumer PET into PET's building block chemicals. Non-catalytic depolymerization of PET is very slow and requires high temperatures and/or pressures. Recent advancements in the field of material science and catalysis have delivered several innovative strategies to promote PET depolymerization under mild reaction conditions. Particularly, heterogeneous catalysts assisted depolymerization of post-consumer PET to monomers and other value-added chemicals is the most industrially compatible method. This review includes current progresses on the heterogeneously catalyzed chemical recycling of PET. It describes four key pathways for PET depolymerization including, glycolysis, pyrolysis, alcoholysis, and reductive depolymerization. The catalyst function, active sites and structure-activity correlations are briefly outlined in each section. An outlook for future development is also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashish Bohre
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Delhi, 110016, India
- Biomass and Energy Management Division, Sardar Swaran Singh National Institute of Bio-energy Kapurthala, Punjab, 1440603, India
- Department of Catalysis and Chemical Reaction Engineering, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1001, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Prashant Ram Jadhao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Delhi, 110016, India
| | - Komal Tripathi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Delhi, 110016, India
| | - Kamal Kishore Pant
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Delhi, 110016, India
| | - Blaž Likozar
- Department of Catalysis and Chemical Reaction Engineering, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1001, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Basudeb Saha
- RiKarbon, Inc., 550 S. College Ave, Newark, Delaware, DE 19716, USA
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15
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Zhou Y, Ashokkumar V, Amobonye A, Bhattacharjee G, Sirohi R, Singh V, Flora G, Kumar V, Pillai S, Zhang Z, Awasthi MK. Current research trends on cosmetic microplastic pollution and its impacts on the ecosystem: A review. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 320:121106. [PMID: 36681374 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Since the advent of microplastics, it has become a vital component, directly or indirectly, in our daily lives. With advancements in their use, microplastics have become an integral part of personal care, cosmetics, and cleaning products (PCCPs) and emerged as a domestic source of environmental pollution. Over the years, researchers have ascertained the harmful effects of microplastics on the environment. In this context, the assessment and monitoring of microplastics in PCCPs require considerable attention. In addition, it raises concern regarding the need to develop innovative, sustainable, and environmentally safe technologies to combat microplastic pollution. Therefore, this review is an endeavor to uncover the fate, route and degradation mechanism of cosmetic microplastics. In addition, the major technological advancement in cosmetic microplastic removal and the steps directed toward mitigating cosmetic microplastic pollution are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuwen Zhou
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, 712100, PR China
| | - Veeramuthu Ashokkumar
- Biorefineries for Biofuels & Bioproducts Laboratory, Center for Transdisciplinary Research, Department of Pharmacology, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, 600077, India
| | - Ayodeji Amobonye
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Durban University of Technology, P O Box 1334, Durban, 4000, South Africa
| | - Gargi Bhattacharjee
- Department of Biosciences, School of Science, Indrashil University, Rajpur, Mehsana, 382715, Gujarat, India
| | - Ranjna Sirohi
- School of Health Sciences and Technology, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun, 248001, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Vijai Singh
- Department of Biosciences, School of Science, Indrashil University, Rajpur, Mehsana, 382715, Gujarat, India
| | - G Flora
- Department of Botany, St. Mary's College (Autonomous), Thoothukudi, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Vinay Kumar
- Ecotoxicity and Bioconversion Laboratory, Department of Community Medicine, Saveetha Medical College & Hospital, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Saveetha Nagar, Thandalam, Chennai, 602105, India
| | - Santhosh Pillai
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Durban University of Technology, P O Box 1334, Durban, 4000, South Africa
| | - Zengqiang Zhang
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, 712100, PR China
| | - Mukesh Kumar Awasthi
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, 712100, PR China.
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16
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Cui J, Qi M, Zhang Z, Gao S, Xu N, Wang X, Li N, Chen G. Disposal and resource utilization of waste masks: a review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:19683-19704. [PMID: 36653687 PMCID: PMC9848032 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-25353-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Waste masks pose a serious threat to the environment, including marine plastic pollution and soil pollution risks caused by landfills since the outbreak of COVID-19. Currently, numerous effective methods regarding disposal and resource utilization of waste masks have been reported, containing physical, thermochemical, and solvent-based technologies. As for physical technologies, the mechanical properties of the mask-based materials could be enhanced and the conductivity or antibacterial activity was endowed by adding natural fibers or inorganic nanoparticles. Regarding thermochemical technologies, catalytic pyrolysis could yield considerable hydrogen, which is an eco-friendly resource, and would mitigate the energy crisis. Noticeably, the solvent-based technology, as a more convenient and efficient method, was also considered in this paper. In this way, soaking the mask directly in a specific chemical reagent changes the original structure of polypropylene and obtains multi-functional materials. The solvent-based technology is promising in the future with the researches of sustainable and universally applicable reagents. This review could provide guidance for utilizing resources of waste masks and address the issues of plastic pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiale Cui
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin Key Lab of Biomass Wastes Utilization, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Mo Qi
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin Key Lab of Biomass Wastes Utilization, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Ziyi Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin Key Lab of Biomass Wastes Utilization, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Shibo Gao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin Key Lab of Biomass Wastes Utilization, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Nuo Xu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin Key Lab of Biomass Wastes Utilization, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Xiaohua Wang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Tianjin University of Commerce, Tianjin, 300134, China
| | - Ning Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin Key Lab of Biomass Wastes Utilization, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China.
| | - Guanyi Chen
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin Key Lab of Biomass Wastes Utilization, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Tianjin University of Commerce, Tianjin, 300134, China
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17
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Padmanabhan S, Kumar TV, Giridharan K, Stalin B, Nagaprasad N, Jule LT, Ramaswamy K. An analysis of environment effect on ethanol blends with plastic fuel and blend optimization using a full factorial design. Sci Rep 2022; 12:21719. [PMID: 36522376 PMCID: PMC9755122 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-26046-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a growing amount of plastic waste that needs to be properly disposed of in order to protect the environment from the negative effects of increasing reliance on plastic products. Recent interest has focused on chemical recycling as a means of reducing plastic's negative environmental effects. Converting waste plastics into basic petrochemicals allows them to serve as hydrocarbon feedstock or fuel oil through pyrolysis operations. Scientists have taken a keen interest in the production of bioethanol from renewable feedstocks due to its potential as a source of energy and alternative fuel. Due to its beneficial effects on the environment, ethanol has emerged as a promising biofuel. In this paper, energy recovered from low-density polyethylene and high-density polyethylene waste was converted into an alternative plastic fuel and evaluated for its environmental impact with the blending of ethanol in a diesel engine. Ternary fuel blends with 20%, 30%, and 40% waste plastic fuel and 10%, 15%, and 20% ethanol with standard diesel were tested. The study found that blending 10% ethanol with 20% plastic fuel decreased fuel consumption by around 7.9% compared to base diesel. Carbon monoxide emissions are reduced by about 10.2%, and hydrocarbon emissions are reduced by about 13.43% when using the same ternary blend. The optimum values of fuel consumption and emissions were obtained by full factorial design for a ternary fuel blend of 10% ethanol and 20% plastic fuel at the full load condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Padmanabhan
- grid.464713.30000 0004 1777 5670School of Mechanical and Construction, Vel Tech Rangarajan Dr.Sagunthala R&D Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, India
| | - T. Vinod Kumar
- grid.412815.b0000 0004 1760 6324Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vels Institute of Science, Technology and Advanced Studies (VISTAS), Chennai, India
| | - K. Giridharan
- grid.252262.30000 0001 0613 6919Department of Mechanical Engineering, Easwari Engineering College, Chennai, India
| | - B. Stalin
- grid.252262.30000 0001 0613 6919Department of Mechanical Engineering, Anna University, Regional Campus Madurai, Madurai, Tamilnadu 625019 India
| | - N. Nagaprasad
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, ULTRA College of Engineering and Technology, Madurai, Tamilnadu 625104 India
| | - Leta Tesfaye Jule
- Centre for Excellence-Indigenous Knowledge, Innovative Technology Transfer and Entrepreneurship, Dambi Dollo University, Dambi Dollo, Ethiopia ,Department of Physics, College of Natural and Computational Science, Dambi Dollo University, Dambi Dollo, Ethiopia
| | - Krishnaraj Ramaswamy
- Centre for Excellence-Indigenous Knowledge, Innovative Technology Transfer and Entrepreneurship, Dambi Dollo University, Dambi Dollo, Ethiopia ,Department of Mechanical Engineering, Dambi Dollo University, Dambi Dollo, Ethiopia
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18
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Effect of Acidic Hydrochar on Plastic Crude Oil Produced from Hydrothermal Liquefaction of Waste PVC. Processes (Basel) 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/pr10122538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, the effect of hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) of waste PVC was investigated in the presence of acidic hydrochar. The hydrochar was prepared by hydrothermal carbonization of pineapple waste at 250 °C and at 1 h in the presence of citric acid. Hydrochar was acidic, stable, and porous and contained acidic functional groups. Hydrochar was co-fed with PVC during HTL to enhance HTL conversion and quality of the plastic crude oil. HTL experiments were performed at 300–350 °C, 0.25–4 h of reaction times, and 0–20 wt% hydrochar-to-PVC ratio. The plastic crude oil was separated from the solid residue to evaluate HTL conversion and to analyze elemental compositions, boiling point distribution, alteration of chemical bonds, and chemical compositions. The results showed that acidic hydrochar enhances HTL conversion with a maximum value of 28.75 at 5 wt% hydrochar content at 350 °C and 0.5 h. Furthermore, plastic crude oils contained no chloride but contained significantly high carbon and hydrogen, resulting in a higher heating value of up to 36.43 MJ/kg. The major component of the plastic crude oil was 3, 5 dimethylphenol produced ranging from 61.4 to 86.4% (percentage of total identified area) according to gas chromatography mass spectroscopy (GCMS) data.
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19
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Improving the low-rank coal flotation performance using a novel collector prepared by hot melting of plastic waste into diesel. Sep Purif Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2022.121883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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20
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Meng H, Wang M, Wu Z, Zhao J, Li J, Wang S. Physico-Chemical Structure and Gasification Performance of Co-Pyrolytic Char Produced by the Pyrolysis of Polyvinyl Chloride Blends with Two Rank Coals. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:32280-32291. [PMID: 36120027 PMCID: PMC9476515 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c03613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Co-pyrolysis of waste plastics and coal has been considered to be an environmentally friendly and scalable waste treatment technology. This study investigated the influence of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) on the physico-chemical structure and gasification performance of co-pyrolytic char with lignite (PZ) and bituminous (SM) coal. The structure characteristics were explored by applying an X-ray diffractometer and a specific surface area analyzer. The quantitative analysis on the influence of PVC on pore characteristics and carbon microcrystal structure was conducted by the fractal theory and deconvolution method. The gasification performance was explored using a thermogravimetric analyzer. When the PZ blending ratio was larger than 50%, the specific surface area of PVCPZ chars enlarged significantly due to the increment of mesopores. Nevertheless, the effect of SM on the pore structure was not pronounced, and the specific surface area of PVCSM chars was as small as PVC char. A higher PZ blending ratio benefited the formation of mesopores with an aperture smaller than 10 nm for PVCPZ chars, whereas SM had little influence on pore diameter distributions of PVCSM chars attributed to the remarkable coating effects. The values of fractal dimension of co-pyrolytic char were larger than PVC char, revealing that the adjunction of coal increased the pore surface coarseness and improved the complicacy of the pore structure. Quantitative analysis on XRD spectra indicated that the disorder extent of the carbon structure was improved because of coal addition, and the influence of lignite on the disorder degree of the carbon structure was more significant. The gasification reaction of co-pyrolytic char showed significant synergistic effects, resulting in the improvement of gasification performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyu Meng
- Department
of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, School of Water Resources
and Hydro-Electric Engineering, Xi’an
University of Technology, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710048, P.R. China
| | - Mengzhuo Wang
- Department
of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, School of Water Resources
and Hydro-Electric Engineering, Xi’an
University of Technology, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710048, P.R. China
| | - Zhiqiang Wu
- Shaanxi
Key Laboratory of Energy Chemical Process Intensification, School
of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710049, P.R. China
| | - Jun Zhao
- Key
Laboratory of Thermo-Fluid Science and Engineering, Ministry of Education,
School of Energy and Power Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710049, P.R. China
| | - Jiake Li
- Department
of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, School of Water Resources
and Hydro-Electric Engineering, Xi’an
University of Technology, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710048, P.R. China
| | - Shuzhong Wang
- Key
Laboratory of Thermo-Fluid Science and Engineering, Ministry of Education,
School of Energy and Power Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710049, P.R. China
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21
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22
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Characterization of the Different Oils Obtained through the Catalytic In Situ Pyrolysis of Polyethylene Film from Municipal Solid Waste. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12084043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Nowadays, the thermal and catalytic decomposition of plastic wastes by pyrolysis is one of the best alternatives to convert these wastes into quality fuel oils, thus replenishing some petroleum resources. This work studied the catalytic pyrolysis of polyethylene film waste from the remaining organic fraction on different catalysts under dynamic operating conditions in a batch reactor. These catalysts have been characterized through isotherms of adsorption-desorption with N2 and X-ray powder diffraction for structural characterization to see the differences in their use. The results obtained have been compared with the pyrolysis of the same material without a catalyst. Special attention has been paid to the similarities and differences with thermal pyrolysis. The characterization of the liquid fraction, including physical and chemical properties, has been carried out. The liquid yield varies from 37 to 43%; it has good calorific values of 46–48 MJ/kg, an average density of 0.82 g/cm3, and a fairly low viscosity compared to the product without the catalyst. Other properties like the American Petroleum Institute (API) gravity or pH were also determined and found to be similar to conventional fuels. Oils are mainly composed of paraffins, naphthenes, and aromatic hydrocarbons. The general distribution of carbons is C7 to C31. Finally, a detailed analysis of the composition of liquid products shows they present heavy naphtha, kerosene, and diesel fractions in different proportions in the function of the catalyst used.
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23
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Simultaneous Achievement of High-Yield Hydrogen and High-Performance Microwave Absorption Materials from Microwave Catalytic Deconstruction of Plastic Waste. Processes (Basel) 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/pr10040782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Here, FeAlOx catalytic deconstruction of polyethylene in a domestic microwave oven is reported. With the starting weight ratio of FeAlOx to polyethylene at 1:1, the concentration and yield of H2 reach up to 67.85 vol% and 48.1 mmol g−1plastic, respectively. CNTs@Fe3O4/Fe3C/Fe composite, which exhibits excellent microwave absorption properties, is generated simultaneously. The minimum reflection loss (RLmin) of the solid product reaches −54.78 dB at 15 GHz with an effective absorption bandwidth of 4.5 GHz at the thickness of 1.57 mm.
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24
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Abstract
Polymers and plastics are crucial materials in many sectors of our economy, due to their numerous advantages. They also have some disadvantages, among the most important are problems with the recycling and disposal of used plastics. The recovery of waste plastics is increasing every year, but over 27% of plastics are landfilled. The rest is recycled, where, unfortunately, incineration is still the most common management method. From an economic perspective, waste management methods that lead to added-value products are most preferred—as in the case of material and chemical recycling. Since chemical recycling can be used for difficult wastes (poorly selected, contaminated), it seems to be the most effective way of managing these materials. Moreover, as a result this of kind of recycling, it is possible to obtain commercially valuable products, such as fractions for fuel composition and monomers for the reproduction of polymers. This review focuses on various liquefaction technologies as a prospective recycling method for three types of plastic waste: PE, PP and PS.
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25
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Wang Q, Xu Y, Xu P, Yang W, Chen M, Dong W, Ma P. Crystallization of microbial polyhydroxyalkanoates: A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 209:330-343. [PMID: 35398060 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs), produced by the microbial fermentation, is a promising green polymer and has attracted much attention due to its excellent biocompatibility, complete biodegradability, and non-cytotoxicity. The physical properties of PHAs are closely related to their chemical and crystalline structure. Therefore, deep understanding and regulating the structure and crystallization of PHAs are the key factors to improve the performance of PHAs. This review first provides a brief overview of the development history, chemical structure, and basic properties of PHAs. Then, the crystal structure, crystal morphology, kinetics theories and crystallization behavior of nucleation-induced PHAs are systematically summarized to provide a theoretical foundation for improving PHAs crystallization rate and physical properties. In the end, the outlook on the crystallization and application prospects of PHAs is also addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Yunsheng Xu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Pengwu Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China.
| | - Weijun Yang
- The Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Mingqing Chen
- The Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Weifu Dong
- The Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Piming Ma
- The Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China.
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Conversion of Plastic Waste into Supports for Nanostructured Heterogeneous Catalysts: Application in Environmental Remediation. SURFACES 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/surfaces5010002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Plastics are ubiquitous in our society and are used in many industries, such as packaging, electronics, the automotive industry, and medical and health sectors, and plastic waste is among the types of waste of higher environmental concern. The increase in the amount of plastic waste produced daily has increased environmental problems, such as pollution by micro-plastics, contamination of the food chain, biodiversity degradation and economic losses. The selective and efficient conversion of plastic waste for applications in environmental remediation, such as by obtaining composites, is a strategy of the scientific community for the recovery of plastic waste. The development of polymeric supports for efficient, sustainable, and low-cost heterogeneous catalysts for the treatment of organic/inorganic contaminants is highly desirable yet still a great challenge; this will be the main focus of this work. Common commercial polymers, like polystyrene, polypropylene, polyethylene therephthalate, polyethylene and polyvinyl chloride, are addressed herein, as are their main physicochemical properties, such as molecular mass, degree of crystallinity and others. Additionally, we discuss the environmental and health risks of plastic debris and the main recycling technologies as well as their issues and environmental impact. The use of nanomaterials raises concerns about toxicity and reinforces the need to apply supports; this means that the recycling of plastics in this way may tackle two issues. Finally, we dissert about the advances in turning plastic waste into support for nanocatalysts for environmental remediation, mainly metal and metal oxide nanoparticles.
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