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Mashayekhi K, Khazaie K, Faubion WA, Kim GB. Biomaterial-enhanced treg cell immunotherapy: A promising approach for transplant medicine and autoimmune disease treatment. Bioact Mater 2024; 37:269-298. [PMID: 38694761 PMCID: PMC11061617 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2024.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are crucial for preserving tolerance in the body, rendering Treg immunotherapy a promising treatment option for both organ transplants and autoimmune diseases. Presently, organ transplant recipients must undergo lifelong immunosuppression to prevent allograft rejection, while autoimmune disorders lack definitive cures. In the last years, there has been notable advancement in comprehending the biology of both antigen-specific and polyclonal Tregs. Clinical trials involving Tregs have demonstrated their safety and effectiveness. To maximize the efficacy of Treg immunotherapy, it is essential for these cells to migrate to specific target tissues, maintain stability within local organs, bolster their suppressive capabilities, and ensure their intended function's longevity. In pursuit of these goals, the utilization of biomaterials emerges as an attractive supportive strategy for Treg immunotherapy in addressing these challenges. As a result, the prospect of employing biomaterial-enhanced Treg immunotherapy holds tremendous promise as a treatment option for organ transplant recipients and individuals grappling with autoimmune diseases in the near future. This paper introduces strategies based on biomaterial-assisted Treg immunotherapy to enhance transplant medicine and autoimmune treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazem Mashayekhi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
- Immunology of Infectious Diseases Research Center, Research Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | | | - William A. Faubion
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Gloria B. Kim
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ, USA
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ, USA
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2
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Smith CT, Wang Z, Lewis JS. Engineering antigen-presenting cells for immunotherapy of autoimmunity. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2024; 210:115329. [PMID: 38729265 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2024.115329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases are burdensome conditions that affect a significant fraction of the global population. The hallmark of autoimmune disease is a host's immune system being licensed to attack its tissues based on specific antigens. There are no cures for autoimmune diseases. The current clinical standard for treating autoimmune diseases is the administration of immunosuppressants, which weaken the immune system and reduce auto-inflammatory responses. However, people living with autoimmune diseases are subject to toxicity, fail to mount a sufficient immune response to protect against pathogens, and are more likely to develop infections. Therefore, there is a concerted effort to develop more effective means of targeting immunomodulatory therapies to antigen-presenting cells, which are involved in modulating the immune responses to specific antigens. In this review, we highlight approaches that are currently in development to target antigen-presenting cells and improve therapeutic outcomes in autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clinton T Smith
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Zhenyu Wang
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Jamal S Lewis
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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3
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Scotland BL, Dharmaraj S, Cottingham AL, Truong N, Chapoval SP, Keegan AD, Pearson RM. Impact of antigen loading in tolerogenic nanoparticles to mitigate Th2-mediated allergic lung inflammation. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2024:10.1007/s13346-024-01632-8. [PMID: 38862755 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-024-01632-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
Allergic disease is a major global health concern that imposes significant life-altering and economic burdens on affected individuals. However, there is still no cure. Polymer-based nanoparticles (NP) have shown the potential to induce antigen (Ag)-specific immune tolerance in various Th1/17 and Th2-mediated immune disorders including autoimmunity and allergy. Common methods by which Ags are associated with NPs are through surface conjugation or encapsulation. However, these Ag delivery strategies can be associated with several caveats that dampen their effectiveness such as uncontrolled Ag loading, a high Ag burst release, and an increased immune recognition profile. We previously developed Ag-polymer conjugate NPs (acNPs) to overcome those noted limitations, while allowing for controlled delivery of precise quantities of Ag to innate immune cells for Ag-specific CD4 T cell modulation. Here, we utilized ovalbumin (OVA) protein-poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) conjugate NPs (acNP-OVA) to elucidate the impact of Ag loading on the induction of Th2 tolerance using a prophylactic and therapeutic OVA/ALUM-induced mouse model of allergic lung inflammation (ALI) in comparison to Ag-encapsulated PLGA NPs (NP(Ag)). We demonstrate that acNP-OVA formulations reduced OVA-specific IgE and inhibited Th2 cytokine secretions in an Ag loading-dependent manner when administered prophylactically. Administration of acNP-OVA to pre-sensitized mice did not affect OVA-specific IgE and Th2 cytokines tended to be reduced, however, there was no clear Ag loading dependency. acNP-OVA with medium-to-low Ag loadings were well tolerated, while formulations with high Ag loadings, including NP(Ag) resulted in anaphylaxis. Overall, our results clarify the relationship between Ag loading and Ag-specific IgE and Th2 cytokine responses in a murine model of ALI, which provides insight useful for future design of tolerogenic NP-based immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brianna L Scotland
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, 20 N. Pine Street, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Shruti Dharmaraj
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, 20 N. Pine Street, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Andrea L Cottingham
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, 20 N. Pine Street, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Nhu Truong
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, 20 N. Pine Street, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Svetlana P Chapoval
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 W. Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
- Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 800 W. Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
- Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 22 S. Greene Street, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Achsah D Keegan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 W. Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
- Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 800 W. Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
- Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 22 S. Greene Street, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Ryan M Pearson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, 20 N. Pine Street, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 W. Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.
- Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 22 S. Greene Street, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.
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Discepolo V, Kelly CP, Koning F, Schuppan D. How Future Pharmacologic Therapies for Celiac Disease Will Complement the Gluten-Free Diet. Gastroenterology 2024; 167:90-103. [PMID: 38604542 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2024.02.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
The only proven treatment for celiac disease is adherence to a strict, lifelong, gluten-free diet. However, complete dietary gluten avoidance is challenging and a substantial number of patients do not respond fully, clinically, or histologically, despite their best efforts. As celiac disease is common and its central pathophysiology is well elucidated, it has become attractive for drug development to address the limitations of dietary treatment. Most efforts address nonresponsive celiac disease, defined as continued symptoms and/or signs of disease activity despite a gluten-free diet, and the more severe forms of refractory celiac disease, types I and II. An increasing spectrum of therapeutic approaches target defined mechanisms in celiac disease pathogenesis and some have advanced to current phase 2 and 3 clinical studies. We discuss these approaches in terms of potential efficiency, practicability, safety, and need, as defined by patients, regulatory authorities, health care providers, and payors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Discepolo
- Department of Translational Medical Science and European Laboratory for the Investigation of Food Induced Diseases, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.
| | - Ciarán P Kelly
- Celiac Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Frits Koning
- Department of Immunology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Detlef Schuppan
- Celiac Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Institute of Translational Immunology and Research Center for Immunotherapy, Center for Celiac Disease and Autoimmunity, Johannes-Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany.
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5
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Meng X, Zhu G, Yang YG, Sun T. Targeted delivery strategies: The interactions and applications of nanoparticles in liver diseases. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 175:116702. [PMID: 38729052 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
In recent years, nanoparticles have been broadly utilized in various drugs delivery formulations. Nanodelivery systems have shown promise in solving problems associated with the distribution of hydrophobic drugs and have promoted the accumulation of nanomedicines in the circulation or in organs. However, the injection dose of nanoparticles (NPs) is much greater than that needed by diseased tissues or organs. In other words, most of the NPs are localized off-target and do not reach the desired tissue or organs. With the rapid development of biodegradable and biosafety nanomaterials, the nanovectors represent assurance of safety. However, the off-target effects also induce concerns about the application of NPs, especially in the delivery of gene editing tools. Therefore, a complete understanding of the biological responses to NPs in the body will clearly guide the design of targeted delivery of NPs. The different properties of various nanodelivery systems may induce diverse interactions between carriers and organs. In this review, we describe the relationship between the liver, the most influenced organ of systemic administration of NPs, and targeted delivery nanoplatforms. Various transport vehicles have adopted multiple delivery strategies for the targeted delivery to the cells in the homeostasis liver and in diseased liver. Additionally, nanodelivery systems provide a novel strategy for treating incurable diseases. The appearance of a targeted delivery has profoundly improved the application of NPs to liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiandi Meng
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of Ministry of Education, Institute of Immunology, The First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China; National-local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Diseases, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Ge Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of Ministry of Education, Institute of Immunology, The First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China; National-local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Diseases, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Yong-Guang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of Ministry of Education, Institute of Immunology, The First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China; International Center of Future Science, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China; National-local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Diseases, Changchun, Jilin, China.
| | - Tianmeng Sun
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of Ministry of Education, Institute of Immunology, The First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China; International Center of Future Science, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China; National-local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Diseases, Changchun, Jilin, China; State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China.
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6
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Kenison JE, Stevens NA, Quintana FJ. Therapeutic induction of antigen-specific immune tolerance. Nat Rev Immunol 2024; 24:338-357. [PMID: 38086932 PMCID: PMC11145724 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-023-00970-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2024]
Abstract
The development of therapeutic approaches for the induction of robust, long-lasting and antigen-specific immune tolerance remains an important unmet clinical need for the management of autoimmunity, allergy, organ transplantation and gene therapy. Recent breakthroughs in our understanding of immune tolerance mechanisms have opened new research avenues and therapeutic opportunities in this area. Here, we review mechanisms of immune tolerance and novel methods for its therapeutic induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica E Kenison
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nikolas A Stevens
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Francisco J Quintana
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- The Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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7
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Wang X, Mo X, Yang Z, Zhao C. Qntrolling the LncRNA HULC-Tregs-PD-1 axis inhibits immune escape in the tumor microenvironment. Heliyon 2024; 10:e28386. [PMID: 38560250 PMCID: PMC10979100 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e28386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Immune escape remains a major challenge in the treatment of malignant tumors. Here, we studied the mechanisms underlying immune escape in the tumor microenvironment and identified a potential therapeutic target. Methods Pathological specimens from patients with liver cancer, soft tissue sarcoma, and liver metastasis of colon cancer were subjected to immunohistochemistry analysis to detect the expression of programmed death-1 (PD-1) in the tumor microenvironment (TME). Additionally, the expression of regulatory T cells (Tregs) and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), such as highly upregulated in liver cancer (HULC) was evaluated by fluorescence in situ hybridization, and the relationship between HULC, Treg cells, and PD-1 was determined. The animals were divided into H22 hepatic carcinoma and S180 sarcoma groups. Each group was divided into Foxp3-/-C57BL/6J and C57BL/6J mice. Thereafter, mice were inoculated with 0.1 ml S180 sarcoma cells or 0.1 ml H22 hepatoma cells, at a concentration of 1 × 107/ml. The number of splenic CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ T cells was detected by flow cytometry, and serum interleukin-10 (IL-10) and transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) levels were detected using a Luminex liquid suspension chip. Expression of PD-1, fork head box P3 (Foxp3), and HULC in the TME, were analyzed and the therapeutic effect of inhibiting the lncRNA HULC-Treg-PD-1 axis in malignant tumors was determined. Results High expression of lncRNA HULC promotes the proliferation of Treg cells and increases PD-1 expression in the tumor microenvironment. The HULC-Treg-PD-1 axis plays an immunosuppressive role and promotes the proliferation of malignant tumors. Knocking out the Foxp3 gene can affect the HULC-Treg-PD-1 axis and reduce PD-1, IL-10, and TGF-β1 expression to control the growth of malignant tumors. Conclusion The lncRNA HULC-Treg-PD-1 axis promotes the growth of malignant tumors. This axis could be modulated to reduce PD-1, IL-10, and TGF-β1 expression and the subsequent immune escape. The inhibition of immune escape in the tumor microenvironment can be achieved by controlling the LncRNA HULC-Treg-PD-1 axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- XiaoYu Wang
- School of Health Science, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 51006, China
| | - Xiaoyan Mo
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 51006, China
| | - Zhuolin Yang
- School of Health Science, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 51006, China
| | - Changlin Zhao
- School of Health Science, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 51006, China
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 51006, China
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8
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Borroni E, Borsotti C, Cirsmaru RA, Kalandadze V, Famà R, Merlin S, Brown B, Follenzi A. Immune tolerance promotion by LSEC-specific lentiviral vector-mediated expression of the transgene regulated by the stabilin-2 promoter. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2024; 35:102116. [PMID: 38333675 PMCID: PMC10850788 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2024.102116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
Liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs) are specialized endocytic cells that clear the body from blood-borne pathogens and waste macromolecules through scavenger receptors (SRs). Among the various SRs expressed by LSECs is stabilin-2 (STAB2), a class H SR that binds to several ligands, among which endogenous coagulation products. Given the well-established tolerogenic function of LSECs, we asked whether the STAB2 promoter (STAB2p) would enable us to achieve LSEC-specific lentiviral vector (LV)-mediated transgene expression, and whether the expression of this transgene would be maintained over the long term due to tolerance induction. Here, we show that STAB2p ensures LSEC-specific green fluorescent protein (GFP) expression by LV in the absence of a specific cytotoxic CD8+ T cell immune response, even in the presence of GFP-specific CD8+ T cells, confirming the robust tolerogenic function of LSECs. Finally, we show that our delivery system can partially and permanently restore FVIII activity in a mouse model of severe hemophilia A without the formation of anti-FVIII antibodies. Overall, our findings establish the suitability of STAB2p for long-term LSEC-restricted expression of therapeutic proteins, such as FVIII, or to achieve antigen-specific immune tolerance in auto-immune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ester Borroni
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Chiara Borsotti
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Roberta A. Cirsmaru
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Vakhtang Kalandadze
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Rosella Famà
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Simone Merlin
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Brian Brown
- Icahn Genomics Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York 10029, NY, USA
| | - Antonia Follenzi
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy
- Department of Attività Integrate Ricerca Innovazione, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria SS. Antonio e Biagio e C.Arrigo, Alessandria, Italy
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9
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Liu Q, Chen G, Liu X, Tao L, Fan Y, Xia T. Tolerogenic Nano-/Microparticle Vaccines for Immunotherapy. ACS NANO 2024. [PMID: 38323542 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c11647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases, allergies, transplant rejections, generation of antidrug antibodies, and chronic inflammatory diseases have impacted a large group of people across the globe. Conventional treatments and therapies often use systemic or broad immunosuppression with serious efficacy and safety issues. Tolerogenic vaccines represent a concept that has been extended from their traditional immune-modulating function to induction of antigen-specific tolerance through the generation of regulatory T cells. Without impairing immune homeostasis, tolerogenic vaccines dampen inflammation and induce tolerogenic regulation. However, achieving the desired potency of tolerogenic vaccines as preventive and therapeutic modalities calls for precise manipulation of the immune microenvironment and control over the tolerogenic responses against the autoantigens, allergens, and/or alloantigens. Engineered nano-/microparticles possess desirable design features that can bolster targeted immune regulation and enhance the induction of antigen-specific tolerance. Thus, particle-based tolerogenic vaccines hold great promise in clinical translation for future treatment of aforementioned immune disorders. In this review, we highlight the main strategies to employ particles as exciting tolerogenic vaccines, with a focus on the particles' role in facilitating the induction of antigen-specific tolerance. We describe the particle design features that facilitate their usage and discuss the challenges and opportunities for designing next-generation particle-based tolerogenic vaccines with robust efficacy to promote antigen-specific tolerance for immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Liu
- School of Engineering Medicine, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Guoqiang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Preparation and Delivery, Institute of Process Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Xingchi Liu
- School of Engineering Medicine, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Lu Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Preparation and Delivery, Institute of Process Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Yubo Fan
- School of Engineering Medicine, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Tian Xia
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Division of NanoMedicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
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10
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Kusumoputro S, Au C, Lam KH, Park N, Hyun A, Kusumoputro E, Wang X, Xia T. Liver-Targeting Nanoplatforms for the Induction of Immune Tolerance. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 14:67. [PMID: 38202522 PMCID: PMC10780512 DOI: 10.3390/nano14010067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Liver-targeting nanoparticles have emerged as a promising platform for the induction of immune tolerance by taking advantage of the liver's unique tolerogenic properties and nanoparticles' physicochemical flexibility. Such an approach provides a versatile solution to the treatment of a diversity of immunologic diseases. In this review, we begin by assessing the design parameters integral to cell-specific targeting and the tolerogenic induction of nanoplatforms engineered to target the four critical immunogenic hepatic cells, including liver sinusoidal epithelial cells (LSECs), Kupffer cells (KCs), hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), and hepatocytes. We also include an overview of multiple therapeutic strategies in which nanoparticles are being studied to treat many allergies and autoimmune disorders. Finally, we explore the challenges of using nanoparticles in this field while highlighting future avenues to expand the therapeutic utility of liver-targeting nanoparticles in autoimmune processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sydney Kusumoputro
- Department of Medicine, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19129, USA; (S.K.); (N.P.)
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Christian Au
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA;
- Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90007, USA;
| | - Katie H. Lam
- Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90007, USA;
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Nathaniel Park
- Department of Medicine, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19129, USA; (S.K.); (N.P.)
| | - Austin Hyun
- Department of Medicine, Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, Bradenton, FL 34211, USA;
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Emily Kusumoputro
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA;
| | - Xiang Wang
- Division of NanoMedicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Tian Xia
- Division of NanoMedicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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11
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Scotland BL, Shaw JR, Dharmaraj S, Caprio N, Cottingham AL, Joy Martín Lasola J, Sung JJ, Pearson RM. Cell and biomaterial delivery strategies to induce immune tolerance. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2023; 203:115141. [PMID: 37980950 PMCID: PMC10842132 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2023.115141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence of immune-mediated disorders, including autoimmune conditions and allergies, is steadily increasing. However, current therapeutic approaches are often non-specific and do not address the underlying pathogenic condition, often resulting in impaired immunity and a state of generalized immunosuppression. The emergence of technologies capable of selectively inhibiting aberrant immune activation in a targeted, antigen (Ag)-specific manner by exploiting the body's intrinsic tolerance pathways, all without inducing adverse side effects, holds significant promise to enhance patient outcomes. In this review, we will describe the body's natural mechanisms of central and peripheral tolerance as well as innovative delivery strategies using cells and biomaterials targeting innate and adaptive immune cells to promote Ag-specific immune tolerance. Additionally, we will discuss the challenges and future opportunities that warrant consideration as we navigate the path toward clinical implementation of tolerogenic strategies to treat immune-mediated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brianna L Scotland
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, 20 N. Pine Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States
| | - Jacob R Shaw
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 W. Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States
| | - Shruti Dharmaraj
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, 20 N. Pine Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States
| | - Nicholas Caprio
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, 20 N. Pine Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States
| | - Andrea L Cottingham
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, 20 N. Pine Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States
| | - Jackline Joy Martín Lasola
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 W. Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States
| | - Junsik J Sung
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, 20 N. Pine Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States
| | - Ryan M Pearson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, 20 N. Pine Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 W. Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States; Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 22 S. Greene Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States.
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12
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Kim A, Xie F, Abed OA, Moon JJ. Vaccines for immune tolerance against autoimmune disease. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2023; 203:115140. [PMID: 37980949 PMCID: PMC10757742 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2023.115140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
The high prevalence and rising incidence of autoimmune diseases have become a prominent public health issue. Autoimmune disorders result from the immune system erroneously attacking the body's own healthy cells and tissues, causing persistent inflammation, tissue injury, and impaired organ function. Existing treatments primarily rely on broad immunosuppression, leaving patients vulnerable to infections and necessitating lifelong treatments. To address these unmet needs, an emerging frontier of vaccine development aims to restore immune equilibrium by inducing immune tolerance to autoantigens, offering a potential avenue for a cure rather than mere symptom management. We discuss this burgeoning field of vaccine development against inflammation and autoimmune diseases, with a focus on common autoimmune disorders, including multiple sclerosis, type 1 diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, and systemic lupus erythematosus. Vaccine-based strategies provide a new pathway for the future of autoimmune disease therapeutics, heralding a new era in the battle against inflammation and autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- April Kim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Fang Xie
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Omar A Abed
- Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - James J Moon
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor 48109, USA.
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13
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Tomas NM, Schnarre A, Dehde S, Lucas R, Hermans-Borgmeyer I, Kretz O, Koellner SMS, Wiech T, Koch-Nolte F, Seifert L, Huber TB, Zahner G. Introduction of a novel chimeric active immunization mouse model of PLA2R1-associated membranous nephropathy. Kidney Int 2023; 104:916-928. [PMID: 37598854 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2023.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
The phospholipase A2 receptor 1 (PLA2R1) is the major target antigen in patients with membranous nephropathy (MN), an antibody-mediated autoimmune glomerular disease. Investigation of MN pathogenesis has been hampered by the lack of reliable animal models. Here, we overcome this issue by generating a transgenic mouse line expressing a chimeric PLA2R1 (chPLA2R1) consisting of three human PLA2R1 domains (cysteine-rich, fibronectin type-II and CTLD1) and seven murine PLA2R1 domains (CTLD2-8) specifically in podocytes. Mice expressing the chPLA2R1 were healthy at birth and showed no major glomerular alterations when compared to mice with a wild-type PLA2R1 status. Upon active immunization with human PLA2R1 (hPLA2R1), chPLA2R1-positive mice developed anti-hPLA2R1 antibodies, a nephrotic syndrome, and all major histological features of MN, including granular deposition of mouse IgG and complement components in immunofluorescence and subepithelial electron-dense deposits and podocyte foot process effacement in electron microscopy. In order to investigate the role of the complement system in this model, we further crossed chPLA2R1-positive mice with mice lacking the central complement component C3 (C3-/- mice). Upon immunization with hPLA2R1, chPLA2R1-positive C3-/- mice had substantially less severe albuminuria and nephrotic syndrome when compared to chPLA2R1-positive mice with a wild-type C3 status. In conclusion, we introduce a novel active immunization model of PLA2R1-associated MN and demonstrate a pathogenic role of the complement system in this model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola M Tomas
- III. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Hamburg Center for Kidney Health (HCKH), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Hamburg Center for Translational Immunology (HCTI), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Annabel Schnarre
- III. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Hamburg Center for Kidney Health (HCKH), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Silke Dehde
- III. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Hamburg Center for Kidney Health (HCKH), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Renke Lucas
- III. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Hamburg Center for Kidney Health (HCKH), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Irm Hermans-Borgmeyer
- Center of Molecular Neurobiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Oliver Kretz
- III. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Hamburg Center for Kidney Health (HCKH), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sarah M S Koellner
- III. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Hamburg Center for Kidney Health (HCKH), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Thorsten Wiech
- Hamburg Center for Kidney Health (HCKH), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Institute of Pathology, Nephropathology Section, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Friedrich Koch-Nolte
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Larissa Seifert
- III. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Hamburg Center for Kidney Health (HCKH), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Tobias B Huber
- III. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Hamburg Center for Kidney Health (HCKH), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Hamburg Center for Translational Immunology (HCTI), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Gunther Zahner
- III. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Hamburg Center for Kidney Health (HCKH), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
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14
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Riaz F, Huang Z, Pan F. Targeting post-translational modifications of Foxp3: a new paradigm for regulatory T cell-specific therapy. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1280741. [PMID: 37936703 PMCID: PMC10626496 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1280741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023] Open
Abstract
A healthy immune system is pivotal for the hosts to resist external pathogens and maintain homeostasis; however, the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME) damages the anti-tumor immunity and promotes tumor progression, invasion, and metastasis. Recently, many studies have found that Foxp3+ regulatory T (Treg) cells are the major immunosuppressive cells that facilitate the formation of TME by promoting the development of various tumor-associated cells and suppressing the activity of effector immune cells. Considering the role of Tregs in tumor progression, it is pivotal to identify new therapeutic drugs to target and deplete Tregs in tumors. Although several studies have developed strategies for targeted deletion of Treg to reduce the TME and support the accumulation of effector T cells in tumors, Treg-targeted therapy systematically affects the Treg population and may lead to the progression of autoimmune diseases. It has been understood that, nevertheless, in disease conditions, Foxp3 undergoes several definite post-translational modifications (PTMs), including acetylation, glycosylation, phosphorylation, ubiquitylation, and methylation. These PTMs not only elevate or mitigate the transcriptional activity of Foxp3 but also affect the stability and immunosuppressive function of Tregs. Various studies have shown that pharmacological targeting of enzymes involved in PTMs can significantly influence the PTMs of Foxp3; thus, it may influence the progression of cancers and/or autoimmune diseases. Overall, this review will help researchers to understand the advances in the immune-suppressive mechanisms of Tregs, the post-translational regulations of Foxp3, and the potential therapeutic targets and strategies to target the Tregs in TME to improve anti-tumor immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Fan Pan
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology (SIAT), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shenzhen, China
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Krzikalla D, Laschtowitz A, Leypoldt L, Gottwick C, Averhoff P, Weidemann S, Lohse AW, Huber S, Schramm C, Schwinge D, Herkel J, Carambia A. IFNγ and CTLA-4 Drive Hepatic CD4 T-Cell Tolerance and Protection From Autoimmunity in Mice. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2023; 17:79-91. [PMID: 37734595 PMCID: PMC10665921 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2023.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The liver has a distinct capacity to induce immune tolerance to hepatic antigens. Although liver tolerance can be advantageous for preventing autoimmune and inflammatory diseases, it also can be detrimental by preventing immune surveillance of infected or malignant cells. Here, we investigated the immune mechanisms that establish hepatic tolerance. METHODS Tolerance was investigated in C-reactive protein (CRP)-myelin basic protein (MBP) mice expressing the neuroantigen MBP in hepatocytes, providing profound resistance to MBP-induced neuroinflammation. Tolerance induction was studied after transfer of MBP-specific CD4 T cells into CRP-MBP mice, and tolerance mechanisms were tested using depleting or blocking antibodies. RESULTS Although tolerant CRP-MBP mice display increased numbers of forkhead box P3+ regulatory T cells, we here found them not essential for the maintenance of hepatic tolerance. Instead, upon MBP recognition in the liver, MBP-specific T cells became activated to produce interferon (IFN)γ, which, in turn, induced local up-regulation of recruitment molecules, including Chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand9 and its receptor C-X-C motif chemokine receptor3, facilitating endothelial translocation and redirection of MBP-specific T cells into the hepatic parenchyma. There, the translocated MBP-specific CD4 T cells partly converted into interleukin 10-producing type 1 regulatory T cells, and significantly up-regulated the expression of immune checkpoint molecules, notably cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4). Intriguingly, although liver tolerance was not affected by impairment of interleukin 10 signaling, concomitant blockade of IFNγ and CTLA-4 abrogated hepatic tolerance induction to MBP, resulting in neuroinflammatory autoimmune disease in these mice. CONCLUSIONS IFNγ-mediated redirection of autoreactive CD4 T cells into the liver and up-regulation of checkpoint molecules, including CTLA-4, were essential for tolerance induction in the liver, hence representing a potential treatment target for boosting or preventing liver tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria Krzikalla
- Department of Medicine I, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Alena Laschtowitz
- Department of Medicine I, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Lisa Leypoldt
- Department of Medicine I, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Cornelia Gottwick
- Department of Medicine I, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Pia Averhoff
- Department of Medicine I, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sören Weidemann
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ansgar W Lohse
- Department of Medicine I, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Hamburg Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Samuel Huber
- Department of Medicine I, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Hamburg Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Schramm
- Department of Medicine I, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Hamburg Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Martin Zeitz Center for Rare Diseases, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Dorothee Schwinge
- Department of Medicine I, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Hamburg Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Johannes Herkel
- Department of Medicine I, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Hamburg Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Antonella Carambia
- Department of Medicine I, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Hamburg Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
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16
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Kaps L, Limeres MJ, Schneider P, Svensson M, Zeyn Y, Fraude S, Cacicedo ML, Galle PR, Gehring S, Bros M. Liver Cell Type-Specific Targeting by Nanoformulations for Therapeutic Applications. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11869. [PMID: 37511628 PMCID: PMC10380755 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241411869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocytes exert pivotal roles in metabolism, protein synthesis and detoxification. Non-parenchymal liver cells (NPCs), largely comprising macrophages, dendritic cells, hepatic stellate cells and liver sinusoidal cells (LSECs), serve to induce immunological tolerance. Therefore, the liver is an important target for therapeutic approaches, in case of both (inflammatory) metabolic diseases and immunological disorders. This review aims to summarize current preclinical nanodrug-based approaches for the treatment of liver disorders. So far, nano-vaccines that aim to induce hepatitis virus-specific immune responses and nanoformulated adjuvants to overcome the default tolerogenic state of liver NPCs for the treatment of chronic hepatitis have been tested. Moreover, liver cancer may be treated using nanodrugs which specifically target and kill tumor cells. Alternatively, nanodrugs may target and reprogram or deplete immunosuppressive cells of the tumor microenvironment, such as tumor-associated macrophages. Here, combination therapies have been demonstrated to yield synergistic effects. In the case of autoimmune hepatitis and other inflammatory liver diseases, anti-inflammatory agents can be encapsulated into nanoparticles to dampen inflammatory processes specifically in the liver. Finally, the tolerance-promoting activity especially of LSECs has been exploited to induce antigen-specific tolerance for the treatment of allergic and autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonard Kaps
- I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Mainz, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - María José Limeres
- Children's Hospital, University Medical Center, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Paul Schneider
- I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Mainz, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Malin Svensson
- Children's Hospital, University Medical Center, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Yanira Zeyn
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center Mainz, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Silvia Fraude
- Children's Hospital, University Medical Center, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Maximiliano L Cacicedo
- Children's Hospital, University Medical Center, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Peter R Galle
- I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Mainz, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Stephan Gehring
- Children's Hospital, University Medical Center, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Matthias Bros
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center Mainz, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany
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17
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Carey ST, Bridgeman C, Jewell CM. Biomaterial Strategies for Selective Immune Tolerance: Advances and Gaps. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2205105. [PMID: 36638260 PMCID: PMC10015875 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202205105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Autoimmunity and allergies affect a large number of people across the globe. Current approaches to these diseases target cell types and pathways that drive disease, but these approaches are not cures and cannot differentiate between healthy cells and disease-causing cells. New immunotherapies that induce potent and selective antigen-specific tolerance is a transformative goal of emerging treatments for autoimmunity and serious allergies. These approaches offer the potential of halting-or even reversing-disease, without immunosuppressive side effects. However, translating successful induction of tolerance to patients is unsuccessful. Biomaterials offer strategies to direct and maximize immunological mechanisms of tolerance through unique capabilities such as codelivery of small molecules or signaling molecules, controlling signal density in key immune tissues, and targeting. While a growing body of work in this area demonstrates success in preclinical animal models, these therapies are only recently being evaluated in human trials. This review will highlight the most recent advances in the use of materials to achieve antigen-specific tolerance and provide commentary on the current state of the clinical development of these technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean T. Carey
- University of Maryland Fischell Department of BioengineeringUniversity of MarylandCollege ParkMD20742USA
| | - Christopher Bridgeman
- University of Maryland Fischell Department of BioengineeringUniversity of MarylandCollege ParkMD20742USA
| | - Christopher M. Jewell
- University of Maryland Fischell Department of BioengineeringUniversity of MarylandCollege ParkMD20742USA
- US Department of Veterans AffairsVA Maryland Health Care SystemBaltimoreMD21201USA
- Robert E. Fischell Institute for Biomedical DevicesCollege ParkMD20742USA
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyUniversity of Maryland Medical SchoolBaltimoreMD21201USA
- Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Cancer CenterBaltimoreMD21201USA
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18
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Raith M, Nguyen N, Kauffman SJ, Kang N, Mays J, Dalhaimer P. Obesity and inflammation influence pharmacokinetic profiles of PEG-based nanoparticles. J Control Release 2023; 355:434-445. [PMID: 36758834 PMCID: PMC10006354 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
Most patients that will be treated with soft nanoparticles (NPs) will be obese. Yet, NP testing, which begins with pharmacokinetic (PK) and toxicity studies, is carried out almost exclusively in lean rodents having healthy livers and low inflammation. To address this knowledge gap, we determined the PK and toxicity of tail-vein-injected, PEG-based cylindrical nanoparticles (CNPs) and PEGylated liposomes (PLs) as a function of obesity, liver health, and inflammation in leptin-deficient ob/ob and wild-type C57BL/6 J mice. CNPs localized faster to obese livers than to healthy livers within 24 h of injection. PLs localized faster to obese livers than to healthy livers but only 30 min post-injection. Afterwards PL localization to lean livers was higher than localization to obese livers. Overall, PL liver signal peaked ∼6 h post-injection in lean mice, ∼24 h post-injection in heavy mice, and ∼ 48 h post-injection in obese mice. CNPs and PLs were non-toxic to mouse livers as assessed by histology; they reduced many cytokine and chemokine levels that were elevated by obesity. Liver macrophage depletion reduced CNP and PL liver localization as expected; liver sinusoidal endothelial cell (LSEC) depletion reduced PL liver localization but surprisingly increased CNP liver localization. The intensity of RAW264.7 macrophages was higher after CNP incubations than with PL incubations; conversely, the intensity of LSECs was higher after PL incubations than with CNP incubations. This shows the potential for key differences in NP-liver interactions. Triggering inflammation by administering lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to mice increased CNP liver localization but decreased PL liver localization. The results show that obesity and inflammation in a mouse model and in vitro affect soft PEG-based NP interaction with macrophages and LSECs, but also that these NPs can reduce pro-inflammatory pathways increased by obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitch Raith
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Knoxville, TN 37996, United States of America
| | - Nicole Nguyen
- Department of Biochemistry, Cellular, and Molecular Biology, Knoxville, TN 37996, United States of America
| | - Sarah J Kauffman
- Department of Microbiology, Knoxville, TN 37996, United States of America
| | - Namgoo Kang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, United States of America
| | - Jimmy Mays
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, United States of America
| | - Paul Dalhaimer
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Knoxville, TN 37996, United States of America; Department of Biochemistry, Cellular, and Molecular Biology, Knoxville, TN 37996, United States of America.
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Yu X, Mai Y, Wei Y, Yu N, Gao T, Yang J. Therapeutic potential of tolerance-based peptide vaccines in autoimmune diseases. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 116:109740. [PMID: 36696858 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.109740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases are caused by the dysfunction of the body's immune regulatory system, which leads to the recognition of self-antigens and the destruction of self-tissues and is mediated by immune cells such as T and B cells, and affects 5-10% of the population worldwide. Current treatments such as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and glucocorticoids can only relieve symptoms of the disease and are accompanied by serious side effects that affect patient quality of life. The recent rise in antigen-specific therapies, especially vaccines carrying autoantigenic peptides, promises to change this disadvantage, where research has increased dramatically in the last decade. This therapy established specific immune tolerance by delivering peptide fragments containing disease-specific self-antigen epitopes to suppress excessive immune responses, thereby exerting a therapeutic effect, with high safety and specificity. This article presents the latest progress on the treatment of autoimmune diseases with autoantigen peptide vaccines. It includes the construction of peptide vaccine delivery system, the mechanism of inducing immune tolerance and its application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueting Yu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China
| | - Yaping Mai
- School of Science and Technology Centers, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China
| | - Yaya Wei
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China
| | - Na Yu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Preparation, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China
| | - Ting Gao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Preparation, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China.
| | - Jianhong Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China.
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20
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Gammon JM, Carey ST, Saxena V, Eppler HB, Tsai SJ, Paluskievicz C, Xiong Y, Li L, Ackun-Farmmer M, Tostanoski LH, Gosselin EA, Yanes AA, Zeng X, Oakes RS, Bromberg JS, Jewell CM. Engineering the lymph node environment promotes antigen-specific efficacy in type 1 diabetes and islet transplantation. Nat Commun 2023; 14:681. [PMID: 36755035 PMCID: PMC9908900 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36225-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Antigen-specific tolerance is a key goal of experimental immunotherapies for autoimmune disease and allograft rejection. This outcome could selectively inhibit detrimental inflammatory immune responses without compromising functional protective immunity. A major challenge facing antigen-specific immunotherapies is ineffective control over immune signal targeting and integration, limiting efficacy and causing systemic non-specific suppression. Here we use intra-lymph node injection of diffusion-limited degradable microparticles that encapsulate self-antigens with the immunomodulatory small molecule, rapamycin. We show this strategy potently inhibits disease during pre-clinical type 1 diabetes and allogenic islet transplantation. Antigen and rapamycin are required for maximal efficacy, and tolerance is accompanied by expansion of antigen-specific regulatory T cells in treated and untreated lymph nodes. The antigen-specific tolerance in type 1 diabetes is systemic but avoids non-specific immune suppression. Further, microparticle treatment results in the development of tolerogenic structural microdomains in lymph nodes. Finally, these local structural and functional changes in lymph nodes promote memory markers among antigen-specific regulatory T cells, and tolerance that is durable. This work supports intra-lymph node injection of tolerogenic microparticles as a powerful platform to promote antigen-dependent efficacy in type 1 diabetes and allogenic islet transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua M Gammon
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, 8278 Paint Branch Drive, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Sean T Carey
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, 8278 Paint Branch Drive, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Vikas Saxena
- Department of Surgery, University of Maryland Medical School, 22 S. Greene Street, S8B06, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Haleigh B Eppler
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, 8278 Paint Branch Drive, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Shannon J Tsai
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, 8278 Paint Branch Drive, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Christina Paluskievicz
- Department of Surgery, University of Maryland Medical School, 22 S. Greene Street, S8B06, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Yanbao Xiong
- Department of Surgery, University of Maryland Medical School, 22 S. Greene Street, S8B06, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Lushen Li
- Department of Surgery, University of Maryland Medical School, 22 S. Greene Street, S8B06, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Marian Ackun-Farmmer
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, 8278 Paint Branch Drive, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Lisa H Tostanoski
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, 8278 Paint Branch Drive, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Emily A Gosselin
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, 8278 Paint Branch Drive, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Alexis A Yanes
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, 8278 Paint Branch Drive, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Xiangbin Zeng
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, 8278 Paint Branch Drive, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Robert S Oakes
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, 8278 Paint Branch Drive, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
- Department of Veterans Affairs, VA Maryland Health Care System, 10. N Green Street, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Jonathan S Bromberg
- Department of Surgery, University of Maryland Medical School, 22 S. Greene Street, S8B06, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland Medical School, 685 West 30 Baltimore Street, HSF-I Suite 380, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.
| | - Christopher M Jewell
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, 8278 Paint Branch Drive, College Park, MD, 20742, USA.
- Department of Surgery, University of Maryland Medical School, 22 S. Greene Street, S8B06, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.
- Department of Veterans Affairs, VA Maryland Health Care System, 10. N Green Street, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland Medical School, 685 West 30 Baltimore Street, HSF-I Suite 380, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.
- Robert E. Fischell Institute for Biomedical Devices, 8278 Paint Branch Drive, College Park, MD, 20742, USA.
- Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Cancer Center, 22 S. Greene Street, Suite N9E17, Baltimore, 32 MD 21201, USA.
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Kaden T, Noerenberg A, Boldt J, Sagawe C, Johannssen T, Rennert K, Raasch M, Evenburg T. Generation & characterization of expandable human liver sinusoidal endothelial cells and their application to assess hepatotoxicity in an advanced in vitro liver model. Toxicology 2023; 483:153374. [PMID: 36396002 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2022.153374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs) are highly specialized endothelial cells forming the hepatic sinusoidal wall. Besides their high endocytic potential, LSECs have been demonstrated to markedly contribute to liver homeostasis and immunity, and may partially explain unexpected hepatotoxicity of drug candidates. However, their use for in vitro investigations is compromised by poor cell yields and a limited proliferation capacity. Here, we report the transient expansion of primary human LSECs from three donors by lentiviral transduction. Transduced ("upcyte®") LSECs were able to undergo at least 25 additional population doublings (PDs) before growth arrest due to senescence. Expanded upcyte® LSECs maintained several characteristics of primary LSECs, including expression of surface markers such as MMR and LYVE-1 as well as rapid uptake of acetylated LDL and ovalbumin. We further investigated the suitability of expanded upcyte® LSECs and proliferating upcyte® hepatocytes for detecting acetaminophen toxicity at millimolar concentrations (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 5, 10 mM) in static 2D cultures and a microphysiological 3D model. upcyte® LSECs exhibited a higher sensitivity to acetaminophen-induced toxicity compared to upcyte® hepatocytes in 2D culture, however, culturing upcyte® LSECs together with upcyte® hepatocytes in a co-culture reduced APAP-induced toxicity compared to 2D monocultures. A perfused Dynamic42 3D model was more sensitive to acetaminophen than the 2D co-culture model. Cytotoxicity in the 3D model was evident by decreased cellular viability, elevated LDH release, reduced nuclei counts and impaired cell morphology. Taken together, our data demonstrate that transient expansion of LSECs represents a suitable method for generation of large quantities of cells while maintaining many characteristics of primary cells and responsiveness to acetaminophen.
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22
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Mulinacci G, Palermo A, Gerussi A, Asselta R, Gershwin ME, Invernizzi P. New insights on the role of human leukocyte antigen complex in primary biliary cholangitis. Front Immunol 2022; 13:975115. [PMID: 36119102 PMCID: PMC9471323 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.975115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary Biliary Cholangitis (PBC) is a rare autoimmune cholangiopathy. Genetic studies have shown that the strongest statistical association with PBC has been mapped in the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) locus, a highly polymorphic area that mostly contribute to the genetic variance of the disease. Furthermore, PBC presents high variability throughout different population groups, which may explain the different geoepidemiology of the disease. A major role in defining HLA genetic contribution has been given by genome-wide association studies (GWAS) studies; more recently, new technologies have been developed to allow a deeper understanding. The study of the altered peptides transcribed by genetic alterations also allowed the development of novel therapeutic strategies in the context of immunotolerance. This review summarizes what is known about the immunogenetics of PBC with a focus on the HLA locus, the different distribution of HLA alleles worldwide, and how HLA modifications are associated with the pathogenesis of PBC. Novel therapeutic strategies are also outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giacomo Mulinacci
- Division of Gastroenterology, Center for Autoimmune Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
- European Reference Network on Hepatological Diseases (ERN RARE-LIVER), San Gerardo Hospital, Monza, Italy
| | - Andrea Palermo
- Division of Gastroenterology, Center for Autoimmune Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
- European Reference Network on Hepatological Diseases (ERN RARE-LIVER), San Gerardo Hospital, Monza, Italy
| | - Alessio Gerussi
- Division of Gastroenterology, Center for Autoimmune Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
- European Reference Network on Hepatological Diseases (ERN RARE-LIVER), San Gerardo Hospital, Monza, Italy
| | - Rosanna Asselta
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Milan, Italy
| | - Merrill Eric Gershwin
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Pietro Invernizzi
- Division of Gastroenterology, Center for Autoimmune Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
- European Reference Network on Hepatological Diseases (ERN RARE-LIVER), San Gerardo Hospital, Monza, Italy
- *Correspondence: Pietro Invernizzi,
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23
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From vaccines to nanovaccines: A promising strategy to revolutionize rheumatoid arthritis treatment. J Control Release 2022; 350:107-121. [PMID: 35977582 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a joint-related autoimmune disease that is difficult to cure. Most therapeutics act to alleviate the symptoms but not correct the causes of RA. Novel strategies that specifically target the causes are highly needed for RA management. Currently, early interruption of RA is increasingly suggested but the corresponding therapeutics are not available. Vaccines that have shown great success to combat infection, cancer, degenerative diseases, autoimmune diseases, etc. are ideal candidates for a new generation of anti-RA therapeutics to correct the causes and prevent RA or interrupt RA in early phases. Anti-RA vaccines can be divided into two major categories. One is to induce neutralizing antibodies and the other is to induce antigen-specific immune tolerance. The vaccines are inherently linked to nanotechnology because they usually need a biomacromolecule or carrier to provoke sufficient immune responses. In the past decade, designed nanocarriers such as nanoparticles, liposomes, nanoemulsion, etc., have been applied to optimize the vaccines for autoimmune disease treatment. Nanotechnology endows vaccines with a higher biostability, tunable in vivo behavior, better targeting, co-delivery with stimulatory agents, regulatory effects on immune responses, etc. In this review, unmet medical needs for RA treatment and anti-RA vaccinology are first introduced. The development of anti-RA therapies from vaccines to nanovaccines are then reviewed and perspectives on how nanotechnology promotes vaccine development and advancement are finally provided. In addition, challenges for anti-RA vaccine development are summarized and advantages of nanovaccines are analyzed. In conclusion, nanovaccines will be a promising strategy to revolutionize the treatment of RA by correcting the causes in an early phase of RA.
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24
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Schramm C, Oo YH, Lohse AW. Tolerance and autoimmunity in the liver. Semin Immunopathol 2022; 44:393-395. [PMID: 35788895 PMCID: PMC9256554 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-022-00952-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Schramm
- Ist Dept of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany. .,Martin Zeitz Center for Rare Diseases, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany. .,Hamburg Center for Translational Immunology (HCTI), Hamburg, Germany. .,European Reference Network On Hepatological Diseases (ERN RARE-LIVER), Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Ye H Oo
- European Reference Network On Hepatological Diseases (ERN RARE-LIVER), Hamburg, Germany.,Liver Transplant Unit, Centre for Rare Disease, Birmingham & Centre for Liver and Gastro Research, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, University Hospital of Birmingham, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Ansgar W Lohse
- Ist Dept of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany.,Hamburg Center for Translational Immunology (HCTI), Hamburg, Germany.,European Reference Network On Hepatological Diseases (ERN RARE-LIVER), Hamburg, Germany
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25
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Lau CYJ, Benne N, Lou B, Zharkova O, Ting HJ, Ter Braake D, van Kronenburg N, Fens MH, Broere F, Hennink WE, Wang JW, Mastrobattista E. Modulating albumin-mediated transport of peptide-drug conjugates for antigen-specific Treg induction. J Control Release 2022; 348:938-950. [PMID: 35732251 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 05/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The therapeutic potential of antigen-specific regulatory T cells (Treg) has been extensively explored, leading to the development of several tolerogenic vaccines. Dexamethasone-antigen conjugates represent a prominent class of tolerogenic vaccines that enable coordinated delivery of antigen and dexamethasone to target immune cells. The importance of nonspecific albumin association towards the biodistribution of antigen-adjuvant conjugates has gained increasing attention, by which hydrophobic and electrostatic interactions govern the association capacity. Using an ensemble of computational and experimental techniques, we evaluate the impact of charged residues adjacent to the drug conjugation site in dexamethasone-antigen conjugates (Dex-K/E4-OVA323, K: lysine, E: glutamate) towards their albumin association capacity and induction of antigen-specific Treg. We find that Dex-K4-OVA323 possesses a higher albumin association capacity than Dex-E4-OVA323, leading to enhanced liver distribution and antigen-presenting cell uptake. Furthermore, using an OVA323-specific adoptive-transfer mouse model, we show that Dex-K4-OVA323 selectively upregulated OVA323-specific Treg cells, whereas Dex-E4-OVA323 exerted no significant effect on Treg cells. Our findings serve as a guide to optimize the functionality of dexamethasone-antigen conjugate amid switching vaccine epitope sequences. Moreover, our study demonstrates that moderating the residues adjacent to the conjugation sites can serve as an engineering approach for future peptide-drug conjugate development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Yin Jerry Lau
- Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Naomi Benne
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Bo Lou
- Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 1E Kent Ridge Road, NUHS Tower Block, 119228 Singapore, Singapore
| | - Olga Zharkova
- Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 1E Kent Ridge Road, NUHS Tower Block, 119228 Singapore, Singapore; Cardiovascular Research Institute, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 14 Medical Drive, 117599, Singapore
| | - Hui Jun Ting
- Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 1E Kent Ridge Road, NUHS Tower Block, 119228 Singapore, Singapore; Cardiovascular Research Institute, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 14 Medical Drive, 117599, Singapore
| | - Daniëlle Ter Braake
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Nicky van Kronenburg
- Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Marcel H Fens
- Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Femke Broere
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Wim E Hennink
- Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Jiong-Wei Wang
- Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 1E Kent Ridge Road, NUHS Tower Block, 119228 Singapore, Singapore; Cardiovascular Research Institute, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 14 Medical Drive, 117599, Singapore; Department of Physiology, National University of Singapore, 2 Medical Drive, 117593 Singapore, Singapore; Nanomedicine Translational Research Programme, Centre for NanoMedicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 30 Medical Drive, 117609 Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Enrico Mastrobattista
- Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, the Netherlands.
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26
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Du W, Wang L. The Crosstalk Between Liver Sinusoidal Endothelial Cells and Hepatic Microenvironment in NASH Related Liver Fibrosis. Front Immunol 2022; 13:936196. [PMID: 35837401 PMCID: PMC9274003 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.936196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic liver injury can be caused by many factors, including virus infection, alcohol intake, cholestasis and abnormal fat accumulation. Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) has become the main cause of liver fibrosis worldwide. Recently, more and more evidences show that hepatic microenvironment is involved in the pathophysiological process of liver fibrosis induced by NASH. Hepatic microenvironment consists of various types of cells and intercellular crosstalk among different cells in the liver sinusoids. Liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs), as the gatekeeper of liver microenvironment, play an irreplaceable role in the homeostasis and alterations of liver microenvironment. Many recent studies have reported that during the progression of NASH to liver fibrosis, LSECs are involved in various stages mediated by a series of mechanisms. Therefore, here we review the key role of crosstalk between LSECs and hepatic microenvironment in the progression of NASH to liver fibrosis (steatosis, inflammation, and fibrosis), as well as promising therapeutic strategies targeting LSECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Du
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Xi-Jing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Lin Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Xi-Jing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
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27
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Lazaridis K, Fernandez-Santoscoy M, Baltatzidou V, Andersson JO, Christison R, Grünberg J, Tzartos S, Löwenadler B, Fribert C. A Recombinant Acetylcholine Receptor α1 Subunit Extracellular Domain Is a Promising New Drug Candidate for Treatment Of Myasthenia Gravis. Front Immunol 2022; 13:809106. [PMID: 35720339 PMCID: PMC9204200 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.809106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aims Myasthenia gravis (MG) is a T-cell dependent antibody-mediated autoimmune disease in which the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (AChR) is the major autoantigen, comprising several T and B cell auto-epitopes. We hypothesized that an efficacious drug candidate for antigen-specific therapy in MG should comprise a broad range of these auto-epitopes and be administered in a noninflammatory and tolerogenic context. Methods We used a soluble mutated form of the extracellular domain of the α1 chain of the AChR (α1-ECDm), which represents the major portion of auto-epitopes involved in MG, and investigated, in a well-characterized rat model of experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis (EAMG) whether its intravenous administration could safely and efficiently treat the autoimmune disease. Results We demonstrated that intravenous administration of α1-ECDm abrogates established EAMG, in a dose and time dependent manner, as assessed by clinical symptoms, body weight, and compound muscle action potential (CMAP) decrement. Importantly, the effect was more pronounced compared to drugs representing current standard of care for MG. The protein had a short plasma half-life, most of what could be recovered was sequestered in the liver, kidneys and spleen. Further, we did not observe any signs of toxicity or intolerability in animals treated with α1-ECDm. Conclusion We conclude that intravenous treatment with α1-ECDm is safe and effective in suppressing EAMG. α1-ECDm is in preclinical development as a promising new drug candidate for MG.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Socrates Tzartos
- Department of Neurobiology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Athens, Greece.,Tzartos NeuroDiagnostics, Athens, Greece
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28
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Gottwick C, Carambia A, Herkel J. Harnessing the liver to induce antigen-specific immune tolerance. Semin Immunopathol 2022; 44:475-484. [PMID: 35513495 PMCID: PMC9256566 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-022-00942-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases develop when the adaptive immune system attacks the body’s own antigens leading to tissue damage. At least 80 different conditions are believed to have an autoimmune aetiology, including rheumatoid arthritis, type I diabetes, multiple sclerosis or systemic lupus erythematosus. Collectively, autoimmune diseases are a leading cause of severe health impairment along with substantial socioeconomic costs. Current treatments are mostly symptomatic and non-specific, and it is typically not possible to cure these diseases. Thus, the development of more causative treatments that suppress only the pathogenic immune responses, but spare general immunity is of great biomedical interest. The liver offers considerable potential for development of such antigen-specific immunotherapies, as it has a distinct physiological capacity to induce immune tolerance. Indeed, the liver has been shown to specifically suppress autoimmune responses to organ allografts co-transplanted with the liver or to autoantigens that were transferred to the liver. Liver tolerance is established by a unique microenvironment that facilitates interactions between liver-resident antigen-presenting cells and lymphocytes passing by in the low blood flow within the hepatic sinusoids. Here, we summarise current concepts and mechanisms of liver immune tolerance, and review present approaches to harness liver tolerance for antigen-specific immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelia Gottwick
- First Department of Medicine, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Antonella Carambia
- First Department of Medicine, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Johannes Herkel
- First Department of Medicine, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
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29
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Jan Z, Mollazadeh S, Abnous K, Taghdisi SM, Danesh A, Ramezani M, Alibolandi M. Targeted Delivery Platforms for the Treatment of Multiple Sclerosis. Mol Pharm 2022; 19:1952-1976. [PMID: 35501974 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.1c00892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a neurodegenerative condition of the central nervous system (CNS) that presents with varying levels of disability in patients, displaying the significance of timely and effective management of this complication. Though several treatments have been developed to protect nerves, comprehensive improvement of MS is still considered an essential bottleneck. Therefore, the development of innovative treatment methods for MS is one of the core research areas. In this regard, nanoscale platforms can offer practical and ideal approaches to the diagnosis and treatment of various diseases, especially immunological disorders such as MS, to improve the effectiveness of conventional therapies. It should be noted that there is significant progress in the development of neuroprotective strategies through the implementation of various nanoparticles, monoclonal antibodies, peptides, and aptamers. In this study, we summarize different particle systems as well as targeted therapies, such as antibodies, peptides, nucleic acids, and engineered cells for the treatment of MS, and discuss their potential in the treatment of MS in the preclinical and clinical stages. Future advances in targeted delivery of medical supplies may offer new strategies for complete recovery as well as practical treatment of progressive forms of MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeinab Jan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Science, 7GJP+VPQ Mashhad, Iran
| | - Samaneh Mollazadeh
- Natural Products and Medicinal Plants Research Center, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, F82C+G8V Bojnurd, Iran
| | - Khalil Abnous
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, 7GJP+VPQ Mashhad, Iran
| | - Seyed Mohammad Taghdisi
- Targeted Drug Delivery Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, 7GJP+VPQ Mashhad, Iran
| | - Abolghasem Danesh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Science, 7GJP+VPQ Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ramezani
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, 7GJP+VPQ Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mona Alibolandi
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, 7GJP+VPQ Mashhad, Iran
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30
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Membranous nephropathy: new pathogenic mechanisms and their clinical implications. Nat Rev Nephrol 2022; 18:466-478. [PMID: 35484394 DOI: 10.1038/s41581-022-00564-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Membranous nephropathy (MN) is characterized histomorphologically by the presence of immune deposits in the subepithelial space of the glomerular filtration barrier; its clinical hallmarks are nephrotic range proteinuria with oedema. In patients with primary MN, autoimmunity is driven by circulating autoantibodies that bind to one or more antigens on the surface of glomerular podocytes. Compared with other autoimmune kidney diseases, the understanding of the pathogenesis of MN has substantially improved in the past decade, thanks to the discovery of pathogenic circulating autoantibodies against phospholipase A2 receptor 1 (PLA2R1) and thrombospondin type 1 domain-containing protein 7A (THSD7A). The subsequent identification of more proteins associated with MN, some of which are also endogenous podocyte antigens, might further advance the clinical characterization of MN, including its diagnosis, treatment and prognosis. Insights from studies in patients with MN, combined with the development of novel in vivo and in vitro experimental models, have potential to improve the management of patients with MN. Characterizing the interaction between autoimmunity and local glomerular lesions provides an opportunity to develop more specific, pathogenesis-based treatments.
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31
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Benne N, Ter Braake D, Stoppelenburg AJ, Broere F. Nanoparticles for Inducing Antigen-Specific T Cell Tolerance in Autoimmune Diseases. Front Immunol 2022; 13:864403. [PMID: 35392079 PMCID: PMC8981588 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.864403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases affect many people worldwide. Current treatment modalities focus on the reduction of disease symptoms using anti-inflammatory drugs which can lead to side effects due to systemic immune suppression. Restoration of immune tolerance by down-regulating auto-reactive cells in an antigen-specific manner is currently the “holy grail” for the treatment of autoimmune diseases. A promising strategy is the use of nanoparticles that can deliver antigens to antigen-presenting cells which in turn can enhance antigen-specific regulatory T cells. In this review, we highlight some promising cell targets (e.g. liver sinusoidal endothelial cells and splenic marginal zone macrophages) for exploiting natural immune tolerance processes, and several strategies by which antigen-carrying nanoparticles can target these cells. We also discuss how nanoparticles carrying immunomodulators may be able to activate tolerance in other antigen-presenting cell types. Finally, we discuss some important aspects that must be taken into account when translating data from animal studies to patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi Benne
- Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Daniëlle Ter Braake
- Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Arie Jan Stoppelenburg
- Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Department of Rheumatology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Department of Clinical Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Femke Broere
- Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
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32
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Li H, Yang YG, Sun T. Nanoparticle-Based Drug Delivery Systems for Induction of Tolerance and Treatment of Autoimmune Diseases. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:889291. [PMID: 35464732 PMCID: PMC9019755 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.889291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune disease is a chronic inflammatory disease caused by disorders of immune regulation. Antigen-specific immunotherapy has the potential to inhibit the autoreactivity of inflammatory T cells and induce antigen-specific immune suppression without impairing normal immune function, offering an ideal strategy for autoimmune disease treatment. Tolerogenic dendritic cells (Tol DCs) with immunoregulatory functions play important roles in inducing immune tolerance. However, the effective generation of tolerogenic DCs in vivo remains a great challenge. The application of nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems in autoimmune disease treatment can increase the efficiency of inducing antigen-specific tolerance in vivo. In this review, we discuss multiple nanoparticles, with a focus on their potential in treatment of autoimmune diseases. We also discuss how the physical properties of nanoparticles influence their therapeutic efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Li
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of Ministry of Education, Institute of Immunology, The First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- National-local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Diseases, Changchun, China
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yong-Guang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of Ministry of Education, Institute of Immunology, The First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- National-local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Diseases, Changchun, China
- International Center of Future Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Tianmeng Sun
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of Ministry of Education, Institute of Immunology, The First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- National-local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Diseases, Changchun, China
- International Center of Future Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- *Correspondence: Tianmeng Sun,
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33
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Casey LM, Hughes KR, Saunders MN, Miller SD, Pearson RM, Shea LD. Mechanistic contributions of Kupffer cells and liver sinusoidal endothelial cells in nanoparticle-induced antigen-specific immune tolerance. Biomaterials 2022; 283:121457. [PMID: 35286851 PMCID: PMC11225973 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2022.121457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The intravenous delivery of disease-relevant antigens (Ag) by polymeric nanoparticles (NP-Ags) has demonstrated Ag-specific immune tolerance in autoimmune and allergic disorders as well as allogeneic transplant rejection. NP-Ags are observed to distribute to the spleen, which has an established role in the induction of immune tolerance. However, studies have shown that the spleen is dispensable for NP-Ag-induced tolerance, suggesting significant contributions from other immunological sites. Here, we investigated the tolerogenic contributions of Kupffer cells (KCs) and liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs) to NP-Ag-induced tolerance in a mouse model of multiple sclerosis, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Intravenously delivered Ag-conjugated poly(lactide-co-glycolide) NPs (PLG-Ag) distributed largely to the liver, where they associated with both KCs and LSECs. This distribution was accompanied by CD4 T cell accumulation, clonal deletion, and PD-L1 expression by KCs and LSECs. Ex vivo co-cultures of PLG-Ag-treated KCs or LSECs with Ag-specific CD4 T cells resulted in PGE2 and IL-10 or PGE2 secretion, respectively. KC depletion and adoptive transfer experiments demonstrated that KCs were sufficient, but not necessary, to mediate PLG-Ag-induced tolerance in EAE. The durability of PLG-Ag-induced tolerance in the absence of KCs may be attributed to the distribution of PLG-Ags to LSECs, which demonstrated similar levels of PD-L1, PGE2, and T cell stimulatory ability. Collectively, these studies provide mechanistic support for the role of liver KCs and LSECs in Ag-specific tolerance for a biomaterial platform that is currently being evaluated in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liam M Casey
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, 2300 Hayward Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI, 48105, USA
| | - Kevin R Hughes
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, 1119 Carl A. Gerstacker Building, 2200 Bonisteel Boulevard, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Michael N Saunders
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, 1119 Carl A. Gerstacker Building, 2200 Bonisteel Boulevard, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA; Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Michigan, 1135 Catherine St., 2965 Taubman Health Sciences Library, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Stephen D Miller
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 6-713 Tarry Building, 303 E. Chicago Avenue, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA; Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA; The Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Ryan M Pearson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, 20 N. Pine Street, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 W. Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA; Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 22 S. Greene Street, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.
| | - Lonnie D Shea
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, 2300 Hayward Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI, 48105, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, 1119 Carl A. Gerstacker Building, 2200 Bonisteel Boulevard, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
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Wu R, Fan X, Wang Y, Shen M, Zheng Y, Zhao S, Yang L. Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles in Liver Immunity and Therapy. Front Immunol 2022; 13:833878. [PMID: 35309311 PMCID: PMC8930843 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.833878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), as the most common cell source for stem cell therapy, play an important role in the modulation of innate and adaptive immune responses and have been widely used in clinical trials to treat autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. Recent experimental and clinical studies have shown that MSC-derived extracellular vesicles (MSC-EVs) can inhibit the activation and proliferation of a variety of proinflammatory cells, such as Th1, Th17 and M1 macrophages, reducing the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines, while promoting the proliferation of anti-inflammatory cells, such as M2 macrophages and Tregs, and increasing the secretion of anti-inflammatory cytokines, thus playing a role in immune regulation and exhibiting immunomodulatory functions. Besides MSC-EVs are more convenient and less immunogenic than MSCs. There is growing interest in the role of MSC-EVs in liver diseases owing to the intrinsic liver tropism of MSC-EVs. In this review, we focus on the immunomodulatory effects of MSC-EVs and summarize the pivotal roles of MSC-EVs as a cell-free therapy in liver diseases, including NAFLD, AIH, acute liver failure, liver fibrosis and hepatic ischemia–reperfusion injury. Moreover, we provide a concise overview of the potential use and limits of MSC-EVs in clinical application.
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Dudek M, Lohr K, Donakonda S, Baumann T, Lüdemann M, Hegenbarth S, Dübbel L, Eberhagen C, Michailidou S, Yassin A, Prinz M, Popper B, Rose-John S, Zischka H, Knolle PA. IL-6-induced FOXO1 activity determines the dynamics of metabolism in CD8 T cells cross-primed by liver sinusoidal endothelial cells. Cell Rep 2022; 38:110389. [PMID: 35172161 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs) are liver-resident antigen (cross)-presenting cells that generate memory CD8 T cells, but metabolic properties of LSECs and LSEC-primed CD8 T cells remain understudied. Here, we report that high-level mitochondrial respiration and constitutive low-level glycolysis support LSEC scavenger and sentinel functions. LSECs fail to increase glycolysis and co-stimulation after TLR4 activation, indicating absence of metabolic and functional maturation compared with immunogenic dendritic cells. LSEC-primed CD8 T cells show a transient burst of oxidative phosphorylation and glycolysis. Mechanistically, co-stimulatory IL-6 signaling ensures high FOXO1 expression in LSEC-primed CD8 T cells, curtails metabolic activity associated with T cell activation, and is indispensable for T cell functionality after re-activation. Thus, distinct immunometabolic features characterize non-immunogenic LSECs compared with immunogenic dendritic cells and LSEC-primed CD8 T cells with memory features compared with effector CD8 T cells. This reveals local features of metabolism and function of T cells in the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Dudek
- Institute of Molecular Immunology and Experimental Oncology, University Hospital München rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Ismaningerstr. 22, 81675 München Germany
| | - Kerstin Lohr
- Institute of Molecular Immunology and Experimental Oncology, University Hospital München rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Ismaningerstr. 22, 81675 München Germany
| | - Sainitin Donakonda
- Institute of Molecular Immunology and Experimental Oncology, University Hospital München rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Ismaningerstr. 22, 81675 München Germany
| | - Tobias Baumann
- Institute of Molecular Immunology and Experimental Oncology, University Hospital München rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Ismaningerstr. 22, 81675 München Germany
| | - Max Lüdemann
- Institute of Molecular Immunology and Experimental Oncology, University Hospital München rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Ismaningerstr. 22, 81675 München Germany
| | - Silke Hegenbarth
- Institute of Molecular Immunology and Experimental Oncology, University Hospital München rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Ismaningerstr. 22, 81675 München Germany
| | - Lena Dübbel
- Institute of Molecular Immunology and Experimental Oncology, University Hospital München rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Ismaningerstr. 22, 81675 München Germany
| | - Carola Eberhagen
- Institute of Toxicology, Helmholtz Center München, München, Germany
| | - Savvoula Michailidou
- Institute of Molecular Immunology and Experimental Oncology, University Hospital München rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Ismaningerstr. 22, 81675 München Germany
| | - Abdallah Yassin
- Institute of Molecular Immunology and Experimental Oncology, University Hospital München rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Ismaningerstr. 22, 81675 München Germany
| | - Marco Prinz
- Institute of Neuropathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany; Center for NeuroModulation, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany; Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Bastian Popper
- Biomedical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, München, Germany
| | | | - Hans Zischka
- Institute of Toxicology, Helmholtz Center München, München, Germany; Institute of Toxicology and Environmental Hygiene, Technical University Munich, München, Germany
| | - Percy A Knolle
- Institute of Molecular Immunology and Experimental Oncology, University Hospital München rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Ismaningerstr. 22, 81675 München Germany; German Center for Infection Research, Munich site, München, Germany.
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Rahiman N, Mohammadi M, Alavizadeh SH, Arabi L, Badiee A, Jaafari MR. Recent advancements in nanoparticle-mediated approaches for restoration of multiple sclerosis. J Control Release 2022; 343:620-644. [PMID: 35176392 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease with complicated immunopathology which necessitates considering multifactorial aspects for its management. Nano-sized pharmaceutical carriers named nanoparticles (NPs) can support impressive management of disease not only in early detection and prognosis level but also in a therapeutic manner. The most prominent initiator of MS is the domination of cellular immunity to humoral immunity and increment of inflammatory cytokines. The administration of several platforms of NPs for MS management holds great promise so far. The efforts for MS management through in vitro and in vivo (experimental animal models) evaluations, pave a new way to a highly efficient therapeutic means and aiding its translation to the clinic in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niloufar Rahiman
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Marzieh Mohammadi
- Department of pharmaceutics, School of pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Targeted Drug Delivery Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Seyedeh Hoda Alavizadeh
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Leila Arabi
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Ali Badiee
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Reza Jaafari
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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Liu Q, Wang X, Liao YP, Chang CH, Li J, Xia T, Nel AE. Use of a Liver-targeting Nanoparticle Platform to Intervene in Peanut-induced anaphylaxis through delivery of an Ara h2 T-cell Epitope. NANO TODAY 2022; 42:101370. [PMID: 36969911 PMCID: PMC10038170 DOI: 10.1016/j.nantod.2021.101370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
To address the urgent need for safe food allergen immunotherapy, we have developed a liver-targeting nanoparticle platform, capable of intervening in allergic inflammation, mast cell release and anaphylaxis through the generation of regulatory T-cells (Treg). In this communication, we demonstrate the use of a poly (lactide-co-glycolide acid) (PLGA) nanoparticle platform for intervening in peanut anaphylaxis through the encapsulation and delivery of a dominant protein allergen, Ara h 2 and representative T-cell epitopes, to liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs). These cells have the capacity to act as natural tolerogenic antigen-presenting cells (APC), capable of Treg generation by T-cell epitope presentation by histocompatibility (MHC) type II complexes on the LSEC surface. This allowed us to address the hypothesis that the tolerogenic nanoparticles platform could be used as an effective, safe, and scalable intervention for suppressing anaphylaxis to crude peanut allergen extract. Following the analysis of purified Ara h 2 and representative MHC-II epitopes Treg generation in vivo, a study was carried out to compare the best-performing Ara h 2 T-cell epitope with a purified Ara h 2 allergen, a crude peanut protein extract (CPPE) and a control peptide in an oral sensitization model. Prophylactic as well as post-sensitization administration of the dominant encapsulated Ara h 2 T-cell epitope was more effective than the purified Ara h2 in eliminating anaphylactic manifestations, hypothermia, and mast cell protease release in a frequently used peanut anaphylaxis model. This was accompanied by decreased peanut-specific IgE blood levels and increased TGF-β release in the abdominal cavity. The duration of the prophylactic effect was sustained for two months. These results demonstrate that targeted delivery of carefully selected T-cell epitopes to natural tolerogenic liver APC could serve as an effective platform for the treatment of peanut allergen anaphylaxis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Liu
- Center of Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology (UC CEIN), University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Xiang Wang
- Center of Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology (UC CEIN), University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Yu-Pei Liao
- Center of Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology (UC CEIN), University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Chong Hyun Chang
- Center of Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology (UC CEIN), University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Jiulong Li
- Center of Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology (UC CEIN), University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Tian Xia
- Center of Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology (UC CEIN), University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Division of NanoMedicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Andre E. Nel
- Center of Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology (UC CEIN), University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Division of NanoMedicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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Schmitt S, Huppertsberg A, Klefenz A, Kaps L, Mailänder V, Schuppan D, Butt HJ, Nuhn L, Koynov K. Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy Monitors the Fate of Degradable Nanocarriers in the Blood Stream. Biomacromolecules 2022; 23:1065-1074. [PMID: 35061359 PMCID: PMC8924869 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.1c01407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
![]()
The use of nanoparticles
as carriers to deliver pharmacologically
active compounds to specific parts of the body via the bloodstream
is a promising therapeutic approach for the effective treatment of
various diseases. To reach their target sites, nanocarriers (NCs)
need to circulate in the bloodstream for prolonged periods without
aggregation, degradation, or cargo loss. However, it is very difficult
to identify and monitor small-sized NCs and their cargo in the dense
and highly complex blood environment. Here, we present a new fluorescence
correlation spectroscopy-based method that allows the precise characterization
of fluorescently labeled NCs in samples of less than 50 μL of
whole blood. The NC size, concentration, and loading efficiency can
be measured to evaluate circulation times, stability, or premature
drug release. We apply the new method to follow the fate of pH-degradable
fluorescent cargo-loaded nanogels in the blood of live mice for periods
of up to 72 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sascha Schmitt
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Anne Huppertsberg
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Adrian Klefenz
- Institute for Translational Immunology and Research Center for Immune Therapy, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Leonard Kaps
- Institute for Translational Immunology and Research Center for Immune Therapy, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University, 55131 Mainz, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University, 55122 Mainz, Germany
| | - Volker Mailänder
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University, 55122 Mainz, Germany
| | - Detlef Schuppan
- Institute for Translational Immunology and Research Center for Immune Therapy, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University, 55131 Mainz, Germany
- Division of Gastroenterology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 02115 Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Hans-Jürgen Butt
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Lutz Nuhn
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Kaloian Koynov
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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Fasano R, Malerba E, Prete M, Solimando AG, Buonavoglia A, Silvestris N, Leone P, Racanelli V. Impact of Antigen Presentation Mechanisms on Immune Response in Autoimmune Hepatitis. Front Immunol 2022; 12:814155. [PMID: 35116039 PMCID: PMC8804214 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.814155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The liver is a very tolerogenic organ. It is continually exposed to a multitude of antigens and is able to promote an effective immune response against pathogens and simultaneously immune tolerance against self-antigens. In spite of strong peripheral and central tolerogenic mechanisms, loss of tolerance can occur in autoimmune liver diseases, such as autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) through a combination of genetic predisposition, environmental factors, and an imbalance in immunological regulatory mechanisms. The liver hosts several types of conventional resident antigen presenting cells (APCs) such as dendritic cells, B cells and macrophages (Kupffer cells), and unconventional APCs including liver sinusoidal endothelial cells, hepatic stellate cells and hepatocytes. By standard (direct presentation and cross-presentation) and alternative mechanisms (cross-dressing and MHC class II-dressing), liver APCs presents self-antigen to naive T cells in the presence of costimulation leading to an altered immune response that results in liver injury and inflammation. Additionally, the transport of antigens and antigen:MHC complexes by trogocytosis and extracellular vesicles between different cells in the liver contributes to enhance antigen presentation and amplify autoimmune response. Here, we focus on the impact of antigen presentation on the immune response in the liver and on the functional role of the immune cells in the induction of liver inflammation. A better understanding of these key pathogenic aspects could facilitate the establishment of novel therapeutic strategies in AIH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rossella Fasano
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, “Aldo Moro” University of Bari Medical School, Bari, Italy
- Medical Oncology Unit, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Istituto Tumori Giovanni Paolo II, Bari, Italy
| | - Eleonora Malerba
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, “Aldo Moro” University of Bari Medical School, Bari, Italy
| | - Marcella Prete
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, “Aldo Moro” University of Bari Medical School, Bari, Italy
| | - Antonio Giovanni Solimando
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, “Aldo Moro” University of Bari Medical School, Bari, Italy
- Medical Oncology Unit, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Istituto Tumori Giovanni Paolo II, Bari, Italy
| | - Alessio Buonavoglia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, “Aldo Moro” University of Bari Medical School, Bari, Italy
| | - Nicola Silvestris
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, “Aldo Moro” University of Bari Medical School, Bari, Italy
- Medical Oncology Unit, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Istituto Tumori Giovanni Paolo II, Bari, Italy
| | - Patrizia Leone
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, “Aldo Moro” University of Bari Medical School, Bari, Italy
| | - Vito Racanelli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, “Aldo Moro” University of Bari Medical School, Bari, Italy
- *Correspondence: Vito Racanelli,
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Yang Y, Santamaria P. Antigen-specific nanomedicines for the treatment of autoimmune disease: target cell types, mechanisms and outcomes. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2022; 74:285-292. [PMID: 35007990 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2021.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Nanoparticle (NP)-based delivery of autoantigenic ligands represents a promising approach to modulate autoimmune responses in vivo. Over the last 15 years, a growing number of compounds have been tested in animal models of various experimental and/or spontaneous autoimmune diseases. Based on the underlying design principles and mechanistic underpinnings, these compounds can be categorized into three broad groups: NPs (or microparticles, MPs) as vehicles for targeted delivery of antigens to tolerogenic antigen-presenting cells (APCs); NPs as scaffolds for targeted delivery of both antigen and immunomodulatory molecules to professional APCs; and NPs as multimerization platforms for direct cognate T-cell targeting via recombinant peptide-major histocompatibility complex molecules (pMHCs). These various compounds operate through different mechanisms of action, eliciting pharmacodynamic effects that range from antigen-specific clonal deletion to induction of comprehensive, yet disease-specific, bystander immunoregulation. Here, we review the outcomes of the various approaches tested to date and discuss their translational significance in the context of mode of action vis-à-vis immunologically complex human autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- Julia McFarlane Diabetes Research Centre (JMDRC) and Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases and Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1 Canada; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada.
| | - Pere Santamaria
- Julia McFarlane Diabetes Research Centre (JMDRC) and Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases and Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1 Canada; Institut D'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona 08036, Spain.
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Yu Z, Guo J, Liu Y, Wang M, Liu Z, Gao Y, Huang L. Nano delivery of simvastatin targets liver sinusoidal endothelial cells to remodel tumor microenvironment for hepatocellular carcinoma. J Nanobiotechnology 2022; 20:9. [PMID: 34983554 PMCID: PMC8725360 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-021-01205-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) developed in fibrotic liver does not respond well to immunotherapy, mainly due to the stromal microenvironment and the fibrosis-related immunosuppressive factors. The characteristic of liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs) in contributing to fibrosis and orchestrating immune response is responsible for the refractory to targeted therapy or immunotherapy of HCC. We aim to seek a new strategy for HCC treatment based on an old drug simvastatin which shows protecting effect on LSEC. METHOD The features of LSECs in mouse fibrotic HCC model and human HCC patients were identified by immunofluorescence and scanning electron microscopy. The effect of simvastatin on LSECs and hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) was examined by immunoblotting, quantitative RT-PCR and RNA-seq. LSEC-targeted delivery of simvastatin was designed using nanotechnology. The anti-HCC effect and toxicity of the nano-drug was evaluated in both intra-hepatic and hemi-splenic inoculated mouse fibrotic HCC model. RESULTS LSEC capillarization is associated with fibrotic HCC progression and poor survival in both murine HCC model and HCC patients. We further found simvastatin restores the quiescence of activated hepatic stellate cells (aHSCs) via stimulation of KLF2-NO signaling in LSECs, and up-regulates the expression of CXCL16 in LSECs. In intrahepatic inoculated fibrotic HCC mouse model, LSEC-targeted nano-delivery of simvastatin not only alleviates LSEC capillarization to regress the stromal microenvironment, but also recruits natural killer T (NKT) cells through CXCL16 to suppress tumor progression. Together with anti-programmed death-1-ligand-1 (anti-PD-L1) antibody, targeted-delivery of simvastatin achieves an improved therapeutic effect in hemi-splenic inoculated advanced-stage HCC model. CONCLUSIONS These findings reveal an immune-based therapeutic mechanism of simvastatin for remodeling immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment, therefore providing a novel strategy in treating HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo Yu
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
- Department of Liver Disease, Shuguang Hospital, Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Jianfeng Guo
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Yun Liu
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Menglin Wang
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Zhengsheng Liu
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Yueqiu Gao
- Department of Liver Disease, Shuguang Hospital, Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China.
| | - Leaf Huang
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
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42
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Polymer nanotherapeutics to correct autoimmunity. J Control Release 2022; 343:152-174. [PMID: 34990701 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2021.12.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The immune system maintains homeostasis and protects the body from pathogens, mutated cells, and other harmful substances. When immune homeostasis is disrupted, excessive autoimmunity will lead to diseases. To inhibit the unexpected immune responses and reduce the impact of treatment on immunoprotective functions, polymer nanotherapeutics, such as nanomedicines, nanovaccines, and nanodecoys, were developed as part of an advanced strategy for precise immunomodulation. Nanomedicines transport cytotoxic drugs to target sites to reduce the occurrence of side effects and increase the stability and bioactivity of various immunomodulating agents, especially nucleic acids and cytokines. In addition, polymer nanomaterials carrying autoantigens used as nanovaccines can induce antigen-specific immune tolerance without interfering with protective immune responses. The precise immunomodulatory function of nanovaccines has broad prospects for the treatment of immune related-diseases. Besides, nanodecoys, which are designed to protect the body from various pathogenic substances by intravenous administration, are a simple and relatively noninvasive treatment. Herein, we have discussed and predicted the application of polymer nanotherapeutics in the correction of autoimmunity, including treating autoimmune diseases, controlling hypersensitivity, and avoiding transplant rejection.
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Lee JC, Green MD, Huppert LA, Chow C, Pierce RH, Daud AI. The Liver-Immunity Nexus and Cancer Immunotherapy. Clin Cancer Res 2022; 28:5-12. [PMID: 34285059 PMCID: PMC8897983 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-21-1193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The impact of liver metastases on immune checkpoint-inhibitor effectiveness in patients with solid-tumor malignancies has been the focus of several recent clinical and translational studies. We review the literature describing the immune functions of the liver and particularly the mechanistic observations in these studies. The initial clinical observation was that pembrolizumab appeared to be much less effective in melanoma and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients with liver metastasis. Subsequently other clinical studies have extended and reported similar findings with programmed death-1 (PD-1) and programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1) inhibitors in many cancers. Two recent translational studies in animal models have dissected the mechanism of this systemic immune suppression. In both studies CD11b+ suppressive macrophages generated by liver metastasis in a two-site MC38 model appear to delete CD8+ T cells in a FasL-dependent manner. In addition, regulatory T-cell (Treg) activation was observed and contributed to the distal immunosuppression. Finally, we discuss some of the interventions reported to address liver immune suppression, such as radiation therapy, combination checkpoint blockade, and Treg depletion.
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Affiliation(s)
- James C. Lee
- Divisions of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of
Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California.,Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, San Francisco,
California
| | - Michael D. Green
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Michigan Medicine,
University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Veterans Affairs Ann Arbor Healthcare System, U.S.
Department of Veterans Affairs, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Laura A. Huppert
- Divisions of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of
Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Christine Chow
- Divisions of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of
Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | | | - Adil I. Daud
- Divisions of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of
Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California.,Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, San Francisco,
California
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Wan Y, Li X, Slevin E, Harrison K, Li T, Zhang Y, Klaunig JE, Wu C, Shetty AK, Dong XC, Meng F. Endothelial dysfunction in pathological processes of chronic liver disease during aging. FASEB J 2021; 36:e22125. [PMID: 34958687 PMCID: PMC8782255 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202101426r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Aging is associated with gradual changes in liver structure and physiological/pathological functions in hepatic cells including hepatocytes, cholangiocytes, Kupffer cells, hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), and liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs). LSECs are specialized hepatic endothelial cells that regulate liver homeostasis. These cells actively impact the hepatic microenvironment as they have fenestrations and a thin morphology to allow substance exchange between circulating blood and the liver tissue. As aging occurs, LSECs have a reduction in both the number and size of fenestrations, which is referred to as pseudocapillarization. This along with the aging of the liver leads to increased oxidative stress, decreased availability of nitric oxide, decreased hepatic blood flow, and increased inflammatory cytokines in LSECs. Vascular aging can also lead to hepatic hypoxia, HSC activation, and liver fibrosis. In this review, we described the basic structure of LSECs, and the effect of LSECs on hepatic inflammation and fibrosis during aging process. We briefly summarized the changes of hepatic microcirculation during liver inflammation, the effect of aging on the clearance function of LSECs, the interactions between LSECs and immunity, hepatocytes or other hepatic nonparenchymal cells, and the therapeutic intervention of liver diseases by targeting LSECs and vascular system. Since LSECs play an important role in the development of liver fibrosis and the changes of LSEC phenotype occur in the early stage of liver fibrosis, the study of LSECs in the fibrotic liver is valuable for the detection of early liver fibrosis and the early intervention of fibrotic response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wan
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China, China
| | - Xuedong Li
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China, China
| | - Elise Slevin
- Indiana Center for Liver Research, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Kelly Harrison
- Department of Transplant Surgery, Baylor Scott & White Memorial Hospital, Temple, Texas, USA
| | - Tian Li
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China, China
| | - Yudian Zhang
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China, China
| | - James E Klaunig
- Laboratory of Investigative Toxicology and Pathology, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Indiana School of Public Health, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA
| | - Chaodong Wu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Ashok K Shetty
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Texas A&M College of Medicine, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - X Charlie Dong
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Fanyin Meng
- Indiana Center for Liver Research, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA.,Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
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Montaño J, Garnica J, Santamaria P. Immunomodulatory and immunoregulatory nanomedicines for autoimmunity. Semin Immunol 2021; 56:101535. [PMID: 34969600 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2021.101535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases, caused by cellularly and molecularly complex immune responses against self-antigens, are largely treated with broad-acting, non-disease-specific anti-inflammatory drugs. These compounds can attenuate autoimmune inflammation, but tend to impair normal immunity against infection and cancer, cannot restore normal immune homeostasis and are not curative. Nanoparticle (NP)- and microparticle (MP)-based delivery of immunotherapeutic agents affords a unique opportunity to not only increase the specificity and potency of broad-acting immunomodulators, but also to elicit the formation of organ-specific immunoregulatory cell networks capable of inducing bystander immunoregulation. Here, we review the various NP/MP-based strategies that have so far been tested in models of experimental and/or spontaneous autoimmunity, with a focus on mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Montaño
- Institut D'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, 08036, Spain
| | - Josep Garnica
- Institut D'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, 08036, Spain
| | - Pere Santamaria
- Institut D'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, 08036, Spain; Julia McFarlane Diabetes Research Centre (JMDRC) and Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases and Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, T2N 4N1, Canada.
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Dangkoub F, Sankian M, Tafaghodi M, Jaafari MR, Badiee A. The impact of nanocarriers in the induction of antigen-specific immunotolerance in autoimmune diseases. J Control Release 2021; 339:274-283. [PMID: 34600024 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2021.09.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 09/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Immunotolerance induction in an antigen-specific manner is the long-term goal of immunotherapy to treat autoimmune diseases. Nanocarriers (NCs) can be designed as a new generation of delivery systems to modulate the immune responses through targeted delivery of antigens and immunomodulators to antigen presenting cells (APCs). In this manuscript, several formulation factors in the preparation of NCs which affect their uptake using APCs and generation of tolerance have been reviewed. The physicochemical properties and composition of NCs have been shown to play essential roles in achieving the desired immunological outcome. Also, targeting of dendritic cells and macrophages as APCs and direct targeting of the autoreactive lymphocytes have been presented as two main ways for induction of antigen-specific tolerance by these tolerogenic nanocarriers (tNCs). These particles herald a promising approach to treat or even prevent unwanted immune reactions in humans specifically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faezeh Dangkoub
- Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Nanotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mojtaba Sankian
- Immunology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohsen Tafaghodi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Nanotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Reza Jaafari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Nanotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Ali Badiee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Nanotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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Rahiman N, Zamani P, Badiee A, Arabi L, Alavizadeh SH, Jaafari MR. An insight into the role of liposomal therapeutics in the reversion of Multiple Sclerosis. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2021; 18:1795-1813. [PMID: 34747298 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2021.2003327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Multiple Sclerosis (MS), as an autoimmune disease, has complicated immunopathology, which makes its management relevant to various factors. Novel pharmaceutical vehicles, especially liposomes, can support efficacious handling of this disease both in early detection and prognosis and also in a therapeutic manner. The most well-known trigger of MS onset is the predominance of cellular to humoral immunity and enhancement of inflammatory cytokines level. The installation of liposomes as nanoparticles to control this disease holds great promise up to now. AREAS COVERED Various types of liposomes with different properties and purposes have been formulated and targeted immune cells with their surface manipulations. They may be encapsulated with anti-inflammatory, MS-related therapeutics, or immunodominant myelin-specific peptides for attaining a higher therapeutic efficacy of the drugs or tolerance induction. Cationic liposomes are also highly applicable for gene delivery of the anti-inflammatory cytokines or silencing the inflammatory cytokines. Liposomes have also been used as biotools for comprehending MS pathomechanisms or as diagnostic agents. EXPERT OPINION The efforts to manage MS through nanomedicine, especially liposomal therapeutics, pave a new avenue to a high-throughput medication of this autoimmune disease and their translation to the clinic in the future for overcoming the challenges that MS patients confront.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niloufar Rahiman
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Parvin Zamani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Ali Badiee
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Leila Arabi
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Seyedeh Hoda Alavizadeh
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Reza Jaafari
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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48
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Yang Y, Santamaria P. Evolution of nanomedicines for the treatment of autoimmune disease: From vehicles for drug delivery to inducers of bystander immunoregulation. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 176:113898. [PMID: 34314782 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.113898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Over the last two decades, the nanomedicine field has witnessed an explosive growth of research on the development of nanoparticle/microparticle (NP/MP)-based compounds for the treatment of autoimmune diseases. Studies have evaluated compounds generated with a broad range of materials with different shapes, sizes, surface chemistries and structures. A number of active pharmaceutical ingredients, including immunosuppressants, cytokines, nucleotides, peptides, proteins and immunomodulators of various types have been encapsulated into or incorporated onto the surface of these compounds, either individually or in combination, and delivered to animal models of autoimmune inflammation via different administration routes. These NP/MP-based compounds can be categorized into four different groups based on their intended mechanisms of action. Here, we review the engineering designs, the pharmacodynamic and therapeutic correlates and the disease specificity of nanomedicines belonging to each of these groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- Julia McFarlane Diabetes Research Centre (JMDRC) and Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases and Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1 Canada; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada.
| | - Pere Santamaria
- Julia McFarlane Diabetes Research Centre (JMDRC) and Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases and Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1 Canada; Institut D'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona 08036, Spain.
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49
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Vacani-Martins N, Meuser-Batista M, dos Santos CDLP, Hasslocher-Moreno AM, Henriques-Pons A. The Liver and the Hepatic Immune Response in Trypanosoma cruzi Infection, a Historical and Updated View. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10091074. [PMID: 34578107 PMCID: PMC8465576 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10091074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Chagas disease was described more than a century ago and, despite great efforts to understand the underlying mechanisms that lead to cardiac and digestive manifestations in chronic patients, much remains to be clarified. The disease is found beyond Latin America, including Japan, the USA, France, Spain, and Australia, and is caused by the protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi. Dr. Carlos Chagas described Chagas disease in 1909 in Brazil, and hepatomegaly was among the clinical signs observed. Currently, hepatomegaly is cited in most papers published which either study acutely infected patients or experimental models, and we know that the parasite can infect multiple cell types in the liver, especially Kupffer cells and dendritic cells. Moreover, liver damage is more pronounced in cases of oral infection, which is mainly found in the Amazon region. However, the importance of liver involvement, including the hepatic immune response, in disease progression does not receive much attention. In this review, we present the very first paper published approaching the liver's participation in the infection, as well as subsequent papers published in the last century, up to and including our recently published results. We propose that, after infection, activated peripheral T lymphocytes reach the liver and induce a shift to a pro-inflammatory ambient environment. Thus, there is an immunological integration and cooperation between peripheral and hepatic immunity, contributing to disease control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Vacani-Martins
- Laboratório de Inovações em Terapias, Ensino e Bioprodutos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 21041-361, Brazil; (N.V.-M.); (C.d.L.P.d.S.)
| | - Marcelo Meuser-Batista
- Depto de Anatomia Patológica e Citopatologia, Instituto Fernandes Figueira, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 22250-020, Brazil;
| | - Carina de Lima Pereira dos Santos
- Laboratório de Inovações em Terapias, Ensino e Bioprodutos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 21041-361, Brazil; (N.V.-M.); (C.d.L.P.d.S.)
| | | | - Andrea Henriques-Pons
- Laboratório de Inovações em Terapias, Ensino e Bioprodutos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 21041-361, Brazil; (N.V.-M.); (C.d.L.P.d.S.)
- Correspondence:
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50
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Wen J, Moloney EB, Canning A, Donohoe E, Ritter T, Wang J, Xiang D, Wu J, Li Y. Synthesized nanoparticles, biomimetic nanoparticles and extracellular vesicles for treatment of autoimmune disease: Comparison and prospect. Pharmacol Res 2021; 172:105833. [PMID: 34418563 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
An emerging strategy is needed to treat autoimmune diseases, many of which are chronic with no definitive cure. Current treatments only alleviate symptoms and have many side effects affecting patient quality of life. Recently, nanoparticle drug delivery systems, an emerging method in medicine, has been used to target cells or organs, without damaging normal tissue. This approach has led to fewer side effects, along with a strong immunosuppressive capacity. Therefore, a nanotechnology approach may help to improve the treatment of autoimmune diseases. In this review, we separated nanoparticles into three categories: synthesized nanoparticles, biomimetic nanoparticles, and extracellular vesicles. This review firstly compares the typical mechanism of action of these three nanoparticle categories respectively in terms of active targeting, camouflage effect, and similarity to parent cells. Then their immunomodulation properties are discussed. Finally, the challenges faced by all these nanoparticles are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wen
- Department of Pharmacy, the Third Hospital of Changsha, Changsha, China
| | - Elizabeth B Moloney
- Regenerative Medicine Institute (REMEDI), School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Aoife Canning
- Regenerative Medicine Institute (REMEDI), School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Ellen Donohoe
- Regenerative Medicine Institute (REMEDI), School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Thomas Ritter
- Regenerative Medicine Institute (REMEDI), School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Jiemin Wang
- Regenerative Medicine Institute (REMEDI), School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland.
| | - Daxiong Xiang
- Department of Pharmacy, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Junyong Wu
- Department of Pharmacy, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yongjiang Li
- Department of Pharmacy, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
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