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Haga Y, Coates S, Ray R. Hepatitis C virus chronicity and oncogenic potential: Vaccine development progress. Mol Aspects Med 2024; 99:101305. [PMID: 39167987 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2024.101305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2024] [Revised: 08/01/2024] [Accepted: 08/15/2024] [Indexed: 08/23/2024]
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a major health problem worldwide. It can cause liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), making it a cause of morbidity from liver disease. Thus, there is an urgent need for a prophylactic HCV vaccine. Fortunately, modern medicine has transformed the therapy for HCV infection through development of direct-acting antiviral agents (DAAs), achieving high rates of sustained virologic response and giving significant relief from HCC and associated mortality, but unfortunately it fails to eradicate the risk of HCC, especially in HCV-cleared patients with already advanced liver disease. Additionally, DAA-cured patients do not develop sufficient antiviral immunity and are susceptible to reinfection. A comprehensive strategy to control HCV infection must include a vaccine development approach in which the host can develop humoral and cellular immunity to eradicate HCV successfully; however, this remains a challenge as HCV has developed systems to evade immune attacks from its host. This review highlights the current understanding of HCV's effect on liver disease and cancer progression, the nature of immune responses from cell populations interacting with HCV, and the current strategies for vaccine development. The information in this review will advance prophylactic intervention strategies for HCV infection, with the end goal being to prevent chronicity and subsequent liver disease leading to HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Haga
- Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University, Missouri, MO, 63104, USA
| | - Sydney Coates
- Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University, Missouri, MO, 63104, USA
| | - Ranjit Ray
- Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University, Missouri, MO, 63104, USA; Department Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Saint Louis University, Missouri, MO, 63104, USA.
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Arshad M, Noor N, Iqbal Z, Jaleel H. In silico analysis of missense SNPs in TNFR1a and their possible therapeutic or pathogenic role in immune diseases. Hum Immunol 2023; 84:609-617. [PMID: 37748952 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2023.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFa) is an inflammatory cytokine that is involved in the pathogenesis of various inflammatory disorders including rheumatoid arthritis. TNF-alpha receptor I (TNFR1a) is one of the receptors TNFa binds with for its activation. Any variation in this receptor might affect the role of TNFa in successive events. Amino acid residue substitutions might happen in TNFR1a through non-synonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms (nsSNPs) which may alter the functioning of TNFa, hence, identifying any such substitutions is of paramount significance. In this study, six nsSNPs at five different evolutionary conserved regions are predicted to be detrimental to the structure and/or function of TNFR1a by using numerous computational tools. Their 3D models are also proposed in this study. Besides, they were found to reduce the stability and affect the molecular mechanisms of this protein. Two contrasting possibilities might happen because of these substitutions. One, they might reduce the production of TNFa which is overexpressed in inflammatory diseases, hence can play therapeutic role in such diseases. Second, they might possibly hinder the apoptosis to occur which can effectuate the uncontrolled division of cells, hence can be pathogenic in diseases like cancer. Further investigations on these nsSNPs using animal models and at cellular level will open doors to understand the underlying mechanisms behind various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Arshad
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland.
| | - Nabeel Noor
- Shalamar Medical & Dental College, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Zunair Iqbal
- Shalamar Medical & Dental College, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Hadiqa Jaleel
- Department of Research & Innovation, Shalamar Institute of Health Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
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Mertowska P, Smolak K, Mertowski S, Grywalska E. Immunomodulatory Role of Interferons in Viral and Bacterial Infections. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10115. [PMID: 37373262 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241210115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Interferons are a group of immunomodulatory substances produced by the human immune system in response to the presence of pathogens, especially during viral and bacterial infections. Their remarkably diverse mechanisms of action help the immune system fight infections by activating hundreds of genes involved in signal transduction pathways. In this review, we focus on discussing the interplay between the IFN system and seven medically important and challenging viruses (herpes simplex virus (HSV), influenza, hepatitis C virus (HCV), lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), and SARS-CoV coronavirus) to highlight the diversity of viral strategies. In addition, the available data also suggest that IFNs play an important role in the course of bacterial infections. Research is currently underway to identify and elucidate the exact role of specific genes and effector pathways in generating the antimicrobial response mediated by IFNs. Despite the numerous studies on the role of interferons in antimicrobial responses, many interdisciplinary studies are still needed to understand and optimize their use in personalized therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Mertowska
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Konrad Smolak
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Sebastian Mertowski
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Ewelina Grywalska
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
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Saavedra-Chacón MF, Navas MC, Suárez-Díaz N, Uribe-Delgado JR. Susceptibilidad genética y aclaramiento viral de la infección por Virus de la Hepatitis C. IATREIA 2023. [DOI: 10.17533/udea.iatreia.213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
El virus de la hepatitis C (VHC) sigue siendo una de las principales causas de hepatitis crónica en el mundo occidental. Del 15 % al 40 % de los individuos con infección aguda por VHC logran el aclaramiento viral espontáneo; sin embargo, los factores y variables asociadas a este fenómeno no están completamente descritas. El análisis de los mecanismos de patogénesis de la infección por VHC es indispensable para identificar los factores y variables implicadas en el aclaramiento espontáneo o en la persistencia de la infección. En algunos estudios se han documentado los factores del huésped asociados al aclaramiento viral espontáneo durante la infección aguda, entre ellos el polimorfismo del gen de la interleucina -28 (IL28B) que codifica para el interferón lambda 3 (IFNL3). El objetivo de este artículo es realizar una revisión de la literatura sobre la fisiopatología de la infección por el VHC y describir la evidencia acerca del papel de los polimorfismos en el gen IL28B y su impacto en el proceso de aclaramiento viral espontáneo, así como en otros aspectos de la historia natural y el tratamiento de la infección.
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de Brito RJVC, do Carmo RF, Silva BMS, Barbosa Júnior WL, Vasconcelos LRS, Pereira LMMB, Moura P. Lack of Association of Polymorphisms in IL22 and IL22RA1 Genes with Fibrosis Severity in Patients with Chronic Hepatitis C. Viral Immunol 2022; 35:509-513. [PMID: 35838587 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2022.0034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The IL-22 pathway has been shown to play an important role in the pathogenesis of liver fibrosis. However, little is known about the role of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in IL-22-related genes in relation to the severity of liver fibrosis. This study aimed to investigate the association of polymorphisms in IL22 and IL22RA1 genes with the severity of liver fibrosis in patients with chronic hepatitis C. A total of 326 patients (165 with mild fibrosis and 161 with severe fibrosis) were included. Four SNPs in IL22 (rs1179251, rs2227473, rs1012356, and rs2227485) and two in IL22RA1 (rs4648936 and rs3795299) were evaluated by real-time PCR. No significant association was observed between the polymorphisms studied and the severity of liver fibrosis. The SNPs rs1179251, rs2227473, rs1012356, and rs2227485 in IL22 and rs4648936 and rs3795299 in IL22RA1 may not be involved in the pathogenesis of liver fibrosis in patients with chronic hepatitis C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo José Videres Cordeiro de Brito
- Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Pernambuco (UPE), Recife, Brazil
- College of Medicine, Federal University of the São Francisco Valley (UNIVASF), Petrolina, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Leila Maria Moreira Beltrão Pereira
- Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Pernambuco (UPE), Recife, Brazil
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Pernambuco (UPE), Recife, Brazil
- Liver Institute of Pernambuco (IFP), Recife, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Moura
- Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Pernambuco (UPE), Recife, Brazil
- Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Pernambuco (UPE), Recife, Brazil
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Talaat RM, Elsayed SS, Abdel-Hakem NE, El-Shenawy SZ. Genetic Polymorphism in Toll-Like Receptor 3 and Interferon Regulatory Factor 3 in Hepatitis C Virus-Infected Patients: Correlation with Liver Cirrhosis. Viral Immunol 2022; 35:609-615. [PMID: 36048530 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2022.0058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Host genetic factors could play a primary role in determining the risk for cirrhosis development in chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV)-infected patients. We designed this work to study the effect of single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) and interferon regulatory factor (IRF) on the risk of HCV-related cirrhosis. This study enrolled 139 Egyptian HCV-infected patients. They were divided into patients with cirrhotic (56) and noncirrhotic (83) liver. Genotyping of rs3775291 F459F (+1234C/T) and rs3775290 L412F (+1377C/T) in TLR3 and IRF3 rs2304204 (-925A/G) was performed by restriction fragment length polymorphism-polymerase chain reaction. Although there is no significant difference in genotype and allele distribution of +1377C/T of TLR3 gene between cirrhotic and noncirrhotic subjects, CC (odds ratio [OR] = 1.572, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.781-3.164); TT (OR = 1.463, 95% CI: 0.351-6.104) genotypes might be considered as risk factors for liver cirrhosis. On the contrary, the analysis revealed that only one genotype (CC) and one allele (C) were detected in +1234C/T SNP, with the total disappearance of CT/TT genotypes and T allele in all subjects. On the contrary, lower frequency has been found for the AG genotype of the IRF3 (-925A/G) gene in cirrhotic patients compared with noncirrhotic ones, indicating that AG is a protective genotype (OR = 0.509, 95% CI: 0.256-1.012). Our data stressed the association of AG genotype SNP in IRF3 (-925A/G) in protection against the worth outcome of HCV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roba M Talaat
- Molecular Biology Department, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute (GEBRI), University of Sadat City (USC), Sadat City Egypt
| | - Shimaa S Elsayed
- Molecular Biology Department, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute (GEBRI), University of Sadat City (USC), Sadat City Egypt
| | - Nehal E Abdel-Hakem
- Molecular Biology Department, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute (GEBRI), University of Sadat City (USC), Sadat City Egypt
| | - Soha Z El-Shenawy
- Hepatology Department, National Liver Institute (NLI), Menoufia University, Shebeen El-Kom, Egypt
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Ma Y, Wang L, Jiang X, Yao X, Huang X, Zhou K, Yang Y, Wang Y, Sun X, Guan X, Xu Y. Integrative Transcriptomics and Proteomics Analysis Provide a Deep Insight Into Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus-Host Interactions During BVDV Infection. Front Immunol 2022; 13:862828. [PMID: 35371109 PMCID: PMC8966686 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.862828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is the causative agent of bovine viral diarrhea-mucosal disease (BVD-MD), an important viral disease in cattle that is responsible for extensive economic losses to the cattle industry worldwide. Currently, several underlying mechanisms involved in viral replication, pathogenesis, and evading host innate immunity of BVDV remain to be elucidated, particularly during the early stage of virus infection. To further explore the mechanisms of BVDV-host interactions, the transcriptomics and proteomics profiles of BVDV-infected MDBK cells were sequenced using RNA-seq and iTRAQ techniques, respectively, and followed by an integrative analysis. Compared with mock-infected MDBK cells, a total of 665 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) (391 down-regulated, 274 up-regulated) and 725 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) (461 down-regulated, 264 up-regulated) were identified. Among these, several DEGs and DEPs were further verified using quantitative RT-PCR and western blot. Following gene ontology (GO) annotation and KEGG enrichment analysis, we determined that these DEGs and DEPs were significantly enriched in multiple important cellular signaling pathways including NOD-like receptor, Toll-like receptor, TNF, NF-κB, MAPK, cAMP, lysosome, protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum, lipid metabolism, and apoptosis signaling pathways. Significantly, the down-regulated DEGs and DEPs were predominantly associated with apoptosis-regulated elements, inflammatory factors, and antiviral elements that were involved in innate immunity, thus, indicating that BVDV could inhibit apoptosis and the expression of host antiviral genes to facilitate viral replication. Meanwhile, up-regulated DEGs and DEPs were primarily involved in metabolism and autophagy signaling pathways, indicating that BVDV could utilize the host metabolic resources and cell autophagy to promote replication. However, the potential mechanisms BVDV-host interactions required further experimental validation. Our data provide an overview of changes in transcriptomics and proteomics profiles of BVDV-infected MDBK cells, thus, providing an important basis for further exploring the mechanisms of BVDV-host interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Ma
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Li Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Xiaoxia Jiang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Xin Yao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Xinning Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Kun Zhou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Yaqi Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Yixin Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Xiaobo Sun
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Xueting Guan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Yigang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Research Center for Animal Health Diagnostics and Advanced Technology, College of Animal Science and Technology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
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Butterworth J, Gregoire D, Peter M, Roca Suarez AA, Desandré G, Simonin Y, Virzì A, Zine El Aabidine A, Guivarch M, Andrau JC, Bertrand E, Assenat E, Lupberger J, Hibner U. GOLT1B Activation in Hepatitis C Virus-Infected Hepatocytes Links ER Trafficking and Viral Replication. Pathogens 2021; 11:pathogens11010046. [PMID: 35055994 PMCID: PMC8781247 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11010046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis C carries a high risk of development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), triggered by both direct and indirect effects of the virus. We examined cell-autonomous alterations in gene expression profiles associated with hepatitis C viral presence. Highly sensitive single molecule fluorescent in situ hybridization applied to frozen tissue sections of a hepatitis C patient allowed the delineation of clusters of infected hepatocytes. Laser microdissection followed by RNAseq analysis of hepatitis C virus (HCV)-positive and -negative regions from the tumoral and non-tumoral tissues from the same patient revealed HCV-related deregulation of expression of genes in the tumor and in the non-tumoral tissue. However, there was little overlap between both gene sets. Our interest in alterations that increase the probability of tumorigenesis prompted the examination of genes whose expression was increased by the virus in the non-transformed cells and whose level remained high in the tumor. This strategy led to the identification of a novel HCV target gene: GOLT1B, which encodes a protein involved in ER-Golgi trafficking. We further show that GOLT1B expression is induced during the unfolded protein response, that its presence is essential for efficient viral replication, and that its expression is correlated with poor outcome in HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Butterworth
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, University of Montpellier, CNRS, 34293 Montpellier, France; (J.B.); (M.P.); (G.D.); (Y.S.); (A.Z.E.A.); (J.-C.A.); (E.B.); (E.A.)
| | - Damien Gregoire
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, University of Montpellier, CNRS, 34293 Montpellier, France; (J.B.); (M.P.); (G.D.); (Y.S.); (A.Z.E.A.); (J.-C.A.); (E.B.); (E.A.)
- Correspondence: (D.G.); (U.H.)
| | - Marion Peter
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, University of Montpellier, CNRS, 34293 Montpellier, France; (J.B.); (M.P.); (G.D.); (Y.S.); (A.Z.E.A.); (J.-C.A.); (E.B.); (E.A.)
| | - Armando Andres Roca Suarez
- Inserm, U1110, Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et Hépatiques, 67000 Strasbourg, France; (A.A.R.S.); (A.V.); (M.G.); (J.L.)
- Université de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Guillaume Desandré
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, University of Montpellier, CNRS, 34293 Montpellier, France; (J.B.); (M.P.); (G.D.); (Y.S.); (A.Z.E.A.); (J.-C.A.); (E.B.); (E.A.)
| | - Yannick Simonin
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, University of Montpellier, CNRS, 34293 Montpellier, France; (J.B.); (M.P.); (G.D.); (Y.S.); (A.Z.E.A.); (J.-C.A.); (E.B.); (E.A.)
| | - Alessia Virzì
- Inserm, U1110, Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et Hépatiques, 67000 Strasbourg, France; (A.A.R.S.); (A.V.); (M.G.); (J.L.)
- Université de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Amal Zine El Aabidine
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, University of Montpellier, CNRS, 34293 Montpellier, France; (J.B.); (M.P.); (G.D.); (Y.S.); (A.Z.E.A.); (J.-C.A.); (E.B.); (E.A.)
| | - Marine Guivarch
- Inserm, U1110, Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et Hépatiques, 67000 Strasbourg, France; (A.A.R.S.); (A.V.); (M.G.); (J.L.)
- Université de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Jean-Christophe Andrau
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, University of Montpellier, CNRS, 34293 Montpellier, France; (J.B.); (M.P.); (G.D.); (Y.S.); (A.Z.E.A.); (J.-C.A.); (E.B.); (E.A.)
| | - Edouard Bertrand
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, University of Montpellier, CNRS, 34293 Montpellier, France; (J.B.); (M.P.); (G.D.); (Y.S.); (A.Z.E.A.); (J.-C.A.); (E.B.); (E.A.)
| | - Eric Assenat
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, University of Montpellier, CNRS, 34293 Montpellier, France; (J.B.); (M.P.); (G.D.); (Y.S.); (A.Z.E.A.); (J.-C.A.); (E.B.); (E.A.)
- Department of Hepatogastroenterology, Hepatology and Liver Transplantation Unit, Saint Eloi Hospital, University of Montpellier, 34000 Montpellier, France
| | - Joachim Lupberger
- Inserm, U1110, Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et Hépatiques, 67000 Strasbourg, France; (A.A.R.S.); (A.V.); (M.G.); (J.L.)
- Université de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Urszula Hibner
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, University of Montpellier, CNRS, 34293 Montpellier, France; (J.B.); (M.P.); (G.D.); (Y.S.); (A.Z.E.A.); (J.-C.A.); (E.B.); (E.A.)
- Correspondence: (D.G.); (U.H.)
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Zhou Y, Zhang P, Zheng X, Ye C, Li M, Bian P, Fan C, Zhang Y. miR-155 regulates pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine expression in human monocytes during chronic hepatitis C virus infection. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2021; 9:1618. [PMID: 34926662 PMCID: PMC8640902 DOI: 10.21037/atm-21-2620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Background Hepatitis C virus (HCV) dysregulates innate and adaptive immune responses while monocytes (M) play a crucial role in linking innate and adaptive immunity to control viral infection. A transcription factor T-bet is upregulated to dampen M functions via the c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) pathway, followed by enhanced Tim-3 expression in chronic HCV infection. However, the molecular mechanisms that control the expression in M are yet unknown. miR-155 has been implicated as a key regulator controlling diverse biological processes through posttranscriptional repression, but the influences of miR-155 on these regulators and effectors still need to be studied. Methods Forty HCV-infected patients and 40 healthy subjects (HS) were recruited, THP-1 cells (human acute monocyte leukemia cell line) were cultured with HCV-infected Huh 7.5 cells. The expression levels of miR-155 and JNK1/JNK2/JNK3 were measured by real-time RT-PCR. IL-10/IL-12 was detected by flow cytometry. THP-1 cells were transfected with mimics-155 and negative control, SOCS1, p-STAT1, p65, p-smad, p-p38, and p-JNK were measured by Western blot. TNF-α levels were measured by ELISA. Student’s t-test was used in statistics. Results The study showed that miR-155 was upregulated in CD14+ M in HCV-infected patients compared to healthy subjects (P<0.05). Moreover, the upregulation of miR-155 in CD14+ M from HCV-infected patients induced TNF-α production and JNK gene expression, which, in turn, led to T-bet upregulation. Also, miR-155 upregulation in CD14+ M of HCV-infected patients increased the IL-12 and decreased the IL-10 production. Conclusions The obtained results indicated that miR-155 upregulation in M during HCV infection enhances the activation of TNF-α and JNK pathways, promotes the expression of transcription factor T-bet, and triggers pro- and anti-inflammatory mediators. Together, these data reveal new information regarding the mechanisms of chronic HCV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Zhou
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Peixin Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xuyang Zheng
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Chuantao Ye
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Mengyuan Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Peiyu Bian
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Chao Fan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
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10
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Chinnaswamy S. SARS-CoV-2 infection in India bucks the trend: Trained innate immunity? Am J Hum Biol 2021; 33:e23504. [PMID: 32965717 PMCID: PMC7536963 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.23504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Revised: 07/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2, the causative agent of COVID-19 pandemic caught the world unawares by its sudden onset in early 2020. Memories of the 1918 Spanish Flu were rekindled raising extreme fear for the virus, but in essence, it was the host and not the virus, which was deciding the outcome of the infection. Age, gender, and preexisting conditions played critical roles in shaping COVID-19 outcome. People of lower socioeconomic strata were disproportionately affected in industrialized countries such as the United States. India, a developing country with more than 1.3 billion population, a large proportion of it being underprivileged and with substandard public health provider infrastructure, feared for the worst outcome given the sheer size and density of its population. Six months into the pandemic, a comparison of COVID-19 morbidity and mortality data between India, the United States, and several European countries, reveal interesting trends. While most developed countries show curves expected for a fast-spreading respiratory virus, India seems to have a slower trajectory. As a consequence, India may have gained on two fronts: the spread of the infection is unusually prolonged, thus leading to a curve that is "naturally flattened"; concomitantly the mortality rate, which is a reflection of the severity of the disease has been relatively low. I hypothesize that trained innate immunity, a new concept in immunology, may be the phenomenon behind this. Biocultural, socioecological, and socioeconomic determinants seem to be influencing the outcome of COVID-19 in different regions/countries of the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sreedhar Chinnaswamy
- Infectious Disease GeneticsNational Institute of Biomedical GenomicsKalyaniIndia
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11
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Khatun M, Zhang J, Ray R, Ray RB. Hepatitis C Virus Evades Interferon Signaling by Suppressing Long Noncoding RNA Linc-Pint Involving C/EBP-β. J Virol 2021; 95:e0095221. [PMID: 34160260 PMCID: PMC8354323 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00952-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) regulates many cellular genes in modulating the host immune system for benefit of viral replication and long-term persistence in a host for chronic infection. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) play an important role in the regulation of many important cellular processes, including immune responses. We recently reported that HCV infection downregulates lncRNA Linc-Pint (long intergenic non-protein-coding RNA p53-induced transcript) expression, although the mechanism of repression and functional consequences are not well understood. In this study, we demonstrate that HCV infection of hepatocytes transcriptionally reduces Linc-Pint expression through CCAAT/enhancer binding protein β (C/EBP-β). Subsequently, we observed that the overexpression of Linc-Pint significantly upregulates interferon alpha (IFN-α) and IFN-β expression in HCV-replicating hepatocytes. Using unbiased proteomics, we identified that Linc-Pint associates with DDX24, which enables RIP1 to interact with IFN-regulatory factor 7 (IRF7) of the IFN signaling pathway. We furthermore observed that IFN-α14 promoter activity was enhanced in the presence of Linc-Pint. Together, these results demonstrated that Linc-Pint acts as a positive regulator of host innate immune responses, especially IFN signaling. HCV-mediated downregulation of Linc-Pint expression appears to be one of the mechanisms by which HCV may evade innate immunity for long-term persistence and chronicity. IMPORTANCE The mechanism by which lncRNA regulates the host immune response during HCV infection is poorly understood. We observed that Linc-Pint was transcriptionally downregulated by HCV. Using a chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay, we showed inhibition of transcription factor C/EBP-β binding to the Linc-Pint promoter in the presence of HCV infection. We further identified that Linc-Pint associates with DDX24 for immunomodulatory function. The overexpression of Linc-Pint reduces DDX24 expression, which in turn results in the disruption of DDX24-RIP1 complex formation and the activation of IRF7. The induction of IFN-α14 promoter activity in the presence of Linc-Pint further confirms our observation. Together, our results suggest that Linc-Pint acts as a positive regulator of host innate immune responses. Downregulation of Linc-Pint expression by HCV helps in escaping the innate immune system for the development of chronicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mousumi Khatun
- Department of Pathology, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Jinsong Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Ranjit Ray
- Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Ratna B. Ray
- Department of Pathology, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA
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12
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Yang S, Yao B, Wu L, Liu Y, Liu K, Xu P, Zheng Y, Deng Y, Zhai Z, Wu Y, Li N, Zhang D, Kang H, Dai Z. Ubiquitin-related molecular classification and risk stratification of hepatocellular carcinoma. MOLECULAR THERAPY-ONCOLYTICS 2021; 21:207-219. [PMID: 34095460 PMCID: PMC8138213 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2021.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The roles of ubiquitin-related genes in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) have not been thoroughly investigated. This study aimed to systematically examine ubiquitin-related genes and identify subtypes and stratify prognosis of HCC by using ubiquitin-related signatures. Survival, biological processes, tumor microenvironment (TME), and genomic alterations of the HCC subtypes were investigated. Patients with HCC were classified into two subtypes (clusters 1 and 2) with distinct survival outcomes, pathways, and genomic alterations. Cluster 2 had better prognosis than did cluster 1. Hepatitis B, hepatitis C, Janus tyrosine kinase (JAK)-signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) pathway, and natural killer cell-mediated cytotoxicity were enriched in cluster 1. Moreover, cluster 2 had a higher immune score and immune cell infiltrations, whereas cluster 1 had a lower immune score and immune infiltrations. Additionally, mutations, amplifications, and deletions among the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)-AKT, p53, and receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK)-RAS pathways more frequently occurred in cluster 1, while those among the Hippo, MYC, and Notch signaling pathways were found in cluster 2. Finally, a prognostic signature, consisting of eight ubiquitin-related genes, was established and validated. In brief, our study established a new classification and developed a prognostic signature for HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si Yang
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710004, China
| | - Bowen Yao
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710061, China
| | - Liming Wu
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Yuanxing Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Kang Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710061, China
| | - Peng Xu
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710004, China
| | - Yi Zheng
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710004, China
| | - Yujiao Deng
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710004, China
| | - Zhen Zhai
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710004, China
| | - Ying Wu
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710004, China
| | - Na Li
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710004, China
| | - Dai Zhang
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710004, China
| | - Huafeng Kang
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710004, China
- Corresponding author Huafeng Kang, Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710004, China.
| | - Zhijun Dai
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710004, China
- Corresponding author Zhijun Dai, Department of Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China.
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13
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Khera T, Du Y, Todt D, Deterding K, Strunz B, Hardtke S, Aregay A, Port K, Hardtke-Wolenski M, Steinmann E, Björkström NK, Manns MP, Hengst J, Cornberg M, Wedemeyer H. Long-lasting Imprint in the Soluble Inflammatory Milieu despite Early Treatment of Acute Symptomatic Hepatitis C. J Infect Dis 2021; 226:441-452. [PMID: 33517457 PMCID: PMC9417126 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiab048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Treatment with direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) in patients with chronic hepatitis C infection leads to partial restoration of soluble inflammatory mediators (SIMs). In contrast, we hypothesized that early DAA treatment of acute hepatitis C virus (HCV) with DAAs may normalize most SIMs. Methods In this study, we made use of a unique cohort of acute symptomatic hepatitis C patients who cleared HCV with a 6-week course of ledipasvir/sofosbuvir. Plasma samples were used for proximity extension assay measuring 92 proteins. Results Profound SIM alterations were observed in acute HCV patients, with marked upregulation of interleukin (IL)-6 and CXCL-10, whereas certain mediators were downregulated (eg, monocyte chemoattractant protein-4, IL-7). During treatment and follow-up, the majority of SIMs decreased but not all normalized (eg, CDCP1, IL-18). Of note, SIMs that were downregulated before DAA treatment remained suppressed, whereas others that were initially unchanged declined to lower values during treatment and follow-up (eg, CD244). Conclusions Acute hepatitis C was associated with marked changes in the soluble inflammatory milieu compared with both chronic hepatitis patients and healthy controls. Whereas early DAA treatment partly normalized this altered signature, long-lasting imprints of HCV remained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanvi Khera
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Essen University Hospital, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.,Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany, HepNet Study-House, German Liver Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Yanqin Du
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Essen University Hospital, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Daniel Todt
- Department of Molecular and Medical Virology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany.,European Virus Bioinformatics Center (EVBC), Jena, Germany
| | - Katja Deterding
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Essen University Hospital, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.,Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany, HepNet Study-House, German Liver Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Benedikt Strunz
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Svenja Hardtke
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany, HepNet Study-House, German Liver Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Amare Aregay
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany, HepNet Study-House, German Liver Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Kerstin Port
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany, HepNet Study-House, German Liver Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Matthias Hardtke-Wolenski
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Essen University Hospital, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.,Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany, HepNet Study-House, German Liver Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Eike Steinmann
- Department of Molecular and Medical Virology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Niklas K Björkström
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Michael P Manns
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany, HepNet Study-House, German Liver Foundation, Hannover, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Julia Hengst
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany, HepNet Study-House, German Liver Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Markus Cornberg
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany, HepNet Study-House, German Liver Foundation, Hannover, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Braunschweig, Germany.,Center for individualized infection medicine (CIIM), Hannover, Germany
| | - Heiner Wedemeyer
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Essen University Hospital, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.,Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany, HepNet Study-House, German Liver Foundation, Hannover, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Braunschweig, Germany
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14
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OASL Triggered by Novel Goose Astrovirus via ORF2 Restricts Its Replication. J Virol 2020; 94:JVI.01767-20. [PMID: 32967952 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01767-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Although astroviruses causes enteric diseases and encephalitis in humans and nephritis and hepatitis in poultry, astrovirus infection is thought to be self-limiting. However, little is known about its molecular mechanism. In this study, we found that a novel goose astrovirus (GAstV), GAstV-GD, and its open reading frame 2 (ORF2) could efficiently activate the innate immune response and induce a high level of OASL in vitro and in vivo The truncation assay for ORF2 further revealed that the P2 domain of ORF2 contributed to stimulating OASL, whereas the acidic C terminus of ORF2 attenuated such activation. Moreover, the overexpression and knockdown of OASL could efficiently restrict and promote the viral replication of GAstV-GD, respectively. Our data not only give novel insights for elucidating self-limiting infection by astrovirus but also provide virus and host targets for fighting against astroviruses.IMPORTANCE Astroviruses cause gastroenteritis and encephalitis in human, and nephritis, hepatitis, and gout disease in poultry. However, the host immune response activated by astrovirus is mostly unknown. Here, we found that a novel goose astrovirus, GAstV-GD, and its ORF2 protein could efficiently induce a high level of OASL in vitro and in vivo, which could feed back to restrict the replication of GAstV-GD, revealing novel innate molecules triggered by astroviruses and highlighting that the ORF2 of GAstV-GD and OASL can be potential antiviral targets for astroviruses.
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15
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Yang XJ, Wang XO, Chen Y, Ye SD. Associations of content and gene polymorphism of macrophage inhibitory factor-1 and chronic hepatitis C virus infection. World J Gastroenterol 2020; 26:6378-6390. [PMID: 33244199 PMCID: PMC7656212 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v26.i41.6378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The expression of macrophage inhibitory factor-1 (MIC-1) is increased in peripheral blood of patients with chronic hepatitis and liver cirrhosis. However, whether MIC-1 gene polymorphism is correlated with relevant diseases is not yet reported.
AIM To explore the correlation between gene polymorphism in MIC-1 exon region and chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection.
METHODS This case-control study enrolled 178 patients with chronic hepatitis C (CHC) in the case group, and 82 healthy subjects from the same region who had passed the screening examination comprised the control group. The genotypes of rs1059369 and rs1059519 loci in the MIC-1 gene exon were detected by DNA sequencing. Also, the MIC-1 level, liver function metrics, liver fibrosis metrics, and HCV RNA load were determined. Univariate analysis was used to compare the differences and correlations between the two groups with respect to these parameters. Multivariate logistic regression was used to analyze the independent relevant factors of CHC.
RESULTS The plasma MIC-1 level in the CHC group was higher than that in the control group (P < 0.05), and it was significantly positively correlated with alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), type III procollagen N-terminal peptide (known as PIIINP), type IV collagen, and HCV RNA (P < 0.05), whereas negatively correlated with total protein and albumin (P < 0.05). The genotype and allele frequency distribution at the rs1059519 locus differed between the two groups (P < 0.05). The allele frequency maintained significant difference after Bonferroni correction (Pc < 0.05). Logistic multiple regression showed that AST, PIIINP, MIC-1, and genotype GG at the rs1059519 locus were independent relevant factors of CHC (P < 0.05). Linkage disequilibrium (LD) was found between rs1059369 and rs1059519 loci, and significant difference was detected in the distribution of haplotype A-C between the CHC and control groups (P < 0.05). Meanwhile, we found the MIC-1 level trend to increase among rs1059519 genotypes (P = 0.006) and the level of MIC-1 in GG genotype to be significantly higher than CC genotype (P = 0.009, after Bonferroni correction).
CONCLUSION Plasma MIC-1 level was increased in CHC patients and correlated with liver cell damage, liver fibrosis metrics, and viral load. The polymorphism at the MIC-1 gene rs1059519 locus was correlated with HCV infection, and associated with the plasma MIC-1 level. G allele and GG genotype may be an important susceptible factor for CHC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xun-Jun Yang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Xiao-Ou Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Yao Chen
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325006, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Song-Dao Ye
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, Zhejiang Province, China
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16
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Kardani K, Basimi P, Fekri M, Bolhassani A. Antiviral therapy for the sexually transmitted viruses: recent updates on vaccine development. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 2020; 13:1001-1046. [PMID: 32838584 DOI: 10.1080/17512433.2020.1814743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The sexually transmitted infections (STIs) caused by viruses including human T cell leukemia virus type-1 (HTLV-1), human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1), human simplex virus-2 (HSV-2), hepatitis C virus (HCV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), and human papillomavirus (HPV) are major public health issues. These infections can cause cancer or result in long-term health problems. Due to high prevalence of STIs, a safe and effective vaccine is required to overcome these fatal viruses. AREAS COVERED This review includes a comprehensive overview of the literatures relevant to vaccine development against the sexually transmitted viruses (STVs) using PubMed and Sciencedirect electronic search engines. Herein, we discuss the efforts directed toward development of effective vaccines using different laboratory animal models including mice, guinea pig or non-human primates in preclinical trials, and human in clinical trials with different phases. EXPERT OPINION There is no effective FDA approved vaccine against the sexually transmitted viruses (STVs) except for HBV and HPV as prophylactic vaccines. Many attempts are underway to develop vaccines against these viruses. There are several approaches for improving prophylactic or therapeutic vaccines such as heterologous prime/boost immunization, delivery system, administration route, adjuvants, etc. In this line, further studies can be helpful for understanding the immunobiology of STVs in human. Moreover, development of more relevant animal models is a worthy goal to induce effective immune responses in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimia Kardani
- Department of Hepatitis and AIDS, Pasteur Institute of Iran , Tehran, Iran
| | - Parya Basimi
- Department of Hepatitis and AIDS, Pasteur Institute of Iran , Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehrshad Fekri
- Department of Hepatitis and AIDS, Pasteur Institute of Iran , Tehran, Iran
| | - Azam Bolhassani
- Department of Hepatitis and AIDS, Pasteur Institute of Iran , Tehran, Iran
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17
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Kinast V, Plociennikowska A, Anggakusuma, Bracht T, Todt D, Brown RJP, Boldanova T, Zhang Y, Brüggemann Y, Friesland M, Engelmann M, Vieyres G, Broering R, Vondran FWR, Heim MH, Sitek B, Bartenschlager R, Pietschmann T, Steinmann E. C19orf66 is an interferon-induced inhibitor of HCV replication that restricts formation of the viral replication organelle. J Hepatol 2020; 73:549-558. [PMID: 32294532 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2020.03.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Revised: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS HCV is a positive-strand RNA virus that primarily infects human hepatocytes. Recent studies have reported that C19orf66 is expressed as an interferon (IFN)-stimulated gene; however, the intrinsic regulation of this gene within the liver as well as its antiviral effects against HCV remain elusive. METHODS Expression of C19orf66 was quantified in both liver biopsies and primary human hepatocytes, with or without HCV infection. Mechanistic studies of the potent anti-HCV phenotype mediated by C19orf66 were conducted using state-of-the-art virological, biochemical and genetic approaches, as well as correlative light and electron microscopy and transcriptome and proteome analysis. RESULTS Upregulation of C19orf66 mRNA was observed in both primary human hepatocytes upon HCV infection and in the livers of patients with chronic hepatitis C (CHC). In addition, pegIFNα/ribavirin therapy induced C19orf66 expression in patients with CHC. Transcriptomic profiling and whole cell proteomics of hepatoma cells ectopically expressing C19orf66 revealed no induction of other antiviral genes. Expression of C19orf66 restricted HCV infection, whereas CRIPSPR/Cas9 mediated knockout of C19orf66 attenuated IFN-mediated suppression of HCV replication. Co-immunoprecipitation followed by mass spectrometry identified a stress granule protein-dominated interactome of C19orf66. Studies with subgenomic HCV replicons and an expression system revealed that C19orf66 expression impairs HCV-induced elevation of phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate, alters the morphology of the viral replication organelle (termed the membranous web) and thereby targets viral RNA replication. CONCLUSION C19orf66 is an IFN-stimulated gene, which is upregulated in hepatocytes within the first hours post IFN treatment or HCV infection in vivo. The encoded protein possesses specific antiviral activity against HCV and targets the formation of the membranous web. Our study identifies C19orf66 as an IFN-inducible restriction factor with a novel antiviral mechanism that specifically targets HCV replication. LAY SUMMARY Interferon-stimulated genes are thought to be important to for antiviral immune responses to HCV. Herein, we analysed C19orf66, an interferon-stimulated gene, which appears to inhibit HCV replication. It prevents the HCV-induced elevation of phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate and alters the morphology of HCV's replication organelle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volker Kinast
- Institute of Experimental Virology, TWINCORE Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Medical School Hannover (MHH) and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Hannover, Germany; Faculty of Medicine, Department for Molecular and Medical Virology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Agnieszka Plociennikowska
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany; Division Virus-Associated Carcinogenesis, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Anggakusuma
- Institute of Experimental Virology, TWINCORE Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Medical School Hannover (MHH) and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Hannover, Germany; Vector Development department, research at uniQure, Paasheuvelweg 25A, 1105 BP, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Thilo Bracht
- Medizinisches Proteom-Center, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Daniel Todt
- Institute of Experimental Virology, TWINCORE Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Medical School Hannover (MHH) and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Hannover, Germany; Faculty of Medicine, Department for Molecular and Medical Virology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Richard J P Brown
- Institute of Experimental Virology, TWINCORE Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Medical School Hannover (MHH) and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Hannover, Germany; Division of Veterinary Medicine, Paul Ehrlich Institute, Langen, Germany
| | - Tujana Boldanova
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel and Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Yudi Zhang
- Institute of Experimental Virology, TWINCORE Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Medical School Hannover (MHH) and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Hannover, Germany
| | - Yannick Brüggemann
- Faculty of Medicine, Department for Molecular and Medical Virology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Martina Friesland
- Institute of Experimental Virology, TWINCORE Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Medical School Hannover (MHH) and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Hannover, Germany
| | - Michael Engelmann
- Institute of Experimental Virology, TWINCORE Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Medical School Hannover (MHH) and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Hannover, Germany; Faculty of Medicine, Department for Molecular and Medical Virology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Gabrielle Vieyres
- Institute of Experimental Virology, TWINCORE Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Medical School Hannover (MHH) and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Hannover, Germany
| | - Ruth Broering
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Florian W R Vondran
- ReMediES, Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany; German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Hannover-Braunschweig, Hannover, Germany
| | - Markus H Heim
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel and Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Barbara Sitek
- Medizinisches Proteom-Center, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Ralf Bartenschlager
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany; Division Virus-Associated Carcinogenesis, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Pietschmann
- Institute of Experimental Virology, TWINCORE Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Medical School Hannover (MHH) and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Hannover, Germany; German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Hannover-Braunschweig, Hannover, Germany
| | - Eike Steinmann
- Institute of Experimental Virology, TWINCORE Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Medical School Hannover (MHH) and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Hannover, Germany; Faculty of Medicine, Department for Molecular and Medical Virology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany.
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Goto K, Roca Suarez AA, Wrensch F, Baumert TF, Lupberger J. Hepatitis C Virus and Hepatocellular Carcinoma: When the Host Loses Its Grip. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21093057. [PMID: 32357520 PMCID: PMC7246584 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21093057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic infection with hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a major cause of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Novel treatments with direct-acting antivirals achieve high rates of sustained virologic response; however, the HCC risk remains elevated in cured patients, especially those with advanced liver disease. Long-term HCV infection causes a persistent and accumulating damage of the liver due to a combination of direct and indirect pro-oncogenic mechanisms. This review describes the processes involved in virus-induced disease progression by viral proteins, derailed signaling, immunity, and persistent epigenetic deregulation, which may be instrumental to develop urgently needed prognostic biomarkers and as targets for novel chemopreventive therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaku Goto
- Université de Strasbourg, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1110, Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et Hépatiques, Université de Strasbourg (IVH), F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Armando Andres Roca Suarez
- Université de Strasbourg, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1110, Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et Hépatiques, Université de Strasbourg (IVH), F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Florian Wrensch
- Université de Strasbourg, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1110, Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et Hépatiques, Université de Strasbourg (IVH), F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Thomas F. Baumert
- Université de Strasbourg, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1110, Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et Hépatiques, Université de Strasbourg (IVH), F-67000 Strasbourg, France
- Pôle Hépato-digestif, Institut Hopitalo-Universitaire, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
- Institut Universitaire de France, F-75231 Paris, France
- Correspondence: (T.F.B.); (J.L.); Tel.: +33-3-68-85-37-03 (T.F.B. & J.L.); Fax: +33-3-68-85-37-24 (T.F.B. & J.L.)
| | - Joachim Lupberger
- Université de Strasbourg, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1110, Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et Hépatiques, Université de Strasbourg (IVH), F-67000 Strasbourg, France
- Correspondence: (T.F.B.); (J.L.); Tel.: +33-3-68-85-37-03 (T.F.B. & J.L.); Fax: +33-3-68-85-37-24 (T.F.B. & J.L.)
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Duncan JD, Urbanowicz RA, Tarr AW, Ball JK. Hepatitis C Virus Vaccine: Challenges and Prospects. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8010090. [PMID: 32079254 PMCID: PMC7157504 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8010090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 01/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The hepatitis C virus (HCV) causes both acute and chronic infection and continues to be a global problem despite advances in antiviral therapeutics. Current treatments fail to prevent reinfection and remain expensive, limiting their use to developed countries, and the asymptomatic nature of acute infection can result in individuals not receiving treatment and unknowingly spreading HCV. A prophylactic vaccine is therefore needed to control this virus. Thirty years since the discovery of HCV, there have been major gains in understanding the molecular biology and elucidating the immunological mechanisms that underpin spontaneous viral clearance, aiding rational vaccine design. This review discusses the challenges facing HCV vaccine design and the most recent and promising candidates being investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua D. Duncan
- School of Life Sciences, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK; (R.A.U.); (A.W.T.); (J.K.B.)
- NIHR Nottingham BRC, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust and the University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
- Nottingham Digestive Diseases Centre, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
- Correspondence:
| | - Richard A. Urbanowicz
- School of Life Sciences, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK; (R.A.U.); (A.W.T.); (J.K.B.)
- NIHR Nottingham BRC, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust and the University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
- Nottingham Digestive Diseases Centre, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Alexander W. Tarr
- School of Life Sciences, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK; (R.A.U.); (A.W.T.); (J.K.B.)
- NIHR Nottingham BRC, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust and the University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
- Nottingham Digestive Diseases Centre, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Jonathan K. Ball
- School of Life Sciences, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK; (R.A.U.); (A.W.T.); (J.K.B.)
- NIHR Nottingham BRC, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust and the University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
- Nottingham Digestive Diseases Centre, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
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20
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Akhtar M, Jamal T, Jamal H, Din JU, Jamal M, Arif M, Arshad M, Jalil F. Identification of most damaging nsSNPs in human CCR6 gene: In silico analyses. Int J Immunogenet 2019; 46:459-471. [PMID: 31364806 DOI: 10.1111/iji.12449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Revised: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Single nucleotide polymorphisms in CCR6 (C-C chemokine receptor type 6) gene have been found to be the possible cause of many diseases like rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, lupus nephritis and systemic sclerosis and other autoimmune diseases. Therefore, identification of structurally and functionally important polymorphisms in CCR6 is important in order to study its potential malfunctioning and discovering therapeutic targets. Several bioinformatics tools were used to identify most damaging nsSNPs that might be vital for CCR6 structure and function. The in silico tools included PROVEAN, SIFT, SNP&GO and PolyPhen2 followed by I-Mutant MutPred and ConSurf. Phyre2 and I-TASSER were used for protein 3-D Modelling while gene-gene interaction was predicted by STRING and GeneMANIA. Our study suggested that three nsSNPs rs1376162684, rs751102128 and rs1185426631 are the most damaging in CCR6 gene while 7 missense SNPs rs1438637216, rs139697820, rs768420505, rs1282264186, rs1394647982, rs769360638 and rs1263402382 are found to revert into stop codons. Prediction of post-transcriptional modifications highlighted the significance of rs1376162684 because it effected potential phosphorylation site. Gene-gene interactions showed relation of CCR6 with other genes depicting its importance in several pathways and co-expressions. In future, studying diseases related to CCR6 should include investigation of these 10 nsSNPs. Being the first of its type, this study also proposes future perspectives that will help in precision medicines. For such purposes, CCR6 proteins from patients of autoimmune diseases should be explored. Animal models can also be of significance find out the effects of CCR6 in diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehran Akhtar
- Department of Biotechnology, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan, Pakistan
| | - Tazkira Jamal
- Department of Biotechnology, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan, Pakistan
| | | | - Jalal Ud Din
- Department of Biotechnology, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan, Pakistan
| | - Muhsin Jamal
- Department of Microbiology, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Arif
- Department of Biotechnology, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan, Pakistan
| | - Maria Arshad
- Attaur Rahman School of Applied Biosciences, NUST, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Fazal Jalil
- Department of Biotechnology, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan, Pakistan
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21
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Raja R, Baral S, Dixit NM. Interferon at the cellular, individual, and population level in hepatitis C virus infection: Its role in the interferon-free treatment era. Immunol Rev 2019; 285:55-71. [PMID: 30129199 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The advent of powerful direct-acting antiviral agents (DAAs) has revolutionized the treatment of hepatitis C. DAAs cure nearly all patients with short duration, oral treatments. Significant efforts are now underway to optimize DAA-based treatments. We discuss the potential role of interferon in this optimization. Clinical studies present compelling evidence that DAAs perform better in treatment-naive individuals than in individuals who previously failed treatment with interferon, a surprising correlation because interferon and DAAs are thought to act independently. Recent mathematical models explore a mechanistic hypothesis underlying this correlation. The hypothesis invokes the action of interferon at the cellular, individual, and population levels. Strong interferon responses prevent the productive infection of cells, reduce viral replication, and impede the development of resistance to DAAs in infected individuals and improve cure rates elicited by DAAs in treated populations. The models develop descriptions of these processes, integrate them into a comprehensive framework, and capture clinical data quantitatively, providing a successful test of the hypothesis. Individuals with strong endogenous interferon responses thus present a promising subpopulation for reducing DAA treatment durations. This review discusses the conceptual advances made by the models, highlights the new insights they unravel, and examines their applicability to optimize DAA-based treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubesh Raja
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Subhasish Baral
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Narendra M Dixit
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India.,Centre for Biosystems Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
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22
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Inoue-Shinomiya E, Murakawa M, Asahina Y, Nakagawa M, Tsuchiya J, Sato A, Tsunoda T, Miyoshi M, Nitta S, Kawai-Kitahata F, Itsui Y, Azuma S, Kakinuma S, Murata K, Mizokami M, Watanabe M. Association of serum interferon-λ3 levels with hepatocarcinogenesis in chronic hepatitis C patients treated with direct-acting antiviral agents. Hepatol Res 2019; 49:500-511. [PMID: 30623518 DOI: 10.1111/hepr.13307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2018] [Revised: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
AIM Although the efficacy of hepatitis C virus (HCV) treatment is improved dramatically by direct-acting antiviral agents (DAAs), the assessment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains important. Interferon lambda 3 (IFN-λ3) is associated with liver fibrosis and inflammation in chronic hepatitis C (CHC) patients, but its impact on carcinogenesis remains controversial and little is known about its effects after viral clearance. To determine the contribution of IFN-λ3 to hepatocarcinogenesis after HCV clearance, we analyzed IFNL3 genotypes and serial serum IFN-λ3 levels in CHC patients who achieved sustained virologic responses (SVR). METHODS This study comprised 201 CHC patients treated with DAAs. Serum samples were collected sequentially and IFN-λ3 levels were quantified by chemiluminescence enzyme immunoassay. The IFNL3 polymorphism (rs8099917) was genotyped in 195 patients. RESULTS One hundred and twenty-five patients were rs8099917 T/T and 70 were non-T/T. Serum IFN-λ3 levels did not differ significantly with IFNL3 genotype, dropped markedly by 1 week and remained low up to 24 weeks after the end of treatment. Interferon-λ3 levels were significantly higher after viral clearance in patients who developed HCC and were associated with a higher potential for hepatocarcinogenesis, such as a higher frequency of non-hypervascular hypointensive nodules (P = 0.046), higher stages of liver fibrosis (P < 0.001), and higher post-treatment levels of Wisteria floribunda agglutinin positive Mac-2 binding protein (P < 0.001) and alanine aminotransferase (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Serum IFN-λ3 levels after HCV clearance are associated with the potential for HCC development. Interferon-λ3 could be helpful for elucidating the relationships among immunologic status, liver fibrosis, liver inflammation, and hepatocarcinogenesis, after achieving SVR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emi Inoue-Shinomiya
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Miyako Murakawa
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Clinical Laboratory, Medical Hospital of Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Asahina
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Liver Disease Control, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mina Nakagawa
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jun Tsuchiya
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ayako Sato
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Tsunoda
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masato Miyoshi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sayuri Nitta
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Fukiko Kawai-Kitahata
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Itsui
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Seishin Azuma
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sei Kakinuma
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Liver Disease Control, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazumoto Murata
- Genome Medical Sciences Project, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Ichikawa, Japan.,Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, International University of Health and Welfare, Nasushiobara, Japan
| | - Masashi Mizokami
- Genome Medical Sciences Project, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Ichikawa, Japan
| | - Mamoru Watanabe
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
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23
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Raja R, Pareek A, Newar K, Dixit NM. Mutational pathway maps and founder effects define the within-host spectrum of hepatitis C virus mutants resistant to drugs. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1007701. [PMID: 30934020 PMCID: PMC6459561 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2018] [Revised: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Knowledge of the within-host frequencies of resistance-associated amino acid variants (RAVs) is important to the identification of optimal drug combinations for the treatment of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. Multiple RAVs may exist in infected individuals, often below detection limits, at any resistance locus, defining the diversity of accessible resistance pathways. We developed a multiscale mathematical model to estimate the pre-treatment frequencies of the entire spectrum of mutants at chosen loci. Using a codon-level description of amino acids, we performed stochastic simulations of intracellular dynamics with every possible nucleotide variant as the infecting strain and estimated the relative infectivity of each variant and the resulting distribution of variants produced. We employed these quantities in a deterministic multi-strain model of extracellular dynamics and estimated mutant frequencies. Our predictions captured database frequencies of the RAV R155K, resistant to NS3/4A protease inhibitors, presenting a successful test of our formalism. We found that mutational pathway maps, interconnecting all viable mutants, and strong founder effects determined the mutant spectrum. The spectra were vastly different for HCV genotypes 1a and 1b, underlying their differential responses to drugs. Using a fitness landscape determined recently, we estimated that 13 amino acid variants, encoded by 44 codons, exist at the residue 93 of the NS5A protein, illustrating the massive diversity of accessible resistance pathways at specific loci. Accounting for this diversity, which our model enables, would help optimize drug combinations. Our model may be applied to describe the within-host evolution of other flaviviruses and inform vaccine design strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubesh Raja
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Aditya Pareek
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Kapil Newar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Narendra M. Dixit
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
- Centre for Biosystems Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
- * E-mail:
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24
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Luna JM, Saeed M, Rice CM. Taming a beast: lessons from the domestication of hepatitis C virus. Curr Opin Virol 2019; 35:27-34. [PMID: 30875640 PMCID: PMC6556422 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2019.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Revised: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
"What I cannot create, I do not understand." Richard Feynman may have championed reasoning from first principles in his famous blackboard missive, but he could just as well have been referring to the plight of a molecular virologist. What cannot be grown in a controlled laboratory setting, we cannot fully understand. The story of the laboratory domestication of hepatitis C virus (HCV) is now a classic example of virologists applying all manner of inventive skill to create cell-based models of infection in order to clarify prospective drug targets. In this review, we highlight key successes and failures that were instructive in achieving cell-based models for HCV studies and drug development. We also emphasize the lessons learned from the ∼40 year saga that may be applicable to viruses yet unknown and uncultured.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph M Luna
- The Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Disease, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Mohsan Saeed
- The Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Disease, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Charles M Rice
- The Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Disease, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, United States.
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25
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Patra T, Ray RB, Ray R. Strategies to Circumvent Host Innate Immune Response by Hepatitis C Virus. Cells 2019; 8:E274. [PMID: 30909456 PMCID: PMC6468774 DOI: 10.3390/cells8030274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Revised: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Innate immune responses generate interferons, proinflammatory cytokines, complement activation, and natural killer (NK) cell response. Ultimately, this leads to the induction of a robust virus-specific adaptive immunity. Although the host innate immune system senses and responds to eliminate virus infection, hepatitis C virus (HCV) evades immune attack and establishes persistent infection within the liver. Spontaneous clearance of HCV infection is associated with a prompt induction of innate immunity generated in an infected host. In this review, we have highlighted the current knowledge of our understanding of host⁻HCV interactions, especially for endogenous interferon production, proinflammatory response, NK cell response, and complement activation, which may impair the generation of a strong adaptive immune response for establishment of chronicity. The information may provide novel strategies in augmenting therapeutic intervention against HCV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tapas Patra
- Departments of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO 63104, USA.
| | - Ratna B Ray
- Departments of Pathology, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO 63104, USA.
| | - Ranjit Ray
- Departments of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO 63104, USA.
- Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO 63104, USA.
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26
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Behrendt P, Brüning J, Todt D, Steinmann E. Influence of Tattoo Ink on Hepatitis C Virus Infectiousness. Open Forum Infect Dis 2019; 6:ofz047. [PMID: 30882013 PMCID: PMC6411206 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofz047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a blood-borne virus and is most frequently transmitted through large or repeated direct percutaneous exposures to infected blood. The 2 most common exposures associated with transmission of HCV are blood transfusion and intravenous drug abuse. The association between HCV transmission and other suspected risk factors such as tattooing is more controversial. Although HCV can survive for days to weeks in suspension or on inanimate surfaces, its stability in tattooing supplies remains elusive. Here, we analyzed the influence of tattoo ink on HCV infectiousness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Behrendt
- Institute of Experimental Virology, Twincore, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research; a joint venture between the Medical School Hannover (MHH) and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI) Hannover, Germany.,Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research, partner site Hannover-Braunschweig, Hannover, Germany
| | - Janina Brüning
- Department for Molecular and Medical Virology, Medical Faculty, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Daniel Todt
- Department for Molecular and Medical Virology, Medical Faculty, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Eike Steinmann
- Institute of Experimental Virology, Twincore, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research; a joint venture between the Medical School Hannover (MHH) and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI) Hannover, Germany.,Department for Molecular and Medical Virology, Medical Faculty, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
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27
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Özen A, Prachanronarong K, Matthew AN, Soumana DI, Schiffer CA. Resistance outside the substrate envelope: hepatitis C NS3/4A protease inhibitors. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2019; 54:11-26. [PMID: 30821513 DOI: 10.1080/10409238.2019.1568962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Direct acting antivirals have dramatically increased the efficacy and tolerability of hepatitis C treatment, but drug resistance has emerged with some of these inhibitors, including nonstructural protein 3/4 A protease inhibitors (PIs). Although many co-crystal structures of PIs with the NS3/4A protease have been reported, a systematic review of these crystal structures in the context of the rapidly emerging drug resistance especially for early PIs has not been performed. To provide a framework for designing better inhibitors with higher barriers to resistance, we performed a quantitative structural analysis using co-crystal structures and models of HCV NS3/4A protease in complex with natural substrates and inhibitors. By comparing substrate structural motifs and active site interactions with inhibitor recognition, we observed that the selection of drug resistance mutations correlates with how inhibitors deviate from viral substrates in molecular recognition. Based on this observation, we conclude that guiding the design process with native substrate recognition features is likely to lead to more robust small molecule inhibitors with decreased susceptibility to resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayşegül Özen
- a Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology , University of Massachusetts Medical School , Worcester , MA , USA
| | - Kristina Prachanronarong
- a Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology , University of Massachusetts Medical School , Worcester , MA , USA
| | - Ashley N Matthew
- a Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology , University of Massachusetts Medical School , Worcester , MA , USA
| | - Djade I Soumana
- a Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology , University of Massachusetts Medical School , Worcester , MA , USA
| | - Celia A Schiffer
- a Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology , University of Massachusetts Medical School , Worcester , MA , USA
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28
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Cao Z, Yang Q, Zheng M, Lv H, Kang K, Zhang Y. Classical swine fever virus non-structural proteins modulate Toll-like receptor signaling pathways in porcine monocyte-derived macrophages. Vet Microbiol 2019; 230:101-109. [PMID: 30827374 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2019.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are crucial activators of the innate immune response that play various roles in viral infection. Studies have confirmed that classical swine fever virus (CSFV) infection has significant effects on the expression of immune effectors participating in TLR signaling pathways; however, the involvement of CSFV-encoded proteins in TLR signaling pathways remains unclear. In this study, lentiviral individually expressing CSFV non-structural proteins (NSPs) were constructed to identify the "key proteins" that affect TLR gene expression and to analyze the impacts of these proteins on factors downstream of the TLR signaling pathways. The results indicated that Npro, NS2, NS3, NS3/4A, NS4B and NS5A all failed to induce the activation of NF-κB p65. Furthermore, NS4B was found to inhibit poly (I:C) stimulation-mediated activation of the TLR3 signaling pathway in porcine monocyte-derived macrophages (pMDMs), thereby suppressing the TRIF mRNA transcription, the IRF3 protein translation and the NF-κB p65 phosphorylation, and ultimately affecting the secretion of IL-6 and IFN-β; CSFV NS5A protein could significantly increase the activation of MyD88 and IRF7 as well as the consequent synthesis of IFN-α in pMDMs. The results suggest that CSFV NSPs affect TLR-mediated innate immune responses in pMDMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Cao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi, 712100, China; Key Laboratory of Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Qian Yang
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Minping Zheng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Huifang Lv
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Kai Kang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Yanming Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi, 712100, China.
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29
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RACK1 attenuates RLR antiviral signaling by targeting VISA-TRAF complexes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 508:667-674. [PMID: 30527812 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.11.203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Virus-induced signaling adaptor (VISA), which mediates the production of type I interferon, is crucial for the retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I)-like receptor (RLR) signaling pathway. Upon viral infection, RIG-I recognizes double-stranded viral RNA and interacts with VISA to mediate antiviral innate immunity. However, the mechanisms underlying RIG/VISA-mediated antiviral regulation remain unclear. In this study, we confirmed that receptor for activated C kinase 1 (RACK1) interacts with VISA and attenuates the RIG/VISA-mediated antiviral innate immune signaling pathway. Overexpression of RACK1 inhibited the interferon-β (IFN-β) promoter; interferon-stimulated response element (ISRE); nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) activation; and dimerization of interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) mediated by RIG-I, VISA, and TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1). A reduction in RACK1 expression level upon small interfering RNA knockdown increased RIG/VISA-mediated antiviral transduction. Additionally, RACK1 disrupted formation of the VISA-tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 2 (TRAF2), VISA-TRAF3, and VISA-TRAF6 complexes during RIG-I/VISA-mediated signal transduction. Additionally, RACK1 enhanced K48-linked ubiquitination of VISA, attenuated its K63-linked ubiquitination, and decreased VISA-mediated antiviral signal transduction. Together, these results indicate that RACK1 interacts with VISA to repress downstream signaling and downregulates virus-induced IFN-β production in the RIG-I/VISA signaling pathway.
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30
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. A, Nasrul E, Miro S. Level of Interferon-gamma and Interleukin-12 in Several
Genotypes of HCV Infections. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL SCIENCES 2018. [DOI: 10.3923/jms.2018.180.185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Venugopal V, Padmanabhan P, Raja R, Dixit NM. Modelling how responsiveness to interferon improves interferon-free treatment of hepatitis C virus infection. PLoS Comput Biol 2018; 14:e1006335. [PMID: 30001324 PMCID: PMC6057683 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1006335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2017] [Revised: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Direct-acting antiviral agents (DAAs) for hepatitis C treatment tend to fare better in individuals who are also likely to respond well to interferon-alpha (IFN), a surprising correlation given that DAAs target specific viral proteins whereas IFN triggers a generic antiviral immune response. Here, we posit a causal relationship between IFN-responsiveness and DAA treatment outcome. IFN-responsiveness restricts viral replication, which would prevent the growth of viral variants resistant to DAAs and improve treatment outcome. To test this hypothesis, we developed a multiscale mathematical model integrating IFN-responsiveness at the cellular level, viral kinetics and evolution leading to drug resistance at the individual level, and treatment outcome at the population level. Model predictions quantitatively captured data from over 50 clinical trials demonstrating poorer response to DAAs in previous non-responders to IFN than treatment-naïve individuals, presenting strong evidence supporting the hypothesis. Model predictions additionally described several unexplained clinical observations, viz., the percentages of infected individuals who 1) spontaneously clear HCV, 2) get chronically infected but respond to IFN-based therapy, and 3) fail IFN-based therapy but respond to DAA-based therapy, resulting in a comprehensive understanding of HCV infection and treatment. An implication of the causal relationship is that failure of DAA-based treatments may be averted by adding IFN, a strategy of potential use in settings with limited access to DAAs. A second, wider implication is that individuals with greater IFN-responsiveness would require shorter DAA-based treatment durations, presenting a basis and a promising population for response-guided therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishnu Venugopal
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Pranesh Padmanabhan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Rubesh Raja
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Narendra M. Dixit
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
- Centre for Biosystems Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
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Li Z, Liu Q. Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 inhibits interferon β expression through interacting with ATF-2. FEBS Lett 2018; 592:2323-2333. [PMID: 29885262 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Revised: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 06/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) regulates lipid metabolism. A mutual interplay of lipid homeostasis and innate immune system has been increasingly recognized. We, therefore, studied the effect of PCSK9 on interferon (IFN) β expression. We show that PCSK9 decreases IFNβ promoter/enhancer activity, mRNA and protein levels, and its downstream 2',5'-oligoadenylate synthetase-1 mRNA level. ProPCSK9, but not the cleaved PCSK9, down-regulates IFNβ promoter/enhancer activity. Moreover, PCSK9 decreases IFNβ promoter/enhancer activity through the positive regulatory domain IV region where the activating transcription factor-2 (ATF-2)/c-Jun heterodimer binds. Mechanistically, we demonstrate an interaction between PCSK9 and ATF-2, which reduces ATF-2/c-Jun dimerization and ATF-2/c-Jun binding to the IFNβ enhancer. This novel function of PCSK9 should have important implications in optimizing the clinical use of PCSK9 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhubing Li
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Centre (VIDO-InterVac), School of Public Health Vaccinology and Immunotherapeutics, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Qiang Liu
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Centre (VIDO-InterVac), School of Public Health Vaccinology and Immunotherapeutics, Department of Veterinary Microbiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
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ADAR1 affects HCV infection by modulating innate immune response. Antiviral Res 2018; 156:116-127. [PMID: 29906476 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2018.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Revised: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a globally prevalent infectious pathogen. As many as 80% of people infected with HCV do not control the virus and develop a chronic infection. Response to interferon (IFN) therapy is widely variable in chronic HCV infected patients, suggesting that HCV has evolved mechanisms to suppress and evade innate immunity responsible for its control and elimination. Adenosine deaminase acting on RNA 1 (ADAR1) is a relevant factor in the regulation of the innate immune response. The loss of ADAR1 RNA-editing activity and the resulting loss of inosine bases in RNA are critical in producing aberrant RLR-mediated innate immune response, mediated by RNA sensors MDA5 and RIG-I. Here, we describe ADAR1 role as a regulator of innate and antiviral immune function in HCV infection, both in vitro and in patients. Polymorphisms within ADAR1 gene were found significantly associated to poor clinical outcome to HCV therapy and advanced liver fibrosis in a cohort of HCV and HIV-1 coinfected patients. Moreover, ADAR1 knockdown in primary macrophages and Huh7 hepatoma cells enhanced IFN and IFN stimulated gene expression and increased HCV replication in vitro. Overall, our results demonstrate that ADAR1 regulates innate immune signaling and is an important contributor to the outcome of the HCV virus-host interaction. ADAR1 is a potential target to boost antiviral immune response in HCV infection.
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Wang X, Wang S, Liu ZH, Qi WQ, Zhang Q, Zhang YG, Sun DR, Xu Y, Wang HG, Li ZX, Cong XL, Zhao P, Zhou CY, Wang JB. Regulatory polymorphism of CXCL10 rs1439490 in seronegative occult hepatitis C virus infection. World J Gastroenterol 2018; 24:2191-2202. [PMID: 29853737 PMCID: PMC5974581 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v24.i20.2191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2018] [Revised: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To examine the relationship between the single nucleotide polymorphism CXCL10 rs1439490 and seronegative occult hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection (OCI). METHODS One hundred and three cases of seronegative OCI and 155 cases of seropositive chronic HCV infection (CHC) were diagnosed at five Liver Centers in Northeastern China, from 2012 to 2016. CXCL10 rs1439490, rs1440802, and IL-28B rs12979860 were analyzed by sequencing. Serum CXCL10 was measured by ELISA. Intrahepatic CXCL10 was determined by quantitative PCR and immunohistochemical semi-quantitative scoring. Liver necroinflammation and fibrosis were scored according to the METAVIR system. RESULTS CXCL10 rs1439490 G/G was more prevalent in OCI patients (n = 93/103; 90.3%) than in CHC patients (n = 116/155; 74.8%; P = 0.008). OCI patients had lower serum CXCL10 levels than CHC patients (192.91 ± 46.50 pg/mL vs 354.78 ± 102.91 pg/mL, P < 0.0001). Of IL-28B rs12979860 C/C patients, OCI patients with rs1439490 G/G had lower serum and liver levels of CXCL10 and lower levels of liver necroinflammation and fibrosis than non-G/G patients. OCI patients had higher alanine aminotransferase normalization rates after Peg-interferon treatment than CHC patients (P < 0.05) and serum CXCL10 decreased significantly (P < 0.0001). Liver necroinflammation and fibrosis were alleviated in 8 OCI patients after treatment. Multivariate analysis indicated that rs1439490 G/G significantly influenced the occurrence of OCI in HCV infection (OR = 0.31, 95%CI: 0.15-0.66, P = 0.002). CONCLUSION CXCL10 rs1439490 G/G is positively associated with OCI in HCV infection and antiviral outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Wang
- Department of Digestive, China-Japan Union Hospital Affiliated to Jilin University, Changchun 130033, Jilin Province, China
| | - Song Wang
- Department of Urology, First Hospital Affiliated to Jilin University, Changchun 130000, Jilin Province, China
| | - Zhen-Hua Liu
- Department of Digestive, China-Japan Union Hospital Affiliated to Jilin University, Changchun 130033, Jilin Province, China
| | - Wen-Qian Qi
- Department of Digestive, China-Japan Union Hospital Affiliated to Jilin University, Changchun 130033, Jilin Province, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Department of Digestive, China-Japan Union Hospital Affiliated to Jilin University, Changchun 130033, Jilin Province, China
| | - Yong-Gui Zhang
- Department of Digestive, China-Japan Union Hospital Affiliated to Jilin University, Changchun 130033, Jilin Province, China
| | - De-Rong Sun
- Department of Infectious Disease, the Fourth Affiliated University of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, Heilongjiang Province, China
- Department of Digestive, the Second People’s Hospital of Daqing City, Daqing 163461, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Yan Xu
- Department of Digestive, China-Japan Union Hospital Affiliated to Jilin University, Changchun 130033, Jilin Province, China
| | - Hong-Guang Wang
- Department of Digestive, People’s Hospital of Jilin City, Changchun 132000, Jilin Province, China
| | - Zhong-Xie Li
- Department of Digestive, People’s Hospital of Hunchun City, Hunchun 133300, Jilin Province, China
| | - Xian-Ling Cong
- Department of Pathology, China-Japan Union Hospital Affiliated to Jilin University, Changchun 130033, Jilin Province, China
| | - Ping Zhao
- Department of Digestive, China-Japan Union Hospital Affiliated to Jilin University, Changchun 130033, Jilin Province, China
| | - Chang-Yu Zhou
- Department of Digestive, China-Japan Union Hospital Affiliated to Jilin University, Changchun 130033, Jilin Province, China
| | - Jiang-Bin Wang
- Department of Digestive, China-Japan Union Hospital Affiliated to Jilin University, Changchun 130033, Jilin Province, China
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Schwartz N, Pellach M, Glick Y, Gil R, Levy G, Avrahami D, Barbiro-Michaely E, Nahmias Y, Gerber D. Neuregulin 1 discovered as a cleavage target for the HCV NS3/4A protease by a microfluidic membrane protein array. N Biotechnol 2018; 45:113-122. [PMID: 29438748 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbt.2018.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Revised: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The hepatitis C virus (HCV) non-structural protein 3 (NS3) is essential for HCV maturation. The NS3/4A protease is a target for several HCV treatments and is a well-known target for HCV drug discovery. The protein is membrane associated and thus probably interacts with other membrane proteins. However, the vast majority of known NS3 host partners are soluble proteins rather than membrane proteins, most likely due to lack of appropriate platforms for their discovery. Utilization of an integrated microfluidics platform enables analysis of membrane proteins in their native form. We screened over 2800 membrane proteins for interaction with NS3 and 90 previously unknown interactions were identified. Of these, several proteins were selected for validation by co-immunoprecipitation and for NS3 proteolytic activity. Bearing in mind the considerable number of interactions formed, together with the popularity of NS3/4A protease as a drug target, it was striking to note its lack of proteolytic activity. Only a single protein, Neuregulin1, was observed to be cleaved, adding to the 3 known NS3/4A cleavage targets. Neuregulin1 participates in neural proliferation. Recent studies have shown its involvement in HCV infection and hepatocellular carcinoma. We showed that NS3/4A triggers an increase in neuregulin1 mRNA levels in HCV infected cells. Despite this increase, its protein concentration is decreased due to proteolytic cleavage. Additionally, its EGF-like domain levels were increased, possibly explaining the ErbB2 and EGFR upregulation in HCV infected cells. The newly discovered protein interactions may provide insights into HCV infection mechanisms and potentially provide new therapeutic targets against HCV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nika Schwartz
- Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences and Bar Ilan Institute for Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, Anna Web Nanotechnology bld. (206), Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan, 5290002, Israel
| | - Michal Pellach
- Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences and Bar Ilan Institute for Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, Anna Web Nanotechnology bld. (206), Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan, 5290002, Israel
| | - Yair Glick
- Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences and Bar Ilan Institute for Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, Anna Web Nanotechnology bld. (206), Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan, 5290002, Israel
| | - Reuven Gil
- Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences and Bar Ilan Institute for Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, Anna Web Nanotechnology bld. (206), Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan, 5290002, Israel
| | - Gahl Levy
- Grass Center for Bioengineering, Benin School of Computer Science and Engineering, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel; Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Dorit Avrahami
- Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences and Bar Ilan Institute for Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, Anna Web Nanotechnology bld. (206), Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan, 5290002, Israel
| | - Efrat Barbiro-Michaely
- Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences and Bar Ilan Institute for Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, Anna Web Nanotechnology bld. (206), Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan, 5290002, Israel
| | - Yaakov Nahmias
- Grass Center for Bioengineering, Benin School of Computer Science and Engineering, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel; Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Doron Gerber
- Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences and Bar Ilan Institute for Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, Anna Web Nanotechnology bld. (206), Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan, 5290002, Israel.
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Arshad M, Bhatti A, John P. Identification and in silico analysis of functional SNPs of human TAGAP protein: A comprehensive study. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0188143. [PMID: 29329296 PMCID: PMC5766082 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0188143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic polymorphisms in TAGAP gene have been associated with many diseases including rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis and other autoimmune disorders. Identifying functional SNPs in such disease associated genes is an uphill task hence before planning larger population study, it is better to scrutinize putative functional SNPs. In this study we used various computational approaches to identify nsSNPs which are deleterious to the structure and/or function of TAGAP protein that might be causing these diseases. Computational analysis was performed by five different in silico tools including SIFT, PROVEAN, PolyPhen-2, PhD-SNP and SNPs&GO. The study concludes that mutations of Glycine → Glutamic Acid at position 120, Glycine → Tryptophan at position 141 and Valine → Methionine at position 151 are major mutations in native TAGAP protein which might contribute to its malfunction and ultimately causing disease. The study also proposed 3D structures of native TAGAP protein and its three mutants. Future studies should consider these nsSNPs as main target mutations in various diseases involving TAGAP malfunction. This is the first comprehensive study, where TAGAP gene variants were analyzed using in silico tools hence will be of great help while considering large scale studies and also in developing precision medicines for cure of diseases related to these polymorphisms. Furthermore, animal models of various autoimmune diseases and having these mutations might be of help in exploring their precise roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Arshad
- Atta-Ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences, National University of Sciences & Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Attya Bhatti
- Atta-Ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences, National University of Sciences & Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Peter John
- Atta-Ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences, National University of Sciences & Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
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Kanak MA, Shindo Y, SaiKumar P, Naziruddin B. Role of Inflammasomes in the Development of Gastrointestinal Diseases. EXPERIENTIA SUPPLEMENTUM (2012) 2018; 108:235-268. [PMID: 30536174 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-89390-7_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Many diseases of the gastrointestinal tract have been attributed to chronic inflammation, and a few have identified the role of inflammasomes in their pathogenesis. Inflammasomes are a group of protein complexes comprising of several intracellular proteins that link the sensing of microbial products and metabolic stress to the proteolytic activation of the proinflammatory cytokines. Recent studies have implicated activation of several families of NOD-like receptors (NLRs) which are major components of inflammasomes in the development and exacerbation of many diseases of human systems. In this chapter, we discuss the role of inflammasomes in some of the most prevalent diseases of the gastrointestinal tract and highlight potential targets for treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mazhar A Kanak
- Division of Transplantation, Department of Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University Medical Center, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Yoshitaro Shindo
- Division of Transplantation, Department of Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University Medical Center, Richmond, VA, USA
| | | | - Bashoo Naziruddin
- Sammons Cancer Center, Baylor Simmons Transplant Institute, Dallas, TX, USA.
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Blumer T, Coto-Llerena M, Duong FHT, Heim MH. SOCS1 is an inducible negative regulator of interferon λ (IFN-λ)-induced gene expression in vivo. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:17928-17938. [PMID: 28900038 PMCID: PMC5663890 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.788877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Revised: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Type I (α and β) and type III (λ) IFNs are induced upon viral infection through host sensory pathways that activate IFN regulatory factors (IRFs) and nuclear factor κB. Secreted IFNs induce autocrine and paracrine signaling through the JAK-STAT pathway, leading to the transcriptional induction of hundreds of IFN-stimulated genes, among them sensory pathway components such as cGAS, STING, RIG-I, MDA5, and the transcription factor IRF7, which enhance the induction of IFN-αs and IFN-λs. This positive feedback loop enables a very rapid and strong host response that, at some point, has to be controlled by negative regulators to maintain tissue homeostasis. Type I IFN signaling is controlled by the inducible negative regulators suppressor of cytokine signaling 1 (SOCS1), SOCS3, and ubiquitin-specific peptidase 18 (USP18). The physiological role of these proteins in IFN-γ signaling has not been clarified. Here we used knockout cell lines and mice to show that IFN-λ signaling is regulated by SOCS1 but not by SOCS3 or USP18. These differences were the basis for the distinct kinetic properties of type I and III IFNs. We found that IFN-α signaling is transient and becomes refractory after hours, whereas IFN-λ provides a long-lasting IFN-stimulated gene induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Blumer
- From the Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland and
- the University Hospital Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Mairene Coto-Llerena
- From the Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland and
- the University Hospital Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Francois H T Duong
- From the Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland and
- the University Hospital Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Markus H Heim
- From the Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland and
- the University Hospital Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
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Zhang H, Hou X, Cai H, Zhuang X. Effects of microwave ablation on T-cell subsets and cytokines of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. MINIM INVASIV THER 2017. [PMID: 28635405 DOI: 10.1080/13645706.2017.1286356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the effects of microwave ablation on T-lymphocyte subsets and cytokines in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. MATERIAL AND METHODS Peripheral blood was collected from 45 patients with hepatocellular carcinoma treated by microwave ablation before treatment, one week and one month after treatment. T cells (CD3+, CD4+ and CD8+ cells), CD4+ CD25+ Tregs, and CD16+ CD56+ NK cells were analyzed by flow cytometry. Levels of cytokines (IL-2, IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-12, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, and IL-10) were determined by a Luminex 200 analyzer. RESULTS Compared with before treatment, CD3+ cells, CD4+ cells and IL-12 increased significantly at one month after the microwave ablation treatment, while IL-4, IL-10 decreased significantly. CONCLUSIONS Microwave ablation could relieve the suppression of immune function caused by tumors, promote the deviation of Th2/Th1, and improve immune dysfunction in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiwen Zhang
- a Department of Oncology , 401th Hospital of PLA , Qingdao , China
| | - Xiaowei Hou
- a Department of Oncology , 401th Hospital of PLA , Qingdao , China
| | - Hongjian Cai
- a Department of Oncology , 401th Hospital of PLA , Qingdao , China
| | - Xingjun Zhuang
- a Department of Oncology , 401th Hospital of PLA , Qingdao , China
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40
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Zupin L, Polesello V, Alberi G, Moratelli G, Crocè SL, Masutti F, Pozzato G, Crovella S, Segat L. MBL2 Genetic Variants in HCV Infection Susceptibility, Spontaneous Viral Clearance and Pegylated Interferon Plus Ribavirin Treatment Response. Scand J Immunol 2017; 84:61-9. [PMID: 27136459 DOI: 10.1111/sji.12444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 04/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis C is disease that damages the liver, and it is caused by the hepatitis C virus (HCV). The pathology became chronic in about 80% of the cases due to virus persistence in the host organism. The standard of care consists of pegylated interferon plus ribavirin; however, the treatment response is very variable and different host/viral factors may concur in the disease outcome. The mannose-binding protein C (MBL) is a component of the innate immune system, able to recognize HCV and consecutively activating the immune response. MBL is encoded by MBL2 gene, and polymorphisms, two in the promoter region (H/L and X/Y) and three in exon 1 (at codon 52, 54 and 57), have been described as functionally influencing protein expression. In this work, 203 Italian HCV patients and 61 healthy controls were enrolled and genotyped for the five MBL2 polymorphisms mentioned above to investigate their role in HCV infection susceptibility, spontaneous viral clearance and treatment response. MBL2 polymorphisms were not associated with HCV infection susceptibility and with spontaneous viral clearance, while MBL2 O allele, O/O genotype, HYO haplotype and DP combined genotype (all correlated with low or deficient MBL expression) were associated with sustained virological response. Moreover, a meta-analysis to assess the role of MBL2 polymorphisms in HCV infection susceptibility was also performed: YA haplotype could be associated with protection towards HCV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Zupin
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - V Polesello
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health, IRCCS 'Burlo Garofolo', Trieste, Italy
| | - G Alberi
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health, IRCCS 'Burlo Garofolo', Trieste, Italy
| | - G Moratelli
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - S L Crocè
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - F Masutti
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - G Pozzato
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - S Crovella
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy.,Institute for Maternal and Child Health, IRCCS 'Burlo Garofolo', Trieste, Italy
| | - L Segat
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health, IRCCS 'Burlo Garofolo', Trieste, Italy
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Tsutsumi T, Okushin K, Enooku K, Fujinaga H, Moriya K, Yotsuyanagi H, Aizaki H, Suzuki T, Matsuura Y, Koike K. Nonstructural 5A Protein of Hepatitis C Virus Interferes with Toll-Like Receptor Signaling and Suppresses the Interferon Response in Mouse Liver. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0170461. [PMID: 28107512 PMCID: PMC5249188 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0170461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The hepatitis C virus nonstructural protein NS5A is involved in resistance to the host immune response, as well as the viral lifecycle such as replication and maturation. Here, we established transgenic mice expressing NS5A protein in the liver and examined innate immune responses against lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in vivo. Intrahepatic gene expression levels of cytokines such as interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-α, and interferon-γ were significantly suppressed after LPS injection in the transgenic mouse liver. Induction of the C-C motif chemokine ligand 2, 4, and 5 was also suppressed. Phosphorylation of the signal transducer and activator of transcription 3, which is activated by cytokines, was also reduced, and expression levels of interferon-stimulated genes, 2’-5’ oligoadenylate synthase, interferon-inducible double-stranded RNA-activated protein kinase, and myxovirus resistance 1 were similarly suppressed. Since LPS binds to toll-like receptor 4 and stimulates the downstream pathway leading to induction of these genes, we examined the extracellular signal-regulated kinase and IκB-α. The phosphorylation levels of these molecules were reduced in transgenic mouse liver, indicating that the pathway upstream of the molecules was disrupted by NS5A. Further analyses revealed that the interaction between interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase-1 and tumor necrosis factor receptor associated factor-6 was dispersed in transgenic mice, suggesting that NS5A may interfere with this interaction via myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88, which was shown to interact with NS5A. Since the gut microbiota, a source of LPS, is known to be associated with pathological conditions in liver diseases, our results suggest the involvement of NS5A in the pathogenesis of HCV infected-liver via the suppression of innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeya Tsutsumi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Kazuya Okushin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenichiro Enooku
- Department of Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hidetaka Fujinaga
- Department of Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kyoji Moriya
- Department of Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Yotsuyanagi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideki Aizaki
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tetsuro Suzuki
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Yoshiharu Matsuura
- Department of Molecular Virology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Koike
- Department of Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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Heim MH, Bochud PY, George J. Host - hepatitis C viral interactions: The role of genetics. J Hepatol 2016; 65:S22-S32. [PMID: 27641986 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2016.07.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Revised: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a major cause of chronic viral hepatitis that can lead to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Only a minority of patients can clear the virus spontaneously. Elimination of HCV during acute infection correlates with a rapid induction of innate, especially interferon (IFN)-induced genes, and a delayed induction of adaptive immune responses. There is a strong association between genetic variants in the IFNλ (IL28B) locus with the rate of spontaneous clearance. Individuals with the ancestral IFNλ4 allele capable of producing a fully active IFNλ4 are paradoxically not able to clear HCV in the acute phase and develop chronic hepatitis C (CHC) with more than 90% probability. In the chronic phase of HCV infection, the wild-type IFNλ4 genotype is strongly associated with an induction of hundreds of classical type I/type III IFN stimulated genes in hepatocytes. However, the activation of the endogenous IFN system in the liver is ineffective in clearing HCV, and is even associated with impaired therapeutic responses to pegylated (Peg)IFNα containing treatments. While the role of genetic variation in the IFNλ locus to the outcome of CHC treatment has declined, it is clear that variation not only at this locus, but also at other loci, modulate clinically important liver phenotypes, including inflammation, fibrosis progression and the development of hepatocellular cancer. In this review, we summarize current knowledge about the role of genetics in the host response to viral hepatitis and the potential future evolution of knowledge in understanding host-viral interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus H Heim
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Basel, Petersgraben 4, 4031 Basel, Switzerland; Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Hebelstrasse 20, 4031 Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Pierre-Yves Bochud
- Infectious Diseases Service, University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Rue du Bugnon 46, 1011 Lausanne-CHUV, Switzerland.
| | - Jacob George
- Storr Liver Centre, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead Hospital and University of Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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Abstract
Models of viral population dynamics have contributed enormously to our understanding of the pathogenesis and transmission of several infectious diseases, the coevolutionary dynamics of viruses and their hosts, the mechanisms of action of drugs, and the effectiveness of interventions. In this chapter, we review major advances in the modeling of the population dynamics of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and briefly discuss adaptations to other viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pranesh Padmanabhan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, Karnataka, India
| | - Narendra M Dixit
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, Karnataka, India.
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44
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Zupin L, Polesello V, Alberi G, Moratelli G, Crocè SL, Masutti F, Pozzato G, Crovella S, Segat L. CD209 promoter polymorphisms associate with HCV infection and pegylated-interferon plus ribavirin treatment response. Mol Immunol 2016; 76:49-54. [PMID: 27348632 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2016.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Revised: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis C is a severe liver disease caused by hepatitis C virus that could persist in the host causing progression towards chronic disease in about 80% of the cases. Pegylated-interferon plus ribavirin was the gold standard therapy, however treatment's response was quite variable among individuals and different host/viral factors may play a role in disease outcome. The cluster of differentiation 209 (CD209 antigen) is a component of the innate immune system able to recognize HCV and consequently activating the immune response. We enrolled 203 Italian HCV infected patients and 220 healthy controls investigating if five promoter polymorphisms within CD209 gene (encoding for CD209 antigen) correlated with HCV infection susceptibility, spontaneous viral clearance and interferon treatment response. CD209 -939G>A and -871A>G polymorphisms associated with HCV infection susceptibility, while, CD209 -871A>G and -336A>G polymorphisms associated with response to treatment. In conclusion, CD209 polymorphisms could play a role in the susceptibility to HCV infection as well as interferon treatment response in our study population from North-East of Italy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Zupin
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy.
| | - Vania Polesello
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health, IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo", Trieste, Italy
| | - Giulia Alberi
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health, IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo", Trieste, Italy
| | - Giulia Moratelli
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Saveria Lory Crocè
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Flora Masutti
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Gabriele Pozzato
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Sergio Crovella
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy; Institute for Maternal and Child Health, IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo", Trieste, Italy
| | - Ludovica Segat
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health, IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo", Trieste, Italy
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45
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Silberstein E, Ulitzky L, Lima LA, Cehan N, Teixeira-Carvalho A, Roingeard P, Taylor DR. HCV-Mediated Apoptosis of Hepatocytes in Culture and Viral Pathogenesis. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0155708. [PMID: 27280444 PMCID: PMC4900611 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0155708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) infection is associated with progressive liver injury and subsequent development of fibrosis and cirrhosis. The death of hepatocytes results in the release of cytokines that induce inflammatory and fibrotic responses. The mechanism of liver damage is still under investigation but both apoptosis and immune-mediated processes may play roles. By observing the changes in gene expression patterns in HCV-infected cells, both markers and the causes of HCV-associated liver injury may be elucidated. HCV genotype 1b virus from persistently infected VeroE6 cells induced a strong cytopathic effect when used to infect Huh7.5 hepatoma cells. To determine if this cytopathic effect was a result of apoptosis, ultrastructural changes were observed by electron microscopy and markers of programmed cell death were surveyed. Screening of a human PCR array demonstrated a gene expression profile that contained upregulated markers of apoptosis, including tumor necrosis factor, caspases and caspase activators, Fas, Bcl2-interacting killer (BIK) and tumor suppressor protein, p53, as a result of HCV genotype 1b infection. The genes identified in this study should provide new insights into understanding viral pathogenesis in liver cells and may possibly help to identify novel antiviral and antifibrotic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica Silberstein
- Laboratory of Emerging Pathogens, Division of Emerging Transfusion Transmitted Diseases, Office of Blood Research and Review, CBER FDA, Silver Spring, MD, 20903, United States of America
| | - Laura Ulitzky
- Laboratory of Emerging Pathogens, Division of Emerging Transfusion Transmitted Diseases, Office of Blood Research and Review, CBER FDA, Silver Spring, MD, 20903, United States of America
| | - Livia Alves Lima
- Laboratory of Emerging Pathogens, Division of Emerging Transfusion Transmitted Diseases, Office of Blood Research and Review, CBER FDA, Silver Spring, MD, 20903, United States of America
| | - Nicoleta Cehan
- Laboratory of Emerging Pathogens, Division of Emerging Transfusion Transmitted Diseases, Office of Blood Research and Review, CBER FDA, Silver Spring, MD, 20903, United States of America
| | - Andréa Teixeira-Carvalho
- Laboratory of Emerging Pathogens, Division of Emerging Transfusion Transmitted Diseases, Office of Blood Research and Review, CBER FDA, Silver Spring, MD, 20903, United States of America
| | - Philippe Roingeard
- INSERM U966, Universite Francois Rabelais and CHRU de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Deborah R. Taylor
- Laboratory of Emerging Pathogens, Division of Emerging Transfusion Transmitted Diseases, Office of Blood Research and Review, CBER FDA, Silver Spring, MD, 20903, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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46
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Sikorska K. The iron homeostasis network and hepatitis C virus - a new challenge in the era of directly acting antivirals. Virulence 2016; 7:620-2. [PMID: 27196953 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2016.1191739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Sikorska
- a Department of Tropical Medicine and Epidemiology , Medical University of Gdańsk , Gdynia , Poland.,b Department of Infectious Diseases , Medical University of Gdańsk , Gdańsk , Poland
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47
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Chun K, Afshar M, Audish D, Kabigting F, Paik A, Gallo R, Hata T. Hepatitis C may enhance key amplifiers of psoriasis. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2016; 31:672-678. [PMID: 27184185 DOI: 10.1111/jdv.13578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 11/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple studies have noted an association between hepatitis C and psoriasis, but it is not known whether psoriasis is a result of treatment modalities for hepatitis C or a result of hepatitis C alone. OBJECTIVE To examine the relationship between psoriasis and hepatitis C by measuring the expression of cathelicidin, TLR9 and IFNγ in psoriatic lesional and non-lesional skin in HCV-positive and negative psoriatic patients. METHODS Two 2 mm punch biopsies of lesional and non-lesional skin in 10 patients who were HCV-negative psoriatics and seven HCV-positive psoriatics were used to measure cathelicidin, TLR9 and IFNγ mRNA expression by quantitative reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). RESULTS The mRNA levels of cathelicidin, TLR9 and IFNγ were significantly higher in both non-lesional and lesional skin of HCV-positive patients with psoriasis as compared to HCV-negative psoriatic patients. Additionally, the IFNγ level in lesional skin of HCV-positive psoriatic patients was higher than the IFNγ level seen in non-lesional skin of those same patients. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that HCV infection upregulates these inflammatory cytokines, possibly increasing susceptibility to developing psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Chun
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - M Afshar
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - D Audish
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - F Kabigting
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - A Paik
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - R Gallo
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - T Hata
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
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48
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Otsuka T, Sakai Y, Ohno D, Tsuruoka S. A Case of Cryoglobulinemic Membranoproliferative Glomerulonephritis Induced by Hepatitis C Virus. J NIPPON MED SCH 2016; 82:193-201. [PMID: 26328796 DOI: 10.1272/jnms.82.193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A 61-year-old man with bilateral purpura of the lower limbs and subsequent edema, was hospitalization after renal dysfunction developed. The presence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) RNA and cryoglobulin and the finding of membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis on renal biopsy led to a diagnosis of HCV-related glomerulonephritis due to cryoglobulinemia. Because of the pre-existence of nephrotic syndrome and the continuously increasing serum level of creatinine, treatment with cryofiltration, interferon, and steroids was started. After 5 cryofiltration sessions, the cryocrit level had decreased to 1% and the levels of serum creatinine and proteinuria had also decreased. However, 3 weeks after the start of treatment, nephrotic syndrome developed again and was accompanied by lower-extremity mononeuropathy and renal dysfunction. Thereafter, the patient showed disorientation, an affective disorder, and delirium, and his condition gradually deteriorated. Radiological examination of the head and examination of the cerebrospinal fluid showed no abnormalities. Despite the withdrawal of the interferon therapy and the reduction of the steroid dose, the patient's conditions remained unchanged, and the level of consciousness deteriorated. Although cryofiltration had beneficial effects and plasma exchange was continuously performed, the patient died on the 74th hospital day. Because of the significant changes due to ventilatory support and hemorrhage associated with disseminated intravascular coagulation, the autopsy findings did not allow us to definitively determine whether the symptoms had been caused by the HCV-related membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis or the interferon therapy or both. We have reported this case to provide insight into whether interferon therapy should be administered for HCV-related membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis with marked neurological symptoms due to cryoglobulinemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoyuki Otsuka
- Department of Nephrology, Nippon Medical School Musashi Kosugi Hospital
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49
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Dultz G, Gerber L, Zeuzem S, Sarrazin C, Waidmann O. The macrophage activation marker CD163 is associated with IL28B genotype and hepatic inflammation in chronic hepatitis C virus infected patients. J Viral Hepat 2016; 23:267-73. [PMID: 26554542 DOI: 10.1111/jvh.12488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Recent data highlighted the association of the macrophage activation marker CD163 with histological inflammation and fibrosis in chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of successful antiviral treatment and IL28B genotypes on macrophage activation reflected by CD163 levels in HCV infected patients. In a retrospective cohort study, serum sCD163 levels were correlated with results of liver histopathology, IL28B genotyping and clinical parameters in 329 patients with HCV infection, 15 healthy controls and in 161 patients who achieved a sustained virologic response after antiviral treatment. sCD163 levels were significantly higher in patients with chronic HCV infection in comparison to healthy controls (5202 vs 896 ng/mL, P < 0.001). In the multivariate logistic regression analyses, sCD163 was independently associated with histologically determined inflammation (P = 0.043) but not with fibrosis (P = 0.091). sCD163 dropped significantly after successful antiviral treatment in comparison to baseline values (5202 vs 3093 ng/mL, P < 0.001). In the univariate analyses, sCD163 was significantly associated with IL28B genotype (C/C vs C/T+T/T) with higher values in the C/C group (6098 vs 4812 ng/mL, P = 0.003). In the multivariate logistic regression model, sCD163 levels were significantly associated with IL28B genotype (P = 0.003) and sustained virologic response (SVR) (P < 0.001). Our data support the association of activated liver macrophages with hepatic necroinflammation in chronic HCV infection as sCD163 levels drop rapidly after SVR. The irresponsiveness of IL28B minor genotypes to interferon might be related to a lower level of macrophage activation in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Dultz
- Medizinische Klinik 1, Schwerpunkt Gastroenterologie und Hepatologie, Universitätsklinikum Frankfurt, Goethe-Universität, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - L Gerber
- Medizinische Klinik 1, Schwerpunkt Gastroenterologie und Hepatologie, Universitätsklinikum Frankfurt, Goethe-Universität, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - S Zeuzem
- Medizinische Klinik 1, Schwerpunkt Gastroenterologie und Hepatologie, Universitätsklinikum Frankfurt, Goethe-Universität, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - C Sarrazin
- Medizinische Klinik 1, Schwerpunkt Gastroenterologie und Hepatologie, Universitätsklinikum Frankfurt, Goethe-Universität, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - O Waidmann
- Medizinische Klinik 1, Schwerpunkt Gastroenterologie und Hepatologie, Universitätsklinikum Frankfurt, Goethe-Universität, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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50
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Lu MY, Huang CI, Dai CY, Wang SC, Hsieh MY, Hsieh MH, Liang PC, Lin YH, Hou NJ, Yeh ML, Huang CF, Lin ZY, Chen SC, Huang JF, Chuang WL, Yu ML. Elevated on-treatment levels of serum IFN-gamma is associated with treatment failure of peginterferon plus ribavirin therapy for chronic hepatitis C. Sci Rep 2016; 6:22995. [PMID: 26965318 PMCID: PMC4786849 DOI: 10.1038/srep22995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection had been associated with cytokine imbalance. Cytokine dynamics in response to peginterferon/ribavirin therapy have an impact on the treatment efficacy for HCV patients. Ninety-two treatment-naive chronic hepatitis C patients were treated with 24 or 48 weeks of peginterferon/ribavirin therapy according to their viral genotypes. Sustained virologic response (SVR) is defined as undetectable HCV RNA throughout a 24-week post-treatment follow-up period. Dynamic serum levels of the following cytokines: (1) Th1-mediated cytokines: IFN-γ, interleukin-2, and TNF-alpha; (2)Th2-mediated cytokines: interleukin-4, interleukin-5, interleukin-6, and interleukin-10 and (3)immuno-modulatory cytokines: interleukin-1β, interleukin-8, and interleukin-12 were determined by Fluorescent Bead immunoassay. Serial dynamic cytokine expression demonstrated that not only elevated IFN-γ concentrations at specific time points but also the total IFN-γ amount was strongly linked to non-response in peginterferon/ribavirin therapy. IFN-γ levels could serve as an independent predictor for SVR analyzed by multivariate logistic regression test. The accuracy of discriminating responders from non-responders was acceptable when IFN-γ cut-off levels were set at 180, 120, and 40 pg/ml at the 4th week, 12th week, and end-of-treatment of therapy, respectively. Elevated on-treatment IFN-γ concentration was significantly associated with treatment failure among interleukin-28B rs8099917TT carriers and those patients failed to achieve rapid virologic response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Ying Lu
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ching-I Huang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Municipal Hsiao-Kang Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Yen Dai
- Hepatobiliary Division, Department of Internal Medicine and Hepatitis Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Faculty of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, and Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, and Center for Infectious Disease and Cancer Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Chi Wang
- Hepatobiliary Division, Department of Internal Medicine and Hepatitis Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Yen Hsieh
- Hepatobiliary Division, Department of Internal Medicine and Hepatitis Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Meng-Hsuan Hsieh
- Faculty of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, and Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, and Center for Infectious Disease and Cancer Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Po-Cheng Liang
- Hepatobiliary Division, Department of Internal Medicine and Hepatitis Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Hung Lin
- Hepatobiliary Division, Department of Internal Medicine and Hepatitis Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Nai-Jen Hou
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Municipal Hsiao-Kang Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Lun Yeh
- Hepatobiliary Division, Department of Internal Medicine and Hepatitis Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Faculty of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, and Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, and Center for Infectious Disease and Cancer Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Feng Huang
- Hepatobiliary Division, Department of Internal Medicine and Hepatitis Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Faculty of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, and Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, and Center for Infectious Disease and Cancer Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Occupational Medicine, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Zu-Yau Lin
- Hepatobiliary Division, Department of Internal Medicine and Hepatitis Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Faculty of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, and Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, and Center for Infectious Disease and Cancer Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Shinn-Cherng Chen
- Hepatobiliary Division, Department of Internal Medicine and Hepatitis Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Faculty of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, and Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, and Center for Infectious Disease and Cancer Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Jee-Fu Huang
- Hepatobiliary Division, Department of Internal Medicine and Hepatitis Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Faculty of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, and Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, and Center for Infectious Disease and Cancer Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Wan-Long Chuang
- Hepatobiliary Division, Department of Internal Medicine and Hepatitis Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Faculty of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, and Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, and Center for Infectious Disease and Cancer Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Lung Yu
- Hepatobiliary Division, Department of Internal Medicine and Hepatitis Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Faculty of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, and Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, and Center for Infectious Disease and Cancer Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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