1
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Kim HJ, Jang J, Na K, Lee EH, Gu HJ, Lim YH, Joo SA, Baek SE, Roh JY, Maeng HJ, Kim YH, Lee YJ, Oh BC, Jung Y. TLR7-dependent eosinophil degranulation links psoriatic skin inflammation to small intestinal inflammatory changes in mice. Exp Mol Med 2024; 56:1164-1177. [PMID: 38689088 PMCID: PMC11148187 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-024-01225-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Recent evidence of gut microbiota dysbiosis in the context of psoriasis and the increased cooccurrence of inflammatory bowel disease and psoriasis suggest a close relationship between skin and gut immune responses. Using a mouse model of psoriasis induced by the Toll-like receptor (TLR) 7 ligand imiquimod, we found that psoriatic dermatitis was accompanied by inflammatory changes in the small intestine associated with eosinophil degranulation, which impaired intestinal barrier integrity. Inflammatory responses in the skin and small intestine were increased in mice prone to eosinophil degranulation. Caco-2 human intestinal epithelial cells were treated with media containing eosinophil granule proteins and exhibited signs of inflammation and damage. Imiquimod-induced skin and intestinal changes were attenuated in eosinophil-deficient mice, and this attenuation was counteracted by the transfer of eosinophils. Imiquimod levels and the distribution of eosinophils were positively correlated in the intestine. TLR7-deficient mice did not exhibit intestinal eosinophil degranulation but did exhibit attenuated inflammation in the skin and small intestine following imiquimod administration. These results suggest that TLR7-dependent bidirectional skin-to-gut communication occurs in psoriatic inflammation and that inflammatory changes in the intestine can accelerate psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee Joo Kim
- Department of Dermatology, Gachon Gil Medical Center, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon, 21565, Korea
- Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, Incheon, 21999, Korea
| | - Jinsun Jang
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Gachon Advanced Institute for Health Science & Technology, Gachon University, Incheon, 21999, Korea
| | - Kunhee Na
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Gachon Advanced Institute for Health Science & Technology, Gachon University, Incheon, 21999, Korea
| | - Eun-Hui Lee
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon, 21999, Korea
| | - Hyeon-Jung Gu
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Gachon Advanced Institute for Health Science & Technology, Gachon University, Incheon, 21999, Korea
| | - Yoon Hee Lim
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon, 21999, Korea
| | - Seul-A Joo
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, Incheon, 21936, Korea
| | - Seung Eun Baek
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan, 50612, Korea
| | - Joo-Young Roh
- Department of Dermatology, Gachon Gil Medical Center, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon, 21565, Korea
- Department of Dermatology, Ewha Womans University Medical Center, College of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 07804, Korea
| | - Han-Joo Maeng
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, Incheon, 21936, Korea
| | - Yun Hak Kim
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan, 50612, Korea
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan, 50612, Korea
| | - Young-Jae Lee
- Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, Incheon, 21999, Korea
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Gachon Advanced Institute for Health Science & Technology, Gachon University, Incheon, 21999, Korea
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon, 21999, Korea
| | - Byung-Chul Oh
- Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, Incheon, 21999, Korea
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Gachon Advanced Institute for Health Science & Technology, Gachon University, Incheon, 21999, Korea
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon, 21999, Korea
| | - YunJae Jung
- Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, Incheon, 21999, Korea.
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Gachon Advanced Institute for Health Science & Technology, Gachon University, Incheon, 21999, Korea.
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon, 21999, Korea.
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2
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Abstract
The analysis of eosinophil shape change and mediator secretion is a useful tool in understanding how eosinophils respond to immunological stimuli and chemotactic factors. Eosinophils undergo dramatic shape changes, along with secretion of the granule-derived enzyme eosinophil peroxidase (EPX) in response to chemotactic stimuli including platelet-activating factor (PAF) and CCL11 (eotaxin-1). Here, we describe the analysis of eosinophil shape change by confocal microscopy analysis and provide an experimental approach for comparing unstimulated cells with those that have been stimulated to undergo chemotaxis. In addition, we illustrate two different degranulation assays for EPX using OPD and an ELISA technique and show how eosinophil degranulation may be assessed from in vitro as well as ex vivo stimulation.
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3
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Lee LY, Hew GSY, Mehta M, Shukla SD, Satija S, Khurana N, Anand K, Dureja H, Singh SK, Mishra V, Singh PK, Gulati M, Prasher P, Aljabali AAA, Tambuwala MM, Thangavelu L, Panneerselvam J, Gupta G, Zacconi FC, Shastri M, Jha NK, Xenaki D, MacLoughlin R, Oliver BG, Chellappan DK, Dua K. Targeting eosinophils in respiratory diseases: Biological axis, emerging therapeutics and treatment modalities. Life Sci 2021; 267:118973. [PMID: 33400932 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Eosinophils are bi-lobed, multi-functional innate immune cells with diverse cell surface receptors that regulate local immune and inflammatory responses. Several inflammatory and infectious diseases are triggered with their build up in the blood and tissues. The mobilization of eosinophils into the lungs is regulated by a cascade of processes guided by Th2 cytokine generating T-cells. Recruitment of eosinophils essentially leads to a characteristic immune response followed by airway hyperresponsiveness and remodeling, which are hallmarks of chronic respiratory diseases. By analysing the dynamic interactions of eosinophils with their extracellular environment, which also involve signaling molecules and tissues, various therapies have been invented and developed to target respiratory diseases. Having entered clinical testing, several eosinophil targeting therapeutic agents have shown much promise and have further bridged the gap between theory and practice. Moreover, researchers now have a clearer understanding of the roles and mechanisms of eosinophils. These factors have successfully assisted molecular biologists to block specific pathways in the growth, migration and activation of eosinophils. The primary purpose of this review is to provide an overview of the eosinophil biology with a special emphasis on potential pharmacotherapeutic targets. The review also summarizes promising eosinophil-targeting agents, along with their mechanisms and rationale for use, including those in developmental pipeline, in clinical trials, or approved for other respiratory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Yen Lee
- School of Pharmacy, International Medical University (IMU), Bukit Jalil, 57000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Geena Suet Yin Hew
- School of Pharmacy, International Medical University (IMU), Bukit Jalil, 57000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Meenu Mehta
- Discipline of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Health, University of Technology Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Shakti D Shukla
- Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute (HMRI), University of Newcastle, New Lambton Heights, Newcastle, NSW 2305, Australia
| | - Saurabh Satija
- Discipline of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Health, University of Technology Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara 144411, Punjab, India
| | - Navneet Khurana
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara 144411, Punjab, India
| | - Krishnan Anand
- Department of Chemical Pathology, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences and National Health Laboratory Service, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Harish Dureja
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana 124001, India
| | - Sachin Kumar Singh
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara 144411, Punjab, India
| | - Vijay Mishra
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara 144411, Punjab, India
| | - Pankaj Kumar Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, Telangana 500037, India
| | - Monica Gulati
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara 144411, Punjab, India
| | - Parteek Prasher
- Department of Chemistry, University of Petroleum & Energy Studies, Dehradun 248007, India
| | - Alaa A A Aljabali
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Murtaza M Tambuwala
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine, County Londonderry, BT52 1SA, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - Lakshmi Thangavelu
- Department of Pharmacology, Saveetha Dental College and Hospital, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Jithendra Panneerselvam
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, International Medical University (IMU), Bukit Jalil, 57000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Gaurav Gupta
- School of Pharmacy, Suresh Gyan Vihar University, Jagatpura, Jaipur 302017, India
| | - Flavia C Zacconi
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química y de Farmacia, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Institute for Biological and Medical Engineering, Schools of Engineering, Medicine and Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Madhur Shastri
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Tasmania, Hobart 7005, Australia
| | - Niraj Kumar Jha
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering & Technology (SET), Sharda University, Greater Noida 201310, India
| | - Dikaia Xenaki
- Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ronan MacLoughlin
- Aerogen, IDA Business Park, Dangan, H91 HE94 Galway, Ireland; School of Pharmacy & Biomolecular Sciences, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, D02 YN77 Dublin, Ireland; School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity College, D02 PN40 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Brian G Oliver
- Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2007, Australia.
| | - Dinesh Kumar Chellappan
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Pharmacy, International Medical University (IMU), Bukit Jalil, 57000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Kamal Dua
- Discipline of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Health, University of Technology Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia; Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute (HMRI), University of Newcastle, New Lambton Heights, Newcastle, NSW 2305, Australia; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shoolini University, Solan, Himachal Pradesh 173229, India.
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4
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Nazaroff CD, LeSuer WE, Masuda MY, Pyon G, Lacy P, Jacobsen EA. Assessment of Lung Eosinophils In Situ Using Immunohistological Staining. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2223:237-266. [PMID: 33226599 PMCID: PMC7869952 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1001-5_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Eosinophils are rare white blood cells that are recruited from circulation to accumulate in the lung in mouse models of allergic respiratory inflammation. In hematoxylin-eosin (HE) stained lungs, eosinophils may be difficult to detect despite their bright eosin staining in the secondary granules. For this reason, antibody-mediated detection of eosinophils is preferable for specific and clearer identification of these cells. Moreover, eosinophils may degranulate, releasing their granule proteins into surrounding tissue, and remnants of cytolysed cells cannot be detected by HE staining. The methods here demonstrate the use of eosinophil-specific anti-mouse antibodies to detect eosinophil granule proteins in formalin-fixed cells both in situ in paraffin-embedded lungs, as well as in cytospin preparations from the lung. These antibody staining techniques enable either colorimetric or fluorescence imaging of eosinophils or their granule proteins with the potential for additional antibodies to be added for detection of multiple molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher D Nazaroff
- Division of Allergy, Asthma, and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale, AZ, USA
- Biodesign Institute, School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - William E LeSuer
- Division of Allergy, Asthma, and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale, AZ, USA
| | - Mia Y Masuda
- Division of Allergy, Asthma, and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale, AZ, USA
| | - Grace Pyon
- Division of Allergy, Asthma, and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale, AZ, USA
| | - Paige Lacy
- Alberta Respiratory Centre (ARC) Research, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Elizabeth A Jacobsen
- Division of Allergy, Asthma, and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale, AZ, USA.
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale, AZ, USA.
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5
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Stewart E, Wang X, Chupp GL, Montgomery RR. Profiling cellular heterogeneity in asthma with single cell multiparameter CyTOF. J Leukoc Biol 2020; 108:1555-1564. [PMID: 32911570 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.5ma0720-770rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the airways that afflicts over 30 million individuals in the United States and over 300 million individuals worldwide. The inflammatory response in the airways is often characterized by the analysis of sputum, which contains multiple types of cells including neutrophils, macrophages, lymphocytes, and rare bronchial epithelial cells. Subtyping patients using microscopy of the sputum has identified both neutrophilic and eosinophilic infiltrates in airway inflammation. However, with the extensive heterogeneity among these cell types, a higher resolution understanding of the inflammatory cell types present in the sputum is needed to dissect the heterogeneity of disease. Improved recognition of the distinct phenotypes and sources of inflammation in asthmatic granulocytes may identify relevant pathways for clinical management or investigation of novel therapeutic mediators. Here, we employed mass cytometry or cytometry by time-of-flight to quantify frequency and define functional status of sputum derived airway cells in asthmatic patients and healthy controls. This in-depth single cell analysis method identified multiple distinct subtypes of airway immune cells, especially in neutrophils. Significance was discovered by statistical analysis as well as a data-driven unbiased clustering approach. Our multidimensional assessment method identifies differences in cellular function and supports identification of cellular status that may contribute to diverse clinical responses. This technical advance is relevant for studies of pathogenesis and may provide meaningful insights to advance our knowledge of asthmatic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Stewart
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Xiaomei Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Geoffrey L Chupp
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Ruth R Montgomery
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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6
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Bose S, Bime C, Henderson RJ, Blake KV, Castro M, DiMango E, Hanania NA, Holbrook JT, Irvin CG, Kraft M, Peters SP, Reibman J, Sugar EA, Sumino K, Wise RA, Rogers L. Biomarkers of Type 2 Airway Inflammation as Predictors of Loss of Asthma Control During Step-Down Therapy for Well-Controlled Disease: The Long-Acting Beta-Agonist Step-Down Study (LASST). THE JOURNAL OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY-IN PRACTICE 2020; 8:3474-3481. [PMID: 32693214 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaip.2020.06.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Biomarkers that can predict loss of asthma control among patients being considered for step-down therapy in well-controlled disease are lacking. OBJECTIVE To evaluate whether baseline biomarkers of type 2 airway inflammation and/or serial measurement of fractional exhaled nitric oxide (Feno) predict loss of asthma control as therapy is stepped down. METHODS In subanalyses of a multicenter randomized, double-blind, parallel 3-arm trial comparing strategies for step-down therapy in well-controlled asthma (Long-Acting Beta-Agonist Step-Down Study), we assessed whether baseline atopy as determined by serum aeroallergen allergy screening test (Phadiatop), baseline serum eosinophil peroxidase, or baseline or serial Feno measurements during follow-up predicted the time to loss of asthma control among participants. Loss of asthma control was defined in the study protocol. We analyzed these associations in adjusted models including all participants, after testing for interactions with assignment to each of the 3 treatment groups (continuation of stable dose of combination inhaled corticosteroid-long-acting beta-agonist, step-down of inhaled corticosteroid, or discontinuation of long-acting bronchodilator). RESULTS Four hundred forty-seven of the 553 Long-Acting Beta-Agonist Step-Down Study participants who were randomized to 1 of 3 treatment arms and had at least 1 biomarker measurement were included in this analysis. At baseline, higher levels of Feno were significantly associated with greater levels of multiallergen IgE levels (P < .001), but not with serum eosinophil peroxidase (P = .742). Among all participants as a group, elevations in baseline biomarkers were not predictive of a higher risk of treatment failure. In addition, Feno levels measured serially at 6-week intervals demonstrated that compared with participants with low levels (<25 parts per billion), those with intermediate (25-50 parts per billion) and high (>50 parts per billion) levels did not have significantly increased likelihood of subsequent treatment failure (hazard ratios, 1.03 [95% CI, 0.59-1.78] and 1.29 [95% CI, 0.65-2.54], respectively). There were no significant interactions of treatment group and baseline biomarkers. CONCLUSIONS In patients with well-controlled asthma, neither baseline levels of type 2 airway inflammatory biomarkers nor serial measures of Feno are strong predictors of treatment failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonali Bose
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md
| | | | | | | | - Mario Castro
- Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Mo
| | - Emily DiMango
- Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY
| | | | | | | | - Monica Kraft
- University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Ariz
| | | | - Joan Reibman
- New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | | | - Kaharu Sumino
- Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Mo
| | | | - Linda Rogers
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY.
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7
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Takemura N, Kurashima Y, Mori Y, Okada K, Ogino T, Osawa H, Matsuno H, Aayam L, Kaneto S, Park EJ, Sato S, Matsunaga K, Tamura Y, Ouchi Y, Kumagai Y, Kobayashi D, Suzuki Y, Yoshioka Y, Nishimura J, Mori M, Ishii KJ, Rothenberg ME, Kiyono H, Akira S, Uematsu S. Eosinophil depletion suppresses radiation-induced small intestinal fibrosis. Sci Transl Med 2019; 10:10/429/eaan0333. [PMID: 29467297 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aan0333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Revised: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Radiation-induced intestinal fibrosis (RIF) is a serious complication after abdominal radiotherapy for pelvic tumor or peritoneal metastasis. Herein, we show that RIF is mediated by eosinophil interactions with α-smooth muscle actin-positive (α-SMA+) stromal cells. Abdominal irradiation caused RIF especially in the submucosa (SM) of the small intestine, which was associated with the excessive accumulation of eosinophils in both human and mouse. Eosinophil-deficient mice showed markedly ameliorated RIF, suggesting the importance of eosinophils. After abdominal irradiation, chronic crypt cell death caused elevation of extracellular adenosine triphosphate, which in turn activated expression of C-C motif chemokine 11 (CCL11) by pericryptal α-SMA+ cells in the SM to attract eosinophils in mice. Inhibition of C-C chemokine receptor 3 (CCR3) by genetic deficiency or neutralizing antibody (Ab) treatment suppressed eosinophil accumulation in the SM after irradiation in mice, suggesting a critical role of the CCL11/CCR3 axis in the eosinophil recruitment. Activated α-SMA+ cells also expressed granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) to activate eosinophils. Transforming growth factor-β1 from GM-CSF-stimulated eosinophils promoted collagen expression by α-SMA+ cells. In translational studies, treatment with a newly developed interleukin-5 receptor α-targeting Ab, analogous to the human agent benralizumab, depleted intestinal eosinophils and suppressed RIF in mice. Collectively, we identified eosinophils as a crucial factor in the pathogenesis of RIF and showed potential therapeutic strategies for RIF by targeting eosinophils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Takemura
- Department of Mucosal Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan.,Division of Innate Immune Regulation, International Research and Development Center for Mucosal Vaccines, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Yosuke Kurashima
- Department of Mucosal Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan.,Division of Mucosal Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan.,Institute for Global Prominent Research, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8670, Japan.,Department of Innovative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8670, Japan.,Division of Clinical Vaccinology, International Research and Development Center for Mucosal Vaccines, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Yuki Mori
- Laboratory of Biofunctional Imaging, World Premier Institute (WPI) Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kazuki Okada
- Immunology and Allergy R&D Unit, R&D Division, Kyowa Hakko Kirin Co. Ltd., 3-6-6 Asahi-machi, Machida-shi, Tokyo 194-8533, Japan
| | - Takayuki Ogino
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.,Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Mainz Medical Centre, Obere Zahlbacher Strasse 67, Mainz 55131, Germany
| | - Hideki Osawa
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hirosih Matsuno
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Lamichhane Aayam
- Division of Mucosal Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kaneto
- Division of Mucosal Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Eun Jeong Park
- Division of Mucosal Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan.,Department of Molecular Pathobiology and Cell Adhesion Biology, Basic Medical Sciences, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-174 Edobashi, Tsu, Mie 514-8507, Japan
| | - Shintaro Sato
- Division of Mucosal Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan.,Mucosal Vaccine Project, BIKEN Innovative Vaccine Research Alliance Laboratories, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kouta Matsunaga
- Division of Innate Immune Regulation, International Research and Development Center for Mucosal Vaccines, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Yusuke Tamura
- Division of Innate Immune Regulation, International Research and Development Center for Mucosal Vaccines, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Yasuo Ouchi
- Department of Mucosal Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - Yutaro Kumagai
- Quantitative Immunology Research Unit, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Daichi Kobayashi
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.,Laboratory of Mucosal Immunology, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yutaka Suzuki
- Department of Medical Genome Science, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8562, Japan
| | - Yoshichika Yoshioka
- Laboratory of Biofunctional Imaging, World Premier Institute (WPI) Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Junichi Nishimura
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Masaki Mori
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Ken J Ishii
- Laboratory of Adjuvant Innovation, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, 7-6-8 Asagi Saito, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0085, Japan.,Laboratory of Vaccine Science, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Mark E Rothenberg
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Hiroshi Kiyono
- Division of Mucosal Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan.,Division of Clinical Vaccinology, International Research and Development Center for Mucosal Vaccines, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan.,Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - Shizuo Akira
- Laboratory of Host Defense, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.,Department of Host Defense, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Satoshi Uematsu
- Department of Mucosal Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan. .,Division of Innate Immune Regulation, International Research and Development Center for Mucosal Vaccines, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
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8
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Nyenhuis SM, Alumkal P, Du J, Maybruck BT, Vinicky M, Ackerman SJ. Charcot-Leyden crystal protein/galectin-10 is a surrogate biomarker of eosinophilic airway inflammation in asthma. Biomark Med 2019; 13:715-724. [PMID: 31157540 PMCID: PMC6630493 DOI: 10.2217/bmm-2018-0280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: Eosinophilic asthma is associated with more exacerbations and differential responses to treatment. The aim of this study was to assess if CLC/Gal-10 and MBP-1 are surrogate biomarkers of eosinophilic inflammation in asthma. Methods & results: Sputum induction was performed in patients with asthma and in healthy controls. Sputum analysis revealed higher (p < 0.001) levels of CLC/Gal-10 and MBP-1 in asthmatics versus healthy controls. CLC/Gal-10 levels were highly correlated (rs = 0.74; p < 0.001) with sputum eosinophils; MBP-1 approached significance (r = 0.44; p = 0.07). Conclusion: Increased CLC/Gal-10 and MBP-1 levels in the sputum were strongly correlated with sputum eosinophils in patients with asthma. CLC/Gal-10 and MBP-1 may be useful biomarkers for differentiation of eosinophilic airway inflammation in asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Preeth Alumkal
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Genetics, University of Illinois at Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Jian Du
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Genetics, University of Illinois at Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Brian T Maybruck
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Genetics, University of Illinois at Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Mark Vinicky
- Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Steven J Ackerman
- Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, IL 60612, USA
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Genetics, University of Illinois at Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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9
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Choi Y, Jeon H, Yang EA, Yoon JS, Kim HH. Nasal eosinophilia and eosinophil peroxidase in children and adolescents with rhinitis. KOREAN JOURNAL OF PEDIATRICS 2019; 62:353-359. [PMID: 31096743 PMCID: PMC6753315 DOI: 10.3345/kjp.2019.00318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Background Researchers have shown that eosinophil peroxidase (EPO) is a relatively accurate marker of eosinophilia and eosinophil activity. However, its use as a marker of eosinophilic inflammation in nasal secretions is limited because the diagnostic cutoff values of EPO for use as a one-time test for allergic diseases such as allergic rhinitis have not been established. Purpose To identify the correlation between nasal eosinophil count and EPO in children and adolescents with rhinitis. Methods We recruited patients <18 years of age with rhinitis for more than 2 weeks or more than 2 episodes a year whose nasal eosinophil and EPO were measured at a single allergy clinic. The eosinophil percentage was calculated by dividing the eosinophil count by the number of total cells under light microscopy at ×1,000 magnification. EPO and protein were measured from nasal secretions. We retrospectively analyzed the correlation between nasal eosinophils and protein-corrected EPO (EPO/protein) value. Results Of the 67 patients enrolled, 41 were male (61.2%); the mean age was 8.2±4.0 years. The median nasal eosinophil count was 1 and percentage was 1%. The median protein-corrected EPO value was 12.5 ng/μg (range, 0–31 ng/μg). There was a statistically significant correlation between eosinophil count and percentage (P<0.001). However, the eosinophil percentage and EPO did not correlate. The eosinophil count and EPO had a statistically significant correlation (P =0.01). The EPO cutoff value examined for nasal eosinophil counts of 2, 5, 10, and 20 was 17.57 ng/μg regardless of the reference count. The largest area under the curve value was obtained when the receiver operating characteristic curve was drawn using the eosinophil count of 2. Conclusion Nasal eosinophil count was significantly associated with protein-corrected EPO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeonu Choi
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Haeun Jeon
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eun Ae Yang
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jong-Seo Yoon
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyun Hee Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
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10
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Arnold IC, Artola-Borán M, Tallón de Lara P, Kyburz A, Taube C, Ottemann K, van den Broek M, Yousefi S, Simon HU, Müller A. Eosinophils suppress Th1 responses and restrict bacterially induced gastrointestinal inflammation. J Exp Med 2018; 215:2055-2072. [PMID: 29970473 PMCID: PMC6080907 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20172049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Revised: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Arnold et al. report that eosinophils in the gastrointestinal tract are conditioned by IFN-γ to restrict Th1 responses and promote tissue homeostasis. Eosinophils control Th1 cells in acute and chronic infection and in the steady state and possess bactericidal properties. Eosinophils are predominantly known for their contribution to allergy. Here, we have examined the function and regulation of gastrointestinal eosinophils in the steady-state and during infection with Helicobacter pylori or Citrobacter rodentium. We find that eosinophils are recruited to sites of infection, directly encounter live bacteria, and activate a signature transcriptional program; this applies also to human gastrointestinal eosinophils in humanized mice. The genetic or anti–IL-5–mediated depletion of eosinophils results in improved control of the infection, increased inflammation, and more pronounced Th1 responses. Eosinophils control Th1 responses via the IFN-γ–dependent up-regulation of PD-L1. Furthermore, we find that the conditional loss of IFN-γR in eosinophils phenocopies the effects of eosinophil depletion. Eosinophils further possess bactericidal properties that require their degranulation and the deployment of extracellular traps. Our results highlight two novel functions of this elusive cell type and link it to gastrointestinal homeostasis and anti-bacterial defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle C Arnold
- Institute of Molecular Cancer Research, University of Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Mariela Artola-Borán
- Institute of Molecular Cancer Research, University of Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Andreas Kyburz
- Institute of Molecular Cancer Research, University of Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christian Taube
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, University Hospital Essen-Ruhrlandklinik, Essen, Germany
| | - Karen Ottemann
- Department of Microbiology and Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA
| | | | - Shida Yousefi
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Hans-Uwe Simon
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Anne Müller
- Institute of Molecular Cancer Research, University of Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
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11
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Khoury P, Akuthota P, Ackerman SJ, Arron JR, Bochner BS, Collins MH, Kahn JE, Fulkerson PC, Gleich GJ, Gopal-Srivastava R, Jacobsen EA, Leiferman KM, Francesca LS, Mathur SK, Minnicozzi M, Prussin C, Rothenberg ME, Roufosse F, Sable K, Simon D, Simon HU, Spencer LA, Steinfeld J, Wardlaw AJ, Wechsler ME, Weller PF, Klion AD. Revisiting the NIH Taskforce on the Research needs of Eosinophil-Associated Diseases (RE-TREAD). J Leukoc Biol 2018; 104:69-83. [PMID: 29672914 PMCID: PMC6171343 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.5mr0118-028r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Revised: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Eosinophil-associated diseases (EADs) are rare, heterogeneous disorders characterized by the presence of eosinophils in tissues and/or peripheral blood resulting in immunopathology. The heterogeneity of tissue involvement, lack of sufficient animal models, technical challenges in working with eosinophils, and lack of standardized histopathologic approaches have hampered progress in basic research. Additionally, clinical trials and drug development for rare EADs are limited by the lack of primary and surrogate endpoints, biomarkers, and validated patient-reported outcomes. Researchers with expertise in eosinophil biology and eosinophil-related diseases reviewed the state of current eosinophil research, resources, progress, and unmet needs in the field since the 2012 meeting of the NIH Taskforce on the Research of Eosinophil-Associated Diseases (TREAD). RE-TREAD focused on gaps in basic science, translational, and clinical research on eosinophils and eosinophil-related pathogenesis. Improved recapitulation of human eosinophil biology and pathogenesis in murine models was felt to be of importance. Characterization of eosinophil phenotypes, the role of eosinophil subsets in tissues, identification of biomarkers of eosinophil activation and tissue load, and a better understanding of the role of eosinophils in human disease were prioritized. Finally, an unmet need for tools for use in clinical trials was emphasized. Histopathologic scoring, patient- and clinician-reported outcomes, and appropriate coding were deemed of paramount importance for research collaborations, drug development, and approval by regulatory agencies. Further exploration of the eosinophil genome, epigenome, and proteome was also encouraged. Although progress has been made since 2012, unmet needs in eosinophil research remain a priority.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paneez Khoury
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Praveen Akuthota
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of California, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Steven J Ackerman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Joseph R Arron
- Immunology Discovery, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Bruce S Bochner
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Margaret H Collins
- Division of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | | | - Patricia C Fulkerson
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Gerald J Gleich
- Departments of Dermatology and Medicine, University of Utah Health, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Rashmi Gopal-Srivastava
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Kristen M Leiferman
- Department of Dermatology, University of Utah Health, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Levi-Schaffer Francesca
- Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics Unit, Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Sameer K Mathur
- University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Michael Minnicozzi
- Division of Allergy, Immunology and Transplantation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Marc E Rothenberg
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | | | - Kathleen Sable
- American Partnership For Eosinophilic Disorders, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Dagmar Simon
- Department of Dermatology, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Hans-Uwe Simon
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Lisa A Spencer
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Andrew J Wardlaw
- Institute for Lung Health, University of Leicester, Leicester, England
| | | | - Peter F Weller
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Amy D Klion
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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12
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Vesicle-associated membrane protein 7-mediated eosinophil degranulation promotes allergic airway inflammation in mice. Commun Biol 2018; 1:83. [PMID: 30271964 PMCID: PMC6123774 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-018-0081-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Eosinophil degranulation is a determining factor in allergy-mediated airway pathology. Receptor-mediated degranulation in eosinophils requires vesicle-associated membrane protein 7 (VAMP-7), a principal component of the SNARE fusion machinery. The specific contribution of eosinophil degranulation to allergen-induced airway responses remains poorly understood. We generated mice with VAMP-7 gene deficiency exclusively in eosinophils (eoCRE/V7) from a cross using eosinophil-specific Cre recombinase-expressing mice crossed with VAMP-7f/f mice. Eosinophils from eoCRE/V7 mice showed deficient degranulation responses in vitro, and responses continued to be decreased following ex vivo intratracheal adoptive transfer of eoCRE/V7 eosinophils into IL-5/hE2/EPX−/− mice. Consistent with diminished degranulation responses, reduced airway hyperresponsiveness was observed in ovalbumin-sensitized and challenged eoCRE/V7 mice following methacholine inhalation. Therefore, VAMP-7 mediates eosinophil degranulation both in vitro and ex vivo, and this event augments airway hyperresponsiveness. Lian Willetts et al. demonstrate that vesicle-associated membrane protein 7 (VAMP 7), a principal component of the membrane fusion machinery, promotes eosinophil degranulation in allergic airway inflammation. This study suggests VAMP7 as a therapeutic target for ameliorating asthma.
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13
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Improved recovery of functionally active eosinophils and neutrophils using novel immunomagnetic technology. J Immunol Methods 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2017.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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14
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Jacobsen EA, Ochkur SI, Doyle AD, LeSuer WE, Li W, Protheroe CA, Colbert D, Zellner KR, Shen HH, Irvin CG, Lee JJ, Lee NA. Lung Pathologies in a Chronic Inflammation Mouse Model Are Independent of Eosinophil Degranulation. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2017; 195:1321-1332. [PMID: 27922744 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201606-1129oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE The release of eosinophil granule proteins in the lungs of patients with asthma has been dogmatically linked with lung remodeling and airway hyperresponsiveness. However, the demonstrated inability of established mouse models to display the eosinophil degranulation occurring in human subjects has prevented a definitive in vivo test of this hypothesis. OBJECTIVES To demonstrate in vivo causative links between induced pulmonary histopathologies/lung dysfunction and eosinophil degranulation. METHODS A transgenic mouse model of chronic T-helper cell type 2-driven inflammation overexpressing IL-5 from T cells and human eotaxin 2 in the lung (I5/hE2) was used to test the hypothesis that chronic histopathologies and the development of airway hyperresponsiveness occur as a consequence of extensive eosinophil degranulation in the lung parenchyma. MEASUREMENT AND MAIN RESULTS Studies targeting specific inflammatory pathways in I5/hE2 mice surprisingly showed that eosinophil-dependent immunoregulative events and not the release of individual secondary granule proteins are the central contributors to T-helper cell type 2-induced pulmonary remodeling and lung dysfunction. Specifically, our studies highlighted a significant role for eosinophil-dependent IL-13 expression. In contrast, extensive degranulation leading to the release of major basic protein-1 or eosinophil peroxidase was not causatively linked to many of the induced pulmonary histopathologies. However, these studies did define a previously unappreciated link between the release of eosinophil peroxidase (but not major basic protein-1) and observed levels of induced airway mucin. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that improvements observed in patients with asthma responding to therapeutic strategies ablating eosinophils may occur as a consequence of targeting immunoregulatory mechanisms and not by simply eliminating the destructive activities of these purportedly end-stage effector cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Wen Li
- 2 Department of Medicine, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guizhou, China; and
| | - Cheryl A Protheroe
- 3 Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale, Arizona
| | - Dana Colbert
- 3 Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale, Arizona
| | | | - HuaHao H Shen
- 2 Department of Medicine, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guizhou, China; and
| | - Charles G Irvin
- 4 Vermont Lung Center, Department of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
| | | | - Nancy A Lee
- 3 Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale, Arizona
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15
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Regulation of eosinophilia and allergic airway inflammation by the glycan-binding protein galectin-1. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:E4837-46. [PMID: 27457925 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1601958113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Galectin-1 (Gal-1), a glycan-binding protein with broad antiinflammatory activities, functions as a proresolving mediator in autoimmune and chronic inflammatory disorders. However, its role in allergic airway inflammation has not yet been elucidated. We evaluated the effects of Gal-1 on eosinophil function and its role in a mouse model of allergic asthma. Allergen exposure resulted in airway recruitment of Gal-1-expressing inflammatory cells, including eosinophils, as well as increased Gal-1 in extracellular spaces in the lungs. In vitro, extracellular Gal-1 exerted divergent effects on eosinophils that were N-glycan- and dose-dependent. At concentrations ≤0.25 µM, Gal-1 increased eosinophil adhesion to vascular cell adhesion molecule-1, caused redistribution of integrin CD49d to the periphery and cell clustering, but inhibited ERK(1/2) activation and eotaxin-1-induced migration. Exposure to concentrations ≥1 µM resulted in ERK(1/2)-dependent apoptosis and disruption of the F-actin cytoskeleton. At lower concentrations, Gal-1 did not alter expression of adhesion molecules (CD49d, CD18, CD11a, CD11b, L-selectin) or of the chemokine receptor CCR3, but decreased CD49d and CCR3 was observed in eosinophils treated with higher concentrations of this lectin. In vivo, allergen-challenged Gal-1-deficient mice exhibited increased recruitment of eosinophils and CD3(+) T lymphocytes in the airways as well as elevated peripheral blood and bone marrow eosinophils relative to corresponding WT mice. Further, these mice had an increased propensity to develop airway hyperresponsiveness and displayed significantly elevated levels of TNF-α in lung tissue. This study suggests that Gal-1 can limit eosinophil recruitment to allergic airways and suppresses airway inflammation by inhibiting cell migration and promoting eosinophil apoptosis.
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16
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Rank MA, Ochkur SI, Lewis JC, Teaford HG, Wesselius LJ, Helmers RA, Lee NA, Nair P, Lee JJ. Nasal and pharyngeal eosinophil peroxidase levels in adults with poorly controlled asthma correlate with sputum eosinophilia. Allergy 2016; 71:567-70. [PMID: 26645423 DOI: 10.1111/all.12817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The objective of the study was to compare nasal, pharyngeal, and sputum eosinophil peroxidase (EPX) levels with induced sputum eosinophil percentage in 10 adults with poorly controlled asthma and 10 normal controls. EPX was measured using an ELISA and normalized for grams of protein for nasal and pharynx specimens and for mL-gram of protein for sputum. Sputum EPX levels were statistically different between asthma and control subjects (P = 0.024). EPX levels measured in the nasal and pharyngeal swab samples derived from the same patients were also different between asthma and control subjects, each displaying a high degree of significance (P = 0.002). Spearman's correlation coefficients for nasal EPX and pharyngeal EPX levels compared to induced sputum eosinophil percentage were 0.81 (P = 0.0007) and 0.78 (P = 0.0017), respectively. Thus, there is a strong association in a given patient between both nasal and pharyngeal EPX levels and the eosinophil percentage of induced sputum.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. A. Rank
- Division of Allergy, Asthma, Clinical Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine; Mayo Clinic
| | - S. I. Ochkur
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Mayo Clinic
| | - J. C. Lewis
- Division of Allergy, Asthma, Clinical Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine; Mayo Clinic
| | - H. G. Teaford
- Division of Allergy, Asthma, Clinical Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine; Mayo Clinic
| | - L. J. Wesselius
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Mayo Clinic
| | - R. A. Helmers
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Critical Care; Mayo Clinic
| | - N. A. Lee
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Mayo Clinic
| | - P. Nair
- Department of Medicine; St. Joseph's Healthcare & McMaster University; Hamilton ON Canada
| | - J. J. Lee
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Mayo Clinic
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17
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Takeda K, Shiraishi Y, Ashino S, Han J, Jia Y, Wang M, Lee NA, Lee JJ, Gelfand EW. Eosinophils contribute to the resolution of lung-allergic responses following repeated allergen challenge. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2015; 135:451-60. [PMID: 25312762 PMCID: PMC4587899 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2014.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2013] [Revised: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 08/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Eosinophils accumulate at the site of allergic inflammation and are critical effector cells in allergic diseases. Recent studies have also suggested a role for eosinophils in the resolution of inflammation. OBJECTIVE To determine the role of eosinophils in the resolution phase of the response to repeated allergen challenge. METHODS Eosinophil-deficient (PHIL) and wild-type (WT) littermates were sensitized and challenged to ovalbumin (OVA) 7 or 11 times. Airway inflammation, airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) to inhaled methacholine, bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) cytokine levels, and lung histology were monitored. Intracellular cytokine levels in BAL leukocytes were analyzed by flow cytometry. Groups of OVA-sensitized PHIL mice received bone marrow from WT or IL-10(-/-) donors 30 days before the OVA challenge. RESULTS PHIL and WT mice developed similar levels of AHR and numbers of leukocytes and cytokine levels in BAL fluid after OVA sensitization and 7 airway challenges; no eosinophils were detected in the PHIL mice. Unlike WT mice, sensitized PHIL mice maintained AHR, lung inflammation, and increased levels of IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13 in BAL fluid after 11 challenges whereas IL-10 and TGF-β levels were decreased. Restoration of eosinophil numbers after injection of bone marrow from WT but not IL-10-deficient mice restored levels of IL-10 and TGF-β in BAL fluid as well as suppressed AHR and inflammation. Intracellular staining of BAL leukocytes revealed the capacity of eosinophils to produce IL-10. CONCLUSIONS After repeated allergen challenge, eosinophils appeared not essential for the development of AHR and lung inflammation but contributed to the resolution of AHR and inflammation by producing IL-10.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuyuki Takeda
- Division of Cell Biology, Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colo
| | - Yoshiki Shiraishi
- Division of Cell Biology, Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colo
| | - Shigeru Ashino
- Division of Cell Biology, Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colo
| | - Junyan Han
- Division of Cell Biology, Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colo
| | - Yi Jia
- Division of Cell Biology, Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colo
| | - Meiqin Wang
- Division of Cell Biology, Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colo
| | - Nancy A Lee
- Pulmonary Medicine, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale, Ariz
| | - James J Lee
- Pulmonary Medicine, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale, Ariz
| | - Erwin W Gelfand
- Division of Cell Biology, Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colo.
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18
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Davoine F, Lacy P. Eosinophil cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors: emerging roles in immunity. Front Immunol 2014; 5:570. [PMID: 25426119 PMCID: PMC4225839 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Eosinophils derive from the bone marrow and circulate at low levels in the blood in healthy individuals. These granulated cells preferentially leave the circulation and marginate to tissues, where they are implicated in the regulation of innate and adaptive immunity. In diseases such as allergic inflammation, eosinophil numbers escalate markedly in the blood and tissues where inflammatory foci are located. Eosinophils possess a range of immunomodulatory factors that are released upon cell activation, including over 35 cytokines, growth factors, and chemokines. Unlike T and B cells, eosinophils can rapidly release cytokines within minutes in response to stimulation. While some cytokines are stored as pre-formed mediators in crystalloid granules and secretory vesicles, eosinophils are also capable of undergoing de novo synthesis and secretion of these immunological factors. Some of the molecular mechanisms that coordinate the final steps of cytokine secretion are hypothesized to involve binding of membrane fusion complexes comprised of soluble N-ethylmaleimide sensitive factor attachment protein receptors (SNAREs). These intracellular receptors regulate the release of granules and vesicles containing a range of secreted proteins, among which are cytokines and chemokines. Emerging evidence from both human and animal model-based research has suggested an active participation of eosinophils in several physiological/pathological processes such as immunomodulation and tissue remodeling. The observed eosinophil effector functions in health and disease implicate eosinophil cytokine secretion as a fundamental immunoregulatory process. The focus of this review is to describe the cytokines, growth factors, and chemokines that are elaborated by eosinophils, and to illustrate some of the intracellular events leading to the release of eosinophil-derived cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis Davoine
- Pulmonary Research Group, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta , Edmonton, AB , Canada
| | - Paige Lacy
- Pulmonary Research Group, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta , Edmonton, AB , Canada
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19
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Glineur SF, Bowen AB, Percopo CM, Garcia-Crespo KE, Dyer KD, Ochkur SI, Lee NA, Lee JJ, Domachowske JB, Rosenberg HF. Sustained inflammation and differential expression of interferons type I and III in PVM-infected interferon-gamma (IFNγ) gene-deleted mice. Virology 2014; 468-470:140-149. [PMID: 25173090 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2014.07.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2014] [Revised: 05/30/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Interferon gamma (IFNγ) has complex immunomodulatory and antiviral properties. While IFNγ is detected in the airways in response to infection with the pneumovirus pathogen, pneumonia virus of mice (PVM; Family Paramyxoviridae), its role in promoting disease has not been fully explored. Here, we evaluate PVM infection in IFNγ(-/-) mice. Although the IFNγ gene-deletion has no impact on weight loss, survival or virus kinetics, expression of IFNβ, IFNλ2/3 and IFN-stimulated 2-5' oligoadenylate synthetases was significantly diminished compared to wild-type counterparts. Furthermore, PVM infection in IFNγ(-/-) mice promoted prominent inflammation, including eosinophil and neutrophil infiltration into the airways and lung parenchyma, observed several days after peak virus titer. Potential mechanisms include over-production of chemoattractant and eosinophil-active cytokines (CXCL1, CCL11, CCL3 and IL5) in PVM-infected IFNγ(-/-) mice; likewise, IFNγ actively antagonized IL5-dependent eosinophil survival ex vivo. Our results may have clinical implications for pneumovirus infection in individuals with IFNγ signaling defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie F Glineur
- Inflammation Immunobiology Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Aaron B Bowen
- Inflammation Immunobiology Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Caroline M Percopo
- Inflammation Immunobiology Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Katia E Garcia-Crespo
- Inflammation Immunobiology Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Kimberly D Dyer
- Inflammation Immunobiology Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Sergei I Ochkur
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale, AZ, 85259, USA
| | - Nancy A Lee
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale, AZ, 85259, USA
| | - James J Lee
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale, AZ, 85259, USA
| | - Joseph B Domachowske
- Department of Pediatrics, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
| | - Helene F Rosenberg
- Inflammation Immunobiology Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Cadman ET, Thysse KA, Bearder S, Cheung AYN, Johnston AC, Lee JJ, Lawrence RA. Eosinophils are important for protection, immunoregulation and pathology during infection with nematode microfilariae. PLoS Pathog 2014; 10:e1003988. [PMID: 24626328 PMCID: PMC3953434 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2013] [Accepted: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Eosinophil responses typify both allergic and parasitic helminth disease. In helminthic disease, the role of eosinophils can be both protective in immune responses and destructive in pathological responses. To investigate whether eosinophils are involved in both protection and pathology during filarial nematode infection, we explored the role of eosinophils and their granule proteins, eosinophil peroxidase (EPO) and major basic protein-1 (MBP-1), during infection with Brugia malayi microfilariae. Using eosinophil-deficient mice (PHIL), we further clarify the role of eosinophils in clearance of microfilariae during primary, but not challenge infection in vivo. Deletion of EPO or MBP-1 alone was insufficient to abrogate parasite clearance suggesting that either these molecules are redundant or eosinophils act indirectly in parasite clearance via augmentation of other protective responses. Absence of eosinophils increased mast cell recruitment, but not other cell types, into the broncho-alveolar lavage fluid during challenge infection. In addition absence of eosinophils or EPO alone, augmented parasite-induced IgE responses, as measured by ELISA, demonstrating that eosinophils are involved in regulation of IgE. Whole body plethysmography indicated that nematode-induced changes in airway physiology were reduced in challenge infection in the absence of eosinophils and also during primary infection in the absence of EPO alone. However lack of eosinophils or MBP-1 actually increased goblet cell mucus production. We did not find any major differences in cytokine responses in the absence of eosinophils, EPO or MBP-1. These results reveal that eosinophils actively participate in regulation of IgE and goblet cell mucus production via granule secretion during nematode-induced pathology and highlight their importance both as effector cells, as damage-inducing cells and as supervisory cells that shape both innate and adaptive immunity. Eosinophil recruitment is a classic characteristic of both allergic and parasitic helminth diseases. Elucidation of the role of eosinophils in these diseases is of pivotal importance for understanding the mechanisms of protection and the development of pathology. In the last few years, the part played by eosinophils in helminth-defence has been dissected using in vivo models and their importance in protection has been shown to be highly specific to the host-parasite combination. This study dissects the role of eosinophils during infection with the human lymphatic filarial parasite, Brugia malayi, which causes the major neglected tropical disease, lymphatic filariasis. In particular, we study the role of the eosinophil as a double–edged sword in generating both protection and pathology. We definitively confirm the importance of eosinophils in protection against B. malayi microfilariae and show that protection is not mediated by release of the eosinophil granule proteins, major basic protein or eosinophil peroxidase alone. Overall, we reveal that during an infection with B. malayi microfilariae, eosinophils are critical for primary protective responses. However, eosinophils contribute to nematode-induced lung dysfunction, while additionally, eosinophil granules are important negative regulators of parasite-induced lung inflammatory and some adaptive immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma T. Cadman
- The Royal Veterinary College, Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, London, United Kingdom
| | - Katherine A. Thysse
- The Royal Veterinary College, Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, London, United Kingdom
| | - Siobhan Bearder
- The Royal Veterinary College, Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, London, United Kingdom
| | - Anita Y. N. Cheung
- The Royal Veterinary College, Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ashleigh C. Johnston
- The Royal Veterinary College, Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, London, United Kingdom
| | - James J. Lee
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Rachel A. Lawrence
- The Royal Veterinary College, Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Ochkur SI, Protheroe CA, Li W, Colbert DC, Zellner KR, Shen HH, Luster AD, Irvin CG, Lee JJ, Lee NA. Cys-leukotrienes promote fibrosis in a mouse model of eosinophil-mediated respiratory inflammation. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2014; 49:1074-84. [PMID: 23859654 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2013-0009oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Leukotrienes (i.e., products of the 5-lipoxygenase pathway) are thought to be contributors to lung pathologies. Moreover, eosinophils have been linked with pulmonary leukotriene activities both as potential sources of these mediators and as responding effector cells. The objective of the present study was to define the role(s) of leukotrienes in the lung pathologies accompanying eosinophil-associated chronic respiratory inflammation. A transgenic mouse model of chronic T helper (Th) 2-driven inflammation expressing IL-5 from T cells and human eotaxin-2 locally in the lung (I5/hE2) was used to define potential in vivo relationships among eosinophils, leukotrienes, and chronic Th2-polarized pulmonary inflammation. Airway levels of cys-leukotrienes and leukotriene B4 (LTB4) are both significantly elevated in I5/hE2 mice. The eosinophil-mediated airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) characteristic of these mice was abolished in the absence of leukotrienes (i.e., 5-lipoxygenase-deficient I5/hE2). More importantly, the loss of leukotrienes led to an unexpectedly significant decrease in collagen deposition (i.e., pulmonary fibrosis) that accompanied elevated levels of IL-4/-13 and TGF-β in the lungs of I5/hE2 mice. Further studies using mice deficient for the LTB4 receptor (BLT-1(-/-)/I5/hE2) and I5/hE2 animals administered a cys-leukotriene receptor antagonist (montelukast) demonstrated that the AHR and the enhanced pulmonary fibrosis characteristic of the I5/hE2 model were uniquely cys-leukotriene-mediated events. These data demonstrate that, similar to allergen challenge models of wild-type mice, cys-leukotrienes underlie AHR in this transgenic model of severe pulmonary Th2 inflammation. These data also suggest that an underappreciated link exists among eosinophils, cys-leukotriene-mediated events, and fibrotic remodeling associated with elevated levels of IL-4/-13 and TGF-β.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergei I Ochkur
- 1 Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale, Arizona
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22
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Willetts L, Ochkur SI, Jacobsen EA, Lee JJ, Lacy P. Eosinophil shape change and secretion. Methods Mol Biol 2014; 1178:111-28. [PMID: 24986612 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-1016-8_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The analysis of eosinophil shape change and mediator secretion is a useful tool in understanding how eosinophils respond to immunological stimuli and chemotactic factors. Eosinophils undergo dramatic shape changes, along with secretion of the granule-derived enzyme eosinophil peroxidase (EPX) in response to chemotactic stimuli including platelet-activating factor and CCL11 (eotaxin-1). Here, we describe the analysis of eosinophil shape change by confocal microscopy analysis and provide an experimental approach for comparing unstimulated cells with those that have been stimulated to undergo chemotaxis. In addition, we illustrate two different degranulation assays for EPX using OPD and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay technique and show how eosinophil degranulation may be assessed from in vitro as well as ex vivo stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lian Willetts
- Pulmonary Research Group, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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23
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Abstract
Eosinophils are recruited to the airways as a prominent feature of the asthmatic inflammatory response where they are broadly perceived as promoting pathophysiology. Respiratory virus infections exacerbate established asthma; however, the role of eosinophils and the nature of their interactions with respiratory viruses remain uncertain. To explore these questions, we established acute infection with the rodent pneumovirus, pneumonia virus of mice (PVM), in 3 distinct mouse models of Th2 cytokine-driven asthmatic inflammation. We found that eosinophils recruited to the airways of otherwise naïve mice in response to Aspergillus fumigatus, but not ovalbumin sensitization and challenge, are activated by and degranulate specifically in response to PVM infection. Furthermore, we demonstrate that activated eosinophils from both Aspergillus antigen and cytokine-driven asthma models are profoundly antiviral and promote survival in response to an otherwise lethal PVM infection. Thus, although activated eosinophils within a Th2-polarized inflammatory response may have pathophysiologic features, they are also efficient and effective mediators of antiviral host defense.
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Furuta GT, Kagalwalla AF, Lee JJ, Alumkal P, Maybruck BT, Fillon S, Masterson JC, Ochkur S, Protheroe C, Moore W, Pan Z, Amsden K, Robinson Z, Capocelli K, Mukkada V, Atkins D, Fleischer D, Hosford L, Kwatia MA, Schroeder S, Kelly C, Lovell M, Melin-Aldana H, Ackerman SJ. The oesophageal string test: a novel, minimally invasive method measures mucosal inflammation in eosinophilic oesophagitis. Gut 2013; 62:1395-405. [PMID: 22895393 PMCID: PMC3786608 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2012-303171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Eosinophil predominant inflammation characterises histological features of eosinophilic oesophagitis (EoE). Endoscopy with biopsy is currently the only method to assess oesophageal mucosal inflammation in EoE. We hypothesised that measurements of luminal eosinophil-derived proteins would correlate with oesophageal mucosal inflammation in children with EoE. DESIGN The Enterotest diagnostic device was used to develop an oesophageal string test (EST) as a minimally invasive clinical device. EST samples and oesophageal mucosal biopsies were obtained from children undergoing upper endoscopy for clinically defined indications. Eosinophil-derived proteins including eosinophil secondary granule proteins (major basic protein-1, eosinophil-derived neurotoxin, eosinophil cationic protein, eosinophil peroxidase) and Charcot-Leyden crystal protein/galectin-10 were measured by ELISA in luminal effluents eluted from ESTs and extracts of mucosal biopsies. RESULTS ESTs were performed in 41 children with active EoE (n=14), EoE in remission (n=8), gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (n=4) and controls with normal oesophagus (n=15). EST measurement of eosinophil-derived protein biomarkers significantly distinguished between children with active EoE, treated EoE in remission, gastro-oesophageal reflux disease and normal oesophagus. Levels of luminal eosinophil-derived proteins in EST samples significantly correlated with peak and mean oesophageal eosinophils/high power field (HPF), eosinophil peroxidase indices and levels of the same eosinophil-derived proteins in extracts of oesophageal biopsies. CONCLUSIONS The presence of eosinophil-derived proteins in luminal secretions is reflective of mucosal inflammation in children with EoE. The EST is a novel, minimally invasive device for measuring oesophageal eosinophilic inflammation in children with EoE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glenn T Furuta
- Department of Pediatrics, Gastrointestinal Eosinophilic Diseases Program, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Mucosal Inflammation Program, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Digestive Health Institute, Section of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - Amir F Kagalwalla
- Department of Pediatrics, Ann and Robert H Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago and Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, John H. Stroger Hospital of Cook County, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - James J Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona, USA
| | - Preeth Alumkal
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, and Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Brian T Maybruck
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, and Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Sophie Fillon
- Department of Pediatrics, Gastrointestinal Eosinophilic Diseases Program, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Mucosal Inflammation Program, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Digestive Health Institute, Section of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Joanne C Masterson
- Department of Pediatrics, Gastrointestinal Eosinophilic Diseases Program, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Mucosal Inflammation Program, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Digestive Health Institute, Section of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Sergei Ochkur
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona, USA
| | - Cheryl Protheroe
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona, USA
| | - Wendy Moore
- Department of Pediatrics, Gastrointestinal Eosinophilic Diseases Program, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Mucosal Inflammation Program, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Digestive Health Institute, Section of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - Zhaoxing Pan
- Department of Pediatrics, Gastrointestinal Eosinophilic Diseases Program, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Digestive Health Institute, Section of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Katie Amsden
- Department of Pediatrics, Ann and Robert H Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago and Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Zachary Robinson
- Department of Pediatrics, Gastrointestinal Eosinophilic Diseases Program, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Mucosal Inflammation Program, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Kelley Capocelli
- Department of Pediatrics, Gastrointestinal Eosinophilic Diseases Program, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Colorado, USA
| | - Vince Mukkada
- Department of Pediatrics, Gastrointestinal Eosinophilic Diseases Program, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Mucosal Inflammation Program, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Digestive Health Institute, Section of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Dan Atkins
- Department of Pediatrics, Gastrointestinal Eosinophilic Diseases Program, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - David Fleischer
- Department of Pediatrics, Gastrointestinal Eosinophilic Diseases Program, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - Lindsay Hosford
- Department of Pediatrics, Gastrointestinal Eosinophilic Diseases Program, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Mucosal Inflammation Program, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Digestive Health Institute, Section of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Mark A Kwatia
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, and Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Shauna Schroeder
- Department of Pediatrics, Gastrointestinal Eosinophilic Diseases Program, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Mucosal Inflammation Program, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Digestive Health Institute, Section of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Caleb Kelly
- Department of Pediatrics, Gastrointestinal Eosinophilic Diseases Program, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Mucosal Inflammation Program, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Mark Lovell
- Department of Pediatrics, Gastrointestinal Eosinophilic Diseases Program, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Colorado, USA
| | - Hector Melin-Aldana
- Department of Pediatrics, Ann and Robert H Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago and Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Department of Pathology, Ann and Robert H Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago and Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Steven J Ackerman
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, and Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Illinois, USA
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25
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Nair P, Ochkur SI, Protheroe C, Radford K, Efthimiadis A, Lee NA, Lee JJ. Eosinophil peroxidase in sputum represents a unique biomarker of airway eosinophilia. Allergy 2013; 68:1177-84. [PMID: 23931643 DOI: 10.1111/all.12206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sputum eosinophilia has been shown to be a predictor of response to anti-eosinophil therapies in patients with airway diseases. However, quantitative cell counts and differentials of sputum are labor intensive. The objective of this study was to validate a novel ELISA-based assay of eosinophil peroxidase (EPX) in sputum as a rapid and reliable marker of airway eosinophils. METHODS The utility of EPX-based ELISA as an eosinophil-specific assay was achieved through comparisons with sputum eosinophil differential counts in freshly prepared and archived patient samples from a variety of clinical settings. RESULTS EPX levels in sputum correlated with eosinophil percentage (r(s) = 0.84) in asthma patients with varying degrees of airway eosinophilia. Significantly, unlike assays of other eosinophil granule proteins (e.g., ECP and EDN), which often detect the presence of these proteins even in asthma patients with neutrophilic bronchitis, EPX-based ELISA levels are not increased in this subset of asthma patients or in COPD patients lacking evidence of an airway eosinophilia. Moreover, sputum EPX was a surrogate marker of airway eosinophilia in other patient studies (e.g., allergen inhalation and treatment trials the anti-(IL-5) therapeutic Mepolizumab™). Finally, EPX levels in cytocentrifuged prepared sputum supernatants correlated with those from rapidly prepared noncentrifuged filtrates of sputum (r(s) = 0.94). CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL IMPLICATION EPX-based ELISA is a valid, reliable, repeatable, and specific surrogate marker of eosinophils and/or eosinophil degranulation in the sputum of respiratory patients. The novel EPX assay is a valid and reproducible eosinophil-specific assay that can potentially be developed into a point-of-care assessment of eosinophil activity in airway secretions.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. Nair
- Department of Medicine; St. Joseph's Healthcare & McMaster University; Hamilton; ON; Canada
| | - S. I. Ochkur
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Mayo Clinic Arizona; Scottsdale; AZ; USA
| | - C. Protheroe
- Division of Hematology and Oncology; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Mayo Clinic Arizona; Scottsdale; AZ; USA
| | - K. Radford
- Department of Medicine; St. Joseph's Healthcare & McMaster University; Hamilton; ON; Canada
| | - A. Efthimiadis
- Department of Medicine; St. Joseph's Healthcare & McMaster University; Hamilton; ON; Canada
| | - N. A. Lee
- Division of Hematology and Oncology; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Mayo Clinic Arizona; Scottsdale; AZ; USA
| | - J. J. Lee
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Mayo Clinic Arizona; Scottsdale; AZ; USA
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Kim JD, Willetts L, Ochkur S, Srivastava N, Hamburg R, Shayeganpour A, Seabra MC, Lee JJ, Moqbel R, Lacy P. An essential role for Rab27a GTPase in eosinophil exocytosis. J Leukoc Biol 2013; 94:1265-74. [PMID: 23986549 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0812431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Eosinophil degranulation has been implicated in inflammatory processes associated with allergic asthma. Rab27a, a Rab-related GTPase, is a regulatory intracellular signaling molecule expressed in human eosinophils. We postulated that Rab27a regulates eosinophil degranulation. We investigated the role of Rab27a in eosinophil degranulation within the context of airway inflammation. Rab27a expression and localization in eosinophils were investigated by using subcellular fractionation combined with Western blot analysis, and the results were confirmed by immunofluorescence analysis of Rab27a and the granule membrane marker CD63. To determine the function of eosinophil Rab27a, we used Ashen mice, a strain of Rab27a-deficient animals. Ashen eosinophils were tested for degranulation in response to PAF and calcium ionophore by measuring released EPX activity. Airway EPX release was also determined by intratracheal injection of eosinophils into mice lacking EPX. Rab27a immunoreactivity colocalized with eosinophil crystalloid granules, as determined by subcellular fractionation and immunofluorescence analysis. PAF induced eosinophil degranulation in correlation with redistribution of Rab27a(+) structures, some of which colocalized with CD63(+) crystalloid granules at the cell membrane. Eosinophils from mice had significantly reduced EPX release compared with normal WT eosinophils, both in vitro and in vivo. In mouse models, Ashen mice demonstrated reduced EPX release in BAL fluid. These findings suggest that Rab27a has a key role in eosinophil degranulation. Furthermore, these findings have implications for Rab27a-dependent eosinophil degranulation in airway inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Dongil Kim
- 2.559 HMRC, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2S2, Canada.
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27
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Doyle AD, Jacobsen EA, Ochkur SI, Willetts L, Shim K, Neely J, Kloeber J, Lesuer WE, Pero RS, Lacy P, Moqbel R, Lee NA, Lee JJ. Homologous recombination into the eosinophil peroxidase locus generates a strain of mice expressing Cre recombinase exclusively in eosinophils. J Leukoc Biol 2013; 94:17-24. [PMID: 23630390 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0213089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Eosinophils are generally linked to innate host defense against helminths, as well as the pathologies associated with allergic diseases, such as asthma. Nonetheless, the activities of eosinophils remain poorly understood, which in turn, has prevented detailed definitions of their role(s) in health and disease. Homologous recombination in embryonic stem cells was used to insert a mammalianized Cre recombinase in the ORF encoding Epx. This knock-in strategy overcame previous inefficiencies associated with eosinophil-specific transgenic approaches and led to the development of a knock-in strain of mice (eoCRE), capable of mediating recombination of "floxed" reporter cassettes in >95% of peripheral blood eosinophils. We also showed that this Cre expression was limited exclusively to eosinophil-lineage committed cells with no evidence of Cre-mediated toxicity. The efficiency and specificity of Cre expression in eoCRE mice were demonstrated further in a cross with a knock-in mouse containing a "(flox-stop-flox)" DTA cassette at the ROSA26 locus, generating yet another novel, eosinophil-less strain of mice. The development of eoCRE mice represents a milestone in studies of eosinophil biology, permitting eosinophil-specific gene targeting and overexpression in the mouse as part of next-generation studies attempting to define eosinophil effector functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfred D Doyle
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale, Arizona, USA
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28
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Rosenberg HF, Dyer KD, Foster PS. Eosinophils: changing perspectives in health and disease. Nat Rev Immunol 2012. [PMID: 23154224 DOI: 10.1038/nri334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Eosinophils have been traditionally perceived as terminally differentiated cytotoxic effector cells. Recent studies have profoundly altered this simplistic view of eosinophils and their function. New insights into the molecular pathways that control the development, trafficking and degranulation of eosinophils have improved our understanding of the immunomodulatory functions of these cells and their roles in promoting homeostasis. Likewise, recent developments have generated a more sophisticated view of how eosinophils contribute to the pathogenesis of different diseases, including asthma and primary hypereosinophilic syndromes, and have also provided us with a more complete appreciation of the activities of these cells during parasitic infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helene F Rosenberg
- Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
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29
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Abstract
Eosinophils have been traditionally perceived as terminally differentiated cytotoxic effector cells. Recent studies have profoundly altered this simplistic view of eosinophils and their function. New insights into the molecular pathways that control the development, trafficking and degranulation of eosinophils have improved our understanding of the immunomodulatory functions of these cells and their roles in promoting homeostasis. Likewise, recent developments have generated a more sophisticated view of how eosinophils contribute to the pathogenesis of different diseases, including asthma and primary hypereosinophilic syndromes, and have also provided us with a more complete appreciation of the activities of these cells during parasitic infection.
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30
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Lee JJ, Jacobsen EA, Ochkur SI, McGarry MP, Condjella RM, Doyle AD, Luo H, Zellner KR, Protheroe CA, Willetts L, Lesuer WE, Colbert DC, Helmers RA, Lacy P, Moqbel R, Lee NA. Human versus mouse eosinophils: "that which we call an eosinophil, by any other name would stain as red". J Allergy Clin Immunol 2012; 130:572-84. [PMID: 22935586 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2012.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2012] [Revised: 07/25/2012] [Accepted: 07/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The respective life histories of human subjects and mice are well defined and describe a unique story of evolutionary conservation extending from sequence identity within the genome to the underpinnings of biochemical, cellular, and physiologic pathways. As a consequence, the hematopoietic lineages of both species are invariantly maintained, each with identifiable eosinophils. This canonical presence nonetheless does not preclude disparities between human and mouse eosinophils, their effector functions, or both. Indeed, many books and reviews dogmatically highlight differences, providing a rationale to discount the use of mouse models of human eosinophilic diseases. We suggest that this perspective is parochial and ignores the wealth of available studies and the consensus of the literature that overwhelming similarities (and not differences) exist between human and mouse eosinophils. The goal of this review is to summarize this literature and in some cases provide experimental details comparing and contrasting eosinophils and eosinophil effector functions in human subjects versus mice. In particular, our review will provide a summation and an easy-to-use reference guide to important studies demonstrating that although differences exist, more often than not, their consequences are unknown and do not necessarily reflect inherent disparities in eosinophil function but instead species-specific variations. The conclusion from this overview is that despite nominal differences, the vast similarities between human and mouse eosinophils provide important insights as to their roles in health and disease and, in turn, demonstrate the unique utility of mouse-based studies with an expectation of valid extrapolation to the understanding and treatment of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- James J Lee
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale, AZ, USA.
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Ochkur SI, Kim JD, Protheroe CA, Colbert D, Condjella RM, Bersoux S, Helmers RA, Moqbel R, Lacy P, Kelly EA, Jarjour NN, Kern R, Peters A, Schleimer RP, Furuta GT, Nair P, Lee JJ, Lee NA. A sensitive high throughput ELISA for human eosinophil peroxidase: a specific assay to quantify eosinophil degranulation from patient-derived sources. J Immunol Methods 2012; 384:10-20. [PMID: 22750539 PMCID: PMC3432656 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2012.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2012] [Revised: 06/20/2012] [Accepted: 06/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Quantitative high throughput assays of eosinophil-mediated activities in fluid samples from patients in a clinical setting have been limited to ELISA assessments for the presence of the prominent granule ribonucleases, ECP and EDN. However, the demonstration that these ribonucleases are expressed by leukocytes other than eosinophils, as well as cells of non-hematopoietic origin, limits the usefulness of these assays. Two novel monoclonal antibodies recognizing eosinophil peroxidase (EPX) were used to develop an eosinophil-specific and sensitive sandwich ELISA. The sensitivity of this EPX-based ELISA was shown to be similar to that of the commercially available ELISA kits for ECP and EDN. More importantly, evidence is also presented confirming that among these granule protein detection options, EPX-based ELISA is the only eosinophil-specific assay. The utility of this high throughput assay to detect released EPX was shown in ex vivo degranulation studies with isolated human eosinophils. In addition, EPX-based ELISA was used to detect and quantify eosinophil degranulation in several in vivo patient settings, including bronchoalveolar lavage fluid obtained following segmental allergen challenge of subjects with allergic asthma, induced sputum derived from respiratory subjects following hypotonic saline inhalation, and nasal lavage of chronic rhinosinusitis patients. This unique EPX-based ELISA thus provides an eosinophil-specific assay that is sensitive, reproducible, and quantitative. In addition, this assay is adaptable to high throughput formats (e.g., automated assays utilizing microtiter plates) using the diverse patient fluid samples typically available in research and clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergei I. Ochkur
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale, AZ
| | - John Dongil Kim
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale, AZ
- Pulmonary Research Group, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Cheryl A. Protheroe
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale, AZ
| | - Dana Colbert
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale, AZ
| | - Rachel M. Condjella
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale, AZ
| | - Sophie Bersoux
- Division of Primary Care, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale, AZ
| | - Richard A. Helmers
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Critical Care Medicine, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale, AZ
| | - Redwan Moqbel
- Department of Immunology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Paige Lacy
- Pulmonary Research Group, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Elizabeth A. Kelly
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Wisconsin Medical School, Madison, WI
| | - Nizar N. Jarjour
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Wisconsin Medical School, Madison, WI
| | - Robert Kern
- Departments of Medicine and Otolaryngology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Anju Peters
- Departments of Medicine and Otolaryngology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Robert P. Schleimer
- Departments of Medicine and Otolaryngology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Glenn T. Furuta
- Digestive Health Institute, Section of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Gastrointestinal Eosinophilic Diseases Program, Children's Hospital Colorado, National Jewish Health; Mucosal Inflammation Program, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Aurora CO
| | - Parameswaran Nair
- Division of Respiratory, Department of Internal Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario Canada
| | - James J. Lee
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale, AZ
| | - Nancy A. Lee
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale, AZ
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32
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Abstract
Surprisingly, the role(s) of eosinophils in health and disease is often summarized by clinicians and basic research scientists as a pervasive consensus opinion first learned in medical/graduate school. Eosinophils are rare white blood cells whose activities are primarily destructive and are only relevant in parasitic infections and asthma. However, is this consensus correct? This review argues that the wealth of available studies investigating the role(s) of eosinophils in both health and disease demonstrates that the activities of these granulocytes are far more expansive and complex than previously appreciated. In turn, this greater understanding has led to the realization that eosinophils have significant contributory roles in a wide range of diseases. Furthermore, published studies even implicate eosinophil-mediated activities in otherwise healthy persons. We suggest that the collective reports in the literature showing a role for eosinophils in an ever-increasing number of novel settings highlight the true complexity and importance of this granulocyte. Indeed, discussions of eosinophils are no longer simple and more often than not now begin with the question/statement "Did you know …?"
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33
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Shamri R, Melo RCN, Young KM, Bivas-Benita M, Xenakis JJ, Spencer LA, Weller PF. CCL11 elicits secretion of RNases from mouse eosinophils and their cell-free granules. FASEB J 2012; 26:2084-93. [PMID: 22294786 DOI: 10.1096/fj.11-200246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Rapid secretion of eosinophil-associated RNases (EARs), such as the human eosinophilic cationic protein (ECP), from intracellular granules is central to the role of eosinophils in allergic diseases and host immunity. Our knowledge regarding allergic inflammation has advanced based on mouse experimental models. However, unlike human eosinophils, capacities of mouse eosinophils to secrete granule proteins have been controversial. To study mechanisms of mouse eosinophil secretion and EAR release, we combined an RNase assay of mouse EARs with ultrastructural studies. In vitro, mouse eosinophils stimulated with the chemokine eotaxin-1 (CCL11) secreted enzymatically active EARs (EC(50) 5 nM) by piecemeal degranulation. In vivo, in a mouse model of allergic airway inflammation, increased airway eosinophil infiltration (24-fold) correlated with secretion of active RNases (3-fold). Moreover, we found that eosinophilic inflammation in mice can involve eosinophil cytolysis and release of cell-free granules. Cell-free mouse eosinophil granules expressed functional CCR3 receptors and secreted their granule proteins, including EAR and eosinophil peroxidase in response to CCL11. Collectively, these data demonstrate chemokine-dependent secretion of EARs from both intact mouse eosinophils and their cell-free granules, findings pertinent to understanding the pathogenesis of eosinophil-associated diseases, in which EARs are key factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Revital Shamri
- Division of Allergy and Inflammation, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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