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Burke Ó, Zeden MS, O'Gara JP. The pathogenicity and virulence of the opportunistic pathogen Staphylococcus epidermidis. Virulence 2024; 15:2359483. [PMID: 38868991 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2024.2359483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The pervasive presence of Staphylococcus epidermidis and other coagulase-negative staphylococci on the skin and mucous membranes has long underpinned a casual disregard for the infection risk that these organisms pose to vulnerable patients in healthcare settings. Prior to the recognition of biofilm as an important virulence determinant in S. epidermidis, isolation of this microorganism in diagnostic specimens was often overlooked as clinically insignificant with potential delays in diagnosis and onset of appropriate treatment, contributing to the establishment of chronic infection and increased morbidity or mortality. While impressive progress has been made in our understanding of biofilm mechanisms in this important opportunistic pathogen, research into other virulence determinants has lagged S. aureus. In this review, the broader virulence potential of S. epidermidis including biofilm, toxins, proteases, immune evasion strategies and antibiotic resistance mechanisms is surveyed, together with current and future approaches for improved therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Órla Burke
- Microbiology, School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | | | - James P O'Gara
- Microbiology, School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland
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Tian Y, Cui Y, Ren G, Fan Y, Dou M, Li S, Wang G, Wang Y, Peng C, Wu D. Dual-functional thermosensitive hydrogel for reducing infection and enhancing bone regeneration in infected bone defects. Mater Today Bio 2024; 25:100972. [PMID: 38312799 PMCID: PMC10835005 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2024.100972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/06/2024] Open
Abstract
The contamination of bone defects is a serious therapeutic problem. The treatment of infected bone defects involves rigorous infection control followed by bone reconstruction. Considering these two processes, the development of biomaterials possessing antibacterial and osteogenic properties offers a promising approach for the treatment of infected bone defects. In this study, a dual-functional, thermosensitive, and injectable hydrogel composed of chitosan (CS), quaternized CS (QCS), and nano-hydroxyapatite (nHA) was designed, and the ratio of CS to QCS in the hydrogel was optimized to enhance the antibacterial efficacy of CS while reducing the cytotoxicity of QCS. In vitro studies demonstrated that the hydrogel with an 85 %:15 % ratio of CS to QCS exhibited excellent biocompatibility and antibacterial properties while also possessing suitable mechanical characteristics and degradability. The incorporation of nHA into the hydrogel enhanced MC3T3-E1 proliferation and osteogenic differentiation. Moreover, this hydrogel demonstrated superior in vivo therapeutic effectiveness in a rabbit model of infected bone defect. In summary, this study provides a promising material design and a comprehensive one-step treatment strategy for infected bone defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhang Tian
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130041, China
| | - Yutao Cui
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130041, China
| | - Guangkai Ren
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130041, China
| | - Yi Fan
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130041, China
| | - Minghan Dou
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130041, China
| | - Shaorong Li
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130041, China
| | - Gan Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130041, China
| | - Yanbing Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130041, China
| | - Chuangang Peng
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130041, China
| | - Dankai Wu
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130041, China
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Zhang K, Potter RF, Marino J, Muenks CE, Lammers MG, Dien Bard J, Dingle TC, Humphries R, Westblade LF, Burnham CAD, Dantas G. Comparative genomics reveals the correlations of stress response genes and bacteriophages in developing antibiotic resistance of Staphylococcus saprophyticus. mSystems 2023; 8:e0069723. [PMID: 38051037 PMCID: PMC10734486 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.00697-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Staphylococcus saprophyticus is the second most common bacteria associated with urinary tract infections (UTIs) in women. The antimicrobial treatment regimen for uncomplicated UTI is normally nitrofurantoin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX), or a fluoroquinolone without routine susceptibility testing of S. saprophyticus recovered from urine specimens. However, TMP-SMX-resistant S. saprophyticus has been detected recently in UTI patients, as well as in our cohort. Herein, we investigated the understudied resistance patterns of this pathogenic species by linking genomic antibiotic resistance gene (ARG) content to susceptibility phenotypes. We describe ARG associations with known and novel SCCmec configurations as well as phage elements in S. saprophyticus, which may serve as intervention or diagnostic targets to limit resistance transmission. Our analyses yielded a comprehensive database of phenotypic data associated with the ARG sequence in clinical S. saprophyticus isolates, which will be crucial for resistance surveillance and prediction to enable precise diagnosis and effective treatment of S. saprophyticus UTIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kailun Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Division of Laboratory and Genomic Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- The Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences and Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Robert F. Potter
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Division of Laboratory and Genomic Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Jamie Marino
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, USA
| | - Carol E. Muenks
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Division of Laboratory and Genomic Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Matthew G. Lammers
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Division of Laboratory and Genomic Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Jennifer Dien Bard
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Tanis C. Dingle
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Romney Humphries
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Lars F. Westblade
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, USA
| | - Carey-Ann D. Burnham
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Division of Laboratory and Genomic Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Gautam Dantas
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Division of Laboratory and Genomic Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- The Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences and Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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Staphylococcus epidermidis and its dual lifestyle in skin health and infection. Nat Rev Microbiol 2023; 21:97-111. [PMID: 36042296 PMCID: PMC9903335 DOI: 10.1038/s41579-022-00780-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 66.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The coagulase-negative bacterium Staphylococcus epidermidis is a member of the human skin microbiota. S. epidermidis is not merely a passive resident on skin but actively primes the cutaneous immune response, maintains skin homeostasis and prevents opportunistic pathogens from causing disease via colonization resistance. However, it is now appreciated that S. epidermidis and its interactions with the host exist on a spectrum of potential pathogenicity derived from its high strain-level heterogeneity. S. epidermidis is the most common cause of implant-associated infections and is a canonical opportunistic biofilm former. Additional emerging evidence suggests that some strains of S. epidermidis may contribute to the pathogenesis of common skin diseases. Here, we highlight new developments in our understanding of S. epidermidis strain diversity, skin colonization dynamics and its multifaceted interactions with the host and other members of the skin microbiota.
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Brás S, França A. Transcriptome Mining to Identify Molecular Markers for the Diagnosis of Staphylococcus epidermidis Bloodstream Infections. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:1596. [PMID: 36421239 PMCID: PMC9687011 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11111596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Bloodstream infections caused by Staphylococcus epidermidis are often misdiagnosed since no diagnostic marker found so far can unequivocally discriminate "true" infection from sample contamination. While attempts have been made to find genomic and/or phenotypic differences between invasive and commensal isolates, possible changes in the transcriptome of these isolates under in vivo-mimicking conditions have not been investigated. Herein, we characterized the transcriptome, by RNA sequencing, of three clinical and three commensal isolates after 2 h of exposure to whole human blood. Bioinformatics analysis was used to rank the genes with the highest potential to distinguish invasive from commensal isolates and among the ten genes identified as candidates, the gene SERP2441 showed the highest potential. A collection of 56 clinical and commensal isolates was then used to validate, by quantitative PCR, the discriminative power of the selected genes. A significant variation was observed among isolates, and the discriminative power of the selected genes was lost, undermining their potential use as markers. Nevertheless, future studies should include an RNA sequencing characterization of a larger collection of isolates, as well as a wider range of conditions to increase the chances of finding further candidate markers for the diagnosis of bloodstream infections caused by S. epidermidis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Brás
- LIBRO—Laboratório de Investigação em Biofilmes Rosário Oliveira, Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Angela França
- LIBRO—Laboratório de Investigação em Biofilmes Rosário Oliveira, Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
- LABBELS–Associate Laboratory, Braga and Guimarães, Portugal
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Ahmad S, Rahman H, Qasim M, Nawab J, Alzahrani KJ, Alsharif KF, Alzahrani FM. Staphylococcus epidermidis Pathogenesis: Interplay of icaADBC Operon and MSCRAMMs in Biofilm Formation of Isolates from Pediatric Bacteremia in Peshawar, Pakistan. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2022; 58:1510. [PMID: 36363467 PMCID: PMC9696285 DOI: 10.3390/medicina58111510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 10/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
Background and Objective: Staphylococcus epidermidis is an opportunistic pathogen from pediatric bacteremia that is commonly isolated. Biofilm is the major virulence factor of S. epidermidis; however, the role of biofilm determinants in biofilm formation is highly contradictory and diverse. The current study aimed to investigate the role of polysaccharide-dependent and polysaccharide-independent pathogenic determinants in biofilm formation under physiological stress conditions. Materials and Methods: The isolates (n = 75) were identified and screened for the icaADBC operon, IS256, and an array of MSCRAMMs (Microbial Surface Component Recognizing Adhesive Matrix Molecules) through PCR analysis. The activity of the icaADBC operon was detected by Congo red assay, and the biofilm formation was analyzed through microtiter plate assay. Results: S. epidermidis isolates produced biofilm (n = 65; 86.6%) frequently. The icaA was the major representative module of the actively expressing icaADBC operon (n = 21; 80.7% sensitivity). The MSCRAMMs, including fbe (n = 59; 90.7%; p = 0.007), and embp (n = 57; 87.6%; p = 0.026), were highly prevalent and associated with biofilm positive S. epidermidis. The prevalence of icaADBC operon in biofilm positive and negative S. epidermidis was not significant (n = 41; 63%; p = 0.429). No significant association was found between IS256 and actively complete icaADBC operon (n = 10; 47.6%; p = 0.294). In the presence of 5% human plasma and glucose stress, S. epidermidis produced a strong biofilm (n = 55; 84.6%). Conclusion: The polysaccharide-dependent biofilm formation is significantly replaced (n = 21; 28%; p = 0.149) by a polysaccharide-independent mechanism (n = 59; 90.7%; p = 0.007), in which the MSCRAMMs might actively play their role. The fibrinogen-binding protein and extracellular matrix-binding protein might be potential anti-biofilm drug targets, markers of rapid diagnosis, and potential vaccine candidates of S. epidermidis involved in pediatric bacteremia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saghir Ahmad
- Department of Microbiology, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan 23200, Pakistan
| | - Hazir Rahman
- Department of Microbiology, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan 23200, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Qasim
- Department of Microbiology, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat 26000, Pakistan
| | - Javed Nawab
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat 26000, Pakistan
| | - Khalid J. Alzahrani
- Department of Clinical Laboratories Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khalaf F. Alsharif
- Department of Clinical Laboratories Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fuad M. Alzahrani
- Department of Clinical Laboratories Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
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Azara E, Longheu CM, Attene S, Sanna S, Sale M, Addis MF, Tola S. Comparative profiling of agr locus, virulence, and biofilm-production genes of human and ovine non-aureus staphylococci. BMC Vet Res 2022; 18:212. [PMID: 35655210 PMCID: PMC9161600 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-022-03257-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In a collaboration between animal and human health care professionals, we assessed the genetic characteristics shared by non-aureus staphylococci (NAS) infecting humans and dairy ewes to investigate their relatedness in a region concentrating half of the total National sheep stock. We examined by PCR 125 ovine and 70 human NAS for biofilm production, pyrogenic toxins, adhesins, autolysins genes, and accessory gene regulator (agr) locus. The microtiter plate assay (MPA) was used for the phenotypic screening of biofilm production. Ovine NAS included S. epidermidis, S. chromogenes, S. haemolyticus, S. simulans, S. caprae, S. warneri, S. saprophyticus, S. intermedius, and S. muscae. Human NAS included S. haemolyticus, S. epidermidis, S. hominis, S. lugdunensis, S. capitis, S. warneri, S. xylosus, S. pasteuri, and S. saprophyticus subsp. bovis. Results Phenotypically, 41 (32.8%) ovine and 24 (34.3%) human isolates were characterized as biofilm producers. Of the ovine isolates, 12 were classified as biofilm-producing while the remaining 29 as weak biofilm-producing. All 24 human isolates were considered weak biofilm-producing. Few S. epidermidis isolates harbored the icaA/D genes coding for the polysaccharide intercellular adhesin (PIA), while the bhp, aap, and embp genes coding biofilm accumulation proteins were present in both non-producing and biofilm-producing isolates. Fifty-nine sheep NAS (all S. epidermidis, 1 S. chromogenes, and 1 S. haemolyticus) and 27 human NAS (all S. epidermidis and 1 S. warneri) were positive for the agr locus: agr-3se (57.8%) followed by agr-1se (36.8%) predominated in sheep, while agr-1se (65.4%), followed by agr-2se (34.6%) predominated in humans. Concerning virulence genes, 40, 39.2, 47.2%, 52.8, 80 and 43.2% of the sheep isolates carried atlE, aae, sdrF, sdrG, eno and epbS respectively, against 37.1, 42.8, 32.8, 60, 100 and 100% of human isolates. Enterotoxins and tsst were not detected. Conclusions Considerable variation in biofilm formation ability was observed among NAS isolates from ovine and human samples. S. epidermidis was the best biofilm producer with the highest prevalence of adhesin-encoding genes. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12917-022-03257-w.
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Zheng Y, Hunt RL, Villaruz AE, Fisher EL, Liu R, Liu Q, Cheung GYC, Li M, Otto M. Commensal Staphylococcus epidermidis contributes to skin barrier homeostasis by generating protective ceramides. Cell Host Microbe 2022; 30:301-313.e9. [PMID: 35123653 PMCID: PMC8917079 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2022.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Previously either regarded as insignificant or feared as potential sources of infection, the bacteria living on our skin are increasingly recognized for their role in benefitting human health. Skin commensals modulate mucosal immune defenses and directly interfere with pathogens; however, their contribution to the skin's physical integrity is less understood. Here, we show that the abundant skin commensal Staphylococcus epidermidis contributes to skin barrier integrity. S. epidermidis secretes a sphingomyelinase that acquires essential nutrients for the bacteria and assists the host in producing ceramides, the main constituent of the epithelial barrier that averts skin dehydration and aging. In mouse models, S. epidermidis significantly increases skin ceramide levels and prevents water loss of damaged skin in a fashion entirely dependent on its sphingomyelinase. Our findings reveal a symbiotic mechanism that demonstrates an important role of the skin microbiota in the maintenance of the skin's protective barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zheng
- Pathogen Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Bacteriology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Rachelle L Hunt
- Pathogen Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Bacteriology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Amer E Villaruz
- Pathogen Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Bacteriology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Emilie L Fisher
- Pathogen Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Bacteriology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Ryan Liu
- Pathogen Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Bacteriology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Qian Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Gordon Y C Cheung
- Pathogen Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Bacteriology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Min Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Michael Otto
- Pathogen Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Bacteriology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA.
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Look Who's Talking: Host and Pathogen Drivers of Staphylococcus epidermidis Virulence in Neonatal Sepsis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23020860. [PMID: 35055041 PMCID: PMC8775791 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23020860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Preterm infants are at increased risk for invasive neonatal bacterial infections. S. epidermidis, a ubiquitous skin commensal, is a major cause of late-onset neonatal sepsis, particularly in high-resource settings. The vulnerability of preterm infants to serious bacterial infections is commonly attributed to their distinct and developing immune system. While developmentally immature immune defences play a large role in facilitating bacterial invasion, this fails to explain why only a subset of infants develop infections with low-virulence organisms when exposed to similar risk factors in the neonatal ICU. Experimental research has explored potential virulence mechanisms contributing to the pathogenic shift of commensal S. epidermidis strains. Furthermore, comparative genomics studies have yielded insights into the emergence and spread of nosocomial S. epidermidis strains, and their genetic and functional characteristics implicated in invasive disease in neonates. These studies have highlighted the multifactorial nature of S. epidermidis traits relating to pathogenicity and commensalism. In this review, we discuss the known host and pathogen drivers of S. epidermidis virulence in neonatal sepsis and provide future perspectives to close the gap in our understanding of S. epidermidis as a cause of neonatal morbidity and mortality.
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Cole K, Atkins B, Llewelyn M, Paul J. Genomic investigation of clinically significant coagulase-negative staphylococci. J Med Microbiol 2021; 70. [PMID: 33704043 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.001337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction. Coagulase-negative staphylococci have been recognized both as emerging pathogens and contaminants of clinical samples. High-resolution genomic investigation may provide insights into their clinical significance.Aims. To review the literature regarding coagulase-negative staphylococcal infection and the utility of genomic methods to aid diagnosis and management, and to identify promising areas for future research.Methodology. We searched Google Scholar with the terms (Staphylococcus) AND (sequencing OR (infection)). We prioritized papers that addressed coagulase-negative staphylococci, genomic analysis, or infection.Results. A number of studies have investigated specimen-related, phenotypic and genetic factors associated with colonization, infection and virulence, but diagnosis remains problematic.Conclusion. Genomic investigation provides insights into the genetic diversity and natural history of colonization and infection. Such information allows the development of new methodologies to identify and compare relatedness and predict antimicrobial resistance. Future clinical studies that employ suitable sampling frames coupled with the application of high-resolution whole-genome sequencing may aid the development of more discriminatory diagnostic approaches to coagulase-staphylococcal infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Cole
- Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton, UK.,Public Health England Collaborating Centre, Royal Sussex County Hospital, Brighton, UK
| | | | - Martin Llewelyn
- Brighton and Sussex University Hospitals NHS Trust, Brighton, UK.,Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton, UK
| | - John Paul
- Public Health England Collaborating Centre, Royal Sussex County Hospital, Brighton, UK.,Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton, UK
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França A, Gaio V, Lopes N, Melo LDR. Virulence Factors in Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci. Pathogens 2021; 10:170. [PMID: 33557202 PMCID: PMC7913919 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10020170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) have emerged as major pathogens in healthcare-associated facilities, being S. epidermidis, S. haemolyticus and, more recently, S. lugdunensis, the most clinically relevant species. Despite being less virulent than the well-studied pathogen S. aureus, the number of CoNS strains sequenced is constantly increasing and, with that, the number of virulence factors identified in those strains. In this regard, biofilm formation is considered the most important. Besides virulence factors, the presence of several antibiotic-resistance genes identified in CoNS is worrisome and makes treatment very challenging. In this review, we analyzed the different aspects involved in CoNS virulence and their impact on health and food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela França
- Laboratory of Research in Biofilms Rosário Oliveira, Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; (V.G.); (N.L.)
| | | | | | - Luís D. R. Melo
- Laboratory of Research in Biofilms Rosário Oliveira, Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; (V.G.); (N.L.)
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Fernandes LF, Souza GÁAD, de Ameida AC, Cardoso L, Xavier MADS, Pinheiro TPP, da Cruz GHS, Dourado HFS, Silva WS, Xavier AREDO. Identification and characterization of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus spp. isolated from surfaces near patients in an intensive care unit of a hospital in southeastern Brazil. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2020; 53:e20200244. [PMID: 33174955 PMCID: PMC7670759 DOI: 10.1590/0037-8682-0244-2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Contaminated hospital environments contribute to the transmission of microorganisms associated with healthcare. Contaminated surfaces handled by patients or healthcare professionals are a source of microorganism transmission by hand. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus bacteria are among the main agents responsible for increasing healthcare-associated infections in Brazil and worldwide. METHODS The objective of this study was to screen and characterize methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus spp. on surfaces near patients in an intensive care unit. Microbiological samples, collected from ten beds in an intensive care unit with five sampling sites, were inoculated into a methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus chromogenic medium. MALDI-TOF and PCR analyses were used to identify the bacteria. Antimicrobial susceptibility was determined using the disk diffusion test. The presence of the mecA gene was investigated using PCR. RESULTS We observed that 44 out of the 50 sampling sites presented grown isolates in the methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus medium. The incidence of isolated microorganisms on the right side rail, left side rail, tables, infusion pump keypad, and cardiac monitor were 18.8 %, 36.7 %, 10.9 %, 2.4 %, and 31 %, respectively. The 42 isolates included in this study were identified as coagulase-negative Staphylococcus. All of these microorganisms were multidrug-resistant and mecA gene-positive. CONCLUSIONS This study identified the presence of methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative Staphylococcus on the beds of an intensive care unit, providing evidence for the necessity of assertive actions to decrease the risk of healthcare-associated infections at the site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciano Freitas Fernandes
- Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros, Departamento de Clínica Médica, Montes Claros, MG, Brasil
- Hospital Santa Casa de Montes Claros, Comitê de Controle de Infecções Relacionadas à Assistência à Saúde, Montes Claros, MG, Brasil
| | | | | | - Léia Cardoso
- Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros, Departamento de Fisiopatologia, Montes Claros, MG, Brasil
| | | | | | | | - Hellen Fonseca Silva Dourado
- Hospital Santa Casa de Montes Claros, Comitê de Controle de Infecções Relacionadas à Assistência à Saúde, Montes Claros, MG, Brasil
| | - Wender Soares Silva
- Hospital Santa Casa de Montes Claros, Laboratório de Microbiologia, Montes Claros, MG, Brasil
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Nguyen HTT, Nguyen TH, Otto M. The staphylococcal exopolysaccharide PIA - Biosynthesis and role in biofilm formation, colonization, and infection. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2020; 18:3324-3334. [PMID: 33240473 PMCID: PMC7674160 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2020.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PIA is a key extracellular matrix component in staphylococci and other bacteria. PIA is a cationic, partially deacetylated N-acetylglucosamine polymer. PIA has a major role in bacterial biofilms and biofilm-associated infection.
Exopolysaccharide is a key part of the extracellular matrix that contributes to important mechanisms of bacterial pathogenicity, most notably biofilm formation and immune evasion. In the human pathogens Staphylococcus aureus and S. epidermidis, as well as in many other staphylococcal species, the only exopolysaccharide is polysaccharide intercellular adhesin (PIA), a cationic, partially deacetylated homopolymer of N-acetylglucosamine, whose biosynthetic machinery is encoded in the ica locus. PIA production is strongly dependent on environmental conditions and controlled by many regulatory systems. PIA contributes significantly to staphylococcal biofilm formation and immune evasion mechanisms, such as resistance to antimicrobial peptides and ingestion and killing by phagocytes, and presence of the ica genes is associated with infectivity. Due to its role in pathogenesis, PIA has raised considerable interest as a potential vaccine component or target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoai T T Nguyen
- Pathogen Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Bacteriology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, U.S. National Institutes of Health, 50 South Drive, Bethesda 20814, MD, USA.,School of Biotechnology, International University, Vietnam National University of Ho Chi Minh City, Khu Pho 6, Thu Duc, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | - Thuan H Nguyen
- Pathogen Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Bacteriology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, U.S. National Institutes of Health, 50 South Drive, Bethesda 20814, MD, USA
| | - Michael Otto
- Pathogen Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Bacteriology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, U.S. National Institutes of Health, 50 South Drive, Bethesda 20814, MD, USA
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Hamid MH, Arbab AH, Yousef BA. Bacteriological profile and antibiotic susceptibility of diabetic Foot infections at Ribat University hospital; a retrospective study from Sudan. J Diabetes Metab Disord 2020; 19:1397-1406. [PMID: 33553032 DOI: 10.1007/s40200-020-00660-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Diabetic foot infection (DFI) is one of the most feared complications of diabetes. In Sudan, the number of cases and the problems associated with diabetic foot infections increased in recent years. This study aimed to assess the bacteriological profile of patients with DFIs and their antibiotic susceptibility pattern. Methods A descriptive retrospective cross-sectional study was carried out at Surgery Department of Ribat University Hospital. All medical records of patients with DFIs during the period from September 2017 to February 2019 were reviewed using data collection sheet. The collected data were analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences. Results Out of 250 DFI patients, 73.2% of them were males, and 86.4% of them had type 2 diabetes mellitus, and most of them suffered from diabetes for more than 10 years. Regarding culture results, 64.7% and 35.3% of the samples revealed presence of single microorganism and mixed infections, respectively. A total of 335 bacterial isolates were identified, gram-negative were more prevalent than gram-positive organisms. The most frequently isolated organisms were Proteus spp. Staphylococcus aureus, and Escherichia coli. Furthermore, antibiotic susceptibility pattern showed that imipenem, amikacin and vancomycin have the highest activity against isolated bacteria, and all isolates were found to be completely resistant to different cephalosporin drugs. Conclusion Among the studied samples, gram-negative bacteria were found to be more common in DFI patients, Proteus spp. and S. aureus were the most common microorganisms. Moreover, different isolated microorganisms showed to have different degrees of resistance and sensitivity to various antibacterial drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maram H Hamid
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Khartoum, Al-Qasr Ave, 1111 Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Ahmed H Arbab
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Khartoum, Al-Qasr Ave, 11111 Khartoum, Sudan.,Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Omdurman Islamic University, Omdurman, Sudan
| | - Bashir A Yousef
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Khartoum, Al-Qasr Ave, 11111 Khartoum, Sudan
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15
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Nasaj M, Saeidi Z, Tahmasebi H, Dehbashi S, Arabestani MR. Prevalence and distribution of resistance and enterotoxins/enterotoxin-like genes in different clinical isolates of coagulase-negative Staphylococcus. Eur J Med Res 2020; 25:48. [PMID: 33046122 PMCID: PMC7552519 DOI: 10.1186/s40001-020-00447-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Coagulase-negative staphylococcus (CoNS) is considered to be the major reservoirs for genes facilitating the evolution of S. aureus as a successful pathogen. The present study aimed to determine the occurrence of genes conferring resistance to fluoroquinolone, determining of the prevalence of insertion sequence elements IS256, IS257 and different superantigens (SAgs) among CoNS isolates obtained from various clinical sources. Materials and methods The current study conducted on a total of the 91 CoNS species recovered from clinical specimens in Hamadan hospitals in western Iran in 2017–2019. The antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed using disk diffusion method and the presence of the IS256 and IS257, genes conferring resistance to fluoroquinolone and enterotoxins/enterotoxin-like encoding genes were investigated by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method. Results Among genes encoding classic enterotoxins, sec was the most frequent which was carried by 48.4% of the 91 isolates, followed by seb in 27.5% of the isolates. None of the CoNS isolates was found to be positive to enterotoxin-like encoding genes. In 11(12%) of all isolates that were phenotypically resistant to levofloxacin, 9 isolates (81.8%) were positive for gyrB, 8 isolates (72.7%) were positive for gyrA, 8 isolates (72.7%) harbored grlB and 7 isolates (63.6%) were found to carry grlA. The IS256 and IS257 were identified in 31.8% and 74.7% of the isolates, respectively. The results of statistical analysis showed a significant association between the occurrence of staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEs) encoding genes and antimicrobial resistance. Conclusion Antimicrobial resistant determinants and SEs are co-present in clinical CoNS isolates that confer selective advantage for colonization and survival in hospital settings. The coexistence of insertion elements and antibiotic resistance indicate their role in pathogenesis and infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Nasaj
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Shahid Fahmideh Street, Park Mardome, Hamadan, IR, Iran
| | - Zahra Saeidi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Shahid Fahmideh Street, Park Mardome, Hamadan, IR, Iran
| | - Hamed Tahmasebi
- School of Medicine, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran
| | - Sanaz Dehbashi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Shahid Fahmideh Street, Park Mardome, Hamadan, IR, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Arabestani
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Shahid Fahmideh Street, Park Mardome, Hamadan, IR, Iran. .,Nutrition Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, IR, Iran.
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Golińska E, Strus M, Tomusiak-Plebanek A, Więcek G, Kozień Ł, Lauterbach R, Pawlik D, Rzepecka-Węglarz B, Kędzierska J, Dorycka M, Heczko PB. Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci Contained in Gut Microbiota as a Primary Source of Sepsis in Low- and Very Low Birth Weight Neonates. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9082517. [PMID: 32759861 PMCID: PMC7464628 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9082517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: There are only a few reports in the literature about translocation of coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) as a primary cause of sepsis in neonates, although CoNS are among a short list of “translocating” bacteria when present in abundance. Methods: 468 blood samples, 119 stool samples, and 8 catheter tips, from 311 neonates, were tested for presence of microorganisms. CoNS strains isolated from the blood and stool or from blood and catheter tip of the same newborn at approximately the same time were paired and typed with PFGE (Pulse-Field Gel Electrophoresis) method. The strains were then tested for the presence of adherence genes and biofilm formation. Results: The strains with identical PFGE profiles in comparison to those with non-identical profiles differed in terms of the pattern of the virulence genes and showed a lack of the genes related to adherence, but more often presence of IS256, which is related to virulence. They also were phenotypically unable to adhere to intestinal Caco2 cells. Conclusions: A considerable proportion of CoNS strains isolated from bloodstream of VLBW/LWB neonates was identical to the strains isolated from faeces of the same neonates at the same time. These observations may offer indirect evidence indicating that at least some CoNS can translocate from the gastrointestinal tract of the premature neonates into the bloodstream and thus cause generalized infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edyta Golińska
- Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-121 Cracow, Poland; (E.G.); (A.T.-P.); (G.W.); (Ł.K.); (P.B.H.)
| | - Magdalena Strus
- Department of Neonatology, Jagiellonian University, Medical College, 31-501 Cracow, Poland; (R.L.); (D.P.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Anna Tomusiak-Plebanek
- Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-121 Cracow, Poland; (E.G.); (A.T.-P.); (G.W.); (Ł.K.); (P.B.H.)
| | - Grażyna Więcek
- Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-121 Cracow, Poland; (E.G.); (A.T.-P.); (G.W.); (Ł.K.); (P.B.H.)
| | - Łucja Kozień
- Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-121 Cracow, Poland; (E.G.); (A.T.-P.); (G.W.); (Ł.K.); (P.B.H.)
| | - Ryszard Lauterbach
- Department of Neonatology, Jagiellonian University, Medical College, 31-501 Cracow, Poland; (R.L.); (D.P.)
| | - Dorota Pawlik
- Department of Neonatology, Jagiellonian University, Medical College, 31-501 Cracow, Poland; (R.L.); (D.P.)
| | | | | | - Małgorzata Dorycka
- Microbiological Laboratory, Diagnostics Inc. Krakow Branch, 31-864 Cracow, Poland;
| | - Piotr B. Heczko
- Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-121 Cracow, Poland; (E.G.); (A.T.-P.); (G.W.); (Ł.K.); (P.B.H.)
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Uivaraseanu B, Bungau S, Tit DM, Fratila O, Rus M, Maghiar TA, Maghiar O, Pantis C, Vesa CM, Zaha DC. Clinical, Pathological and Microbiological Evaluation of Diabetic Foot Syndrome. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 56:medicina56080380. [PMID: 32731610 PMCID: PMC7466372 DOI: 10.3390/medicina56080380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Background and objectives: Diabetic foot ulcer (DFU) is one of the serious complications of diabetes, being related to frequent and long-term hospitalisation, reduced quality of life of the patient, amputations, a high rate of morbidity and mortality. The bacterial aetiology is complex, sometimes involving more than one pathogen, playing a major role in the infection prognosis and development of microbial resistance. This study evaluated the current state of the aetiology, clinical and pathological characteristics of DFU in a single diabetes centre in order to provide some specific measures to prevent it. Materials and Methods: This retrospective study was conducted on patients with diabetes mellitus (252 individuals diagnosed with DFU) between January 2018–December 2019. All participants were assessed based on their clinical characteristics, including complications of diabetes and pathological and microbiological evaluations. Results: The present research revealed that diabetic foot ulcer prevalence was higher in males than in females and higher in type 2 diabetic patients than in type 1 diabetic patients. The patients with diabetic foot ulcer were older, had a higher body mass index (BMI), longer diabetic duration and had more diabetic complications, such as retinopathy, diabetic polyneuropathy and diabetic kidney disease, than patients without diabetic foot ulceration. Conclusions: Taking into account all factors involved, including the aetiology and the antibiotic susceptibility pattern of these isolates, planning the suitable treatment options of patients is possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bogdan Uivaraseanu
- Department of Surgical Disciplines, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 410081 Oradea, Romania; (B.U.); (T.A.M.); (O.M.); (C.P.)
| | - Simona Bungau
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 410028 Oradea, Romania;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +40-0726-776-588
| | - Delia Mirela Tit
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 410028 Oradea, Romania;
| | - Ovidiu Fratila
- Department of Medical Disciplines, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 410081 Oradea, Romania; (O.F.); (M.R.)
| | - Marius Rus
- Department of Medical Disciplines, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 410081 Oradea, Romania; (O.F.); (M.R.)
| | - Teodor Andrei Maghiar
- Department of Surgical Disciplines, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 410081 Oradea, Romania; (B.U.); (T.A.M.); (O.M.); (C.P.)
| | - Octavian Maghiar
- Department of Surgical Disciplines, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 410081 Oradea, Romania; (B.U.); (T.A.M.); (O.M.); (C.P.)
| | - Carmen Pantis
- Department of Surgical Disciplines, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 410081 Oradea, Romania; (B.U.); (T.A.M.); (O.M.); (C.P.)
| | - Cosmin Mihai Vesa
- Department of Preclinical Disciplines, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 410081 Oradea, Romania; (C.M.V.); (D.C.Z.)
| | - Dana Carmen Zaha
- Department of Preclinical Disciplines, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 410081 Oradea, Romania; (C.M.V.); (D.C.Z.)
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Tang B, Gong T, Cui Y, Wang L, He C, Lu M, Chen J, Jing M, Zhang A, Li Y. Characteristics of oral methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis isolated from dental plaque. Int J Oral Sci 2020; 12:15. [PMID: 32385260 PMCID: PMC7210960 DOI: 10.1038/s41368-020-0079-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Revised: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The oral microbial community is widely regarded as a latent reservoir of antibiotic resistance genes. This study assessed the molecular epidemiology, susceptibility profile, and resistance mechanisms of 35 methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis (MRSE) strains isolated from the dental plaque of a healthy human population. Broth microdilution minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) revealed that all the isolates were nonsusceptible to oxacillin and penicillin G. Most of them were also resistant to trimethoprim (65.7%) and erythromycin (54.3%). The resistance to multiple antibiotics was found to be largely due to the acquisition of plasmid-borne genes. The mecA and dfrA genes were found in all the isolates, mostly dfrG (80%), aacA-aphD (20%), aadD (28.6%), aphA3 (22.9%), msrA (5.7%), and the ermC gene (14.3%). Classical mutational mechanisms found in these isolates were mainly efflux pumps such as qacA (31.4%), qacC (25.7%), tetK (17.1%), and norA (8.6%). Multilocus sequence type analysis revealed that sequence type 59 (ST59) strains comprised 71.43% of the typed isolates, and the eBURST algorithm clustered STs into the clonal complex 2-II(CC2-II). The staphyloccoccal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) type results showed that 25 (71.43%) were assigned to type IV. Moreover, 88.66% of the isolates were found to harbor six or more biofilm-associated genes. The aap, atlE, embp, sdrF, and IS256 genes were detected in all 35 isolates. This research demonstrates that biofilm-positive multiple-antibiotic-resistant ST59-SCCmec IV S. epidermidis strains exist in the dental plaque of healthy people and may be a potential risk for the transmission of antibiotic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boyu Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Tao Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yujia Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lingyun Wang
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Chao He
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Miao Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiamin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Meiling Jing
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Anqi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuqing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
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Sánchez A, Benito N, Rivera A, García L, Miró E, Mur I, González Y, Gutiérrez C, Horcajada JP, Espinal P, Navarro F. Pathogenesis of Staphylococcus epidermidis in prosthetic joint infections: Can identification of virulence genes differentiate between infecting and commensal strains? J Hosp Infect 2020; 105:S0195-6701(20)30201-2. [PMID: 32339618 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2020.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Staphylococcus epidermidis is a commensal of human skin flora and a frequent causative microorganism in prosthetic joint infections (PJIs). To date, no single marker has been identified to distinguish infecting strains from commensal S. epidermidis populations. AIM We aimed to find possible genetic markers to distinguish between the two populations. METHODS We analyzed 50 S. epidermidis strains from patients with PJIs, 50 from skin of healthy individuals (commensal strains) and 17 from the surgical field of patients undergoing primary arthroplasty. In these three groups we studied the antimicrobial susceptibility profile, sequence type, biofilm formation, and virulence factors. Strains from the surgical field have not been compared previously with strains from the other two groups. FINDINGS S. epidermidis strains from PJI patients were significantly more antibiotic resistant than commensal strains and surgical field strains. A wide variety of sequences types was found in commensal and surgical field strains. The predominant sequence type was ST2 and it was only present in PJI strains (44%). Differences in biofilm production did not differ between populations. Virulence genes sdrF and bhp, the complete ica operon, and the insertion sequence IS256 were significantly predominant in PJI strains. In contrast, embp and hld genes and the mobile element ACME were more prevalent in commensal strains. Surgical field strains could be a valid control group to discriminate between infecting and commensal strains. CONCLUSION A combination of characteristic features can differentiate between infecting and commensal S. epidermidis strains in PJI, while a single marker cannot.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba Sánchez
- Department of Microbiology, Hospital de La Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Institut D'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain; Genetics and Microbiology Department. Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Natividad Benito
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Hospital de La Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Institut D'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), Department of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alba Rivera
- Department of Microbiology, Hospital de La Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Institut D'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lucas García
- Department of Microbiology, Hospital de La Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Institut D'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elisenda Miró
- Department of Microbiology, Hospital de La Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Institut D'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Isabel Mur
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Hospital de La Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Institut D'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), Department of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Yesica González
- Department of Microbiology, Hospital de La Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Institut D'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Gutiérrez
- Department of Microbiology, Hospital de La Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Institut D'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Paula Espinal
- Department of Microbiology, Hospital de La Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Institut D'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Ferran Navarro
- Department of Microbiology, Hospital de La Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Institut D'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain; Genetics and Microbiology Department. Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
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Souza GÁAD, de Almeida AC, Xavier MADS, da Silva LMV, Sousa CN, Sanglard DA, Xavier AREDO. Characterization and molecular epidemiology of Staphylococcus aureus strains resistant to beta-lactams isolated from the milk of cows diagnosed with subclinical mastitis. Vet World 2019; 12:1931-1939. [PMID: 32095043 PMCID: PMC6989334 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2019.1931-1939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM The term ESKAPE, recognized by the WHO, is an acronym, which refers to the pathogens Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterobacter spp., which is extremely virulent and multidrug-resistant. Although the term is used to designate nosocomial pathogens, in a milking environment, strains of Methicillin-resistant S. aureus have been isolated from cattle diagnosed with clinical and subclinical mastitis. Resistant strains may be involved in the transfer of genes conferring resistance to beta-lactam antimicrobials among the species of microorganisms related to mastitis etiology. This study aimed to trace the phenotypic and genotypic profiles of susceptibility to beta-lactams in S. aureus isolated from milk of cattle diagnosed with subclinical mastitis obtained from different rural properties located in the North of Minas Gerais State, Brazil. MATERIALS AND METHODS Sixteen microorganisms previously identified as S. aureus isolated from milk of cattle diagnosed with subclinical mastitis were submitted to matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF), mass spectrometry, and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis for microbial species confirmation. The S. aureus beta-lactams antimicrobial phenotypic resistance profile was investigated by disk diffusion method. PCR methods were also performed to investigate the S. aureus genotypic beta-lactams resistance profile. For this purpose, bla Z, mec A, mec ALGA251, bla Oxa23, and bla KPC genes were screened among S. aureus isolates. The genetic diversity of S. aureus by fingerprint random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD)-PCR was also performed in this study. RESULTS All isolates showed phenotypic resistance to at least three beta-lactams, among which was meropenem. None of the isolates tested positive for the genes mec ALGA251, bla Oxa23, and bla KPC; however, the presence of the genes bla Z and mecA was detected among the isolates. The fingerprint analysis divided isolates into two distinct groups and 15 different subgroups. Despite the presence of clonality among the isolates, the PCR-RAPD analysis unveiled a heterogeneous profile with genetic diversity among the S. aureus isolates. CONCLUSION In this study, we identified beta-lactams resistant S. aureus strains isolated from the milk of cows diagnosed with subclinical mastitis. The S. aureus beta-lactams resistance was investigated using a phenotypic and genotypic approach. We believe that molecular epidemiology, improved knowledge, and genetic basis of resistance to beta-lactams might assist in asserting guidelines for better management practices of dealing with subclinical mastitis and mapping of origin of resistant pathogens in the studied Brazilian area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geziella Áurea Aparecida Damasceno Souza
- Federal University of Minas Gerais, Institute of Agrarian Sciences, Center for Research in Agrarian Sciences, Laboratory of Animal Health, Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Anna Christina de Almeida
- Federal University of Minas Gerais, Institute of Agrarian Sciences, Center for Research in Agrarian Sciences, Laboratory of Animal Health, Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Mauro Aparecido de Sousa Xavier
- State University of Montes Claros, Center of Biological and Health Sciences, Microbiology Laboratory, Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Lívia Mara Vitorino da Silva
- Federal University of Minas Gerais, Institute of Agrarian Sciences, Center for Research in Agrarian Sciences, Laboratory of Animal Health, Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Cintya Neves Sousa
- Federal University of Minas Gerais, Institute of Agrarian Sciences, Center for Research in Agrarian Sciences, Laboratory of Animal Health, Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Demerson Arruda Sanglard
- Federal University of Minas Gerais, Institute of Agrarian Sciences, Center for Research in Agrarian Sciences, Laboratory of Biotechnology, Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Cabrera-Contreras R, Santamaría RI, Bustos P, Martínez-Flores I, Meléndez-Herrada E, Morelos-Ramírez R, Barbosa-Amezcua M, González-Covarrubias V, Silva-Herzog E, Soberón X, González V. Genomic diversity of prevalent Staphylococcus epidermidis multidrug-resistant strains isolated from a Children's Hospital in México City in an eight-years survey. PeerJ 2019; 7:e8068. [PMID: 31768302 PMCID: PMC6874853 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.8068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus epidermidis is a human commensal and pathogen worldwide distributed. In this work, we surveyed for multi-resistant S. epidermidis strains in eight years at a children's health-care unit in México City. Multidrug-resistant S. epidermidis were present in all years of the study, including resistance to methicillin, beta-lactams, fluoroquinolones, and macrolides. To understand the genetic basis of antibiotic resistance and its association with virulence and gene exchange, we sequenced the genomes of 17 S. epidermidis isolates. Whole-genome nucleotide identities between all the pairs of S. epidermidis strains were about 97% to 99%. We inferred a clonal structure and eight Multilocus Sequence Types (MLSTs) in the S. epidermidis sequenced collection. The profile of virulence includes genes involved in biofilm formation and phenol-soluble modulins (PSMs). Half of the S. epidermidis analyzed lacked the ica operon for biofilm formation. Likely, they are commensal S. epidermidis strains but multi-antibiotic resistant. Uneven distribution of insertion sequences, phages, and CRISPR-Cas immunity phage systems suggest frequent horizontal gene transfer. Rates of recombination between S. epidermidis strains were more prevalent than the mutation rate and affected the whole genome. Therefore, the multidrug resistance, independently of the pathogenic traits, might explain the persistence of specific highly adapted S. epidermidis clonal lineages in nosocomial settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Cabrera-Contreras
- Laboratorio de Patogenicidad Bacteriana, Departamento de Salud Pública, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Rosa I Santamaría
- Centro de Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | - Patricia Bustos
- Centro de Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | - Irma Martínez-Flores
- Centro de Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | - Enrique Meléndez-Herrada
- Laboratorio de Patogenicidad Bacteriana, Departamento de Salud Pública, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Rubén Morelos-Ramírez
- Laboratorio de Patogenicidad Bacteriana, Departamento de Salud Pública, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | | | | | | | - Xavier Soberón
- Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Víctor González
- Centro de Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
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Pain M, Hjerde E, Klingenberg C, Cavanagh JP. Comparative Genomic Analysis of Staphylococcus haemolyticus Reveals Key to Hospital Adaptation and Pathogenicity. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2096. [PMID: 31552006 PMCID: PMC6747052 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus haemolyticus is a skin commensal gaining increased attention as an emerging pathogen of nosocomial infections. However, knowledge about the transition from a commensal to an invasive lifestyle remains sparse and there is a paucity of studies comparing pathogenicity traits between commensal and clinical isolates. In this study, we used a pan-genomic approach to identify factors important for infection and hospital adaptation by exploring the genomic variability of 123 clinical isolates and 46 commensal S. haemolyticus isolates. Phylogenetic reconstruction grouped the 169 isolates into six clades with a distinct distribution of clinical and commensal isolates in the different clades. Phenotypically, multi-drug antibiotic resistance was detected in 108/123 (88%) of the clinical isolates and 5/46 (11%) of the commensal isolates (p < 0.05). In the clinical isolates, we commonly identified a homolog of the serine-rich repeat glycoproteins sraP. Additionally, three novel capsular polysaccharide operons were detected, with a potential role in S. haemolyticus virulence. Clinical S. haemolyticus isolates showed specific signatures associated with successful hospital adaption. Biofilm forming S. haemolyticus isolates that are resistant to oxacillin (mecA) and aminoglycosides (aacA-aphD) are most likely invasive isolates whereas absence of these traits strongly indicates a commensal isolate. We conclude that our data show a clear segregation of isolates of commensal origin, and specific genetic signatures distinguishing the clinical isolates from the commensal isolates. The widespread use of antimicrobial agents has probably promoted the development of successful hospital adapted clones of S. haemolyticus clones through acquisition of mobile genetic elements or beneficial point mutations and rearrangements in surface associated genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Pain
- Pediatric Infections Research Group, Department of Clinical Medicine, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Erik Hjerde
- Department of Chemistry, Norstruct, UiT The Arcic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Claus Klingenberg
- Pediatric Infections Research Group, Department of Clinical Medicine, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway.,Department of Paediatrics, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Jorunn Pauline Cavanagh
- Pediatric Infections Research Group, Department of Clinical Medicine, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway.,Department of Paediatrics, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway
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Abbondio M, Fois I, Longheu C, Azara E, Tola S. Biofilm production, quorum sensing system and analysis of virulence factors of Staphylococcus epidermidis collected from sheep milk samples. Small Rumin Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2019.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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24
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Chajęcka-Wierzchowska W, Zadernowska A, Gajewska J. S. epidermidis strains from artisanal cheese made from unpasteurized milk in Poland - Genetic characterization of antimicrobial resistance and virulence determinants. Int J Food Microbiol 2019; 294:55-59. [PMID: 30771666 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2019.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Revised: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In Poland artisanal cheese production is an important local economic activity. Artisanal cheese is usually produced using raw cow's milk, animal rennet and salt, without the addition of starter cultures. Coagulase negative staphylococci (CoNS) are often present in artisanal cheeses. Pathogenic potential of some CoNS species, especially S. epidermidis, suggests that they could correspond to emerging pathogens. The identified risk factors correspond to virulence, antibiotic resistance and biofilm formation. Therefore, we aimed to characterize S. epidermidis isolated along the artisanal raw milk production chain. Seventy artisanal cheeses samples from unpasteurized cow milk purchased in Podlasie and Warmia and Mazury region in Poland, were included in this study. A total of 26 S. epidermidis isolates were obtained. Most of them were antimicrobial resistant, such as to penicillin (84,6%), clindamycin (46,2%), tetracycline (42,3%), erythromycin (42,3%) and cefoxitin (26,9%). Only one isolate was susceptible to all antibiotics used in the study. All methicillin resistant S. epidermidis strains (26,9%) harbored mecA gene. Isolates, phenotypic resistant to tetracycline, harbored at least one tetracycline resistance determinant on which tet(M) was most frequent. Moreover, all tetracycline resistant strains harbored Tn916-Tn1545-like integrase family gene. In the erythromycin resistant isolates, the macrolide resistance genes ermC, ermB or msrA/B were present. Seven strains demonstrated a strong ability to form biofilm and moderate and weak biofilm was demonstrated by 4 strains, whereas 11 of S. epidermidis isolates were found to be unable to form a biofilm. All strains producing strong biofilm harbored the icaD gene which occurred independently or in combination with the icaA. Insertion element IS256, was identified in 15,4% of S. epidermidis strains, all of which were multidrug resistant. Arginine Catabolic Mobile Element (ACME) was identified in 13 of the 26 examined strains (50%). Most common was ACME type I (26,9%), followed by type III (15,4%) and type II (7,7%). Our data indicate that S. epidermidis are widely present in artisanal cheeses from raw whole cow milk in Poland. Many isolated strains containing more virulence factors and antibiotic resistant and carry mobile genetic elements which represent a potential source of resistance transmission to bacteria in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wioleta Chajęcka-Wierzchowska
- Chair of Industrial and Food Microbiology, Faculty of Food Science, University of Warmia and Mazury, Plac Cieszyński 1, 10-726 Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - Anna Zadernowska
- Chair of Industrial and Food Microbiology, Faculty of Food Science, University of Warmia and Mazury, Plac Cieszyński 1, 10-726 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Joanna Gajewska
- Chair of Industrial and Food Microbiology, Faculty of Food Science, University of Warmia and Mazury, Plac Cieszyński 1, 10-726 Olsztyn, Poland
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Heilmann C, Ziebuhr W, Becker K. Are coagulase-negative staphylococci virulent? Clin Microbiol Infect 2018; 25:1071-1080. [PMID: 30502487 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2018.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Revised: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Progress in contemporary medicine is associated with an increasing number of immunocompromised individuals. In this vulnerable group, the underlying disease together with long-term hospitalization and the use of medical devices facilitate infections by opportunistic pathogens, of which coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) represent a prime example. OBJECTIVES The diversity of CoNS with species- and strain-specific differences concerning virulence and clinical impact is highlighted. A focus is on the ability of CoNS to generate biofilms on biotic and abiotic surfaces, which enables skin and mucosa colonization as well as establishment of CoNS on indwelling foreign bodies. SOURCES Literature about the virulence of CoNS listed in PubMed was reviewed. CONTENT Most catheter-related and prosthetic joint infections as well as most other device-related infections are caused by CoNS, specifically by Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus haemolyticus. A common theme of CoNS infections is a high antibiotic resistance rate, which often limits treatment options and contributes to the significant health and economic burden imposed by CoNS. IMPLICATIONS Breaching the skin barrier along with the insertion of medical devices offers CoNS opportunities to gain access to host tissues and to sustain there by forming biofilms on foreign body surfaces. Biofilms represent the perfect niche to protect CoNS from both the host immune response and the action of antibiotics. Their particular lifestyle, combined with conditions that facilitate host colonization and infection, has led to the growing impact of CoNS as pathogens. Moreover, CoNS may serve as hidden reservoirs for antibiotic resistance and virulence traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Heilmann
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - W Ziebuhr
- Institute for Molecular Infection Biology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - K Becker
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany.
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26
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Murugesan S, Mani S, Kuppusamy I, Krishnan P. Role of insertion sequence element is 256 as a virulence marker and its association with biofilm formation among methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis from hospital and community settings in Chennai, South India. Indian J Med Microbiol 2018; 36:124-126. [PMID: 29735842 DOI: 10.4103/ijmm.ijmm_17_276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to detect the association of biofilm formation with IS256 among clinical and carrier isolates of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis (MRSE). A total of 71 MRSE isolates were included in this study. Phenotypic detection of biofilm formation was done by Congo red agar method. Detection of genes associated with biofilm formation (icaAD, aap and atlE) and insertion sequence IS256 was done by polymerase chain reaction. Of the 71 MRSE isolates,19/40 (47.5%) clinical isolates from hospital settings and 11/31 (35.5%) carrier isolates from community settings respectively were found to be positive for all the three genes tested, namely, icaAD+, aap+ and atlE+ genes. Nearly 80% of clinical isolates were found to harbour IS256, whereas only 13% of community isolates harboured IS256.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saravanan Murugesan
- Department of Microbiology, Dr. ALM PG Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Stalin Mani
- Department of Microbiology, Dr. ALM PG Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Indhumathy Kuppusamy
- Department of Microbiology, Dr. ALM PG Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Padma Krishnan
- Department of Microbiology, Dr. ALM PG Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
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27
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Sharma S, Chaudhry V, Kumar S, Patil PB. Phylogenomic Based Comparative Studies on Indian and American Commensal Staphylococcus epidermidis Isolates. Front Microbiol 2018. [PMID: 29535698 PMCID: PMC5835047 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus epidermidis is a prominent commensal member of human skin microbiome and an emerging nosocomial pathogen, making it a good model organism to provide genomic insights, correlating its transition between commensalism and pathogenicity. While there are numerous studies to understand differences in commensal and pathogenic isolates, systematic efforts to understand variation and evolutionary pattern in multiple strains isolated from healthy individuals are lacking. In the present study, using whole genome sequencing and analysis, we report presence of diverse lineages of S. epidermidis isolates in healthy individuals from two geographically diverse locations of India and North America. Further, there is distinct pattern in the distribution of candidate gene(s) for pathogenicity and commensalism. The pattern is not only reflected in lineages but is also based on geographic origin of the isolates. This is evident by the fact that North American isolates under this study are more genomically dynamic and harbor pathogenicity markers in higher frequency. On the other hand, isolates of Indian origin are less genomically dynamic, harbor less pathogenicity marker genes and possess two unique antimicrobial peptide gene clusters. This study provides a basis to understand the nature of selection pressure in a key human skin commensal bacterium with implications in its management as an opportunistic pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shikha Sharma
- Bacterial Genomics and Evolution Laboratory, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
| | - Vasvi Chaudhry
- Bacterial Genomics and Evolution Laboratory, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
| | - Sanjeet Kumar
- Bacterial Genomics and Evolution Laboratory, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
| | - Prabhu B Patil
- Bacterial Genomics and Evolution Laboratory, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
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28
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Comparative Genomics Study of Staphylococcus epidermidis Isolates from Orthopedic-Device-Related Infections Correlated with Patient Outcome. J Clin Microbiol 2017; 55:3089-3103. [PMID: 28794175 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00881-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus epidermidis has emerged as an important opportunistic pathogen causing orthopedic-device-related infections (ODRI). This study investigated the association of genome variation and phenotypic features of the infecting S. epidermidis isolate with the clinical outcome for the infected patient. S. epidermidis isolates were collected from 104 patients with ODRI. Their clinical outcomes were evaluated, after an average of 26 months, as either "cured" or "not cured." The isolates were tested for antibiotic susceptibility and biofilm formation. Whole-genome sequencing was performed on all isolates, and genomic variation was related to features associated with "cured" and "not cured." Strong biofilm formation and aminoglycoside resistance were associated with a "not-cured" outcome (P = 0.031 and P < 0.001, respectively). Based on gene-by-gene analysis, some accessory genes were more prevalent in isolates from the "not-cured" group. These included the biofilm-associated bhp gene, the antiseptic resistance qacA gene, the cassette chromosome recombinase-encoding genes ccrA and ccrB, and the IS256-like transposase gene. This study identifies biofilm formation and antibiotic resistance as associated with poor outcome in S. epidermidis ODRI. Whole-genome sequencing identified specific genes associated with a "not-cured" outcome that should be validated in future studies. (The study has been registered at ClinicalTrials.gov with identifier NCT02640937.).
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29
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Jena S, Panda S, Nayak KC, Singh DV. Identification of Major Sequence Types among Multidrug-Resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis Strains Isolated from Infected Eyes and Healthy Conjunctiva. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:1430. [PMID: 28824564 PMCID: PMC5543311 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
We examined the presence of virulence and antibiotic resistance genes, SCCmec types and determined the genomic diversity among ocular S. epidermidis isolates (patients-23, healthy controls-29). PCR determined the presence of antibiotic resistance genes, virulence genes and SCCmec types among all isolates. MLST and PFGE determined the genomic relatedness among them. All isolates of S. epidermidis showed resistance to at least one class of antibiotics of which 48 isolates were multidrug resistant and carried ARGs. Thirty-five isolates were methicillin resistant and carried mecA gene. Majority of the isolates were resistant to fluoroquinolones and showed mutation in gyrA, parC, and parE genes, however, few isolates showed additional novel mutations in parC gene. Of the MRSE strains, 17 strains carried SCCmec type IV, four type V, two type II, and two UT4. Seven strains carried novel combination of ccr complex and SCCmercury element, not reported earlier. All the S. epidermidis strains harbored icaA and icaD genes, 47 carried ACME operon, and 50 contained IS256. A noteworthy finding was the presence of ST179 among 43% of infected eye isolates an observation rarely reported among S. epidermidis. PFGE and MLST analysis showed genomic diversity among them. Statistical analysis suggests that few healthy conjunctiva isolates had characteristics similar to infected eye isolates. S. epidermidis strains carrying mecA gene are multidrug resistant, virulent and diverse irrespective of sources of isolation. IS256 cannot be used as marker to differentiate isolates of infected eye from healthy conjunctiva.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smrutiti Jena
- Infectious Disease Biology, Institute of Life SciencesBhubaneswar, India
| | - Sasmita Panda
- Infectious Disease Biology, Institute of Life SciencesBhubaneswar, India
| | - Kinshuk C Nayak
- Bioinformatics Center, Institute of Life SciencesBhubaneswar, India
| | - Durg V Singh
- Infectious Disease Biology, Institute of Life SciencesBhubaneswar, India
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30
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Ribič U, Klančnik A, Jeršek B. Characterization of Staphylococcus epidermidis strains isolated from industrial cleanrooms under regular routine disinfection. J Appl Microbiol 2017; 122:1186-1196. [PMID: 28231617 DOI: 10.1111/jam.13424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Revised: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The purpose of this study was the genotypic and phenotypic characterization of 57 strains of Staphylococcus epidermidis isolated from cleanroom environments, based on their biofilm formation and antimicrobial resistance profiles. METHODS AND RESULTS Biofilm formation was investigated using real-time PCR (icaA, aap, bhp genes), the Congo red agar method and the crystal violet assay. The majority of the strains (59·7%; 34/57) did not form biofilms according to the crystal violet assay, although the biofilm-associated genes were present in 94·7% (54/57) of the strains. Of the biofilm formers (40·4%; 23/57), 39·1% (9/23) have been identified as strong biofilm formers (>4× crystal violet absorbance cut-off). Resistance to a commercial disinfectant and its quaternary ammonium active component, didecyl-dimethyl-ammonium chloride (DDAC), was determined according to minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) and the presence of the qac (quaternary ammonium compound) genes. More than 95% (55/57) of the Staph. epidermidis strains had the qacA/B and qacC genes, but not the other qac genes. The MICs for the disinfectant and DDAC varied among the Staph. epidermidis strains, although none were resistant. CONCLUSIONS Although 59·6% of the Staph. epidermidis strains did not form biofilms and none were resistant to DDAC, more than 94% had the genetic basis for development of resistance to quaternary ammonium compounds, and among them at least 14·0% (8/57) might represent a high risk to cleanroom hygiene as strong biofim formers with qacA/B and qacC genes. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY To assure controlled cleanroom environments, bacterial strains isolated from cleanroom environments need to be characterized regularly using several investigative methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Ribič
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - A Klančnik
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - B Jeršek
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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31
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Overview of Genetic Background Beyond Polysaccharide Intercellular Adhesion Production in Staphylococcus epidermidis. Jundishapur J Microbiol 2016. [DOI: 10.5812/jjm.36008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
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32
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Elbuluk A, Deshmukh A, Inneh I, Iorio R. The Present and Future of Genomics in Adult Reconstructive Orthopaedic Surgery. JBJS Rev 2016; 4:e61-6. [DOI: 10.2106/jbjs.rvw.o.00064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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33
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Brito CSD, Queiroz LL, Campos PAD, Batistão DWDF, Silva HDA, de Agostini GG, Filho PPG, Ribas RM. The nares as a CA-MRSA reservoir in the healthy elderly. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2016; 48:614-6. [PMID: 26516975 DOI: 10.1590/0037-8682-0030-2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The frequency of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) has increased in the community. This study evaluated the prevalence of MRSA and community-acquired (CA)-MRSA in 120 healthy elderly. METHODS The MRSA were evaluated for the presence of the IS256, mecA, agr, icaA, icaD, fnbB , and pvl genes with PCR. RESULTS Frequency of S. aureus and MRSA colonization was 17.8% and 19%, respectively. CA-MRSA isolate showed SCC mec IV, fnbB+ , and icaD+ . CONCLUSIONS CA-MRSA was detected, with genotype determined as SCC mec type IV/IS256/ fnbB+ / icaA / icaD+ / bbp-/agr2 / bap / pvl, characterizing this population as a possible reservoir of this organism in the community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiane Silveira de Brito
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Laboratório de Microbiologia Molecular, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Lícia Ludendorff Queiroz
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Laboratório de Microbiologia Molecular, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Paola Amaral de Campos
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Laboratório de Microbiologia Molecular, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Deivid William da Fonseca Batistão
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Laboratório de Microbiologia Molecular, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Helisângela de Almeida Silva
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Laboratório de Microbiologia Molecular, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Paulo Pinto Gontijo Filho
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Laboratório de Microbiologia Molecular, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Rosineide Marques Ribas
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Laboratório de Microbiologia Molecular, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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34
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Argudín MA, Vanderhaeghen W, Vandendriessche S, Vandecandelaere I, Denis O, Coenye T, Butaye P. Biofilm formation of ica operon-positive Staphylococcus epidermidis from different sources. APMIS 2016; 123:1081-9. [PMID: 26547374 DOI: 10.1111/apm.12472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 10/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Information on the prevalence of biofilm-related factors (PIA, Bhp, Aap, Embp) in Staphylococcus epidermidis of animal origin is scarce. In this study, 263 S. epidermidis isolates of diverse origin (animal, farmers, patients, and laboratory staff) were investigated for the presence of the ica operon (icaRADBC). The icaRADBC-positive isolates were further characterized by means of biofilm formation, presence of other biofilm-related genes, antimicrobial resistance, and population structure. Of all isolates, 28.5% (n = 75) were icaRADBC-positive, including 16.5% of animal origin, 29.1% farmer isolates, and 44.6% hospital-associated isolates (including patients and laboratory staff isolates). Most icaRADBC-positive isolates carried embp (n = 73), aap (n = 57), bhp (n = 22), and IS256 (n = 29). Statistical differences were found between animal and patient isolates for the presence of icaRADBC, bhp, and aap. No statistically significant relation was found between the presence of one or more genes and the level of biofilm formation. Most icaRADBC-positive isolates belonged to the clonal complex 5 (formerly 2) and most sequence types corresponded to types previously observed in community and nosocomial S. epidermidis populations. Although the prevalence of S. epidermidis in the nasal cavity of bovines and poultry is low, some isolates belong to STs related to ica-positive clinical strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Angeles Argudín
- Department of Bacterial Diseases, Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Centre, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Wannes Vanderhaeghen
- Department of Obstetrics, Reproduction and Herd Health, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Stien Vandendriessche
- Department of Microbiology, National Reference Centre - Staphylococcus aureus, Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ilse Vandecandelaere
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Department of Pharmaceutical analysis, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Olivier Denis
- Department of Microbiology, National Reference Centre - Staphylococcus aureus, Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Tom Coenye
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Department of Pharmaceutical analysis, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Patrick Butaye
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology, and Avian Diseases, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Ross University, St Kitts and Nevis, West Indies
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Montanaro L, Ravaioli S, Ruppitsch W, Campoccia D, Pietrocola G, Visai L, Speziale P, Allerberger F, Arciola CR. Molecular Characterization of a Prevalent Ribocluster of Methicillin-Sensitive Staphylococcus aureus from Orthopedic Implant Infections. Correspondence with MLST CC30. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2016; 6:8. [PMID: 26909340 PMCID: PMC4754407 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2016.00008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 01/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is the leading etiologic agent of orthopedic implant infections. Here a ribocluster of 27 S. aureus strains underwent further molecular characterization and subtyping by multilocus sequence typing (MLST) and spa-typing. This cluster had been detected by automated ribotyping (with the EcoRI restriction enzyme) of 200 S. aureus isolates from periprosthetic infections of patients who underwent revision at the Rizzoli Orthopaedic Institute. The ribocluster, consisting of agr type III strains, with a 74% co-occurrence of bone sialoprotein-binding (bbp) and collagen-binding (cna) genes, lacked mecA and IS256, and exhibited a high prevalence of the toxic shock syndrome toxin gene (tst, 85%). Strains' relatedness was analyzed by BURP and eBURST. Two predominant spa types, t012 (32%) and t021 (36%), and one predominant sequence type, ST30 (18/27, 67%) were identified: a S. aureus lineage spread worldwide belonging to MLST CC30. Two new sequence types (ST2954, ST2960) and one new spa type (t13129) were detected for the first time. Interestingly, the 27-strain cluster detected by ribotyping corresponded exactly to MLST CC30, the sole CC identified by eBURST.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucio Montanaro
- Research Unit on Implant Infections, Rizzoli Orthopaedic InstituteBologna, Italy; Department of Experimental, Diagnostic, and Specialty Medicine, University of BolognaBologna, Italy
| | - Stefano Ravaioli
- Research Unit on Implant Infections, Rizzoli Orthopaedic InstituteBologna, Italy; Department of Experimental, Diagnostic, and Specialty Medicine, University of BolognaBologna, Italy
| | - Werner Ruppitsch
- Division of Human Medicine, Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety Vienna, Austria
| | - Davide Campoccia
- Research Unit on Implant Infections, Rizzoli Orthopaedic Institute Bologna, Italy
| | - Giampiero Pietrocola
- Unit of Biochemistry, Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia Pavia, Italy
| | - Livia Visai
- Molecular Medicine Department, Center for Health Technologies (CHT), UdR INSTM, University of PaviaPavia, Italy; Department of Occupational Medicine, Toxicology and Environmental Risks, S. Maugeri FoundationIRCCS, Pavia, Italy
| | - Pietro Speziale
- Unit of Biochemistry, Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia Pavia, Italy
| | - Franz Allerberger
- Division of Human Medicine, Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety Vienna, Austria
| | - Carla Renata Arciola
- Research Unit on Implant Infections, Rizzoli Orthopaedic InstituteBologna, Italy; Department of Experimental, Diagnostic, and Specialty Medicine, University of BolognaBologna, Italy
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William da Fonseca Batistão D, Amaral de Campos P, Caroline Camilo N, Royer S, Fuga Araújo B, Spirandelli Carvalho Naves K, Martins M, Olívia Pereira M, Henriques M, Pinto Gontijo-Filho P, Botelho C, Oliveira R, Marques Ribas R. Biofilm formation of Brazilian meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains: prevalence of biofilm determinants and clonal profiles. J Med Microbiol 2016; 65:286-297. [PMID: 26862039 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.000228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Biofilms plays an important role in medical-device-related infections. This study aimed to determine the factors that influence adherence and biofilm production, as well as the relationship between strong biofilm production and genetic determinants in clinical isolates of meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Fifteen strains carrying different chromosomal cassettes recovered from hospitalized patients were selected; five SCCmecII, five SCCmecIII and five SCCmecIV. The SCCmec type, agr group and the presence of the virulence genes (bbp, clfA, icaA, icaD, fnbB, bap, sasC and IS256) were assessed by PCR. PFGE and multilocus sequence typing (MLST) techniques were also performed. The initial adhesion and biofilm formation were examined by quantitative assays. The surface tension and hydrophobicity of the strains were measured by the contact angle technique to evaluate the association between these parameters and adhesion ability. SCCmecIII and IV strains were less hydrophilic, with a high value for the electron acceptor parameter and higher adhesion in comparison with SCCmecII strains. Only SCCmecIII strains could be characterized as strong biofilm producers. The PFGE showed five major pulsotypes (A-E); however, biofilm production was related to the dissemination of one specific PFGE clone (C) belonging to MLST ST239 (Brazilian epidemic clonal complex). The genes agrI, fnbB and IS256 in SCCmecIII strains were considered as genetic determinants associated with strong biofilm-formation by an ica-independent biofilm pathway. This study contributes to the understanding of biofilm production as an aggravating factor potentially involved in the persistence and severity of infections caused by multidrug-resistant MRSA belonging to this genotype.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paola Amaral de Campos
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Biomedical Science Institute, Federal University of Uberlândia, Campus Umuarama, Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Nayara Caroline Camilo
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Biomedical Science Institute, Federal University of Uberlândia, Campus Umuarama, Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Sabrina Royer
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Biomedical Science Institute, Federal University of Uberlândia, Campus Umuarama, Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Bruna Fuga Araújo
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Biomedical Science Institute, Federal University of Uberlândia, Campus Umuarama, Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Karinne Spirandelli Carvalho Naves
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Biomedical Science Institute, Federal University of Uberlândia, Campus Umuarama, Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Margarida Martins
- Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Maria Olívia Pereira
- Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Mariana Henriques
- Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Paulo Pinto Gontijo-Filho
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Biomedical Science Institute, Federal University of Uberlândia, Campus Umuarama, Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Cláudia Botelho
- Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Rosário Oliveira
- Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Rosineide Marques Ribas
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Biomedical Science Institute, Federal University of Uberlândia, Campus Umuarama, Uberlândia, Brazil
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Chessa D, Ganau G, Spiga L, Bulla A, Mazzarello V, Campus GV, Rubino S. Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis Virulence Strains as Causative Agents of Persistent Infections in Breast Implants. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0146668. [PMID: 26811915 PMCID: PMC4727902 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0146668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus aureus are currently considered two of the most important pathogens in nosocomial infections associated with catheters and other medical implants and are also the main contaminants of medical instruments. However because these species of Staphylococcus are part of the normal bacterial flora of human skin and mucosal surfaces, it is difficult to discern when a microbial isolate is the cause of infection or is detected on samples as a consequence of contamination. Rapid identification of invasive strains of Staphylococcus infections is crucial for correctly diagnosing and treating infections. The aim of the present study was to identify specific genes to distinguish between invasive and contaminating S. epidermidis and S. aureus strains isolated on medical devices; the majority of our samples were collected from breast prostheses. As a first step, we compared the adhesion ability of these samples with their efficacy in forming biofilms; second, we explored whether it is possible to determine if isolated pathogens were more virulent compared with international controls. In addition, this work may provide additional information on these pathogens, which are traditionally considered harmful bacteria in humans, and may increase our knowledge of virulence factors for these types of infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Chessa
- Microbiology and Immunology Unit, Department of Biomedical Science, School of Medicine, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
- * E-mail:
| | - Giulia Ganau
- Microbiology and Immunology Unit, Department of Biomedical Science, School of Medicine, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Luisella Spiga
- Microbiology and Immunology Unit, Department of Biomedical Science, School of Medicine, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Antonio Bulla
- Plastic Surgery Unit, Department of Surgical, Microsurgical and Medical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Vittorio Mazzarello
- Microbiology and Immunology Unit, Department of Biomedical Science, School of Medicine, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Gian Vittorio Campus
- Plastic Surgery Unit, Department of Surgical, Microsurgical and Medical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Salvatore Rubino
- Microbiology and Immunology Unit, Department of Biomedical Science, School of Medicine, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
- Department of Infection and Immunity, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Barbieri R, Pesce M, Franchelli S, Baldelli I, De Maria A, Marchese A. Phenotypic and genotypic characterization of Staphylococci causing breast peri-implant infections in oncologic patients. BMC Microbiol 2015; 15:26. [PMID: 25888077 PMCID: PMC4328704 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-015-0368-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 01/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Staphylococcus epidermidis and S. aureus have been identified as the most common bacteria responsible for sub-clinical and overt breast implant infections and their ability to form biofilm on the implant as been reported as the essential factor in the development of this type of infections. Biofilm formation is a complex process with the participation of several distinct molecules, whose relative importance in different clinical settings has not yet been fully elucidated. To our knowledge this is the first study aimed at characterizing isolates causing breast peri-implant infections. Results Thirteen S. aureus and seven S. epidermidis causing breast peri-implant infections were studied. Using the broth microdilution method and the E-test, the majority of the strains were susceptible to all antibiotics tested. Methicillin resistance was detected in two S. epidermidis. All strains had different RAPD profiles and were able to produce biofilms in microtitre plate assays but, while all S. aureus carried and were able to express icaA and icaD genes, this was only true for one S. epidermidis. Biofilm development was glucose- and NaCl-induced (5 S. aureus and 1 S. epidermidis) or glucose-induced (the remaining strains). Proteinase K and sodium metaperiodate treatment had different effects on biofilms dispersion revealing that the strains studied were able to produce chemically different types of extracellular matrix mediating biofilm formation. All S. aureus strains harboured and expressed the atlA, clfA, FnA, eno and cna genes and the majority also carried and expressed the sasG (10/13), ebpS (10/13) genes. All S. epidermidis strains harboured and expressed the atlE, aae, embp genes, and the majority (six strains) also carried and expressed the fbe, aap genes. Genes for S. aureus capsular types 5 and 8 were almost equally distributed. The only leukotoxin genes detected were lukE/lukD (6/13). Conclusions S. aureus and S. epidermidis breast peri-implant infections are caused by heterogeneous strains with different biofilm development mechanisms. Since the collagen adhesin (cna) gene is not ubiquitously distributed among S. aureus, this protein could have an important role in the cause of breast peri-implant infections. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12866-015-0368-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marianna Pesce
- IRCCS-AOU San Martino IST, Reconstruction Plastic Surgery Unit, DISC, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.
| | | | - Ilaria Baldelli
- IRCCS-AOU San Martino IST, Reconstruction Plastic Surgery Unit, DISC, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.
| | - Andrea De Maria
- IRCCS-AOU San Martino IST, Infectious Diseases Unit, DISSAL, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.
| | - Anna Marchese
- IRCCS-AOU San Martino IST, Microbiology Unit DISC, University of Genoa, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, 16132, Genoa, Italy.
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Otto M. Physical stress and bacterial colonization. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2014; 38:1250-70. [PMID: 25212723 DOI: 10.1111/1574-6976.12088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2014] [Revised: 09/01/2014] [Accepted: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial surface colonizers are subject to a variety of physical stresses. During the colonization of human epithelia such as on the skin or the intestinal mucosa, bacteria mainly have to withstand the mechanical stress of being removed by fluid flow, scraping, or epithelial turnover. To that end, they express a series of molecules to establish firm attachment to the epithelial surface, such as fibrillar protrusions (pili) and surface-anchored proteins that bind to human matrix proteins. In addition, some bacteria--in particular gut and urinary tract pathogens--use internalization by epithelial cells and other methods such as directed inhibition of epithelial turnover to ascertain continued association with the epithelial layer. Furthermore, many bacteria produce multilayered agglomerations called biofilms with a sticky extracellular matrix, providing additional protection from removal. This review will give an overview over the mechanisms human bacterial colonizers have to withstand physical stresses with a focus on bacterial adhesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Otto
- Pathogen Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Human Bacterial Pathogenesis, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, The National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Sugandhi P, Prasanth DA. Microbiological profile of bacterial pathogens from diabetic foot infections in tertiary care hospitals, Salem. Diabetes Metab Syndr 2014; 8:129-132. [PMID: 25087885 DOI: 10.1016/j.dsx.2014.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Worldwide, diabetic foot infections are one of the most serious complications resulting in long term hospitalization among the diabetic patients. AIM The aim of this study was to determine the microbial profile and the antibiogram pattern of the patients with diabetic foot infections. METHODS Pus samples were taken from 50 patients presenting with diabetic foot infections over a period of 10 months. The samples were processed by standard microbiological methods. RESULTS A total of 51 bacterial isolates were obtained from 50 patients with diabetic foot infections. The age group of these patients ranged from 30 to 80 years and the maximum number of patients were in the age group of 51-60 years. Gram negative (51%) were more prevalent than Gram positive (49%) organisms in this study. The commonest isolate was Staphylococcus aureus (41%) followed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa (35%), Enterococcus spp., (4%), Escherichia coli, (4%), Salmonella spp., (4%), Bacillus spp., (4%), Micrococcus spp., (2%), Listeria spp., (2%), Shigella spp., (2%) and Proteus spp., (2%). The antibiotic sensitivity pattern showed Meropenem, Piperacillin, Cefoperazone/Sulbactam, Piperacillin/Tazobactam and Amikacin as the most effective antimicrobial agents for the gram positive and Gram negative bacterial species. In this study, 8(44%) isolates of Gram negative bacilli were ESBL producers and 4 (19%) isolates were MRSA strains. CONCLUSION The results of the study indicate that effective planning of therapy is very essential for the prevention of drug resistant organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Sugandhi
- Medical Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Periyar University, Salem 636 011, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - D Arvind Prasanth
- Medical Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Periyar University, Salem 636 011, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Characterization of ocular methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis isolates belonging predominantly to clonal complex 2 subcluster II. J Clin Microbiol 2014; 52:1412-7. [PMID: 24523473 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.03098-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus epidermidis is an abundant member of the microbiota of the human skin and wet mucosa, which is commonly associated with sight-threatening infections in eyes with predisposing factors. Ocular S. epidermidis has become notorious because of its capability to form biofilms on different ocular devices and due to the evolving rates of antimicrobial resistance. In this study, the molecular epidemiology of 30 ocular methicillin-resistant S. epidermidis (MRSE) isolates was assessed using multilocus sequence typing (MLST). Antimicrobial resistance, accessory gene-regulator and staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) types, biofilm formation, and the occurrence of biofilm-associated genes were correlated with MLST clonal complexes. Sequence types (STs) frequently found in the hospital setting were rarely found in our collection. Overall, 12 different STs were detected with a predominance of ST59 (30%), ST5 and ST6 (13.3% each). Most of the isolates (93.3%) belonged to the clonal complex 2 (CC2) and grouped mainly within subcluster CC2-II (92.9%). Isolates grouped within this subcluster were frequently biofilm producers (92.3%) with a higher occurrence of the aap (84.5%) and bhp (46.1%) genes compared to icaA (19.2%). SCCmec type IV (53.8%) was predominant within CC2-II strains, while 38.4% were nontypeable. In addition, CC2-II strains were frequently multidrug resistant (80.7%) and demonstrated to be particularly resistant to ciprofloxacin (80.8%), ofloxacin (77%), azithromycin (61.5%), and gentamicin (57.7%). Our findings demonstrate the predominance of a particular MRSE cluster causing ocular infections, which was associated with high rates of antimicrobial resistance and particularly the carriage of biofilm-related genes coding for proteinaceous factors implicated in biofilm accumulation.
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Abstract
Staphylococcus epidermidis is the most frequently encountered member of the coagulase-negative staphylococci on human epithelial surfaces. It has emerged as an important nosocomial pathogen, especially in infections of indwelling medical devices. The mechanisms that S. epidermidis uses to survive during infection are in general of a passive nature, reflecting their possible origin in the commensal life of this bacterium. Most importantly, S. epidermidis excels in forming biofilms, sticky agglomerations that inhibit major host defense mechanisms. Furthermore, S. epidermidis produces a series of protective surface polymers and exoenzymes. Moreover, S. epidermidis has the capacity to secrete strongly cytolytic members of the phenol-soluble modulin (PSM) family, but PSMs in S. epidermidis overall appear to participate primarily in biofilm development. Finally, there is evidence for a virulence gene reservoir function of S. epidermidis, as it appears to have transferred important immune evasion and antibiotic resistance factors to Staphylococcus aureus. Conversely, S. epidermidis also has a beneficial role in balancing the microflora on human epithelial surfaces by controlling outgrowth of harmful bacteria such as in particular S. aureus. Recent research yielded detailed insight into key S. epidermidis virulence determinants and their regulation, in particular as far as biofilm formation is concerned, but we still have a serious lack of understanding of the in vivo relevance of many pathogenesis mechanisms and the factors that govern the commensal life of S. epidermidis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Otto
- Pathogen Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Human Bacterial Pathogenesis, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, U.S. National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Attachment and Biofilm Forming Capabilities of Staphylococcus epidermidis Strains Isolated from Preterm Infants. Curr Microbiol 2013; 67:712-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s00284-013-0425-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2013] [Accepted: 06/09/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Differing lifestyles of Staphylococcus epidermidis as revealed through Bayesian clustering of multilocus sequence types. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2013; 22:257-64. [PMID: 23816539 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2013.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2013] [Revised: 06/11/2013] [Accepted: 06/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus epidermidis is part of the normal bacterial flora of human skin and a leading cause of infections associated with indwelling medical devices. Previous phylogenetic analyses of subgenomic data have been unable to distinguish between S. epidermidis strains with nosocomial or commensal lifestyles, despite the identification of specific phenotypes and accessory genes that may contribute to such lifestyles. To attempt to better define the population structure of this species, the international S. epidermidis multilocus sequence typing database was analyzed with the Bayesian clustering programs STRUCTURE and BAPS. A total of six genetic clusters (GCs) were identified. A local population of S. epidermidis from clinical specimens was classified according to these six GCs, and further characterized for antibiotic susceptibilities, biofilm, and various genetic markers. GC5 was abundant and significantly enriched for isolates that were resistant to four classes of antibiotics, high biofilm production, and positive for the virulence markers icaA, IS256, and sesD/bhp, indicating its potential clinical relevance. In contrast, GC2 was rare and contained the only isolates positive for the putative commensal marker, fdh. GC1 and GC6 were abundant but not significantly associated with any of the examined characteristics, except for sesF/aap and GC6. GC3 was rare and identified as a potential genetic sink that received, but did not donate, core genetic material from other GCs. In conclusion, population genetics analyses were essential for identifying clusters of strains that may differ in their adaptation to nosocomial or commensal lifestyles. These results provide a new, population genetics framework for studying S. epidermidis.
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Valour F, Trouillet-Assant S, Rasigade JP, Lustig S, Chanard E, Meugnier H, Tigaud S, Vandenesch F, Etienne J, Ferry T, Laurent F. Staphylococcus epidermidis in orthopedic device infections: the role of bacterial internalization in human osteoblasts and biofilm formation. PLoS One 2013; 8:e67240. [PMID: 23840636 PMCID: PMC3696042 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0067240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2013] [Accepted: 05/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Staphylococcus epidermidis orthopedic device infections are caused by direct inoculation of commensal flora during surgery and remain rare, although S. epidermidis carriage is likely universal. We wondered whether S. epidermidis orthopedic device infection strains might constitute a sub-population of commensal isolates with specific virulence ability. Biofilm formation and invasion of osteoblasts by S. aureus contribute to bone and joint infection recurrence by protecting bacteria from the host-immune system and most antibiotics. We aimed to determine whether S. epidermidis orthopedic device infection isolates could be distinguished from commensal strains by their ability to invade osteoblasts and form biofilms. Materials and Methods Orthopedic device infection S. epidermidis strains (n = 15) were compared to nasal carriage isolates (n = 22). Osteoblast invasion was evaluated in an ex vivo infection model using MG63 osteoblastic cells co-cultured for 2 hours with bacteria. Adhesion of S. epidermidis to osteoblasts was explored by a flow cytometric approach, and internalized bacteria were quantified by plating cell lysates after selective killing of extra-cellular bacteria with gentamicin. Early and mature biofilm formations were evaluated by a crystal violet microtitration plate assay and the Biofilm Ring Test method. Results No difference was observed between commensal and infective strains in their ability to invade osteoblasts (internalization rate 308+/−631 and 347+/−431 CFU/well, respectively). This low internalization rate correlated with a low ability to adhere to osteoblasts. No difference was observed for biofilm formation between the two groups. Conclusion Osteoblast invasion and biofilm formation levels failed to distinguish S. epidermidis orthopedic device infection strains from commensal isolates. This study provides the first assessment of the interaction between S. epidermidis strains isolated from orthopedic device infections and osteoblasts, and suggests that bone cell invasion is not a major pathophysiological mechanism in S. epidermidis orthopedic device infections, contrary to what is observed for S. aureus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florent Valour
- INSERM U1111, International Center for Research in Infectiology, Lyon, France.
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Mertens A, Ghebremedhin B. Genetic determinants and biofilm formation of clinical Staphylococcus epidermidis isolates from blood cultures and indwelling devises. Eur J Microbiol Immunol (Bp) 2013; 3:111-9. [PMID: 24265927 DOI: 10.1556/eujmi.3.2013.2.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2013] [Accepted: 04/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
For a long time, Staphylococcus epidermidis, as a member of the coagulase-negative staphylococci, was considered as part of the physiological skin flora of the human being with no pathogenic significance. Today, we know that S. epidermidis is one of the most prevalent causes for implant-associated and nosocomial infections. We performed pheno- and genotypic analysis (ica, IS256, SCCmec types, agr groups) of biofilm formation in 200 isolates. Fifty percent were genetically ica-positive and produced biofilm. Among all studied isolates, agr II and III and SCCmec type I were the most prevalent, whereas within the selected multi-resistant isolates (29%), agr I and III and SCCmec type II dominated. SCCmec type I and mecA-negative S. epidermidis isolates were associated with agr II. The majority of the blood culture and biopsy isolates were assigned to agr III and SCCmec type I, whereas agr II was predominantly detected in mecA-negative S. epidermidis isolated from catheter and implant materials. MLST analysis revealed the major clonal lineages of ST2, ST5, ST10, and ST242 (total 13 STs). ST2 isolates from blood cultures were icaA/D-positive and harbored SCCmec types II and III and IS256, whereas the icaA/D- and IS256-positive ST23 isolates were assigned to SCCmec types I and IV.
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Predictive genetic risk markers for strong biofilm-forming Staphylococcus aureus: fnbB gene and SCCmec type III. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2013; 76:539-41. [PMID: 23726650 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2013.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2013] [Revised: 04/22/2013] [Accepted: 04/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
To find predictive genetic risk markers for strong biofilm producers of Staphylococcus aureus, we studied the relatedness of agr and SCCmec types and fnbB and IS256 genes to biofilm-forming ability in 465 clinical isolates. fnbB and SCCmec type III are candidates as genetic risk predictors for the strong biofilm producers.
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Kern A, Perreten V. Clinical and molecular features of methicillin-resistant, coagulase-negative staphylococci of pets and horses. J Antimicrob Chemother 2013; 68:1256-66. [DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkt020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Frey Y, Rodriguez JP, Thomann A, Schwendener S, Perreten V. Genetic characterization of antimicrobial resistance in coagulase-negative staphylococci from bovine mastitis milk. J Dairy Sci 2013; 96:2247-2257. [PMID: 23415536 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2012-6091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2012] [Accepted: 11/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS; n=417) were isolated from bovine milk and identified by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Nineteen different species were identified, and Staphylococcus xylosus, Staphylococcus chromogenes, Staphylococcus haemolyticus, and Staphylococcus sciuri were the most prevalent species. Resistance to oxacillin (47.0% of the isolates), fusidic acid (33.8%), tiamulin (31.9%), penicillin (23.3%), tetracycline (15.8%), streptomycin (9.6%), erythromycin (7.0%), sulfonamides (5%), trimethoprim (4.3%), clindamycin (3.4%), kanamycin (2.4%), and gentamicin (2.4%) was detected. Resistance to oxacillin was attributed to the mecA gene in 9.7% of the oxacillin-resistant isolates. The remaining oxacillin-resistant CNS did not contain the mecC gene or mecA1 promoter mutations. The mecA gene was detected in Staphylococcus fleurettii, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staph. haemolyticus, and Staph. xylosus. Resistance to tetracycline was attributed to the presence of tet(K) and tet(L), penicillin resistance to blaZ, streptomycin resistance to str and ant(6)-Ia, and erythromycin resistance to erm(C), erm(B), and msr. Resistance to tiamulin and fusidic acid could not be attributed to an acquired resistance gene. In total, 15.1% of the CNS isolates were multidrug resistant (i.e., resistant to 2 or more antimicrobials). The remaining CNS isolates were susceptible to antimicrobials commonly used in mastitis treatment. Methicillin-resistant CNS isolates were diverse, as determined by mecA gene sequence analysis, staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec typing, and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. Arginine catabolic mobile element types 1 and 3 were detected in both methicillin-resistant and methicillin-susceptible Staph. epidermidis and were associated with sequence types ST59 and ST111. Because this study revealed the presence of multidrug-resistant CNS in a heterogeneous CNS population, we recommend antibiogram analysis of CNS in persistent infections before treatment with antimicrobials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne Frey
- Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Joan Peña Rodriguez
- Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Thomann
- Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Sybille Schwendener
- Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Vincent Perreten
- Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland.
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Deciphering genomic virulence traits of a Staphylococcus epidermidis strain causing native-valve endocarditis. J Clin Microbiol 2013; 51:1617-21. [PMID: 23363834 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.02820-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We applied real-time genome sequencing to a Staphylococcus epidermidis strain that caused native-aortic-valve endocarditis in a 26-year-old patient. The 2.5-Mb genome from strain CSUR P278 exhibited a unique sequence type among S. epidermidis strains and contained 32 genes previously considered virulence genes in this species.
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