1
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Berthoud HR, Münzberg H, Morrison CD, Neuhuber WL. Hepatic interoception in health and disease. Auton Neurosci 2024; 253:103174. [PMID: 38579493 PMCID: PMC11129274 DOI: 10.1016/j.autneu.2024.103174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
The liver is a large organ with crucial functions in metabolism and immune defense, as well as blood homeostasis and detoxification, and it is clearly in bidirectional communication with the brain and rest of the body via both neural and humoral pathways. A host of neural sensory mechanisms have been proposed, but in contrast to the gut-brain axis, details for both the exact site and molecular signaling steps of their peripheral transduction mechanisms are generally lacking. Similarly, knowledge about function-specific sensory and motor components of both vagal and spinal access pathways to the hepatic parenchyma is missing. Lack of progress largely owes to controversies regarding selectivity of vagal access pathways and extent of hepatocyte innervation. In contrast, there is considerable evidence for glucose sensors in the wall of the hepatic portal vein and their importance for glucose handling by the liver and the brain and the systemic response to hypoglycemia. As liver diseases are on the rise globally, and there are intriguing associations between liver diseases and mental illnesses, it will be important to further dissect and identify both neural and humoral pathways that mediate hepatocyte-specific signals to relevant brain areas. The question of whether and how sensations from the liver contribute to interoceptive self-awareness has not yet been explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans-Rudolf Berthoud
- Neurobiology of Nutrition & Metabolism Department, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA.
| | - Heike Münzberg
- Neurobiology of Nutrition & Metabolism Department, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Christopher D Morrison
- Neurobiology of Nutrition & Metabolism Department, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Winfried L Neuhuber
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Alexander University, Erlangen, Germany.
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2
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Li Y, Wang L, Gao Z, Zhou J, Xie S, Li G, Hou C, Wang Z, Lv Z, Wang R, Han G. Neuropeptide Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide Promotes Immune Homeostasis of Bacterial Meningitis by Inducing Major Histocompatibility Complex Class II Ubiquitination. J Infect Dis 2024; 229:855-865. [PMID: 37603461 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiad358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), an immunomodulatory neuropeptide, is important for regulating pain transmission, vasodilation, and the inflammatory response. However, the molecular mechanisms of the CGRP-mediated immune response remain unknown. METHODS The effects of CGRP on bacterial meningitis (BM) and its underlying mechanisms were investigated in BM mice in vivo and macrophages in vitro. RESULTS Peripheral injection of CGRP attenuated cytokine storms and protected mice from fatal pneumococcal meningitis, marked by increased bacterial clearance, improved neuroethology, and reduced mortality. When the underlying mechanisms were investigated, we found that CGRP induces proteasome-dependent degradation of major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC-II) in macrophages and then inhibits CD4+ T-cell activation. MARCH1 was identified as an E3 ligase that can be induced by CGRP engagement and promote K48-linked ubiquitination and degradation of MHC-II in macrophages. These results provide new insights into neuropeptide CGRP-mediated immune regulation mechanisms. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that targeting the nervous system and manipulating neuroimmune communication is a promising strategy for treating intracranial infections like BM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxiang Li
- Department of Neuroimmune and Antibody Engineering, Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing
| | - Lanying Wang
- Joint National Laboratory for Antibody Drug Engineering, School of Medicine, Henan University, Kaifeng
| | - Zhenfang Gao
- Department of Neuroimmune and Antibody Engineering, Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing
| | - Jie Zhou
- Joint National Laboratory for Antibody Drug Engineering, School of Medicine, Henan University, Kaifeng
| | - Shun Xie
- Department of Neuroimmune and Antibody Engineering, Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing
| | - Ge Li
- Department of Neuroimmune and Antibody Engineering, Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing
| | - Chunmei Hou
- Department of Neuroimmune and Antibody Engineering, Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing
| | - Zhiding Wang
- Department of Neuroimmune and Antibody Engineering, Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing
| | - Zhonglin Lv
- Department of Hematology, The Second Medical Center and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing
| | - Renxi Wang
- Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Laboratory of Brain Disorders, Ministry of Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Gencheng Han
- Department of Neuroimmune and Antibody Engineering, Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing
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3
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Zidan AA, Zhu S, Elbasiony E, Najafi S, Lin Z, Singh RB, Naderi A, Yin J. Topical application of calcitonin gene-related peptide as a regenerative, antifibrotic, and immunomodulatory therapy for corneal injury. Commun Biol 2024; 7:264. [PMID: 38438549 PMCID: PMC10912681 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-024-05934-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) is a multifunctional neuropeptide abundantly expressed by corneal nerves. Using a murine model of corneal mechanical injury, we found CGRP levels in the cornea significantly reduced after injury. Topical application of CGRP as an eye drop accelerates corneal epithelial wound closure, reduces corneal opacification, and prevents corneal edema after injury in vivo. CGRP promotes corneal epithelial cell migration, proliferation, and the secretion of laminin. It reduces TGF-β1 signaling and prevents TGF-β1-mediated stromal fibroblast activation and tissue fibrosis. CGRP preserves corneal endothelial cell density, morphology, and pump function, thus reducing corneal edema. Lastly, CGRP reduces neutrophil infiltration, macrophage maturation, and the production of inflammatory cytokines in the cornea. Taken together, our results show that corneal nerve-derived CGRP plays a cytoprotective, pro-regenerative, anti-fibrotic, and anti-inflammatory role in corneal wound healing. In addition, our results highlight the critical role of sensory nerves in ocular surface homeostasis and injury repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asmaa A Zidan
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Shuyan Zhu
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Elsayed Elbasiony
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sheyda Najafi
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Zhirong Lin
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Rohan Bir Singh
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Amirreza Naderi
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jia Yin
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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4
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Hanč P, Messou MA, Wang Y, von Andrian UH. Control of myeloid cell functions by nociceptors. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1127571. [PMID: 37006298 PMCID: PMC10064072 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1127571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The immune system has evolved to protect the host from infectious agents, parasites, and tumor growth, and to ensure the maintenance of homeostasis. Similarly, the primary function of the somatosensory branch of the peripheral nervous system is to collect and interpret sensory information about the environment, allowing the organism to react to or avoid situations that could otherwise have deleterious effects. Consequently, a teleological argument can be made that it is of advantage for the two systems to cooperate and form an “integrated defense system” that benefits from the unique strengths of both subsystems. Indeed, nociceptors, sensory neurons that detect noxious stimuli and elicit the sensation of pain or itch, exhibit potent immunomodulatory capabilities. Depending on the context and the cellular identity of their communication partners, nociceptors can play both pro- or anti-inflammatory roles, promote tissue repair or aggravate inflammatory damage, improve resistance to pathogens or impair their clearance. In light of such variability, it is not surprising that the full extent of interactions between nociceptors and the immune system remains to be established. Nonetheless, the field of peripheral neuroimmunology is advancing at a rapid pace, and general rules that appear to govern the outcomes of such neuroimmune interactions are beginning to emerge. Thus, in this review, we summarize our current understanding of the interaction between nociceptors and, specifically, the myeloid cells of the innate immune system, while pointing out some of the outstanding questions and unresolved controversies in the field. We focus on such interactions within the densely innervated barrier tissues, which can serve as points of entry for infectious agents and, where known, highlight the molecular mechanisms underlying these interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Hanč
- Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- The Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH), Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, United States
- *Correspondence: Pavel Hanč, ; Ulrich H. von Andrian,
| | - Marie-Angèle Messou
- Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- The Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH), Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Yidi Wang
- Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- The Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH), Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Ulrich H. von Andrian
- Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- The Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH), Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, United States
- *Correspondence: Pavel Hanč, ; Ulrich H. von Andrian,
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5
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Jana B, Całka J, Sikora M, Palus K. Involvement of the calcitonin gene-related peptide system in the modulation of inflamed uterus contractile function in pigs. Sci Rep 2022; 12:19146. [PMID: 36352250 PMCID: PMC9646719 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-23867-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
This study analyzed severe acute endometritis action on myometrial density and distribution of protein gene product (PGP)9.5- and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP)-like immunoreactive nerve fibers and calcitonin receptor-like receptor (CLR) expression, and on CGRP receptor (CGRPR) participation in uterine contractility in pigs. E. coli suspension (E. coli group) or saline (SAL group) were injected into the uteri, or only laparotomy was performed (CON group). In the E. coli group myometrium, a lack of significant changes in PGP9.5 and CGRP innervation patterns and increased CLR protein level were revealed. In all groups, compared to the pretreatment period, human αCGRP increased amplitude in the myometrium, while reducing it in endometrium/myometrium. In the E. coli group endometrium/myometrium, human αCGRP lowered amplitude vs other groups. Human αCGRP reduced frequency in CON and SAL groups and enhanced it in the E. coli group endometrium/myometrium. The frequency in E. coli group increased vs other groups. CGRPR antagonist, human αCGRP8-37, reversed (CON, SAL groups) and eliminated (E. coli group) the rise in human αCGRP-induced myometrial amplitude. In endometrium/myometrium, human αCGRP8-37 abolished (CON group) and reversed (SAL group) a decrease in frequency, and reduced the rise in frequency (E. coli group) caused by human αCGRP. Collectively, in the myometrium, endometritis did not change PGP9.5 and CGRP innervation patterns and enhanced CLR protein level. CGRPR also mediated in CGRP action on inflamed uterus contractility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Jana
- grid.433017.20000 0001 1091 0698Division of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Tuwima 10, 10-078 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Jarosław Całka
- grid.412607.60000 0001 2149 6795Department of Clinical Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury, Oczapowskiego 13, 10-718 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Sikora
- grid.433017.20000 0001 1091 0698Division of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Tuwima 10, 10-078 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Palus
- grid.412607.60000 0001 2149 6795Department of Clinical Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury, Oczapowskiego 13, 10-718 Olsztyn, Poland
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6
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Li H, Qu J, Zhu H, Wang J, He H, Xie X, Wu R, Lu Q. CGRP Regulates the Age-Related Switch Between Osteoblast and Adipocyte Differentiation. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:675503. [PMID: 34124062 PMCID: PMC8187789 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.675503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteoporosis is a chronic age-related disease. During aging, bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) display increased adipogenic, along with decreased osteogenic, differentiation capacity. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) on the osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation potential of BMSC-derived osteoblasts. Here, we found that the level of CGRP was markedly lower in bone marrow supernatant from aged mice compared with that in young mice. In vitro experiments indicated that CGRP promoted the osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs while inhibiting their adipogenic differentiation. Compared with vehicle-treated controls, aged mice treated with CGRP showed a substantial promotion of bone formation and a reduction in fat accumulation in the bone marrow. Similarly, we found that CGRP could significantly enhance bone formation in ovariectomized (OVX) mice in vivo. Together, our results suggested that CGRP may be a key regulator of the age-related switch between osteogenesis and adipogenesis in BMSCs and may represent a potential therapeutic strategy for the treatment of age-related bone loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Li
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China.,Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jian Qu
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China.,Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Haihong Zhu
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China.,Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jiaojiao Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China.,Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Hao He
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xinyan Xie
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China.,Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ren Wu
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Qiong Lu
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China.,Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha, China
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7
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Aggarwal S, Ranjha R, Paul J. Neuroimmunomodulation by gut bacteria: Focus on inflammatory bowel diseases. World J Gastrointest Pathophysiol 2021; 12:25-39. [PMID: 34084590 PMCID: PMC8160600 DOI: 10.4291/wjgp.v12.i3.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Microbes colonize the gastrointestinal tract are considered as highest complex ecosystem because of having diverse bacterial species and 150 times more genes as compared to the human genome. Imbalance or dysbiosis in gut bacteria can cause dysregulation in gut homeostasis that subsequently activates the immune system, which leads to the development of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Neuromediators, including both neurotransmitters and neuropeptides, may contribute to the development of aberrant immune response. They are emerging as a regulator of inflammatory processes and play a key role in various autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. Neuromediators may influence immune cell’s function via the receptors present on these cells. The cytokines secreted by the immune cells, in turn, regulate the neuronal functions by binding with their receptors present on sensory neurons. This bidirectional communication of the enteric nervous system and the enteric immune system is involved in regulating the magnitude of inflammatory pathways. Alterations in gut bacteria influence the level of neuromediators in the colon, which may affect the gastrointestinal inflammation in a disease condition. Changed neuromediators concentration via dysbiosis in gut microbiota is one of the novel approaches to understand the pathogenesis of IBD. In this article, we reviewed the existing knowledge on the role of neuromediators governing the pathogenesis of IBD, focusing on the reciprocal relationship among the gut microbiota, neuromediators, and host immunity. Understanding the neuromediators and host-microbiota interactions would give a better insight in to the disease pathophysiology and help in developing the new therapeutic approaches for the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surbhi Aggarwal
- Department of Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi 110016, India
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, Delhi 110067, India
| | - Raju Ranjha
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, Delhi 110067, India
- Field Unit Raipur, ICMR-National Institute of Malaria Research, Raipur 492015, Chhattisgarh, India
| | - Jaishree Paul
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, Delhi 110067, India
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8
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Wang F, Deng Y, Wang J, Yu L, Ding F, Lian W, Liu Q, Lin X. The PLGA nanoparticles for sustainable release of CGRP to ameliorate the inflammatory and vascular disorders in the lung of CGRP-deficient rats. Drug Deliv 2021; 28:865-872. [PMID: 33960246 PMCID: PMC8118460 DOI: 10.1080/10717544.2021.1902021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) has been demonstrated relating to vascular and inflammatory regulations not only the nerve systems. As the anti-inflammation factor and the most potent vasodilator, the CGRP holds therapeutic potentials for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases which was, however, limited by its peptide nature and short half-life. With advantages in improving the stability, circulation time and protection from degradation, the nanoparticles were promising as delivery carriers for the peptide. Nevertheless, few nanoparticulate systems were developed to deliver the CGRP peptide for the modulation of vascular or inflammatory functions instead of neural regulation. In this study, the CGRP was encapsulated into the poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticle for sustained release of CGRP in vivo. The nanoparticles recovered the systemic level of CGRP and the vascular inflammatory factors in the CGRP+/− rats comparing to the administration of (Dulbecco's Phosphate Buffered Saline) DPBS or peptide only. With the decrease of vascular wall thickness and the attenuation of the T cell infiltration in the lung, the polymer based CGRP delivery system showed potentials to facilitate the therapeutic effects of the CGRP which may help for the development of CGRP-based therapy in vascular and inflammatory disorder related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Wang
- Higher Educational Key Laboratory for Nano Biomedical Technology of Fujian Province, School of Pharmacy, Nano Medical Technology Research Institute, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yu Deng
- Higher Educational Key Laboratory for Nano Biomedical Technology of Fujian Province, School of Pharmacy, Nano Medical Technology Research Institute, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jieting Wang
- Higher Educational Key Laboratory for Nano Biomedical Technology of Fujian Province, School of Pharmacy, Nano Medical Technology Research Institute, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Luying Yu
- Higher Educational Key Laboratory for Nano Biomedical Technology of Fujian Province, School of Pharmacy, Nano Medical Technology Research Institute, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Fadian Ding
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, 1st Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Wei Lian
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, 1st Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Qicai Liu
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, 1st Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xinhua Lin
- Higher Educational Key Laboratory for Nano Biomedical Technology of Fujian Province, School of Pharmacy, Nano Medical Technology Research Institute, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
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9
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Norton CE, Grunz-Borgmann EA, Hart ML, Jones BW, Franklin CL, Boerman EM. Role of perivascular nerve and sensory neurotransmitter dysfunction in inflammatory bowel disease. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2021; 320:H1887-H1902. [PMID: 33710922 PMCID: PMC8163646 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00037.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is associated with both impaired intestinal blood flow and increased risk of cardiovascular disease, but the functional role of perivascular nerves that control vasomotor function of mesenteric arteries (MAs) perfusing the intestine during IBD is unknown. Because perivascular sensory nerves and their transmitters calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and substance P (SP) are important mediators of both vasodilation and inflammatory responses, our objective was to identify IBD-related deficits in perivascular sensory nerve function and vascular neurotransmitter signaling. In MAs from an interleukin-10 knockout (IL-10-/-) mouse model, IBD significantly impairs electrical field stimulation (EFS)-mediated sensory vasodilation and inhibition of sympathetic vasoconstriction, despite decreased sympathetic nerve density and vasoconstriction. The MA content and EFS-mediated release of both CGRP and SP are decreased with IBD, but IBD has unique effects on each transmitter. CGRP nerve density, receptor expression, hyperpolarization, and vasodilation are preserved with IBD. In contrast, SP nerve density and receptor expression are increased, and SP hyperpolarization and vasodilation are impaired with IBD. A key finding is that blockade of SP receptors restores EFS-mediated sensory vasodilation and enhanced CGRP-mediated vasodilation in MAs from IBD but not Control mice. Together, these data suggest that an aberrant role for the perivascular sensory neurotransmitter SP and its downstream signaling in MAs underlies vascular dysfunction with IBD. We propose that with IBD, SP signaling impedes CGRP-mediated sensory vasodilation, contributing to impaired blood flow. Thus, substance P and NK1 receptors may represent an important target for treating vascular dysfunction in IBD.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Our study is the first to show that IBD causes profound impairment of sensory vasodilation and inhibition of sympathetic vasoconstriction in mesenteric arteries. This occurs alongside decreased SP-containing nerve density and increased expression of NK1 receptors for SP. In contrast, CGRP dilation, nerve density, and receptor expression are unchanged. Blocking NK1 receptors restores sensory vasodilation in MAs and increases CGRP-mediated vasodilation, indicating that SP interference with CGRP signaling may underlie impaired sensory vasodilation with IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles E Norton
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | | | - Marcia L Hart
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Benjamin W Jones
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Craig L Franklin
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Erika M Boerman
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
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10
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Rodionova K, Veelken R, Hilgers KF, Paulus EM, Linz P, Fischer MJM, Schenker M, Reeh P, Tiegs G, Ott C, Schmieder R, Schiffer M, Amann K, Ditting T. Afferent renal innervation in anti-Thy1.1 nephritis in rats. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2020; 319:F822-F832. [PMID: 33017188 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00063.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Afferent renal nerves exhibit a dual function controlling central sympathetic outflow via afferent electrical activity and influencing intrarenal immunological processes by releasing peptides such as calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP). We tested the hypothesis that increased afferent and efferent renal nerve activity occur with augmented release of CGRP in anti-Thy1.1 nephritis, in which enhanced CGRP release exacerbates inflammation. Nephritis was induced in Sprague-Dawley rats by intravenous injection of OX-7 antibody (1.75 mg/kg), and animals were investigated neurophysiologically, electrophysiologically, and pathomorphologically 6 days later. Nephritic rats exhibited proteinuria (169.3 ± 10.2 mg/24 h) with increased efferent renal nerve activity (14.7 ± 0.9 bursts/s vs. control 11.5 ± 0.9 bursts/s, n = 11, P < 0.05). However, afferent renal nerve activity (in spikes/s) decreased in nephritis (8.0 ± 1.8 Hz vs. control 27.4 ± 4.1 Hz, n = 11, P < 0.05). In patch-clamp recordings, neurons with renal afferents from nephritic rats showed a lower frequency of high activity following electrical stimulation (43.4% vs. 66.4% in controls, P < 0.05). In vitro assays showed that renal tissue from nephritic rats exhibited increased CGRP release via spontaneous (14 ± 3 pg/mL vs. 6.8 ± 2.8 pg/ml in controls, n = 7, P < 0.05) and stimulated mechanisms. In nephritic animals, marked infiltration of macrophages in the interstitium (26 ± 4 cells/mm2) and glomeruli (3.7 ± 0.6 cells/glomerular cross-section) occurred. Pretreatment with the CGRP receptor antagonist CGRP8-37 reduced proteinuria, infiltration, and proliferation. In nephritic rats, it can be speculated that afferent renal nerves lose their ability to properly control efferent sympathetic nerve activity while influencing renal inflammation through increased CGRP release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Rodionova
- Department of Internal Medicine 4 (Nephrology und Hypertension), University of Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Roland Veelken
- Department of Internal Medicine 4 (Nephrology und Hypertension), University of Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany.,Department of Internal Medicine 4 (Nephrology und Hypertension), Paracelsus Private Medical School, Klinikum Nuremberg, Nuremberg, Germany
| | - Karl F Hilgers
- Department of Internal Medicine 4 (Nephrology und Hypertension), University of Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Eva-Maria Paulus
- Department of Internal Medicine 4 (Nephrology und Hypertension), University of Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Peter Linz
- Department of Radiology, University of Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Michael J M Fischer
- Center of Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Martina Schenker
- Department of Internal Medicine 4 (Nephrology und Hypertension), University of Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany.,Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Peter Reeh
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Gisa Tiegs
- Center of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christian Ott
- Department of Internal Medicine 4 (Nephrology und Hypertension), University of Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany.,Department of Internal Medicine 4 (Nephrology und Hypertension), Paracelsus Private Medical School, Klinikum Nuremberg, Nuremberg, Germany
| | - Roland Schmieder
- Department of Internal Medicine 4 (Nephrology und Hypertension), University of Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Mario Schiffer
- Department of Internal Medicine 4 (Nephrology und Hypertension), University of Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Kerstin Amann
- Department of Nephropathology, University of Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Tilmann Ditting
- Department of Internal Medicine 4 (Nephrology und Hypertension), University of Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany.,Department of Internal Medicine 4 (Nephrology und Hypertension), Paracelsus Private Medical School, Klinikum Nuremberg, Nuremberg, Germany
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11
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Meßlinger K. [Pathophysiological role of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) in migraine and cluster headache]. Schmerz 2020; 34:181-187. [PMID: 32103345 DOI: 10.1007/s00482-020-00448-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) is released from trigeminal afferents during migraine and cluster headache attacks and can be detected in the jugular plasma. Infusion of CGRP can induce headache attacks in migraine and cluster patients. Inhibition of the CGRP signal system is therapeutic in migraine and cluster headache. CGRP is a potent dilator of intracranial arteries but does not immediately activate the trigeminal pain system. CGRP may act as a signal molecule between different cells in the trigeminal ganglion and enhances nociceptive transmission in the spinal trigeminal nucleus. Peripheral inhibition of the CGRP system reduces these actions. Outside the trigeminovascular system, CGRP is important for maintaining the perfusion of organs in critical situations, promotes growth and repair functions and is an immunomodulatory factor. These actions should be considered when the CGRP system is suppressed for a long time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl Meßlinger
- Institut für Physiologie und Pathophysiologie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Universitätsstraße 17, 91054, Erlangen, Deutschland.
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12
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Zhang X, Ye L, Huang Y, Ding X, Wang L. The potential role of TRPV1 in pulmonary hypertension: Angel or demon? Channels (Austin) 2020; 13:235-246. [PMID: 31189399 PMCID: PMC6602577 DOI: 10.1080/19336950.2019.1631106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a pathological state defined by increased pulmonary artery pressure, the pathogenesis of which is related to genetic mutations, intracellular calcium ([Ca2+]i), inflammation and proliferation. Transient receptor potential vanilloid subfamily member 1 (TRPV1) is a nonselective cation channel expressed in neural and nonneural cells, including pulmonary vessels and nerves. As a calcium channel, TRPV1 can make vessels contracted, and promote smooth muscle cells proliferation through calcium-dependent transcription factors. Activation of TRPV1 in sensory nerves can release neuropeptides, including calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), substance P (SP), and somatostatin (SST), which can regulate inflammation via transcription factor NF-kB. Considering the increased level of [Ca2+]i and inflammation in the pathogenesis of PH, our review summarizes the role of TRPV1 in PH with regard to [Ca2+]i, neuropeptides, and inflammation. In view of the limited research illustrating the relationship between TRPV1 and PH directly, our review also considers the role of TRPV1 in other types of vascular inflammation. Through this review, we hope to raise awareness about the function of TRPV1 in PH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhang
- a The Second Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University , Hangzhou , China.,b Department of Cardiovascular Medicine , Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College , Hangzhou , China
| | - Lifang Ye
- b Department of Cardiovascular Medicine , Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College , Hangzhou , China
| | - Yu Huang
- b Department of Cardiovascular Medicine , Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College , Hangzhou , China
| | - Xueyan Ding
- b Department of Cardiovascular Medicine , Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College , Hangzhou , China
| | - Lihong Wang
- a The Second Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University , Hangzhou , China.,b Department of Cardiovascular Medicine , Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College , Hangzhou , China
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13
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Abstract
A limited number of peripheral targets generate pain. Inflammatory mediators can sensitize these. The review addresses targets acting exclusively or predominantly on sensory neurons, mediators involved in inflammation targeting sensory neurons, and mediators involved in a more general inflammatory process, of which an analgesic effect secondary to an anti-inflammatory effect can be expected. Different approaches to address these systems are discussed, including scavenging proinflammatory mediators, applying anti-inflammatory mediators, and inhibiting proinflammatory or facilitating anti-inflammatory receptors. New approaches are contrasted to established ones; the current stage of progress is mentioned, in particular considering whether there is data from a molecular and cellular level, from animals, or from human trials, including an early stage after a market release. An overview of publication activity is presented, considering a IuPhar/BPS-curated list of targets with restriction to pain-related publications, which was also used to identify topics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cosmin I Ciotu
- Center of Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Schwarzspanierstrasse 17, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael J M Fischer
- Center of Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Schwarzspanierstrasse 17, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
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14
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Jochheim LS, Odysseos G, Hidalgo-Sastre A, Zhong S, Staufer LM, Kroiss M, Kabacaoglu D, Lange S, Engleitner T, Hartmann D, Hüser N, Steiger K, Schmid RM, Holzmann B, von Figura G. The neuropeptide receptor subunit RAMP1 constrains the innate immune response during acute pancreatitis in mice. Pancreatology 2019; 19:541-547. [PMID: 31109903 DOI: 10.1016/j.pan.2019.05.455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2019] [Revised: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The importance of the Calcitonin-gene-related-peptide-pathway (CGRP) as neuronal modulator of innate immune responses in mice has been previously demonstrated. The CGRP-receptor is composed of two subunits: the receptor-activity-modifying-protein-1 (RAMP1) and the calcitonin-receptor-like-receptor (CLR). CGRP can influence immune cells and their capacity of producing inflammatory cytokines. Using a RAMP1 knockout-mouse (RAMP1-/-) we examined the role of the CGRP-receptor in the acute-phase of cerulein-induced pancreatitis. METHODS Hourly cerulein-injections for a period of 8 h in RAMP1-/- and wild-type mice were performed. To compare severity and extent of inflammation in RAMP1-/- and wild-type mice, histological analyses were done and cytokine levels were assessed using qRT-PCR 8 h, 24 h, 2 days, and 7 days post-cerulein-treatment. Furthermore, serum activities of LDH and lipase were determined. RESULTS After 8 h RAMP1-/- mice showed a higher pancreas-to-body-weight-ratio, increased tissue edema and immune cell infiltration with higher amount of F4/80-positive cells as compared to wild-type mice. Overall infiltration of immune cells at 24 h was increased in RAMP1-/- mice and composed predominantly of MPO-positive neutrophils. In addition, after 24 h RAMP1-/- mice presented a higher pancreas-to-body-weight-ratio, higher expression of Ccl3, Il6, and Il1b and increased number of cleaved caspase 3 positive cells. Serum lipase correlated with the extent of tissue damage in RAMP1-/- compared to wild-type mice 24 h post-cerulein treatment. CONCLUSION Mice lacking RAMP1 showed increased inflammation, tissue edema, and pancreas injury particularly in the early phase of acute pancreatitis. This study highlights the essential role of CGRP for dampening the innate immune response in acute pancreatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonie S Jochheim
- Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Department of Internal Medicine II, Munich, Germany
| | - Georgios Odysseos
- Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Department of Internal Medicine II, Munich, Germany
| | - Ana Hidalgo-Sastre
- Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Department of Internal Medicine II, Munich, Germany
| | - Suyang Zhong
- Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Department of Internal Medicine II, Munich, Germany
| | - Lina M Staufer
- Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Department of Internal Medicine II, Munich, Germany
| | - Markus Kroiss
- Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Department of Internal Medicine II, Munich, Germany
| | - Derya Kabacaoglu
- Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Department of Internal Medicine II, Munich, Germany
| | - Sebastian Lange
- Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Department of Internal Medicine II, Munich, Germany; Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Institute of Molecular Oncology and Functional Genomics, Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas Engleitner
- Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Department of Internal Medicine II, Munich, Germany; Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Institute of Molecular Oncology and Functional Genomics, Munich, Germany
| | - Daniel Hartmann
- Technical University Munich, School of Medicine, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Department of Surgery, Munich, Germany
| | - Norbert Hüser
- Technical University Munich, School of Medicine, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Department of Surgery, Munich, Germany
| | - Katja Steiger
- Technical University Munich, School of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Munich, Germany
| | - Roland M Schmid
- Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Department of Internal Medicine II, Munich, Germany
| | - Bernhard Holzmann
- Technical University Munich, School of Medicine, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Department of Surgery, Munich, Germany
| | - Guido von Figura
- Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Department of Internal Medicine II, Munich, Germany.
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15
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Kerage D, Sloan EK, Mattarollo SR, McCombe PA. Interaction of neurotransmitters and neurochemicals with lymphocytes. J Neuroimmunol 2019; 332:99-111. [PMID: 30999218 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2019.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Neurotransmitters and neurochemicals can act on lymphocytes by binding to receptors expressed by lymphocytes. This review describes lymphocyte expression of receptors for a selection of neurotransmitters and neurochemicals, the anatomical locations where lymphocytes can interact with neurotransmitters, and the effects of the neurotransmitters on lymphocyte function. Implications for health and disease are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Kerage
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Brisbane, Australia; Transplant Research Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Erica K Sloan
- Drug Discovery Biology Theme, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Division of Surgery, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; Cousins Center for Neuroimmunology, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California Los Angeles, USA
| | | | - Pamela A McCombe
- The University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, Australia; Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Herston, Brisbane, Australia.
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16
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Inoue T, Ito Y, Nishizawa N, Eshima K, Kojo K, Otaka F, Betto T, Yamane S, Tsujikawa K, Koizumi W, Majima M. RAMP1 in Kupffer cells is a critical regulator in immune-mediated hepatitis. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0200432. [PMID: 30462657 PMCID: PMC6248891 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0200432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The significance of the relationship between the nervous and immune systems with respect to disease course is increasingly apparent. Immune cells in the liver and spleen are responsible for the development of acute liver injury, yet the regulatory mechanisms of the interactions remain elusive. Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), which is released from the sensory nervous system, regulates innate immune activation via receptor activity-modifying protein 1 (RAMP1), a subunit of the CGRP receptor. Here, we show that RAMP1 in Kupffer cells (KCs) plays a critical role in the etiology of immune-mediated hepatitis. RAMP1-deficient mice with concanavalin A (ConA)-mediated hepatitis, characterized by severe liver injury accompanied by infiltration of immune cells and increased secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines by KCs and splenic T cells, showed poor survival. Removing KCs ameliorated liver damage, while depleting T cells or splenectomy led to partial amelioration. Adoptive transfer of splenic T cells from RAMP1-deficient mice led to a modest increase in liver injury. Co-culture of KCs with splenic T cells led to increased cytokine expression by both cells in a RAMP1-dependent manner. Thus, immune-mediated hepatitis develops via crosstalk between immune cells. RAMP1 in KCs is a key regulator of immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoyoshi Inoue
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kitasato University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
- Department of Pharmacology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yoshiya Ito
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kitasato University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
- Department of Pharmacology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Nishizawa
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kitasato University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
- Department of Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Koji Eshima
- Department of Immunology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Ken Kojo
- Department of Immunology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Fumisato Otaka
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kitasato University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
- Department of Pharmacology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Betto
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kitasato University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
- Department of Pharmacology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Sakiko Yamane
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kitasato University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
- Department of Pharmacology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kazutake Tsujikawa
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Wasaburo Koizumi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Masataka Majima
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kitasato University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
- Department of Pharmacology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
- * E-mail:
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17
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Ehrlich L, Scrushy M, Meng F, Lairmore TC, Alpini G, Glaser S. Biliary epithelium: A neuroendocrine compartment in cholestatic liver disease. Clin Res Hepatol Gastroenterol 2018; 42:296-305. [PMID: 29678444 PMCID: PMC6129425 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinre.2018.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2017] [Revised: 03/04/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Hepatic fibrosis is characterized by abnormal accumulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) that can lead to ductopenia, cirrhosis, and even malignant transformation. In this review, we examine cholestatic liver diseases characterized by extensive biliary fibrosis such as primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC), primary biliary cholangitis (PBC), polycystic liver disease (PLD), and MDR2-/- and BDL mouse models. Following biliary injury, cholangiocytes, the epithelial cells that line the bile ducts, become reactive and adopt a neuroendocrine phenotype in which they secrete and respond to neurohormones and neuropeptides in an autocrine and paracrine fashion. Emerging evidence indicates that cholangiocytes influence and respond to changes in the ECM and stromal cells in the microenvironment. For example, activated myofibroblasts and hepatic stellate cells are major drivers of collagen deposition and biliary fibrosis. Additionally, the liver is richly innervated with adrenergic, cholinergic, and peptidergic fibers that release neurohormones and peptides to maintain homeostasis and can be deranged in disease states. This review summarizes how cholangiocytes interact with their surrounding environment, with particular focus on how autonomic and sensory regulation affects fibrotic pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Ehrlich
- Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M University, College of Medicine, Temple, TX 76504, United States
| | - Marinda Scrushy
- Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M University, College of Medicine, Temple, TX 76504, United States
| | - Fanyin Meng
- Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, College of Medicine, Temple, TX 76504, United States; Baylor Scott & White Digestive Disease Research Center, Baylor Scott & White, Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, TX 76504, United States
| | - Terry C Lairmore
- Department of Surgery, Baylor Scott & White Health and Texas A&M University, College of Medicine, Temple, TX 76504, United States
| | - Gianfranco Alpini
- Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, College of Medicine, Temple, TX 76504, United States; Baylor Scott & White Digestive Disease Research Center, Baylor Scott & White, Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, TX 76504, United States; Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M University, College of Medicine, Temple, TX 76504, United States
| | - Shannon Glaser
- Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, College of Medicine, Temple, TX 76504, United States; Baylor Scott & White Digestive Disease Research Center, Baylor Scott & White, Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, TX 76504, United States; Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M University, College of Medicine, Temple, TX 76504, United States.
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18
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Genetic ablation of TRPV1 exacerbates pressure overload-induced cardiac hypertrophy. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 99:261-270. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.01.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Revised: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
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19
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Fischer MJM, Schmidt J, Koulchitsky S, Klussmann S, Vater A, Messlinger K. Effect of a calcitonin gene-related peptide-binding L-RNA aptamer on neuronal activity in the rat spinal trigeminal nucleus. J Headache Pain 2018; 19:3. [PMID: 29335794 PMCID: PMC5768576 DOI: 10.1186/s10194-018-0832-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) plays a major role in the pathogenesis of migraine and other primary headaches. Spinal trigeminal neurons integrate nociceptive afferent input from trigeminal tissues including intracranial afferents, and their activity is thought to reflect facial pain and headache in man. CGRP receptor inhibitors and anti-CGRP antibodies have been demonstrated to be therapeutically effective in migraine. In parallel, CGRP receptor inhibition has been shown to lower spinal trigeminal neuron activity in animal models of meningeal nociception. Methods In a rat model of meningeal nociception, single cell activity of neurons in the spinal trigeminal nucleus with meningeal afferent input was recorded to test a further pharmacological approach, scavenging CGRP with a CGRP-binding l-RNA oligonucleotide, the l-aptamer NOX-C89. Cumulative ascending doses of NOX-C89 were intravenously infused. Results Spontaneous activity of spinal trigeminal neurons did not change after 0.05 mg/kg NOX-C89, however, after additional infusion of 0.5 mg/kg and 5 mg/kg NOX-C89, spontaneous activity was dose-dependently reduced. Identical doses of a control l-aptamer had no effect. This pharmacological effect of NOX-C89 was observed 10–25 min after infusion, but no difference was detected in the period 0–5 min. For comparison, the previously investigated CGRP receptor antagonist olcegepant had reduced activity within 5 min after infusion. Alongside the reduced spontaneous activity, after infusion of NOX-C89 the heat-induced neuronal activity was abolished. Conclusions Scavenging CGRP by mirror-image RNA aptamers provides further evidence that this approach can be used to control spinal trigeminal activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J M Fischer
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Universitätstrasse 17, D-91054, Erlangen, Germany.,Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jakob Schmidt
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Universitätstrasse 17, D-91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Stanislav Koulchitsky
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Universitätstrasse 17, D-91054, Erlangen, Germany.,Department of Pharmacology, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | | | | | - Karl Messlinger
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Universitätstrasse 17, D-91054, Erlangen, Germany.
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20
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Calcitonin gene‑related peptide reduces Porphyromonas gingivalis LPS‑induced TNF‑α release and apoptosis in osteoblasts. Mol Med Rep 2017; 17:3246-3254. [PMID: 29257246 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.8205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Periodontal diseases comprise mixed bacterial infections mainly caused by Gram‑negative anaerobic bacteria. Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) are important virulence factors and periodontal pathogens, which change local cytokine levels and promote osteoblast apoptosis, thereby leading to an imbalance in bone remodeling mechanisms and accelerating bone loss. Calcitonin gene‑related peptide (CGRP) is a vasoactive neuropeptide that is released from sensory nerves and has a positive effect on osteoblast proliferation and differentiation. In addition, this small molecule peptide is an important immune regulator in the inflammatory response. The aim of the present study was to assess the in vitro effects of CGRP on Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg)LPS‑induced osteoblast apoptosis. Osteoblast cultures were stimulated either with various concentrations of PgLPS (0, 25, 50, 100, 500 and 1,000 ng/ml) for 48 h or with 500 ng/ml PgLPS for various lengths of time (0, 6, 12, 24, 48 and 72 h). The PgLPS‑stimulated cells were pretreated with different concentrations of CGRP (0, 1, 10, 100 and 1,000 nM) and cell viability and apoptotic rates were measured by Cell Counting kit‑8 assays and flow cytometry, respectively. CGRP, cleaved (c)‑Caspase‑8 and c‑Caspase‑3 protein expression levels were analyzed by western blotting. Changes in cytokine expression levels, which included tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‑α, interleukin (IL)‑1β, IL‑6, monocyte chemotactic protein (MCP)‑1 and MCP‑2, were measured by ELISA. PgLPS was demonstrated to inhibit osteoblast viability and promote apoptosis in a time‑ and concentration‑dependent manner. CGRP expression was revealed to reduce PgLPS‑induced cytostatic activity and apoptosis in osteoblasts. CGRP also suppressed the PgLPS‑induced release of TNF‑α and inhibited the activation of c‑Caspase‑3 and c‑Caspase‑8, thus preventing apoptosis in osteoblasts. CGRP may be an important neuropeptide in bone remodeling and may reduce osteoblast apoptosis in inflammatory conditions. These results may provide a solid foundation for CGRP to serve as a new target for the treatment of periodontitis.
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21
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Dang HX, Li J, Liu C, Fu Y, Zhou F, Tang L, Li L, Xu F. CGRP attenuates hyperoxia-induced oxidative stress-related injury to alveolar epithelial type II cells via the activation of the Sonic hedgehog pathway. Int J Mol Med 2017; 40:209-216. [PMID: 28560441 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2017.3002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine the effect of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) on primary alveolar epithelial type II (AECII) cells and expression of Sonic hedgehog (SHH) signaling pathway components following exposure to hyperoxia. The AECII cells were isolated and purified from premature rats and exposed to air (21% oxygen), air + CGRP, hyperoxia (95% oxygen) or hyperoxia + CGRP. The production of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) was determined using the 2',7'-dichlorofluorescin diacetate molecular probe. The levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) in the culture supernatant were detected by spectrophotometry. The apoptosis of AECII cells was assayed by flow cytometry, and the mRNA and protein expression levels of Shh and Ptc1 in the AECII cells were detected by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), western blot analysis and immunofluorescence, respectively. The cellular pathological changes partly improved and apoptosis was markedly decreased upon treatment with CGRP under hyperoxic conditions. The levels of ROS in the hyperoxia + CGRP group were significantly lower than thoe in the hyperoxia group. In addition, the hyperoxia-induced increase in MDA levels and the decrease in SOD activity in the culture supernatant of the AECII cells were attenuated by CGRP. Compared with the cells exposed to air, hyperoxia markedly inhibited the mRNA and protein expression levels of Shh and Ptc1 in the AECII cells; however, this inhibition was partly attenuated by treatment with CGRP. On the whole, our data suggest that CGRP can partly protect AECII cells from hyperoxia-induced injury, and the upregulation of CGRP may be a potential therapeutic approach with which to combat hyperoxia-induced lung injury, which may be associated with the activation of the SHH signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Xing Dang
- Department of PICU, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing 400014, P.R. China
| | - Jing Li
- Department of PICU, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing 400014, P.R. China
| | - Chengjun Liu
- Department of PICU, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing 400014, P.R. China
| | - Yueqiang Fu
- Department of PICU, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing 400014, P.R. China
| | - Fang Zhou
- Department of PICU, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing 400014, P.R. China
| | - Lei Tang
- Department of PICU, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing 400014, P.R. China
| | - Long Li
- Department of PICU, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing 400014, P.R. China
| | - Feng Xu
- Department of PICU, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing 400014, P.R. China
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Morara S, Colangelo AM, Provini L. Microglia-Induced Maladaptive Plasticity Can Be Modulated by Neuropeptides In Vivo. Neural Plast 2015; 2015:135342. [PMID: 26273481 PMCID: PMC4529944 DOI: 10.1155/2015/135342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 06/25/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglia-induced maladaptive plasticity is being recognized as a major cause of deleterious self-sustaining pathological processes that occur in neurodegenerative and neuroinflammatory diseases. Microglia, the primary homeostatic guardian of the central nervous system, exert critical functions both during development, in neural circuit reshaping, and during adult life, in the brain physiological and pathological surveillance. This delicate critical role can be disrupted by neural, but also peripheral, noxious stimuli that can prime microglia to become overreactive to a second noxious stimulus or worsen underlying pathological processes. Among regulators of microglia, neuropeptides can play a major role. Their receptors are widely expressed in microglial cells and neuropeptide challenge can potently influence microglial activity in vitro. More relevantly, this regulator activity has been assessed also in vivo, in experimental models of brain diseases. Neuropeptide action in the central nervous system has been associated with beneficial effects in neurodegenerative and neuroinflammatory pathological experimental models. This review describes some of the mechanisms of the microglia maladaptive plasticity in vivo and how neuropeptide activity can represent a useful therapeutical target in a variety of human brain pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Morara
- Neuroscience Institute (CNR), Via Vanvitelli 32, 20129 Milano, Italy
- Department of BIOMETRA, University of Milano, Via Vanvitelli 32, 20129 Milano, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Colangelo
- Laboratory of Neuroscience “R. Levi-Montalcini”, Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2, 20126 Milano, Italy
- SYSBIO Centre of Systems Biology, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2, 20126 Milano, Italy
- NeuroMI Milan Center for Neuroscience, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milano, Italy
| | - Luciano Provini
- Department of BIOMETRA, University of Milano, Via Vanvitelli 32, 20129 Milano, Italy
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Gottschalk PCH. Telcagepant—almost gone, but not to be forgotten (invited editorial related to Ho et al., 2015). Cephalalgia 2015; 36:103-5. [DOI: 10.1177/0333102415584311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Yang W, Xv M, Yang WC, Wang N, Zhang XZ, Li WZ. Exogenous α-calcitonin gene-related peptide attenuates lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury in rats. Mol Med Rep 2015; 12:2181-8. [PMID: 25892548 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.3620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2014] [Accepted: 10/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
α-Calcitonin gene-related peptide (α-CGRP) is a 37 amino-acid neuropeptide that is primarily released from C-type sensory neurons. α-CGRP exerts multiple modulatory effects on immune responses and visceral organ function, but the role of exogenous α-CGRP in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced acute lung injury (ALI) has remained to be elucidated. Forty-eight rats were randomized to receive continuous intraperitoneal infusion of α-CGRP (0.4 μg/kg/min) or normal saline for 30 min, followed by intratracheal injection of 0.5 mg/kg LPS or saline. There were four groups of animals: The saline-saline (S-S) group; the saline-α-CGRP (S-C) group; the LPS-saline (L-S) group and the LPS-α-CGRP (L-C) group. Mean arterial pressure and arterial blood gases were assessed prior to α-CGRP and LPS administration and every hour following LPS treatment. After 4 h, bronchoalveolar lavage was performed and used to assess total cell count and levels of tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1β, intracellular cell adhesion molecule 1 and macrophage inflammatory protein 2. Lung tissue was also collected for assessing wet-to-dry (W/D) ratio, histology and Evans blue (EB) dye extravasation. Pulmonary α-CGRP concentration and α-CGRP receptor expression were also examined, and inducible cyclic adenosine monophosphate early repressor (ICER) and TNF-α mRNA expression levels were measured. Treatment with exogenous α-CGRP improved oxygenation during LPS-induced ALI. Correspondingly, histological injury, total cell count, inflammatory cytokine levels, W/D ratio and EB dye extravasation were also significantly reduced. α-CGRP receptor 1 expression was noted in pulmonary endothelial cells and alveolar macrophages and α-CGRP receptor expression levels were decreased during ALI, whereas pulmonary α-CGRP expression was continuously increased. Furthermore, exogenous α-CGRP induced upregulation of ICER during LPS-induced ALI. In conclusion, exogenous α-CGRP improved oxygenation and ameliorated lung damage in LPS-induced ALI, and these effects were associated with the upregulation of ICER.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, P.R. China
| | - Meng Xv
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, P.R. China
| | - Wan Chao Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, P.R. China
| | - Nan Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, P.R. China
| | - Xue Zhong Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, P.R. China
| | - Wen Zhi Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, P.R. China
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Kandilis AN, Papadopoulou IP, Koskinas J, Sotiropoulos G, Tiniakos DG. Liver innervation and hepatic function: new insights. J Surg Res 2015; 194:511-519. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2014.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2014] [Revised: 11/04/2014] [Accepted: 12/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Baliu-Piqué M, Jusek G, Holzmann B. Neuroimmunological communication via CGRP promotes the development of a regulatory phenotype in TLR4-stimulated macrophages. Eur J Immunol 2014; 44:3708-16. [PMID: 25316186 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201444553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2014] [Revised: 09/04/2014] [Accepted: 10/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Environmental signals shape the phenotype and function of activated macrophages. Here, we show that the neuropeptide calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), which is released from sensory nerves, modulates the phenotype of TLR4-activated murine macrophages by enhancing expression of the regulatory macrophage markers IL-10, sphingosine kinase 1 (SPHK1), and LIGHT (lymphotoxin-like, exhibits inducible expression and competes with HSV glycoprotein D for herpesvirus entry mediator, a receptor expressed by T lymphocytes). In contrast, CGRP inhibits production of cytokines characteristic of inflammatory macrophages and does not affect expression of wound-healing macrophage markers upon TLR4 engagement. In IL-4-stimulated macrophages, CGRP increased LIGHT expression, but failed to induce IL-10 and SPHK1. The stimulatory effect of CGRP on IL-10 production required activation of protein kinase A and was linked to prolonged phosphorylation of CREB and sustained nuclear accumulation of CRTC2 and CRTC3 (where CRTC is CREB-regulated transcriptional cofactor). CGRP enhanced expression of regulatory macrophage markers during the early, but not late, phase of LPS-stimulation and this effect was independent of autocrine type-I IFN activity. In contrast, autocrine type-I IFN activity and treatment of macrophages with IFN-β promoted late-phase IL-10 production, but had only minor influence on LIGHT and SPHK1 expression. Together, the results identify neuroimmunological communication through CGRP as a novel costimulatory pathway promoting the development of a regulatory phenotype of TLR4-stimulated macrophages. CGRP appears to act through a mechanism that involves sustained activation of CREB-dependent gene transcription.
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Sardi C, Zambusi L, Finardi A, Ruffini F, Tolun AA, Dickerson IM, Righi M, Zacchetti D, Grohovaz F, Provini L, Furlan R, Morara S. Involvement of calcitonin gene-related peptide and receptor component protein in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Neuroimmunol 2014; 271:18-29. [PMID: 24746422 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2014.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2013] [Revised: 03/02/2014] [Accepted: 03/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide (CGRP) inhibits microglia inflammatory activation in vitro. We here analyzed the involvement of CGRP and Receptor Component Protein (RCP) in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Alpha-CGRP deficiency increased EAE scores which followed the scale alpha-CGRP null>heterozygote>wild type. In wild type mice, CGRP delivery into the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) 1) reduced chronic EAE (C-EAE) signs, 2) inhibited microglia activation (revealed by quantitative shape analysis), and 3) did not alter GFAP expression, cell density, lymphocyte infiltration, and peripheral lymphocyte production of IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha, IL-17, IL-2, and IL-4. RCP (probe for receptor involvement) was expressed in white matter microglia, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and vascular-endothelial cells: in EAE, also in infiltrating lymphocytes. In relapsing-remitting EAE (R-EAE) RCP increased during relapse, without correlation with lymphocyte density. RCP nuclear localization (stimulated by CGRP in vitro) was I) increased in microglia and decreased in astrocytes (R-EAE), and II) increased in microglia by CGRP CSF delivery (C-EAE). Calcitonin like receptor was rarely localized in nuclei of control and relapse mice. CGRP increased in motoneurons. In conclusion, CGRP can inhibit microglia activation in vivo in EAE. CGRP and its receptor may represent novel protective factors in EAE, apparently acting through the differential cell-specific intracellular translocation of RCP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Sardi
- Neuroscience Institute, C.N.R., Via Vanvitelli 32, 20129 Milano, Italy
| | - Laura Zambusi
- Neuroscience Institute, C.N.R., Via Vanvitelli 32, 20129 Milano, Italy; Dept. of Medical Biotechnol. Translational Medicine, University of Milano, Via Vanvitelli 32, 20129 Milano, Italy
| | - Annamaria Finardi
- Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 60, 20132 Milano, Italy
| | - Francesca Ruffini
- Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 60, 20132 Milano, Italy
| | - Adviye A Tolun
- Dept. of Biochem. Mol. Biol., University of Miami, Miami, FL 33101, USA
| | - Ian M Dickerson
- Dept. of Neurobiol. Anatomy, University of Rochester, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Box 603, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Marco Righi
- Neuroscience Institute, C.N.R., Via Vanvitelli 32, 20129 Milano, Italy; Dept. of Medical Biotechnol. Translational Medicine, University of Milano, Via Vanvitelli 32, 20129 Milano, Italy
| | - Daniele Zacchetti
- Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 60, 20132 Milano, Italy
| | - Fabio Grohovaz
- Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 60, 20132 Milano, Italy; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Via Olgettina 58, 20132 Milano, Italy
| | - Luciano Provini
- Dept. of Pharmacol. Biomol. Sci., University of Milano, Via Trentacoste 2, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Roberto Furlan
- Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 60, 20132 Milano, Italy
| | - Stefano Morara
- Neuroscience Institute, C.N.R., Via Vanvitelli 32, 20129 Milano, Italy; Dept. of Medical Biotechnol. Translational Medicine, University of Milano, Via Vanvitelli 32, 20129 Milano, Italy.
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Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide Targeted Immunotherapy for Migraine: Progress and Challenges in Treating Headache. BioDrugs 2014; 28:237-44. [DOI: 10.1007/s40259-014-0083-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Lee JK, Jung JS, Park SH, Sim YB, Suh HW. Deficiency of alpha-calcitonin gene-related peptide induces inflammatory responses and lethality in sepsis. Cytokine 2013; 64:548-54. [PMID: 24021706 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2013.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2013] [Revised: 07/08/2013] [Accepted: 07/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, we examined the role of alpha-calcitonin gene-related peptide (αCGRP) on expression of neuropeptides in the brain, inflammatory responses, and survival rate in septic shock condition. We examined expression of neuropeptides such as αCGRP, proopiomelanocortin (POMC), corticotrophin releasing hormone (CRH), and proenkephalin (ProENK) in the hippocampus and hypothalamus in C57BL/6 (WT) or αCGRP-/- (KO) mice subjected to sepsis. Cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) or lipopolysaccharide/D-galactosamine (LPS/D-GalN) treatment showed significant increases of hippocampal and hypothalamic αCGRP, POMC, CRH, and ProENK mRNA levels in WT mice, but not ProENK mRNA in the hypothalamus at 6h after on-set of sepsis. However, enhanced mRNA levels of POMC, CRH, and ProENK genes were not increased in the hippocampus and hypothalamus of CLP-subjected KO mice at 6h following sepsis. KO mice treated with LPS/D-GalN displayed a significant enhancement of plasma corticosterone, aspartate aminotransferase, and alanine aminotransferase levels compared to LPS/D-GalN treated WT mice at 12h after induction of sepsis. In addition, plasma levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-1β and TNF-α, were also further increased in KO mice compared to WT mice at 24h after CLP or LPS/D-GalN treatment. Interestingly, mRNA expressions of IL-6 and IL-10, anti-inflammatory cytokines, were synergistically enhanced in liver and lymph node of KO mice compared to WT mice at 6h after CLP. However, plasma level of IL-10 but not IL-6 was significantly decreased in KO mice compared to WT mice at 24h after CLP or LPS/D-GalN challenge. The survival rate of KO mice was significantly reduced compared to WT mice following mild (1 punch) and moderate (2 punch) CLP and LPS/D-GalN administration. Taken together, our findings suggest that the activation of αCGRP may induce other neuropeptides associated with immunomodulation at CNS level and modulate immune responses as enhancing anti-inflammatory cytokines and reducing pro-inflammatory cytokines during the sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Koo Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Institute of Bio-Science Technology, Dankook University, Cheonan 330-714, Republic of Korea; Translational Research Center, Institute of Bio-Science Technology, Dankook University, Cheonan 330-714, Republic of Korea
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Fehér E, Pongor É, Altdorfer K, Kóbori L, Lengyel G. Neuroimmunomodulation in human autoimmune liver disease. Cell Tissue Res 2013; 354:543-50. [PMID: 23881405 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-013-1683-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2013] [Accepted: 06/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Bidirectional interaction between immune and nervous systems is considered an important biological process in health and disease. However, little is known about the mechanisms involved in their interaction in the human liver. This study examines the distribution of intrahepatic NPY, SP immunoreactive (IR) nerve fibers and their antomical relationship with immunocells containing tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) in patients with autoimmune hepatitis. Liver specimens were obtained from control liver and autoimmune hepatitis patients. The immunoreactivity was determined by immunohisto- and immunocytochemistry and confocal laser microscopy. In hepatitis, the number of NPY-IR and SP-IR nerve fibers increased significantly. These IR nerve fibers were in very close contact with the lymphocytes. In healthy controls, no NPY-IR, SP-IR or NF-κB IR lymphocytes and only a few TNF-α positive cells, were observed. In hepatitis, some of the lymphocytes showed immunoreactivity for SP and NPY in the portal area. Fluorescent double-labeled immunostaining revealed that in these cells NPY did not colocalize with TNF-α or NF-κB. However, some of the SP fluorescence-positive immune cells exhibited immunostaining for p65 of NF-κB, where their labeling was detected in the nuclei. Under the electronmicroscope, these cells could be identified (lymphocytes, plasmacells and mast cells). The gap between the IR nerve fibers and immunocells was 1 μm or even less. Overexpression of SP in lymphocytes may amplify local inflammation, while NPY may contribute to liver homeostasis in hepatitis. Neural immunomodulation (SP antagonists and NPY) might be a novel therapeutic concept in the management of liver inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erzsébet Fehér
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary,
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Li FJ, Zou YY, Cui Y, Yin Y, Guo G, Lu FG. Calcitonin gene-related peptide is a promising marker in ulcerative colitis. Dig Dis Sci 2013; 58:686-93. [PMID: 23010746 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-012-2406-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2011] [Accepted: 09/06/2012] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Assessment of the severity and extent of disease activity continues to present challenges for physicians in the treatment of ulcerative colitis. Standard markers that can objectively reflect disease activity are useful for physicians to both evaluate the course of ulcerative colitis and monitor the effectiveness of therapy for any given patient. AIMS We hypothesize that calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) can reflect the activity and severity of ulcerative colitis and be used as a marker to assess the effectiveness of various therapies. METHODS We examined the expression levels of CGRP by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and semi-quantitative immunohistochemisty in mucosal biopsies from 38 patients with UC and 18 controls. Levels of CGRP mRNA and protein expression were compared between patients and controls with the clinical activity index (CAI) and the endoscopic activity index (EAI) for various levels of UC severity. RESULTS Our results showed that the levels of CGRP mRNA and protein expression were significantly reduced in UC patients compared to controls. This effect was more pronounced in patients with more severe cases of UC. There is a statistically significant negative correlation between levels of CGRP mRNA expression and CAI/EAI scores. A statistically significant negative correlation was also found between levels of CGRP protein expression and CAI/EAI scores. Overall, high CAI and EAI scores were accompanied by low CGRP mRNA and protein expression levels. CONCLUSION Levels of CGRP protein and mRNA expression in the colonic mucosa of patients are closely associated with UC severity and corroborate traditional indices used to assess the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fu-Jun Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, 2nd Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
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Dang H, Yang L, Wang S, Fang F, Xu F. Calcitonin gene-related peptide ameliorates hyperoxia-induced lung injury in neonatal rats. TOHOKU J EXP MED 2013; 227:129-38. [PMID: 22706400 DOI: 10.1620/tjem.227.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Therapies with prolonged exposure to high-concentration oxygen are common in the treatment of critical pulmonary and cardiac conditions in newborns. However, prolonged exposure to hyperoxia could result in lung damages and developmental disorders manifested as acute lung injury and bronchopulmonary dysplasia, respectively. Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) has been shown to have a broad regulatory effect on the respiratory system. In this study, we explored the protective effects of CGRP on the hyperoxia-induced lung damage. Newborn Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into three groups: normoxia, hyperoxia, and hyperoxia with CGRP. Hyperoxia groups were exposed to 95% oxygen for 14 days and treated once every other day with saline or CGRP. Hyperoxia exposure reduced the survival rate to 73%, when compared with the 93% survival rate observed in the normoxia group. The survival rate was improved to 84% with CGRP treatment. Treatment with CGRP under hyperoxia significantly alleviated the hyperoxia-induced lung histomorphological changes and the increases in leukocyte counts and total protein levels in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid that reflect the pulmonary microvasular damages. CGRP treatment also restored the decreased activity of superoxide dismutase, while it decreased the increased level of malondialdehyde in the lung tissues. Importantly, CGRP treatment significantly decreased the magnitude of the hyperoxia-mediated increase in the expression levels of tumor necrosis factor-α mRNA and transforming growth factor-β 1 protein. In conclusion, the hyperoxia-induced acute lung injury is associated with both oxidative stress and inflammatory responses, and CGRP may ameliorate the hyperoxia-induced lung injury by down-regulating these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxing Dang
- Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Yu Zhong District, Chongqing, P.R. China
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Hirsch S, Corradini L, Just S, Arndt K, Doods H. The CGRP receptor antagonist BIBN4096BS peripherally alleviates inflammatory pain in rats. Pain 2013; 154:700-707. [PMID: 23473785 DOI: 10.1016/j.pain.2013.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2012] [Revised: 12/21/2012] [Accepted: 01/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) is known to play a major role in the pathogenesis of pain syndromes, in particular migraine pain. Here we focus on its implication in a rat pain model of inflammation, induced by injection of complete Freund adjuvant (CFA). The nonpeptide CGRP receptor antagonist BIBN4096BS reduces migraine pain and trigeminal neuronal activity. Here we demonstrate that the compound reduces inflammatory pain and spinal neuronal activity. Behavioural experiments reveal a reversal of the CFA-induced mechanical hypersensitivity and monoiodoacetate (MIA)-induced weight-bearing deficit in rats after systemic drug administration. To further investigate the mechanism of action of the CGRP antagonist in inflammatory pain, in vivo electrophysiological studies were performed in CFA-injected rats. Recordings from wide dynamic range neurons in deep dorsal horn layers of the lumbar spinal cord confirmed a reduction of neuronal activity after systemic drug application. The same amount of reduction occurred after topical administration onto the paw, with resulting systemic plasma concentrations in the low nanomolar range. However, spinal administration of BIBN4096BS did not modify the neuronal activity in the CFA model. Peripheral blockade of CGRP receptors by BIBN4096BS significantly alleviates inflammatory pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silke Hirsch
- Department of CNS Diseases Research, Birkendorfer Strasse 65, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co KG, 88397 Biberach, Germany
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Mizutani T, Yokoyama Y, Kokuryo T, Kawai K, Miyake T, Nagino M. Calcitonin gene-related peptide regulates the early phase of liver regeneration. J Surg Res 2012; 183:138-45. [PMID: 23218524 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2012.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2012] [Revised: 09/24/2012] [Accepted: 11/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the expression of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and its role in the liver regeneration process after 70% hepatectomy (Hx). MATERIALS AND METHODS Wistar rats were divided into eight groups based on time after Hx. Remnant liver samples were collected serially 0 h, 1 h, 6 h, 12 h, 1 d, 2 d, 7 d, and 14 d after Hx (n = 6 for each time point). The expression level of the calcitonin/CGRP gene in the remnant liver was measured. Western bolts and immunohistochemistry were performed to determine the levels of CGRP in the regenerating liver. Furthermore, CGRP8-37 (a CGRP receptor antagonist) was used to examine the role of CGRP during liver regeneration. RESULTS A marked upregulation of the calcitonin/CGRP gene was observed immediately after Hx, and the protein levels of CGRP in the liver, which were measured by western blot and immunohistochemistry, also rapidly increased after Hx. The liver regeneration rate was significantly attenuated by an administration of CGRP8-37 2 d after Hx. The mitotic index was evaluated by histologic examination 1 and 2 d after Hx and was also significantly lower in the CGRP8-37 group. In addition, CGRP8-37 treatment inhibited the phosphorylation of extracellular-signal regulated kinase 1/2. The levels of early response genes, such as c-fos, c-jun, and c-myc, were also downregulated by CGRP8-37. CONCLUSION The calcitonin/CGRP gene may have an important role in the early phase of liver regeneration after Hx.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsushi Mizutani
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
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Cieśla A, Kuśmider M, Faron-Górecka A, Dziedzicka-Wasylewska M, Bociąga-Jasik M, Owczarek D, Ciećko-Michalska I, Cibor D, Mach T. Intrahepatic expression of genes related to metabotropic receptors in chronic hepatitis. World J Gastroenterol 2012; 18:4156-61. [PMID: 22919248 PMCID: PMC3422796 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v18.i31.4156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2011] [Revised: 04/23/2012] [Accepted: 04/27/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To screen for genes related to metabotropic receptors that might be involved in the development of chronic hepatitis.
METHODS: Assessment of 20 genes associated with metabotropic receptors was performed in liver specimens obtained by punch biopsy from 12 patients with autoimmune and chronic hepatitis type B and C. For this purpose, a microarray with low integrity grade and with oligonucleotide DNA probes complementary to target transcripts was used. Evaluation of gene expression was performed in relation to transcript level, correlation between samples and grouping of clinical parameters used in chronic hepatitis assessment. Clinical markers of chronic hepatitis included alanine and aspartate aminotransferase, γ-glutamyltranspeptidase, alkaline phosphatase and cholinesterase activity, levels of iron ions, total cholesterol, triglycerides, albumin, glucose, hemoglobin, platelets, histological analysis of inflammatory and necrotic status, fibrosis according to METAVIR score, steatosis, as well as anthropometric body mass index, waist/hip index, percentage of adipose tissue and liver size in ultrasound examination. Gender, age, concomitant diseases and drugs were also taken into account. Validation of oligonucleotide microarray gene expression results was done with the use of quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR).
RESULTS: The highest (0.002 < P < 0.046) expression among genes encoding main components of metabotropic receptor pathways, such as the α subunit of G-coupled protein, phosphoinositol-dependent protein kinase or arrestin was comparable to that of angiotensinogen synthesized in the liver. Carcinogenesis suppressor genes, such as chemokine ligand 4, transcription factor early growth response protein 1 and lysophosphatidic acid receptor, were characterized by the lowest expression (0.002 < P < 0.046), while the factor potentially triggering hepatic cancer, transcription factor JUN-B, had a 20-fold higher expression. The correlation between expression of genes of protein kinases PDPK1, phosphoinositide 3-kinase and protein kinase A (Spearman’s coefficient range: 0.762-0.769) confirmed a functional link between these enzymes. Gender (P = 0.0046) and inflammation severity, measured by alanine aminotransferase activity (P = 0.035), were characterized by diverse metabotropic receptor gene expression patterns. The Pearson’s coefficient ranging from -0.35 to 0.99 from the results of qRT-PCR and microarray indicated that qRT-PCR had certain limitations as a validation tool for oligonucleotide microarray studies.
CONCLUSION: A microarray-based analysis of hepatocyte metabotropic G-protein-related gene expression can reveal the molecular basis of chronic hepatitis.
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Gais P, Reim D, Jusek G, Rossmann-Bloeck T, Weighardt H, Pfeffer K, Altmayr F, Janssen KP, Holzmann B. Cutting edge: Divergent cell-specific functions of MyD88 for inflammatory responses and organ injury in septic peritonitis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 188:5833-7. [PMID: 22586041 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1200038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Although global MyD88 deficiency attenuates lethal inflammation in sepsis, cell-specific functions of MyD88 remain largely unknown. Using mice with selective expression of MyD88 in myeloid cells (Myd88(MYEL)), we show that, during polymicrobial septic peritonitis, both myeloid and nonmyeloid cells contribute to systemic inflammation, whereas myeloid cell MyD88 was sufficient to fully establish the peritoneal cytokine response. Importantly, Myd88(MYEL) mice developed markedly aggravated liver injury that was linked to impaired upregulation of cellular inhibitor of apoptosis protein 2 and an excessive production of TNF-α. Upregulation of inducible cAMP early repressor (ICER), a known transcriptional repressor of the Tnfa gene, was impaired in Myd88(MYEL) mice. Moreover, Myd88(MYEL) mice showed enhanced transcription of the Tnfa gene and an excessive production of CCL3, which is also negatively regulated by ICER, but they had normal levels of CXCL1, which is expressed in an ICER-independent manner. Together, these findings suggest a novel protective role for nonmyeloid cell MyD88 in attenuating liver injury during septic peritonitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Gais
- Chirurgische Klinik und Poliklinik, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany
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Jusek G, Reim D, Tsujikawa K, Holzmann B. Deficiency of the CGRP receptor component RAMP1 attenuates immunosuppression during the early phase of septic peritonitis. Immunobiology 2012; 217:761-7. [PMID: 22656887 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2012.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2012] [Accepted: 04/27/2012] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The neuropeptide CGRP contributes to the control of excessive cytokine production in endotoxemia models. However, the function of CGRP in sepsis caused by infection with viable pathogens is unknown. Here, we show that mice deficient for the CGRP receptor component RAMP1 have an improved anti-bacterial defense during the early, but not late, phase of polymicrobial septic peritonitis. The protective effect of Ramp1-deficiency was associated with reduced levels of IL-10 in plasma and peritoneal lavage fluid. Consistent with these findings, CGRP markedly increased IL-10 production of peritoneal and bone marrow-derived macrophages in response to short term stimulation with LPS in vitro. In addition, the lack of an intact CGRP receptor resulted in an increased recruitment and activation of neutrophils and caused an enhanced release of defensin-α1 in the peritoneal cavity. Considered together, our results identify the neuropeptide CGRP as a crucial immunosuppressive mediator impairing host defense during the early, but not late, phase of septic peritonitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Jusek
- Department of Surgery, Technical University Munich, Ismaninger Strasse 22, 81675 Munich, Germany
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Holzmann B. Modulation of immune responses by the neuropeptide CGRP. Amino Acids 2011; 45:1-7. [PMID: 22113645 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-011-1161-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2011] [Accepted: 11/14/2011] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The peripheral nervous system is connected with lymphoid organs through sensory nerves that mediate pain reflexes and may influence immune responses through the release of neuropeptides such as calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP). Local and systemic levels of CGRP increase rapidly during inflammatory responses. CGRP inhibits effector functions of various immune cells and dampens inflammation by distinct pathways involving the amplification of IL-10 production and/or the induction of the transcriptional repressor inducible cAMP early repressor (ICER). Thus, available evidence suggests that, in neuro-immunological interactions, CGRP mediates a potent peptidergic anti-inflammatory pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Holzmann
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675 München, Germany.
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Consonni A, Morara S, Codazzi F, Grohovaz F, Zacchetti D. Inhibition of lipopolysaccharide-induced microglia activation by calcitonin gene related peptide and adrenomedullin. Mol Cell Neurosci 2011; 48:151-60. [PMID: 21803157 PMCID: PMC3174421 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2011.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2011] [Revised: 07/13/2011] [Accepted: 07/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcitonin gene related peptide (CGRP) and adrenomedullin are potent biologically active peptides that have been proposed to play an important role in vascular and inflammatory diseases. Their function in the central nervous system is still unclear since they have been proposed as either pro-inflammatory or neuroprotective factors. We investigated the effects of the two peptides on astrocytes and microglia, cells of the central nervous system that exert a strong modulatory activity in the neuroinflammatory processes. In particular, we studied the ability of CGRP and adrenomedullin to modulate microglia activation, i.e. its competence of producing and releasing pro-inflammatory cytokines/chemokines that are known to play a crucial role in neuroinflammation. In this work we show that the two neuropeptides exert a potent inhibitory effect on lipopolysaccharide-induced microglia activation in vitro, with strong inhibition of the release of pro-inflammatory mediators (such as NO, cytokines and chemokines). Both CGRP and adrenomedullin are known to promote cAMP elevation, this second messenger cannot fully account for the observed inhibitory effects, thereby suggesting that other signaling pathways are involved. Interestingly, the inhibitory effect of CGRP and adrenomedullin appears to be stimulus specific, since direct activation with pro-inflammatory cytokines was not affected. Our findings clarify aspects of microglia activation, and contribute to the comprehension of the switch from reparative to detrimental function that occurs when glia is exposed to different conditions. Moreover, they draw the attention to potential targets for novel pharmacological intervention in pathologies characterized by glia activation and neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Consonni
- Division of Neuroscience, Cellular Neurophysiology Unit, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, via Olgettina 58, I-20132 Milano, Italy
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Liu XD, Zhang JJ, Wang Y, Yu LC. Inhibitory effects of calcitonin gene-related peptide on long-term potentiation induced in hippocampal slices of rats. Neurosci Lett 2011; 494:10-3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2011.02.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2010] [Revised: 12/30/2010] [Accepted: 02/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Fischer MJM. Calcitonin gene-related peptide receptor antagonists for migraine. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2010; 19:815-23. [PMID: 20482328 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.2010.490829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE OF THE FIELD Migraine is a highly prevalent disabling condition, and the current treatment options are not satisfactory. The role of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) in migraine pathophysiology is well established. CGRP receptor antagonists address this new target and have the potential to improve therapy for both responders and non-responders to previous options. AREAS COVERED IN THIS REVIEW This review describes CGRP, its receptors and their role in the pathophysiology of migraine. CGRP receptor antagonists are a recent development; all reported antagonists are reported in chronological order. The experimental evidence, as well as all clinical trials since the first proof-of-concept study in 2004, is discussed. WHAT THE READER WILL GAIN An overview of the CGRP system and why it provides an attractive drug target for headache. The main focus is on the currently presented CGRP receptor antagonists and clinical evidence for this new therapeutic option. TAKE HOME MESSAGE CGRP receptor antagonists will provide an additional and valuable therapeutic option for the treatment of headaches.
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